1
董摶霄弟昂霄
Dong Tuanxiao and His Younger Brother Angxiao
2
董摶霄，字孟起，磁州人。 由國子生辟陝西行台掾。 時天大旱，從侍御史郭貞讞獄華陰縣，有李謀兒累殺商賈於道，為賊十五年，至百餘事。 事覺，獄已具，賄賂有司，謂徒黨未盡獲，五年不決，人皆以為憤。 摶霄知之，以言於貞，即以屍諸市中，天乃大雨。 授四川肅政廉訪司知事，除涇陽縣尹。 入為戶部主事，升員外郎，拜監察御史。 又出僉遼東肅政廉訪司事，歷江西行省左右司郎中，遷浙東宣慰副使。 其歷官所至，往往理冤獄，革弊政，才譽益著稱於時。
Dong Tuanxiao, whose courtesy name was Mengqi, came from Cizhou. Having been a student at the Imperial Academy, he was appointed as a clerk on the Shaanxi Branch Secretariat. During a severe drought he accompanied the investigating censor Guo Zhen to try cases in Huayin County, where a man named Li Mou'er had preyed on traveling merchants for fifteen years, his crimes numbering more than a hundred. Once the crimes were exposed and the case was ready for judgment, he bribed the authorities, insisting that not all his accomplices had been caught, so that for five years no sentence was passed—a source of public outrage. When Tuanxiao learned of the situation he reported it to Guo Zhen, who had the man executed and his body displayed in the market; rain then poured down in abundance. He was posted to the Sichuan Surveillance Commission and later appointed magistrate of Jingyang County. He rose through the Ministry of Revenue from director to vice director and was then made an investigating censor. He later served on the Liaodong Surveillance Commission, held directorships in both secretariats of the Jiangxi Branch Secretariat, and was promoted to vice commissioner of the Zhedong Pacification Commission. In every post he held he was known for clearing miscarriages of justice and rooting out abuses, and his ability and reputation steadily won acclaim throughout the realm.
3
至正十一年，除濟寧路總管，奉旨從江浙平章教化徵進安豐，兵至合肥定林站，遇賊，大破之。 時硃皋、固始賊复猖獗，軍少不足以分討。 有大山民寨及芍陂屯田軍，摶霄皆獎勞而約束之，遂得障蔽硃皋。 我軍屯硃家寺，賊至，追殺之。 乃遣進士程明仲往諭賊中，招徠者千二百家，因悉知其虛實。 夜縛浮橋於淝水，既渡，賊始覺。 賊眾數万據磵南，我軍渡者，輒為其所敗。 摶霄乃麾騎士，別渡淺灘襲賊後。 賊回東南向，與騎士迎敵，摶霄忽躍馬渡磵，揚言於眾曰：「賊已敗。」 諸軍皆渡，一鼓而擊之。 賊大敗，亟追殺之，相藉以死者二十五里，遂復安豐。
In Zhizheng 11 (1351) he was made administrator of Jining Circuit and, by imperial command, marched with the Jiang-Zhe chief minister Jiaohua to relieve Anfeng; at Dinglin Station near Hefei his troops met the rebels and routed them decisively. Rebel activity flared again at Zhugao and Gushi, and government forces were too thin to pursue every front at once. He rallied and disciplined the mountain militia stockades and the Shaobo colony troops, using them to screen the approach to Zhugao. Government troops encamped at Zhujia Temple, and when rebels appeared they were chased down and slaughtered. He dispatched the jinshi Cheng Mingzhong to negotiate among the rebels, winning over more than twelve hundred households and learning their strength and dispositions in detail. Under cover of night they threw a pontoon bridge across the Fei River and crossed before the rebels knew what was happening. Tens of thousands of rebels held the far bank, and every detachment that crossed was beaten back. Tuanxiao then led his cavalry across a shallow ford to hit the rebel rear. The rebels wheeled southeast to engage the cavalry; Tuanxiao suddenly leaped his horse across the stream and shouted to the troops, "The enemy is already beaten!" The whole force crossed at once and attacked with a single roll of the drums. The rebels were shattered; pursuit left corpses heaped along twenty-five li of road, and Anfeng was restored to government control.
4
十二年，有旨命摶霄攻濠州，又命移軍援江南。 遂渡江，至湖州德清縣，而徽、饒賊已陷杭州。 教化問摶霄計，摶霄曰：「賊皆野人，見杭城子女玉帛，非平日所有，必縱慾，不暇為備，宜急攻之。 今欲退保湖州，設使賊乘銳直趨京口，則江南不可為矣。」 教化猶豫未決，而諸將亦難其行。 摶霄正色曰：「江浙相君方面既陷於賊，今可取而不取，誰任其咎！」 复拔劍顧諸將曰：「諸君荷國厚恩，而臨難苟免，今相君在是，敢有慢令者斬。」 計乃決。 遂進兵杭城。 賊迎敵，至鹽橋，摶霄麾壯士突前，斬殺數級，而諸軍相繼夾擊之，凡七戰，追殺至清河坊。 賊奔接待寺，塞其門而焚之，賊皆死，遂復杭州。 已而餘杭、武康、德清次第以平，摶霄亦受代去。
In the twelfth year (1352) he was ordered to attack Haozhou and then to redeploy south to relieve Jiangnan. His force crossed the Yangzi and reached Deqing in Huzhou, only to learn that rebels from Huizhou and Raozhou had already seized Hangzhou. When Jiaohua asked his advice, Tuanxiao replied, "These rebels are rustics. Confronted with Hangzhou's wealth and women—luxuries they have never known—they will give themselves over to plunder and neglect their defenses. We must strike at once. If we fall back to defend Huzhou and the rebels press their advantage straight to Jingkou, all of Jiangnan will be lost." Jiaohua wavered, and the other commanders balked at the proposed advance. Tuanxiao said gravely, "The chief minister's whole territory lies in rebel hands. If we can recover it now and refuse, who will answer for that failure?" He drew his sword and faced the officers: "You owe the dynasty a great debt, yet in danger you think only of saving yourselves. The chief minister is present; anyone who disobeys will be executed." At that the decision was made. The army marched on Hangzhou. The rebels met them in battle; at Salt Bridge Tuanxiao sent elite troops forward, cutting down enemy ranks while the main force closed in from both flanks. After seven engagements the pursuit reached Qinghe Ward. The rebels retreated into Jiedai Temple, barred the doors, and set the building ablaze, perishing to the last man; Hangzhou was restored. Yuhang, Wukang, and Deqing were soon pacified in succession, after which Tuanxiao was relieved and left his post.
5
徽、饒賊復自昱嶺關寇於潛，行省乃假摶霄為參知政事，俾复提兵討之。 摶霄曰：「必欲除殘去暴，所不敢辭。 若假以重爵，則不敢受。」 即日引兵至臨安新溪，是為入杭要路，既分兵守之而始進兵至叫口及虎檻，遇賊，皆大破之，追殺至於潛，遂復其縣治。 既又克復昌化縣及昱嶺關，降賊將潘大ＣＯ二千人。 賊又有犯千秋關者，摶霄還軍守於潛，而賊兵大至，焚倚郭廬舍。 摶霄按軍不動，左右請出兵，摶霄曰：「未也。」 遣人執白旗登山望賊，約曰：「賊以我為怯，必少懈； 伺其有間，則麾所執旗。」 又伏兵城外，皆授以火砲，复約曰：「見旗動，砲即發。」 已而旗動，砲發，兵乃盡出，斬首數知級，遂復千秋關。 未幾，賊復攻獨松、百丈、幽嶺三關，摶霄乃先以兵守多溪。 多溪，三關要路也。 既又分為三軍：一出獨松，一出百丈，一出幽嶺。 然後會兵搗賊巢，遂乘勝復安吉，七戰而克之，賊將以其徒來降者數百人。 既數日，賊復來窺獨松。 摶霄即以兵守苦嶺及黃沙嶺。 賊帥梅元來降，且言復有帥十一人欲降者，即遣偏將餘思忠至賊寨諭之。 賊皆入暗室潛議，思忠持火投入室內，拔劍語眾曰：「元帥命我來活汝，汝復何議！」 已而火起，焚其寨，叱賊黨散去，而引賊帥來降。 明日，進兵廣德，克之。 有蘄賊與饒、池諸賊复犯徽州。 賊中有道士，能作十二里霧。 摶霄以兵擊之，已而妖霧開豁，諸伏兵皆起，襲賊兵後，賊大潰亂，斬首數万級，擒千餘人。 獲道士，焚其妖書而斬之。 遂平徽州。
When Huizhou and Raozhou rebels again invaded Yuqian through Yuling Pass, the Branch Secretariat named Tuanxiao acting vice administrator and sent him back at the head of an army. Tuanxiao replied, "If the task is to destroy the cruel and suppress the violent, I will not decline it. But if you offer me only a grand title, I cannot accept that." That same day he marched to Xinxie in Lin'an, the key approach to Hangzhou, garrisoned it, and then pushed on to Jiaokou and Hujian, routing every rebel force he met and driving the pursuit to Yuqian, where he restored the county administration. He next recovered Changhua County and Yuling Pass, and the rebel leader Pan Da'ao came over with two thousand followers. When rebels struck at Qianqiu Pass, Tuanxiao pulled back to defend Yuqian; the enemy came in force and burned the outlying settlements. Tuanxiao kept his troops still; his officers urged an attack, but he said, "Not yet." He posted men with white flags on the heights to watch the enemy, instructing them, "The rebels will take us for cowards and grow careless; when you see an opening, wave your flags." He also hid troops outside the walls with fire-lances, with orders to open fire the moment the flags moved." Soon the flags waved, the lances roared, and the whole garrison charged out, taking several thousand heads and recovering Qianqiu Pass. Soon the rebels assaulted the passes at Dusong, Baizhang, and Youling; Tuanxiao first secured Duoxi. Duoxi commanded the approaches to all three passes. He then split his force three ways, sending columns through Dusong, Baizhang, and Youling. The columns then converged on the rebel stronghold, swept forward to retake Anji after seven engagements, and received the surrender of several hundred rebel fighters with their leaders. A few days later the rebels probed Dusong again. Tuanxiao at once garrisoned Kuling and Huangsha Ridge. The rebel leader Mei Yuan submitted and reported that eleven other chiefs were ready to defect; Tuanxiao sent Deputy Commander Yu Sizhong to their camp to accept their surrender. The rebels withdrew to a back room to plot; Sizhong hurled a torch inside, drew his sword, and shouted, "The marshal sent me to spare you—what is left to debate?" Flames engulfed the camp; he drove the rebel bands apart and escorted their chiefs in to submit. The following day his army marched on Guangde and took the city. Rebels from Qizhou joined forces with those of Raozhou and Chizhou to attack Huizhou again. Among them was a Daoist who could conjure a fog twelve li across. Tuanxiao engaged them; when the sorcerous mist lifted, his ambushers rose and struck the rebel rear, shattering the enemy—tens of thousands were beheaded and more than a thousand taken alive. The Daoist was seized, his occult texts burned, and he was executed. Huizhou was thereby pacified.
6
十四年，除水軍都萬戶。 俄升樞密院判官，從丞相脫脫徵高郵，分戍鹽城、興化。 賊巢在大縱、德勝兩湖間，凡十有二，悉剿平之。 即其地築芙蓉寨，賊入，輒迷故道，盡殺之，自是不復敢犯。 賊恃習水，渡淮北，據安東州。 摶霄招善水戰者五百人，與賊戰安東之大湖，大敗之，遂復安東。 十六年，剿平北沙、廟灣、沙浦等寨。 尋進兵泗州，不利。 賊乘勝東下，斷我軍糧道，乃回軍屯北沙，糧且絕，與賊死戰，凡七晝夜。 賊敗走，奪賊船七十餘，乃得渡淮，保泗州。 時方暑雨，湖水溢，諸營皆避去，而摶霄獨守孤城，賊環繞數十里攻之。 摶霄坐城上，遣偏將以騎士由四門突出賊後，約曰：「旗一麾即還。」 既而旗動，騎士還，步卒自城中出，夾擊之，賊大敗。 然賊寨猶阻西行之路，乃結陣而往，翊以奇兵，轉戰數十合，軍始得至海寧。 朝廷嘉其功，升同僉淮南行樞密院事。 摶霄建議於朝曰：
In the fourteenth year (1354) he was made commander of the naval forces. He was soon promoted to vice director of the Bureau of Military Affairs and marched with Chief Councillor Toghto against Gaoyou, stationing detachments at Yancheng and Xinghua. Twelve rebel strongholds between Lake Dazong and Lake Desheng were wiped out one after another. He built Furong Stockade on the site; rebels who entered lost their way and were slaughtered, and afterward none dared approach again. Skilled on the water, the rebels crossed north of the Huai and seized Andong Prefecture. Tuanxiao raised five hundred expert sailors, met the rebels on Andong's great lake, routed them, and restored the prefecture. In the sixteenth year (1356) he cleared the rebel stockades at Beisha, Miaowan, Shapu, and elsewhere. He then advanced on Sizhou but met with no success. The rebels pressed their advantage eastward and severed his supply line; he fell back to Beisha, where provisions ran out and his men fought to the death for seven days and nights. The rebels broke and fled; seizing more than seventy of their boats, his force crossed the Huai and held Sizhou. In the summer rains the lakes rose and other camps withdrew, but Tuanxiao alone held the isolated city while rebels invested it for miles around. Tuanxiao took his post on the wall and sent cavalry out through all four gates to strike the rebel rear, with orders to return at a single wave of the flag." When the signal came the cavalry wheeled back and infantry poured out of the gates; caught between the two wings, the rebels were routed. Rebel camps still blocked the westward route; he marched in battle order with flanking detachments, fighting dozens of skirmishes before reaching Haining. The court commended his service and promoted him to associate director of the Huainan Branch Bureau of Military Affairs. Tuanxiao memorialized the court as follows:
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淮安為南北襟喉、江淮要沖之地，其地一失，兩淮皆未易復也。 則救援淮安，誠為急務。 為今日計，莫若於黃河上下，並瀕淮海之地，及南自沭陽，北抵沂、莒、贛榆諸州縣，布連珠營，每三十里設一總寨，就三十里中又設一小寨，使斥堠烽燧相望，而巡邏往來，遇賊則並力野戰，無事則屯種而食。 然後進有援，退有守，此善戰者所以常為不可勝，以待敵之可勝也。
Huai'an is the strategic hinge between north and south and the vital crossing of the Yangzi and Huai regions; if it falls, both Huai banks will be hard to win back. Relieving Huai'an must therefore be treated as urgent. For present purposes I propose a chain of fortified camps along the Yellow River and the Huai coast, from Shuyang in the south to Yi, Ju, and Ganyu in the north—a main stockade every thirty li with smaller posts between them, beacon towers in sight of one another, and patrols on constant rotation. When rebels appear, neighboring garrisons unite for battle; in quiet times the troops farm their own provisions. Thus every advance will have support and every retreat a refuge—the way a skilled commander keeps himself unbeatable while waiting for the enemy to become beatable.
8
又海寧一境，不通舟楫，軍糧惟可陸運，而凡瀕淮海之地，人民屢經盜賊，宜加存撫，權令軍人搬運。 其陸運之方，每人行十步，三十六人可行一里，三百六十人可行一十里，三千六百人可行一百里。 每人負米四斗，以夾布囊盛之，用印封識，人不息肩，米不著地，排列成行，日行五百回，計路二十八里，輕行一十四里，重行一十四里，日可運米二百石。 每運給米一升，可供二萬人。 此百里一日運糧之術也。 又江淮流移之民，並安東、海寧、沭陽、贛榆等州縣俱廢，其民壯者既為軍，老弱無所依歸者，宜設置軍民防禦司，擇軍官材堪牧守者，使居其職，而籍其民，以屯故地。 於是練兵積穀，且耕且戰，內全山東完固之邦，外禦淮海出沒之寇，而後恢復可圖也。
Haining cannot be supplied by water and must rely on overland transport. The coastal Huai region has been ravaged repeatedly; its people need relief, and for the present soldiers should be detailed to carry grain. For overland supply, each carrier advances ten paces before handing off: thirty-six men span one li, three hundred sixty span ten li, and three thousand six hundred span one hundred li. Each man carries four dou in a double sack, sealed with an official stamp, passing the load from shoulder to shoulder without letting grain touch the ground. Five hundred relays a day—fourteen li outbound empty, fourteen li inbound loaded—would move two hundred shi of grain daily. Each shi transported provides one sheng per man—enough to sustain twenty thousand troops. That is how to move grain one hundred li in a single day. The displaced population of the Jiang-Huai region, together with the abandoned prefectures of Andong, Haining, Shuyang, and Ganyu, also needs care. Able-bodied men are already in the ranks; the old and weak have nowhere to go. Establish a military-civilian defense office, appoint officers fit to govern, register the people, and resettle them on their former lands. With trained troops and stored grain, farming in peace and fighting in war, we can secure Shandong within and hold the Huai coast without—only then will recovery become possible.
9
十七年，毛貴陷益都、般陽等路，有旨命摶霄從知樞密院事卜蘭奚討之。 而濟南又告急，摶霄乃提兵援濟南。 賊眾自南山來攻濟南，望之兩山皆赤。 摶霄按兵城中，先以數十騎挑之，賊眾悉來鬥，騎兵少卻，至磵上，伏兵起，遂合戰，城中兵又大出，大破之。 而般陽賊复約泰安之黨，逾南山來襲濟南。 摶霄列兵城上，弗為動。 賊夜攻南門，獨以矢石御之。 黎明，乃默開東門，放兵出賊後。 既旦，城上兵皆下，大開南門合擊之，賊敗走。 复追殺之，賊眾悉無遺者。 於是濟南始寧。 詔就升淮南行樞密院副使，兼山東宣慰使都元帥，仍賜上尊、金帶、楮幣、名馬以勞之。 有疾其功者，譖於總兵太尉紐的該，令摶霄依前詔，從卜蘭奚同徵益都。 摶霄即出濟南城，屬老且病，請以其弟昂霄代領其眾，朝廷從之。 授昂霄淮南行樞密院判官。 未幾，有旨命摶霄守河間之長蘆。
In the seventeenth year (1357) Mao Gui seized Yidu, Banyang, and other circuits; the court ordered Tuanxiao to join Bureau Director Bolanxi in suppressing him. Jinan then sent urgent appeals for help, and Tuanxiao marched to its relief. The rebel horde descended from the southern hills upon Jinan; from a distance both slopes seemed awash in red. Tuanxiao kept his main force in the city and sent a few dozen horsemen to bait the enemy. When the whole rebel host engaged, the cavalry feigned retreat to a stream, where ambushers sprang up; government troops then poured from the gates and shattered the rebels. Banyang rebels then allied with Taian bands and crossed the southern hills to strike Jinan again. Tuanxiao lined his men along the walls and held his ground. The rebels assaulted the south gate by night; he met them with arrows and stones alone. At dawn he quietly opened the east gate and sent troops around the rebel rear. When day broke the men on the walls descended, the south gate swung wide, and the garrison struck from both sides; the rebels broke and fled. He pursued and slaughtered them until not one rebel remained. Only then was Jinan secure. He was promoted on the spot to vice director of the Huainan Branch Bureau of Military Affairs and commander-in-chief of the Shandong Pacification Commission, with gifts of fine wine, a gold belt, paper money, and a prized horse in recognition of his service. Envious rivals slandered him to Grand Marshal Niutachai, who ordered him to leave Jinan and rejoin Bolanxi's campaign against Yidu as originally commanded. Tuanxiao departed Jinan; aged and ill, he asked that his younger brother Angxiao take command of his troops, and the court agreed. Angxiao was appointed vice director of the Huainan Branch Bureau of Military Affairs. Soon afterward he was ordered to defend Changlu in Hejian Prefecture.
10
十八年，摶霄以兵北行，且曰：「我去，濟南必不可保。」 既而濟南果陷。 摶霄方駐兵南皮縣之魏家莊，適有使者奉詔拜摶霄河南行省右丞，甫拜命，毛貴兵已至，而營壘猶未完。 諸將謂摶霄曰：「賊至當如何？」 摶霄曰：「我受命至此，當以死報國耳。」 因拔劍督兵以戰。 而賊眾突至摶霄前，捽而問曰：「汝為誰？」 摶霄曰：「我董老爺也！」 眾刺殺之，無血，惟見其有白氣沖天。 是日，昂霄亦死之。 事聞，贈宣忠守正保節功臣、榮祿大夫、河南行省平章政事、柱國，追封魏國公，諡忠定。 昂霄贈推誠孝節功臣、嘉議大夫、禮部尚書、上輕車都尉，追封隴西郡侯，諡忠毅。
In the eighteenth year (1358) he marched north and warned, "Once I am gone, Jinan cannot be held." Jinan soon fell, just as he had foretold. While he was encamped at Weijiazhuang in Nanpi County, an envoy arrived to appoint him right vice minister of the Henan Branch Secretariat. He had scarcely taken the commission when Mao Gui's army appeared, and the camp was not yet fortified. His officers asked, "What are we to do when the enemy arrives?" Tuanxiao replied, "I was sent here to serve the dynasty; I can only repay that trust with my life." He drew his sword and led his men into the fight. Rebel soldiers burst upon him, seized him, and demanded, "Who are you?" He answered, "I am Lord Dong!" They stabbed him to death; no blood appeared, and witnesses saw only a white vapor rise into the sky. Angxiao fell the same day. When news of his death reached the court, he was posthumously honored as Duke of Wei with the temple name Zhongding and given the ranks of chief minister of the Henan Branch Secretariat and Pillar of the State. Angxiao was posthumously enfeoffed as Marquis of Longxi with the temple name Zhongyi and honored as Minister of Rites.
11
摶霄早以儒生起家，輒為能吏，會天下大亂，乃復以武功自奮，其才略有大過人者，而當時用之不能盡其才，君子惜之。
Tuanxiao had begun as a Confucian scholar and proved an outstanding administrator; when the realm collapsed into chaos he distinguished himself in war as well. His abilities far exceeded those around him, yet the court never fully used them—a loss that thoughtful men deplored.
12
○劉哈剌不花
Liu Halabuhua
13
劉哈剌不花，其先江西人。 倜儻好義，不事家產，有古俠士風。 居燕趙有年，遂為探馬赤軍戶。 至正十二年，潁、亳盜起，朝遷以泰不花為河南行省平章政事，總兵討之。 哈剌不花上書陳十事，其七言兵機及攻守方略。 泰不花大喜，即辟為掾史。 未幾，奏除左右司都事。 泰不花以哈剌不花嘗為探馬赤，有膂力，善騎射，俾統前八翼軍，為先鋒將。 明號令，信賞罰，士皆樂為之用，而料敵成敗，所向無失。 是時，答失八都魯軍潰於長葛，收集散卒，复屯中牟。 哈剌不花軍於汴梁南彭子岡。 有自長葛來者言，總兵官已為賊所敗，次中牟。 哈剌不花曰：「賊既捷，兵必再至，我不可不往援。」 遂整兵而前。 既而有使馳報：夜四鼓，賊從洧川渡河，未知其所向。 哈剌不花曰：「是必襲答失八都魯營耳。 我行已緩，不及事，不若以精銳斷賊歸路，覆之必矣。」 於是領軍徐行。 天未明，伏軍其歸路。 賊果襲答失八都魯營，大掠輜重而回。 哈剌不花伏軍四起，賊大敗，盡俘獲之。 當是時，答失八都魯雖以平章政事總大兵，而哈剌不花功名與之相埒。
Liu Halabuhua's family came originally from Jiangxi. Free-spirited and devoted to justice, he cared little for wealth and bore the manner of an old-fashioned knight-errant. After years in the Yan-Zhao region he was registered as a tamachi military household. In Zhizheng 12 (1352) rebels broke out in Ying and Bo prefectures; the court appointed Toqto'a chief minister of the Henan Branch Secretariat and gave him overall command of the campaign. Halabuhua memorialized the throne with ten proposals, seven of them on military timing and strategy. Toqto'a was delighted and took him on as a staff clerk. He was soon promoted to director in the secretariat. Knowing Halabuhua's tamachi background, strength, and mastery of horsemanship and archery, Toqto'a put him in command of the vanguard of the forward eight-wing army. Clear in command and strict in discipline, he won his men's loyalty; in reading the enemy he was seldom wrong. At that time Dashi Badulu's army had been routed at Changge; he regrouped the survivors and encamped at Zhongmou. Halabuhua stationed his troops at Pengzigang, south of Bianliang. A messenger from Changge reported that the commander had been beaten and was falling back on Zhongmou. Halabuhua said, "With the enemy emboldened by victory, they will strike again—we must go to his aid." He marched out at once. Soon a courier arrived with urgent news: at the fourth watch rebels had crossed the river from Weichuan, destination unknown. Halabuhua said, "They must be striking Dashi Badulu's camp. We are too late to intervene; better to post elite troops on their line of retreat and destroy them when they withdraw." He advanced slowly with his main force. Before dawn he laid an ambush along their retreat route. The rebels did raid Dashi Badulu's camp, looted his baggage train, and withdrew. Halabuhua's ambushers sprang up on every side; the rebels were crushed and taken to the last man. Though Dashi Badulu held chief ministerial rank and overall command, Halabuhua's reputation now matched his own.
14
十七年，山東毛貴率其賊眾，由河間趨直沽，遂犯漷州，至棗林。 已而略柳林，逼畿甸，樞密副使達國珍戰死，京師人心大駭。 在廷之臣，或勸乘輿北巡以避之，或勸遷都關陝，眾議紛然，獨左丞相太平執不可。 哈剌不花時為同知樞密院事，奉詔以兵拒之，與之戰於柳林，大捷。 貴眾悉潰退，走據濟南，京師遂安，哈剌不花之功居多。 哈剌不花後遷河南行省平章政事以卒。
In the seventeenth year (1357) Mao Gui of Shandong marched his rebels from Hejian toward Zhigu, attacked Huozhou, and reached Zaolin. They then overran Liulin and threatened the capital district; Vice Director Daguo Zhen was killed in battle, and panic seized the court. Some ministers urged the emperor to tour the north to escape the rebels, others to move the capital to the northwest; debate raged, but Left Chief Minister Taiping alone insisted that neither course was acceptable. Halabuhua, then associate director of the Bureau of Military Affairs, was ordered to meet the invaders and won a decisive victory at Liulin. Mao Gui's forces collapsed and fled to Jinan; the capital was saved, largely through Halabuhua's efforts. He was later promoted to chief minister of the Henan Branch Secretariat and died in that post.
15
初，哈剌不花與信州人倪晦字孟晰同事泰不花為掾史。 晦涉書史，精文墨，機識警敏，泰不花深委任之，言無不從； 而哈剌不花或有所論白，多沮不行，由是心銜泰不花。 及泰不花事敗，走詣哈剌不花求援，而哈剌不花不能曲為保全，乃縛泰不花送京師，致之死地，君子以是少之。
Earlier Halabuhua had served alongside Ni Hui of Xinzhou, styled Mengxi, as a clerk under Toqto'a. Ni Hui was learned, literate, and quick-witted; Toqto'a relied on him completely and followed his counsel in everything; while Halabuhua's own recommendations were often blocked—an affront that left him resentful toward Toqto'a. When Toqto'a fell from power he fled to Halabuhua for protection, but Halabuhua would not shield him; he bound Toqto'a and sent him to the capital to his death—a deed that earned him the disapproval of thoughtful men.
16
○王英
Wang Ying
17
王英，字邦傑，益都人。 性剛果，有大節，膂力絕人，善騎射。 襲父職，為莒州翼千戶。 父子皆善用雙刀，人號之曰刀王。 至元二十九年，江西行樞密院命帥師南雄，討賊丘大老。 賊六百餘人突至，英與戰，殺其渠帥劉把東，獲九十餘人。 元貞元年，從左丞董士選討大山賊劉貴，擒之。 二年，討永新、安福二州賊，餘黨皆息。 延祐二年，寧都賊起，行省命英率各萬戶軍討之。 賊勢甚張，英屢戰皆勝，斬獲不可勝數，積尸盈野，水為不流。 行省平章李世安，遣英迓江浙平章張閭所領軍於閩境，至木麻坑，擒賊蔡五九。 又追賊至上虎嶂，遇賊三千餘人，盡殲之。 至治元年，以大臣薦，授忠武校尉、益都淄萊萬戶府副千戶。 天曆元年，授宣武將軍。 至順二年，行省命英招捕桂陽州賊張思進等二千人。 英至，布以威信，皆相率請降。 元統元年，授懷遠大將軍、同知海北海南道宣慰使司事。
Wang Ying, whose courtesy name was Bangjie, came from Yidu. Firm and principled, he possessed extraordinary strength and was a master of horsemanship and archery. He inherited his father's post as commander of a wing at Juzhou. Father and son were both famed for their paired sabers, and men called them the Saber Kings. In Zhiyuan 29 (1292) the Jiangxi Branch Bureau of Military Affairs sent him to Nanxiong to suppress the bandit Qiu Dalao. When more than six hundred rebels attacked, he met them in battle, killed their leader Liu Badong, and took more than ninety prisoners. In Yuanzhen 1 (1295) he joined Vice Minister Dong Shixuan in suppressing the Dashan rebel Liu Gui and took him alive. The following year he pacified rebels in Yongxin and Anfu, and their remnants subsided. In Yanyou 2 (1315) rebels rose in Ningdu, and the Branch Secretariat ordered Ying to lead the wanhu forces against them. The rebels were formidable, but Ying won every engagement; the slain piled the fields so deep that streams were choked with corpses. Chief Minister Li Shi'an sent Ying to rendezvous in Fujian with the army of Jiang-Zhe chief minister Zhang Lu; at Mumakeng he captured the rebel Cai Wujiu. He pursued rebels to Shanghuzhang, met three thousand of them, and wiped them out. In Zhizhi 1 (1321), recommended by a senior minister, he was made Loyal and Martial Captain and vice commander of the Yidu-Zilai Wanhu Office. In Tianli 1 (1328) he was appointed Pacifying Martial General. In Zhishun 2 (1331) the Branch Secretariat ordered him to bring in Zhang Sijin of Guiyang and two thousand followers. When Ying arrived he won them over with firmness and fairness, and they surrendered in a body. In Yuantong 1 (1333) he was made Far-Reaching General and associate commissioner of the Haibei-Hainan Pacification Commission.
18
至元三年，萬安軍賊吳汝期等作亂，聚眾三千人。 英至，賊皆就擒。 未幾，李志甫起漳州，劉虎仔起潮州，詔命江西行省右丞燕帖木兒討之。 方賊起時，英已致仕，平章政事伯撒里謂僚佐曰：「是雖鼠竊狗偷，非刀王行不可。 其人雖投老，必可以義激。」 乃使迎致之。 英曰：「國家有事，吾雖老，其可坐視乎！」 據鞍橫槊，精神飛動，馳赴焉。 及賊平，英功居多。
In Zhizheng 3 (1343) Wu Ruqi and other rebels in Wan'an Army raised three thousand men in revolt. When Ying arrived the rebels were all taken. Soon Li Zhipu rebelled in Zhangzhou and Liu Huzai in Chaozhou; the court ordered Jiangxi Vice Minister El Temür to suppress them. When the rebels rose, Ying had already retired. Chief Minister Baisari told his staff, "Petty thieves though they may be, only the Saber King can handle this. He is old, but duty will move him." He sent to fetch Ying. Ying said, "The dynasty is in peril; though I am old, how can I stand aside?" He seized saddle and spear, his vigor undimmed, and rode to the front. When the rebels were subdued, the credit belonged chiefly to Ying.
19
至正中，毛貴陷益都，英時年九十有六，乃謂其子弘曰：「我世受國恩，美官厚祿，備嘗享之。 今老矣，縱不能事戎馬以報天子，尚忍食異姓之粟以求生乎！」 水漿不入口者數日，遂卒。 毛貴聞之，使具棺衾以葬。 將斂，舉其屍不動，焚香祝曰：「公子弘請公歸葬先塋。」 祝畢，屍遂起，觀者莫不驚異。 山東宣慰使普顏不花及憲司請卹典於朝，有曰：「不食寇粟，餓死芹泉，有夷、齊之風，為臣之清者也。」 芹泉，谷名，英所居也。
During the Zhizheng era Mao Gui seized Yidu. Ying was ninety-six and said to his son Hong, "Our family has enjoyed the dynasty's favor for generations—rank, stipends, and honors in full measure. I am old now. Even if I can no longer ride to war for the emperor, how could I eat the rebels' grain to stay alive?" He refused food and drink for days and died. Hearing of his death, Mao Gui provided a coffin and shroud for the burial. As they prepared the body it could not be lifted; incense was burned and a prayer offered: "Your son Hong begs you to return to the family grave." When the prayer ended the body rose, to the astonishment of all who watched. Pacification Commissioner Puyan Buhua and the surveillance officials petitioned for state mourning honors, noting, "He would not eat rebel grain and starved at Qinquan—conduct worthy of Bo Yi and Shu Qi, the purity of a loyal minister." Qinquan was the valley where Ying had lived.
20
○石抹宜孫
Shimoyisun
21
石抹宜孫，字申之。 其先遼之迪烈糺人。 五世祖曰也先，事太祖為御史大夫，自有傳。 也先之曾孫曰繼祖，字伯善，襲父職，為沿海上副萬戶。 初以沿海軍分鎮台州，皇慶元年，又移鎮婺、處兩州。 馭軍嚴肅，平寧都寇，有戰功； 且明達政事，講究鹽策，多合時宜。 為學本於經術，而兼通名法、縱橫、天文、地理、術數、方技、釋老之說，見稱薦紳間。 宜孫其子也。
Shimoyisun, whose courtesy name was Shenzhi. His ancestors were Dilieqiu people of the Liao dynasty. His fifth-generation ancestor Yexian served Taizu as Censor-in-Chief and has a separate biography. Yexian's great-grandson Jizu, styled Boshan, inherited his father's post as vice commander of the Coastal Guard. He first garrisoned Taizhou with coastal troops; in Huangqing 1 (1312) he was transferred to garrison Wu and Chu prefectures. He commanded with strict discipline, pacified the Ningdu rebels, and won distinction in battle; he was also adept at administration and devised salt policies well suited to the times. His scholarship rested on the classics, but he also mastered law, statecraft, astronomy, geography, divination, the technical arts, and Buddhist and Daoist learning, earning praise among the gentry. Yisun was his son.
22
宜孫性警敏，嗜學問，於書務博覽，而長於詩歌。 嘗借嫡弟厚孫廕，襲父職，為沿海上副萬戶，守處州。 及弟長，即讓其職還之，退居台州。 至正十一年，方國珍起海上，江浙行省檄宜孫守溫州，宜孫即起任其事。 其年閩寇犯處州，复檄宜孫以兵平之。 以功升浙東宣慰副使，分府於台州。 頃之，處之屬縣山寇並起，宜孫復奉省檄往討之。 至則築處州城，為御敵計。 十七年，江浙行省左丞相達識鐵睦邇承製升宜孫行樞密院判官，總制處州，分院治於處。 又以江浙儒學副提舉劉基為其院經歷，蕭山縣尹蘇友龍為照磨，而宜孫又辟郡人胡深、葉琛、章溢參謀其軍事。 處為郡，山谷聯絡，盜賊憑據險阻，輒竊發，不易平治。 宜孫用基等謀，或搗以兵，或誘以計，未幾，皆殲殄無遺類。 尋升同僉行樞密院事。 當是之時，天下已多故，所在守將各自為計相保守。 於是浙東則宜孫在處州，邁里古思在紹興為稱首。
Yisun was quick-witted and devoted to learning; he read widely and excelled at poetry. He once used his younger brother Housun's hereditary privilege to inherit his father's post as vice commander of the Coastal Guard and garrison Chuzhou. When his brother came of age he returned the post and retired to Taizhou. In Zhizheng 11 (1351), when Fang Guozhen rose at sea, the Jiang-Zhe Branch Secretariat ordered Yisun to defend Wenzhou, and he took up the post at once. Later that year Fujian rebels attacked Chuzhou, and he was ordered to suppress them. For his service he was promoted to vice commissioner of the Zhedong Pacification Commission, with headquarters at Taizhou. Soon mountain rebels rose throughout Chu's subordinate counties, and Yisun was again dispatched to suppress them. On arrival he fortified Chuzhou city to prepare for enemy attack. In the seventeenth year (1357) Left Chief Minister Dash Timur appointed Yisun vice director of the Branch Bureau of Military Affairs with overall command of Chuzhou and a separate headquarters there. He appointed Liu Ji director of his staff, Su Youlong registrar, and recruited local men Hu Shen, Ye Chen, and Zhang Yi as military advisers. Chuzhou's rugged terrain gave bandits natural strongholds from which they struck repeatedly, making pacification difficult. Following Liu Ji's counsel, Yisun alternated force and stratagem; soon every bandit band was wiped out. He was soon promoted to associate director of the Branch Bureau of Military Affairs. By then the realm was in turmoil, and local commanders everywhere looked chiefly to their own survival. In eastern Zhejiang, Yisun at Chuzhou and Mailigusi at Shaoxing were the leading defenders.
23
十八年十二月，大明兵取蘭溪，且逼婺，而宜孫母實在婺城。 宜孫泣曰：「義莫重於君親，食祿而不事其事，是無君也； 母在難而不赴，是無親也。 無君無親，尚可立天地間哉！」 即遣胡深等將民兵數万往赴援，而親率精銳為之殿。 兵至婺，與大明兵甫接，即敗績而還。 時經略使李國鳳至浙東，承製拜宜孫江浙行省參知政事，階中奉大夫。 明年，大明兵入處州，宜孫將數十騎走福建境上，欲圖報復，而所至人心已散，事不可復為。 歎曰：「處州，吾所守者也。 今吾勢已窮，無所於往，不如還處州境，死亦為處州鬼耳！」 既還，至處之慶元縣，為亂兵所害。 事聞，朝廷贈推誠宣力效節功臣、集賢大學士、榮祿大夫、上柱國，追封越國公，諡忠愍。
In the twelfth month of the eighteenth year (1358) Ming forces took Lanxi and advanced on Wu Prefecture, where Yisun's mother was trapped in the city. Yisun wept and said, "Nothing outweighs duty to ruler and parent. To draw salary yet refuse service is to betray one's lord; to leave one's mother in danger is to betray one's parent. Without lord or parent, how can one face heaven and earth!" He sent Hu Shen with tens of thousands of militia to relieve the city and personally led elite troops as rearguard. His force reached Wu, engaged the Ming army, was defeated at once, and withdrew. Frontier Commissioner Li Guofeng then arrived in Zhedong and appointed Yisun vice administrator of the Jiang-Zhe Branch Secretariat with the rank of Grand Master for Court Audience. The following year Ming forces entered Chuzhou; Yisun fled to the Fujian border with a few dozen horsemen hoping to regroup, but his followers had dispersed and recovery was impossible. He sighed, "Chuzhou was my charge. My strength is spent and I have nowhere left to go. Better to return to Chuzhou and die a ghost of that land!" On his return he reached Qingyuan County in Chuzhou and was killed by mutinous soldiers. The court posthumously honored him as Duke of Yue with the temple name Zhongmin and granted him the ranks of Grand Academician and Supreme Pillar of the State.
24
邁里古思
Mailigusi
25
邁里古思者，寧夏人也，字善卿。 至正十四年進士，授紹興路錄事司達魯花赤。 苗軍主將楊完者在杭，縱其軍鈔掠，莫敢誰何，民甚苦之。 俄有至紹興城中強奪人馬者，邁里古思擒斬數人，苗軍乃懼，不敢復至其境。 邁里古思名聲遂大振。 會江南行台移治紹興，檄邁里古思為行台鎮撫，乃大募民兵，為守禦計。 處州山賊焚掠婺之永康、東陽，邁里古思提兵往擊之，與石抹宜孫約期夾攻其巢穴，山賊以平。 擢江東廉訪司經歷，仍留紹興，以兵衛台治。 時浙東、西郡縣多殘破，獨邁里古思保障紹興，境內晏然，民愛之如父母。 江浙省臣乃承製授行樞密院判官，分院治紹興。
Mailigusi came from Ningxia; his courtesy name was Shanqing. A jinshi of Zhizheng 14 (1354), he was appointed darughachi of the Shaoxing Circuit record office. Miao commander Yang Waner was at Hangzhou, where his troops looted freely; no one dared resist, and the people suffered terribly. When Miao soldiers entered Shaoxing to seize men and horses, Mailigusi captured and executed several; the Miao troops then feared to enter his jurisdiction again. His reputation soared. When the Jiangnan Branch Secretariat moved to Shaoxing, he was appointed its pacifier and raised a large militia for the city's defense. When Chuzhou mountain rebels raided Yongkang and Dongyang in Wu Prefecture, Mailigusi marched against them and, coordinating with Shimoyisun, crushed their stronghold in a joint attack. Promoted to director of the Jiangdong Surveillance Commission, he remained at Shaoxing to guard the Secretariat with his troops. While much of Zhejiang lay in ruins, Mailigusi alone kept Shaoxing secure and at peace; the people loved him as a parent. The Jiang-Zhe authorities appointed him vice director of the Branch Bureau of Military Affairs with headquarters at Shaoxing.
26
會方國珍遣兵侵紹興屬縣，邁里古思曰：「國珍本海賊，今既降，為大官，而復來害吾民，可乎！」 欲率兵往問罪。 先遣部將黃中取上虞，中還，請益兵。 是時朝廷方倚重國珍，資其舟以運糧，而御史大夫拜住哥，與國珍素通賄賂，情好甚厚，憤邁里古思擅舉兵，恐且生事，即使人召邁里古思至其私第，與計事，至則命左右以鐵槌撾死之，斷其頭，擲廁溷中。 城中民聞之，不問男女老幼，無不慟哭者。 黃中乃率其眾復仇，盡殺拜住哥家人及台府官員掾史，獨留拜住哥不殺，以告於張士誠，士誠乃遣其將以兵守紹興。 拜住哥尋遷行宣政院使，監察御史真童糾言：「拜住哥陰害帥臣，幾致激變，不法不忠，莫斯為甚。 宜稽諸彝典，置於嚴刑。」 於是詔削拜住哥官職，安置潮州，而邁里古思之冤始白。
When Fang Guozhen sent troops against Shaoxing's counties, Mailigusi said, "Guozhen was a pirate who surrendered and received high office—how can he now prey on our people again?" He prepared to march against him. He first sent Deputy Commander Huang Zhong to take Shangyu; Huang returned requesting reinforcements. The court then relied on Guozhen's fleet for grain transport. Censor-in-Chief Baizhuge, who was close to Guozhen through bribery, feared Mailigusi's unauthorized campaign would upset their arrangement. He summoned Mailigusi to his home, had him beaten to death with iron mallets, severed his head, and threw it into a privy. When the city learned of his murder, men and women, young and old, wept without exception. Huang Zhong led his men in revenge, slaughtering Baizhuge's family and the Secretariat staff but sparing Baizhuge himself; he reported to Zhang Shicheng, who then sent troops to occupy Shaoxing. Baizhuge was soon made commissioner of the Branch Court for the Spread of Governance, but Investigating Censor Zhen Tong impeached him: "Baizhuge secretly murdered a commander and nearly provoked rebellion—nothing could be more lawless or disloyal. He should be judged by statute and punished to the full extent of the law." The court stripped Baizhuge of his offices and exiled him to Chaozhou, and Mailigusi's innocence was at last acknowledged.