Volume 210 Biographies 97: Foreign Peoples 3 - Myanmar, Champa, Siam, Java, Liuqiu, Batanes, Maba'erdengguo

緬國為西南夷，不知何種。其地有接大理及去成都不遠者，又不知其方幾里也。其人有城郭屋廬以居，有象馬以乘，舟筏以濟。其文字進上者，用金葉寫之，次用紙，又次用檳榔葉，蓋騰譯而後通也。

Burma was counted among the southwestern frontier peoples, though its exact origins were unknown. Some parts of its territory bordered Dali and lay not far from Chengdu, but the exact distance in that direction was unknown. Its people lived in walled towns and houses, traveled on elephants and horses, and crossed rivers by boat and raft. Documents presented to the court were first written on gold leaf, then on paper, and finally on betel leaves; they had to be transcribed before they could be understood.

世祖至元八年，大理、鄯闡等路宣慰司都元帥府遣乞脫因等使緬國，招諭其主內附。四月，乞脫因等導其使价博來，以聞。

In the eighth year of the Zhiyuan era under Emperor Shizu, the Pacification Commissioner's headquarters for the Dali and Shanhan circuits dispatched Qutuin and others to Burma to invite its ruler to submit. In the fourth month, Qutuin and his party escorted the Burmese envoy Jia Bo to the capital to deliver their report.

十年二月，遣勘馬剌失里、乞脫因等使其國，持詔諭之曰：「間者大理、鄯闡等路宣慰司都元帥府差乞脫因導王國使价博詣京師，且言嚮至王國，但見其臣下，未嘗見王，又欲觀吾大國舍利。朕矜憫遠來，即使來使覲見，又令縱觀舍利。益詢其所來，乃知王有內附意。國雖云遠，一視同仁。今再遣勘馬剌失里及禮部郎中國信使乞脫因、工部郎中國信副使小云失往諭王國。誠能謹事大之禮，遣其子弟若貴近臣僚一來，以彰我國家無外之義，用敦永好，時乃之休。至若用兵，夫誰所好。王其思之。」

In the second month of the tenth year, Kanmalasiri, Qutuin, and others were sent to their country bearing an imperial edict that read: "Recently the Pacification Commissioner's headquarters for Dali and Shanhan dispatched Qutuin to escort your kingdom's envoy Jia Bo to the capital. He reported that on his earlier visit to your kingdom he had met only your ministers and never the king himself, and that he also wished to view the sacred relics of our great empire. Moved by compassion for their long journey, I immediately received the envoy in audience and allowed him free viewing of the relics. Further questioning about their mission revealed that the king intended to submit. Though your kingdom lies far away, we regard all peoples with equal benevolence. We now again dispatch Kanmalasiri, with Guoxin of the Ministry of Rites as chief envoy and Qutuin as envoy, and Guoxin of the Ministry of Works as deputy envoy with Xiaoyunshi, to convey our message to your kingdom. If you will faithfully observe the rites owed to a suzerain and send a son or close minister to court, this will demonstrate our empire's principle of treating all alike, foster lasting friendship, and bring timely peace. As for waging war, who would truly desire it? Your Majesty should weigh this carefully."

十二年四月，建寧路安撫使賀天爵言得金齒頭目阿郭之言曰：「乞脫因之使緬，乃故父阿必所指也。至元九年三月，緬王恨父阿必，故領兵數萬來侵，執父阿必而去。不得已厚獻其國，乃得釋之。因知緬中部落之人猶群狗耳。比者緬遣阿的八等九人至，乃候視國家動靜也。今白衣頭目是阿郭親戚，與緬為鄰。嘗謂入緬有三道，一由天部馬，一由驃甸，一由阿郭地界，俱會緬之江頭城。又阿郭親戚阿提犯在緬掌五甸，戶各萬餘，欲內附。阿郭願先招阿提犯及金齒之未降者，以為引道。」雲南省因言緬王無降心，去使不返，必須征討。六月，樞密院以聞。帝曰：「姑緩之。」十一月，雲南省始報：「差人探伺國使消息，而蒲賊阻道，今蒲人多降，道已通，遣金齒千額緫管阿禾探得國使達緬俱安。」

In the fourth month of the twelfth year, He Tianjue, Pacification Commissioner of Jianning Circuit, relayed a report from Gold-Tooth chieftain Aguo: "Qutuin's mission to Burma was arranged at the direction of my late father Abi. In the third month of the ninth Zhiyuan year, the king of Burma, harboring a grudge against my father Abi, led tens of thousands of troops in an invasion, seized him, and carried him away. Only after lavish gifts were sent to their country could we obtain his release. From this I learned that the tribal peoples of central Burma are little better than a pack of dogs. Recently Burma sent Adiba and eight others to our borders; they were in fact there to observe our state's movements. The White-Clothed chieftain is a kinsman of Aguo and lives adjacent to Burma. He has said that there are three routes into Burma: one through Tianbuma, one through Biaodian, and one through Aguo's territory—all converging at Burma's Jiangtou City. Moreover, Aguo's kinsman Atifan governs five districts in Burma, each with more than ten thousand households, and wishes to submit to us. Aguo offers first to win over Atifan and the Gold-Tooth groups that have not yet surrendered, to serve as our guides." The Yunnan Secretariat reported that the king of Burma showed no sign of submission and that our envoys had not returned, and argued that a punitive campaign was necessary. In the sixth month, the Bureau of Military Affairs reported the matter to the throne. The emperor said: "For now, delay action." In the eleventh month, the Yunnan Secretariat reported: "Men were sent to learn news of our envoys, but Pu bandits blocked the route. Now many Pu have surrendered and the road is open; we dispatched Gold-Tooth commander Ahe of Qian'e, who confirmed that our envoys had reached Burma safely."

十四年三月，緬人以阿禾內附，怨之，攻其地，欲立寨騰越、永昌之間。時大理路蒙古千戶忽都、大理路緫管信苴日、緫把千戶脫羅脫孩奉命伐永昌之西騰越、蒲、驃、阿昌、金齒未降部族，駐劄南甸。阿禾告急，忽都等晝夜行，與緬軍遇一河邊，其衆約四五萬，象八百，馬萬匹。忽都等軍僅七百人。緬人前乘馬，次象，次步卒；象被甲，背負戰樓，兩旁挾大竹筩，置短槍數十於其中，乘象者取以擊刺。忽都下令：「賊衆我寡，當先衝河北軍。」親率二百八十一騎為一隊，信苴日以二百三十三騎傍河為一隊，脫羅脫孩以一百八十七人依山為一隊。交戰良久，賊敗走。信苴日追之三里，抵寨門，旋濘而退。忽南面賊兵萬餘，繞出官軍後。信苴日馳報，忽都復列為三陣，進至河岸，擊之，又敗走。追破其十七寨，逐北至窄山口，轉戰三十餘里，賊及象馬自相蹂死者盈三巨溝。日暮，忽都中傷，遂收兵。明日，追之，至千額，不及而還。捕虜甚衆，軍中以一帽或一兩靴一氊衣易一生口。其脫者又為阿禾、阿昌邀殺，歸者無幾。官軍負傷者雖多，惟蒙古軍獲一象不得其性被擊而斃，餘無死者。

In the third month of the fourteenth year, the Burmese, angered by Ahe's submission, attacked his territory and sought to build fortifications between Tengyue and Yongchang. At that time Hudu, Mongol company commander of Dali Circuit; Xinjueri, administrator of Dali Circuit; and Tuoluotuohai, chief company commander, had been ordered to campaign against the unsubmissive Tengyue, Pu, Biao, Achang, and Gold-Tooth tribes west of Yongchang, and were encamped at Nandian. Ahe sent urgent word for help. Hudu and his men marched day and night and met the Burmese army on a riverbank. The enemy numbered roughly forty to fifty thousand, with eight hundred elephants and ten thousand horses. Hudu and his force numbered only seven hundred men. The Burmese formation placed cavalry in front, elephants next, and infantry in the rear. The elephants wore armor and bore fighting towers on their backs. Large bamboo tubes were strapped to either side, each holding dozens of short spears for the riders to strike and thrust with. Hudu ordered: "The enemy outnumber us; we must first charge the army north of the river." He personally led two hundred eighty-one horsemen as one unit; Xinjueri took two hundred thirty-three horsemen along the river as another; and Tuoluotuohai took one hundred eighty-seven men on the high ground as a third. After a long engagement, the enemy were routed and fled. Xinjueri pursued them three li to the enemy camp gate, then withdrew through the swampy ground. Suddenly more than ten thousand enemy troops to the south swept around behind the government forces. Xinjueri raced back to report. Hudu again formed three battle lines, advanced to the riverbank, attacked them, and once more put them to flight. They pursued and broke seventeen camps, driving the enemy north to Zhainankou. After thirty-odd li of fighting, enemy soldiers, elephants, and horses trampled one another to death until three great ditches were filled with corpses. At dusk Hudu was wounded, and the army withdrew. The next day they pursued as far as Qian'e but failed to overtake the enemy and returned. Many captives were taken. Within the army, a hat, a pair of boots, or a felt garment could be traded for one living captive. Those who escaped were ambushed and killed by Ahe and the Achang; few made it home alive. Though many government troops were wounded, among the Mongols only one elephant was taken—and because they did not know how to manage it, it was struck and killed. There were no other deaths.

十月，雲南省遣雲南諸路宣慰使元帥納速剌丁率蒙古、爨、僰、摩些軍三千八百四十餘人征緬，至江頭，深蹂酋首細安立寨之所，招降其磨欲等三百餘寨土官曲蠟蒲折戶四千、孟磨愛呂戶一千、磨柰蒙匡里荅八剌戶二萬、蒙忙甸土官甫祿堡戶一萬、木都彈禿戶二百，凡三萬五千二百戶，以天熱還師。

In the tenth month, the Yunnan Secretariat dispatched Nasir al-Din, Pacification Commissioner and Marshal of the Various Circuits of Yunnan, at the head of more than three thousand eight hundred forty Mongol, Cuan, Bo, and Mosuo troops to campaign against Burma. Reaching Jiangtou, they raided deep into the stronghold of chieftain Xi'an and won the submission of more than three hundred stockaded chiefs under Moyu and others: Quila with four thousand households, Mengmo Ailu with one thousand, Monai Mengkuangli Dabala with twenty thousand, the Mengmang chieftain Fulu with ten thousand, and Mudan Tu with two hundred—in all thirty-five thousand two hundred households. Because of the heat they withdrew.

十七年二月，納速剌丁等上言：「緬國輿地形勢皆在臣目中矣。先奉旨，若重慶諸郡平，然後有事緬國。今四川已底寧，請益兵征之。」帝以問丞相脫里奪海，脫里奪海曰：「陛下初命發合剌章及四川與阿里海牙麾下士卒六萬人征緬，今納速剌丁止欲得萬人。」帝曰：「是矣。」即命樞密繕甲兵，修武備，議選將出師。五月，詔雲南行省發四川軍萬人，命藥剌海領之，與前所遣將同征緬。十九年二月，詔思、播、敘諸郡及亦奚不薛諸蠻夷等處發士卒征緬。

In the second month of the seventeenth year, Nasir al-Din and others memorialized: "The terrain and strategic positions of Burma are all clear to me. We were previously instructed that action against Burma should wait until the prefectures of Chongqing were pacified. Now that Sichuan is settled, we request additional troops for the campaign." The emperor consulted Chancellor Toqto, who said: "Your Majesty initially ordered sixty thousand troops from Qara'ul and from Ali Haiya's forces in Sichuan for the Burma campaign. Now Nasir al-Din asks for only ten thousand." The emperor said: "That will do." He immediately ordered the Bureau of Military Affairs to repair armor and weapons, improve military readiness, and select generals for the expedition. In the fifth month, an edict ordered the Yunnan Branch Secretariat to dispatch ten thousand Sichuan troops under Yiruhai to join the previously sent generals in the campaign against Burma. In the second month of the nineteenth year, an edict ordered troops to be raised from the prefectures of Si, Bo, and Xu and from the various tribal regions of Yixi Bxie and elsewhere for the Burma campaign.

二十年十一月，官軍伐緬，克之。先是，詔宗王相吾荅兒、右丞太卜、參知政事也罕的斤將兵征緬。是年九月，大軍發中慶。十月，至南甸，太卜由羅必甸進軍。十一月，相吾荅兒命也罕的斤取道於阿昔江，達鎮西阿禾江，造舟二百，下流至江頭城，斷緬人水路；自將一軍從驃甸徑抵其國，與太卜軍會。令諸將分地攻取，破其江頭城，擊殺萬餘人。別令都元帥袁世安以兵守其地，積糧餉以給軍士，遣使持輿地圖奏上。

In the eleventh month of the twentieth year, the government army campaigned against Burma and conquered it. Earlier, an edict had ordered Prince Sang'adar, Right Chancellor Taibu, and Vice Administrator Yehan Dejin to lead the expedition against Burma. In the ninth month of that year, the main army set out from Zhongqing. In the tenth month they reached Nandian, and Taibu advanced by way of Luobidian. In the eleventh month, Sang'adar ordered Yehan Dejin to take the route by the Axi River, reach the Ahe River in Zhenxi, build two hundred boats, and descend downstream to Jiangtou City to cut off the Burmese water route. He himself led one army straight through Biaodian into their country and joined forces with Taibu. He ordered the generals to attack and seize territory in separate sectors, captured Jiangtou City, and killed more than ten thousand men. He separately ordered Grand Marshal Yuan Shi'an to hold the territory, accumulate provisions for the troops, and send envoys bearing a territorial map to the throne.

二十二年十一月，緬王遣其鹽井大官阿必立相至太公城，欲來納款，為孟乃甸白衣頭目塞阻道，不得行，遣謄馬宅者持信搭一片來告，驃甸土官匿俗乞報上司免軍馬入境，匿俗給榜遣謄馬宅回江頭城招阿必立相赴省，且報鎮西、平緬、麗川等路宣慰司、宣撫司，差三摻持榜至江頭城付阿必立相、忙直卜筭二人，期以兩月領軍來江頭城，宣撫司率蒙古軍至驃甸相見議事。阿必立相乞言於朝廷，降旨許其悔過，然後差大官赴闕。朝廷尋遣鎮西平緬宣撫司達魯花赤兼招討使怯烈使其國。

In the eleventh month of the twenty-second year, the king of Burma sent his Salt Wells Grand Officer Abi Lixiang to Taigong City intending to submit, but the White-Clothed chieftain of Mengnai blocked the route. Unable to proceed, he sent Tengmazhaizhe with a letter tablet to report. The Biaodian chieftain Nisu asked that superiors be told to keep troops from entering his territory. Nisu issued a placard and sent Tengmazhaizhe back to Jiangtou City to summon Abi Lixiang to the secretariat, and notified the Pacification Commissions and Offices of Zhenxi, Pingmian, Lichuan, and other circuits. Three San officials were sent with the placard to Jiangtou City for Abi Lixiang and Mangzhi Bosuan, setting a two-month deadline for them to lead troops to Jiangtou City, where the Pacification Office would lead Mongol troops to Biaodian for a meeting. Abi Lixiang asked that the court issue an edict permitting his repentance before a grand officer would be sent to the capital. The court soon dispatched Qielie, Darughachi and Pacification Commissioner of the Zhenxi Pingmian Pacification Office, as envoy to their country.

二十三年十月，以招討使張萬為征緬副都元帥，也先鐵木兒征緬招討司達魯花赤，千戶張成征緬招討使，並虎符。敕造戰船，將兵六千人征緬，俾禿滿帶為都元帥緫之。雲南王以行省右丞愛魯奉旨征收金齒、察罕迭吉連地，撥軍一千人。是月，發中慶府，繼至永昌府，與征緬省官會，經阿昔甸，差軍五百人護送招緬使怯烈至太公城。二十四年正月，至忙乃甸。緬王為其庶子不速速古里所執，囚於昔里怯荅剌之地，又害其嫡子三人，與大官木浪周等四人為逆，雲南王所命官阿難荅等亦受害。二月，怯烈自忙乃甸登舟，留元送軍五百人于彼。雲南省請今秋進討，不聽。既而雲南王與諸王進征，至蒲甘，喪師七千餘，緬始平，乃定歲貢方物。

In the tenth month of the twenty-third year, Zhang Wan was appointed Deputy Grand Marshal for the Burma Campaign, Yesen Temur was made Darughachi of the Burma Campaign Pacification Office, and Company Commander Zhang Cheng was made Pacification Commissioner for the Burma Campaign—all with tiger tallies. An edict ordered war vessels built and six thousand troops sent against Burma, with Tudmandai as Grand Marshal in overall command. The Prince of Yunnan, through Branch Secretariat Right Chancellor Ailu acting on imperial orders, levied the territories of Gold-Tooth and Chahan Dijilian and allocated one thousand troops. That month they set out from Zhongqing Prefecture, reached Yongchang Prefecture, and joined the provincial officials of the Burma campaign. Passing through Axidian, five hundred troops were dispatched to escort the Burma envoy Qielie to Taigong City. In the first month of the twenty-fourth year, they reached Mangnaidian. The king of Burma was seized by his illegitimate son Bususuguli and imprisoned at Xili Qiedala; three of his sons by the principal consort were killed. Together with Grand Officer Mulangzhou and three others he rebelled, and officials appointed by the Prince of Yunnan, including Ananda, were also harmed. In the second month, Qielie boarded a boat at Mangnaidian, leaving the five hundred Yuan escort troops behind. The Yunnan Secretariat requested a punitive advance that autumn, but the request was denied. Subsequently the Prince of Yunnan and the princes advanced as far as Pagan, losing more than seven thousand troops before Burma was finally pacified and annual tribute was fixed.

大德元年二月，以緬王的立普哇拿阿迪提牙嘗遣其子信合八的奉表入朝，請歲輸銀二千五百兩、帛千匹、馴象二十、糧萬石，詔封的立普哇拿阿迪提牙為緬王，賜銀印，子信合八的為緬國世子，賜以虎符。

In the second month of the first Dade year, because the king of Burma, Dipuwana Aditya, had sent his son Sinhabhadra to court with a memorial offering annual tribute of two thousand five hundred taels of silver, one thousand bolts of silk, twenty trained elephants, and ten thousand shi of grain, an edict enfeoffed Dipuwana Aditya as King of Burma and granted him a silver seal; his son Sinhabhadra was made Heir of Burma and granted a tiger tally.

三年三月，緬復遣其世子奉表入謝，自陳部民為金齒殺掠，率皆貧乏，以致上供金幣不能如期輸納。帝憫之，止命間歲貢象，仍賜衣遣還。四年四月，遣使進白象。

In the third month of the third year, Burma again sent its heir to court with a memorial of thanks, explaining that its people had been killed and plundered by the Gold-Tooth and were mostly impoverished, so that tribute in gold and coin could not be delivered on schedule. The emperor took pity on them and required only elephants in alternate years, granted robes, and sent them back. In the fourth month of the fourth year, they sent envoys presenting a white elephant.

五月，的立普哇拿阿迪提牙為其弟阿散哥也等所殺，其子窟麻剌哥撒八逃詣京師。令忙完禿魯迷失率師往問其罪。蠻賊與八百媳婦國通，其勢張甚。忙完禿魯迷失請益兵，又命薛超兀而等將兵萬二千人征之，仍令諸王闊闊節制其軍。六月，詔立窟麻剌哥撒八為王，賜以銀印。秋七月，緬賊阿散哥也弟者蘇等九十一人各奉方物入朝，命餘人置中慶，遣者蘇等來上都。八月，緬國阿散吉牙等昆弟赴闕，自言殺主之罪，罷征緬兵。

In the fifth month, Dipuwana Aditya was killed by his younger brother Asange and others. His son Kumara Kassapa fled to the capital. Mangwan Tuolushi was ordered to lead troops to investigate their crime. The barbarian rebels were in league with the Kingdom of the Eight Hundred Wives, and their power grew greatly. Mangwan Tuolushi requested additional troops. Xue Chao'uer and others were ordered to lead twelve thousand troops against them, with Prince Kuo Kuo placed in overall command. In the sixth month, an edict installed Kumara Kassapa as king and granted him a silver seal. In the seventh month of autumn, ninety-one men including Zhesu, younger brother of the Burmese rebel Asange, each presented local products at court. The rest were left at Zhongqing, and Zhesu and others were sent to the Upper Capital. In the eighth month, Asanjiya and his brothers of Burma came to court, confessed to killing their lord, and the Burma campaign troops were withdrawn.

五年九月，雲南參知政事高慶、宣撫使察罕不花伏誅。初，慶等從薛超兀而圍緬兩月，城中薪食俱盡，勢將出降，慶等受其重賂，以炎暑瘴疫為辭，輒引兵還。故誅之。十月，緬遣使入貢。

In the ninth month of the fifth year, Gao Qing, Vice Administrator of Yunnan, and Chahan Buhua, Pacification Commissioner, were executed. Earlier, Qing and the others had followed Xue Chao'uer in besieging Burma for two months. Fuel and food in the city were exhausted and surrender was imminent, but Qing and the others accepted heavy bribes and, citing heat, miasma, and pestilence, abruptly withdrew the army. For this they were executed. In the tenth month, Burma sent envoys to pay tribute.

占城近瓊州，順風舟行一日可抵其國。世祖至元間廣南西道宣慰使馬成旺嘗請兵三千人、馬三百匹征之。十五年，左丞唆都以宋平遣人至占城，還言其王失里咱牙信合八剌麻哈迭瓦有內附意，詔降虎符，授榮祿大夫，封占城郡王。十六年十二月，遣兵部侍郎教化的、緫管孟慶元、萬戶孫勝夫與唆都等使占城，諭其王入朝。

Champa lies near Qiongzhou; with a favorable wind a boat can reach it in a single day. During Emperor Shizu's Zhiyuan era, Ma Chengwang, Pacification Commissioner of the Guangnan West Circuit, once requested three thousand troops and three hundred horses for a campaign against it. In the fifteenth year, after the pacification of Song, Left Chancellor Suodu sent men to Champa. On their return they reported that its king, Sri Jaya Simhavarman, intended to submit. An edict granted a tiger tally, conferred the title of Grand Master of Glorious Blessings, and enfeoffed him as Prince of Champa Commandery. In the twelfth month of the sixteenth year, Vice Minister of War Jiaohuade, Administrator Meng Qingyuan, Ten-thousand-household Commander Sun Shengfu, and Suodu and others were sent as envoys to Champa to summon its king to court.

十七年二月，占城國王保寶旦拏囉耶邛南詙占把地囉耶遣使貢方物，奉表降。十九年十月，朝廷以占城國主孛由補剌者吾曩歲遣使來朝，稱臣內屬，遂命右丞唆都等即其地立省以撫安之。既而其子補的專國，負固弗服，萬戶何子志、千戶皇甫傑使暹國，宣慰使尤永賢、亞闌等使馬八兒國，舟經占城，皆被執，故遣兵征之。帝曰：「老王無罪，逆命者乃其子與一蠻人耳。苟獲此兩人，當依曹彬故事，百姓不戮一人。」

In the second month of the seventeenth year, the king of Champa, Po Bao Dan Nara Ya Qiong Nan Ba Zhan Ba Di La Ya, sent envoys presenting local products and a memorial of submission. In the tenth month of the nineteenth year, because the king of Champa, Jaya Indravarman, had sent envoys to court in a previous year declaring himself a subject, the court ordered Right Chancellor Suodu and others to establish a provincial administration on the spot to pacify the region. Subsequently his son Bude seized control of the state and stubbornly refused submission. When Ten-thousand-household Commander He Zizhi and Thousand-household Commander Huangfu Jie were sent as envoys to Siam, and Pacification Commissioners You Yongxian and Yalan and others were sent to Maba'er, their boats passing through Champa were all seized. Troops were therefore dispatched against it. The emperor said: "The old king is not guilty; those who defy orders are only his son and one barbarian. If these two men are captured, we should follow the precedent of Cao Bin and not kill a single common person."

十一月，占城行省官率兵自廣州航海至占城港。港口北連海，海旁有小港五，通其國大州，東南止山，西旁木城。官軍依海岸屯駐。占城兵治木城，四面約二十餘里，起樓棚，立回回三梢砲百餘座。又木城西十里建行宮，孛由補剌者吾親率重兵屯守應援。行省遣都鎮撫李天祐、緫把賈甫招之，七往，終不服。十二月，招真臘國使速魯蠻請往招諭，復與天祐、甫偕行，得其回書云：「已修木城，備甲兵，刻期請戰。」

In the eleventh month, the officials of the Champa Branch Secretariat led troops by sea from Guangzhou to Champa Harbor. The harbor opens north to the sea, with five smaller harbors beside it leading to the great districts of the country. Mountains lie to the southeast, and a wooden wall stands to the west. The government army encamped along the coast. The Champa army repaired the wooden wall, roughly twenty li around, erected tower sheds, and set up more than one hundred Muslim trebuchets. Ten li west of the wooden wall they built a traveling palace, and Jaya Indravarman personally led heavy troops to garrison it and provide support. The Branch Secretariat sent Chief Pacification Commissioner Li Tianyou and Chief Company Commander Jia Fu to summon them seven times, but the enemy never submitted. In the twelfth month, the Zhenla envoy Suluman requested to go and summon them. He again went with Tianyou and Fu and received a reply: "We have repaired the wooden wall, prepared armor and troops, and set a date to request battle."

二十年正月，行省傳令軍中，以十五日夜半發船攻城。至期，分遣瓊州安撫使陳仲達、緫管劉金、緫把栗全以兵千六百人由水路攻木城北面；緫把張斌、百戶趙達以三百人攻東面沙觜；省官三千人分三道攻南面。舟行至天明泊岸，為風濤所碎者十七八。賊開木城南門，建旗鼓，出萬餘人，乘象者數十，亦分三隊迎敵，矢石交下。自卯至午，賊敗北，官軍入木城，復與東北二軍合擊之，殺溺死者數千人。守城供餉餽者數萬人悉潰散。國主棄行宮，燒倉廩，殺永賢、亞闌等，與其臣逃入山。十七日，整兵攻大州。十九日，國主使報荅者來求降。二十日，兵至大州東南，遣報荅者回，許其降，免罪。二十一日，入大州。又遣博思兀魯班者來言：「奉王命，國主、太子後當自來。」行省傳檄召之，官軍復駐城外。二十三日，遣其舅寶脫禿花等三十餘人，奉國王信物雜布二百匹、大銀三錠、小銀五十七錠、碎銀一甕為質，來歸款。又獻金葉九節標槍曰：「國主欲來，病未能進，先使持其槍來，以見誠意。長子補的期三日請見。」省官却其物。寶脫禿花曰：「不受，是薄之也。」行省度不可却，姑令收置，乃以上聞。

In the first month of the twentieth year, the Branch Secretariat ordered the army to launch boats and attack the city at midnight on the fifteenth. When the time came, Chen Zhongda, Pacification Commissioner of Qiongzhou; Liu Jin, Administrator; and Li Quan, Chief Company Commander, were dispatched with one thousand six hundred troops by water to attack the north side of the wooden wall. Chief Company Commander Zhang Bin and Company Commander Zhao Da took three hundred men to attack the eastern sand spit. Three thousand provincial troops divided into three columns to attack the south. The boats sailed until dawn and anchored; seventy or eighty percent were smashed by wind and waves. The enemy opened the south gate of the wooden wall, raised banners and drums, and came out with more than ten thousand men, several dozen riding elephants, also divided into three units to meet the attack as arrows and stones rained down. From dawn to midday the enemy were defeated and fled north. The government army entered the wooden wall, then joined with the northeastern forces in a combined attack, killing and drowning several thousand men. The tens of thousands who guarded the city and supplied provisions all broke and scattered. The king abandoned the traveling palace, burned the granaries, killed You Yongxian, Yalan, and others, and fled into the mountains with his ministers. On the seventeenth they reorganized the army and attacked the great district. On the nineteenth the king sent a messenger to reply and request surrender. On the twentieth the army reached the southeast of the great district, sent the messenger back, and granted surrender with pardon. On the twenty-first they entered the great district. They again sent Bosi Wuluban to say: "By the king's order, the king and the crown prince will come in person later." The Branch Secretariat issued a summons, and the government army again encamped outside the city. On the twenty-third they sent the king's maternal uncle Baotuotuhua and more than thirty others, presenting as pledges the king's tokens: two hundred bolts of assorted cloth, three large silver ingots, fifty-seven small silver ingots, and one jar of broken silver, to submit. They also presented a nine-jointed gold-leaf ceremonial spear, saying: "The king wishes to come but is ill and cannot advance. He sends this spear first to show his sincerity. The eldest son Bude will request an audience within three days." The provincial officials refused the gifts. Baotuotuhua said: "If you do not accept them, that is to treat us lightly." The Branch Secretariat judged that the gifts could not be refused, ordered them received and stored for the time being, and reported upward.

寶脫禿花復令其主第四子利世麻八都八德剌、第五子世利印德剌來見，且言：「先有兵十萬，故求戰。今皆敗散。聞敗兵言，補的被傷已死。國主頰中箭，今小愈，愧懼未能見也，故先遣二子來議赴闕進見事。」省官疑其非真子，聽其還。諭國主早降，且以問疾為辭，遣千戶林子全、緫把栗全、李德堅偕往覘之。二子在途先歸。子全等入山兩程，國主遣人來拒，不果見。寶脫禿花謂子全曰：「國主遷延不肯出降，今反揚言欲殺我，可歸告省官，來則來，不來，我當執以往。」子全等回營。是日，又殺何子志、皇甫傑等百餘人。

Baotuotuhua again had his lord's fourth son Lishimabadu Badera and fifth son Shiliyindela come to audience, saying: "We formerly had one hundred thousand troops, so we sought battle. Now they have all been defeated and scattered. According to defeated soldiers, Bude was wounded and has already died. The king was struck by an arrow in the cheek; he is now somewhat recovered but ashamed and fearful and unable to come to audience, so he first sends these two sons to discuss going to court." The provincial officials suspected they were not the true sons and allowed them to return. They instructed the king to surrender early and, on the pretext of inquiring after his illness, dispatched Company Commander Lin Ziquan, Chief Company Commander Li Quan, and Li Dejian to go and observe. The two sons returned first on the road. Ziquan and the others entered the mountains for two stages, but the king sent men to repel them and they failed to obtain an audience. Baotuotuhua said to Ziquan: "The king delays and refuses to surrender. Now he even spreads word that he wants to kill me. Return and tell the provincial officials: if he comes, he comes; if not, I shall seize him and bring him." Ziquan and the others returned to camp. That same day they again killed He Zizhi, Huangfu Jie, and more than one hundred others.

二月八日，寶脫禿花又至，自言：「吾祖父、伯、叔，前皆為國主，至吾兄，今孛由補剌者吾殺而奪其位，斬我左右二大指。我實怨之。願禽孛由補剌者吾、補的父子，及大拔撒機兒以獻。請給大元服色。」行省賜衣冠，撫諭以行。十三日，居占城唐人曾延等來言：「國主逃於大州西北鴉候山，聚兵三千餘，并招集他郡兵未至，不日將與官軍交戰。懼唐人泄其事，將盡殺之。延等覺而逃來。」十五日，寶脫禿花偕宰相報孫達兒及撮及大師等五人來降。行省官引曾延等見，寶脫禿花詰之，曰：「延等姦細人也，請繫縲之。國主軍皆潰散，安敢復戰。」又言：「今未附州郡凡十二處，每州遣一人招之。舊州水路，乞行省與陳安撫及寶脫禿花各遣一人乘舟招諭攻取。陸路則乞行省官陳安撫與己往禽國主、補的及攻其城。」行省猶信其言，調兵一千屯半山塔，遣子全、德堅等領軍百人，與寶脫禿花同赴大州進討，約有急則報半山軍。

On the eighth day of the second month, Baotuotuhua came again and said: "My grandfather, uncles, and elder uncles were all kings before. As for my elder brother, the present Jaya Indravarman, I killed him and seized his throne and had the two great fingers of my left and right hands cut off. I truly bear a grudge against him. I wish to capture Jaya Indravarman and Bude, father and son, and the great Basajier and present them to you. I request to be granted Yuan court robes and insignia." The Branch Secretariat granted robes and caps and sent him off with encouragement. On the thirteenth, Zeng Yan and other Chinese residents of Champa came and said: "The king has fled to Yahou Mountain northwest of the great district, gathered more than three thousand troops, and is also summoning troops from other districts that have not yet arrived. Before long he will engage the government army in battle. Fearing that the Chinese would leak the matter, he intends to kill them all. Yan and the others discovered this and fled here." On the fifteenth, Baotuotuhua together with Chancellor Baosundaer and Suoji Dashi and three others came to surrender. The provincial officials brought Zeng Yan and the others forward. Baotuotuhua questioned them and said: "Yan and the others are spies. Please bind them. The king's army has all broken and scattered—how would they dare fight again?" He also said: "There are twelve districts that have not yet submitted. Send one man to each district to summon them. For the water route to Jiuzhou, I ask that the Branch Secretariat, Pacification Commissioner Chen, and Baotuotuhua each send one man by boat to summon and seize it. For the land route, I ask that the provincial officials, Pacification Commissioner Chen, and I go to capture the king, Bude, and attack their city." The Branch Secretariat still believed him, transferred one thousand troops to garrison at Banshanta, and dispatched Ziquan, Dejian, and others with one hundred troops to advance with Baotuotuhua to the great district, agreeing to report to the Banshan troops if there was urgency.

子全等比至城西，寶脫禿花背約間行，自北門乘象遁入山。官軍獲諜者曰：「國主實在鴉候山立寨，聚兵約二萬餘，遣使交趾、真臘、闍婆等國借兵，及徵賓多龍、舊州等軍未至。」十六日，遣萬戶張顒等領兵赴國主所棲之境。十九日，顒兵近木城二十里。賊浚濠塹，拒以大木，官軍斬刈超距奮擊，破其二千餘衆。轉戰至木城下，山林阻隘不能進，賊旁出截歸路，軍皆殊死戰，遂得解還營。行省遂整軍聚糧，創木城，遣緫管劉金，千戶劉涓、岳榮守禦。

When Ziquan and the others reached the west of the city, Baotuotuhua broke the agreement and slipped away, riding an elephant out the north gate and escaping into the mountains. The government army captured a spy who said: "The king is indeed encamped at Yahou Mountain, gathering about twenty thousand troops, sending envoys to Jiaozhi, Zhenla, Java, and other countries to borrow troops, and summoning troops from Binduolong, Jiuzhou, and elsewhere that have not yet arrived." On the sixteenth they dispatched Ten-thousand-household Commander Zhang Yong and others with troops to the region where the king had taken refuge. On the nineteenth Yong's troops came within twenty li of the wooden wall. The enemy dug moats and ditches and blocked the way with great logs. The government army cut through, closed the distance, and struck fiercely, breaking more than two thousand of the enemy. Fighting on, they reached below the wooden wall, but mountains and forests blocked the narrow passes and they could not advance. The enemy swept out from the side and cut off the return route. The army fought to the death and managed to break free and return to camp. The Branch Secretariat then reorganized the army, gathered provisions, built a wooden wall, and dispatched Administrator Liu Jin and Company Commanders Liu Juan and Yue Rong to defend it.

二十一年三月六日，唆都領軍回。十五日，江淮省所遣助唆都軍萬戶忽都虎等至占城唆都舊制行省舒眉蓮港，見營舍燒盡，始知官軍已回。二十日，忽都虎令百戶陳奎招其國主來降。二十七日，占城主遣王通事者來稱納降。忽都虎等諭令其父子奉表進獻。國主遣文勞邛大巴南等來稱，唆都除蕩其國，貧無以獻，來年當備禮物，令嫡子入朝。四月十二日，國主令其孫濟目理勒蟄、文勞邛大巴南等奉表歸款。

On the sixth day of the third month of the twenty-first year, Suodu led the army back. On the fifteenth, Hudu Hu and others, ten-thousand-household commanders of the troops sent by the Jianghuai Branch Secretariat to assist Suodu, reached Shumeilian Harbor in Champa where Suodu's former Branch Secretariat had been, saw the camps burned to the ground, and only then learned that the government army had already withdrawn. On the twentieth, Hudu Hu ordered Company Commander Chen Kui to summon the king to surrender. On the twenty-seventh, the king of Champa sent a royal interpreter to declare submission. Hudu Hu and the others instructed them to present a memorial and tribute, father and son together. The king sent Wenlaoqiong Daban and others to say that Suodu had devastated their country, they were too poor to present gifts, and next year they would prepare tribute and send the son by the principal consort to court. On the twelfth day of the fourth month, the king had his grandson Jimulilezhe, Wenlaoqiong Daban, and others present a memorial of submission.

是年，命平章政事阿里海牙奉鎮南王脫歡發兵，假道交趾伐占城，不果行。

That year, Grand Councillor Ali Haiya was ordered to accompany Prince Togan of Zhennan in raising troops to campaign against Champa by way of Jiaozhi, but the expedition did not take place.

暹國，當成宗元貞元年，進金字表，欲朝廷遣使至其國。比其表至，已先遣使，蓋彼未之知也。賜來使素金符佩之，使急追詔使同往。以暹人與麻里予兒舊相讎殺，至是皆歸順，有旨諭暹人「勿傷麻里予兒，以踐爾言」。

Siam: in the first Yuanzhen year of Emperor Chengzong, it presented a memorial written in gold characters, requesting that the court send envoys to its country. By the time its memorial arrived, envoys had already been dispatched—they had not known of this. The arriving envoy was granted a plain gold tally to wear and ordered to hurry after the imperial envoy and go together. Because the Siamese and the Malai'er had formerly killed one another in feud, and now both had submitted, an edict instructed the Siamese: "Do not harm the Malai'er, to fulfill your word."

大德三年，暹國主上言，其父在位時，朝廷嘗賜鞍轡、白馬及金縷衣，乞循舊例以賜。帝以丞相完澤荅剌罕言「彼小國而賜以馬，恐其鄰忻都輩譏議朝廷」，仍賜金縷衣，不賜以馬。

In the third Dade year, the king of Siam memorialized that when his father was on the throne the court had once granted saddle and bridle, a white horse, and gold-thread robes, and he requested that the old precedent be followed. The emperor, on Chancellor Oqor Taghai's advice that granting a horse to so small a country might invite mockery from neighboring Xindu and the like, still granted gold-thread robes but did not grant a horse.

爪哇在海外，視占城益遠。自泉南登舟海行者，先至占城而後至其國。其風俗土產不可考，大率海外諸蕃國多出奇寶，取貴於中國，而其人則醜怪，情性語言與中國不能相通。世祖撫有四夷，其出師海外諸蕃者，惟爪哇之役為大。

Java lies overseas, even farther from China than Champa. For those who embark by sea from Quannan, they reach Champa first and then arrive at Java. Its customs and local products cannot be fully verified. Generally the various maritime countries produce many rare treasures prized in China, while their people are regarded as strange in appearance, and their dispositions and languages are unintelligible to China. Emperor Shizu pacified the four quarters, and among campaigns to the various maritime countries overseas, only the Java expedition was on the largest scale.

至元二十九年二月，詔福建行省除史弼、亦黑迷失、高興平章政事，征爪哇；會福建、江西、湖廣三行省兵凡二萬，設左右軍都元帥府二、征行上萬戶四，發舟千艘，給糧一年、鈔四萬錠，降虎符十、金符四十、銀符百、金衣段百端，用備功賞。亦黑迷失等陛辭。帝曰：「卿等至爪哇，明告其國軍民，朝廷初與爪哇通使往來交好，後刺詔使孟右丞之面，以此進討。」九月，軍會慶元。弼、亦黑迷失領省事，赴泉州；興率輜重自慶元登舟涉海。十一月，福建、江西、湖廣三省軍會泉州。十二月，自後渚啟行。

In the second month of the twenty-ninth Zhiyuan year, an edict appointed Shi Bi, Yiqimishi, and Gao Xing as Grand Councillors of the Fujian Branch Secretariat to campaign against Java. They assembled twenty thousand troops from the Fujian, Jiangxi, and Huguang Branch Secretariats, established two Left and Right Army Grand Marshal's headquarters and four Campaign Upper Ten-thousand-household Commands, dispatched one thousand boats, supplied one year's grain and forty thousand ding of paper money, and granted ten tiger tallies, forty gold tallies, one hundred silver tallies, and one hundred bolts of gold brocade for rewarding merit. Yiqimishi and the others took leave at court. The emperor said: "When you reach Java, clearly inform its soldiers and people that the court initially exchanged envoys with Java in friendship, but later they slashed the face of the imperial envoy Vice Chancellor Meng—therefore this punitive advance." In the ninth month the army assembled at Qingyuan. Bi and Yiqimishi led the provincial affairs and went to Quanzhou. Xing led the baggage train, embarked at Qingyuan, and crossed the sea. In the eleventh month the armies of Fujian, Jiangxi, and Huguang assembled at Quanzhou. In the twelfth month they set out from Houzhu.

三十年正月，至構欄山議方略。二月，亦黑迷失、孫參政先領本省幕官并招諭爪哇等處宣慰司官曲出海牙、楊梓、全忠祖，萬戶張塔剌赤等五百餘人，船十艘，先往招諭之。大軍繼進於吉利門。弼、興進至爪哇之杜並足，與亦黑迷失等議，分軍下岸，水陸並進。弼與孫參政帥都元帥那海、萬戶寗居仁等水軍，自杜並足由戎牙路港口至八節澗。興與亦黑迷失帥都元帥鄭鎮國、萬戶脫歡等馬步軍，自杜並足陸行。以萬戶申元為前鋒。遣副元帥土虎登哥，萬戶褚懷遠、李忠等乘鑽鋒船，由戎牙路，於麻喏巴歇浮梁前進，赴八節澗期會。

In the first month of the thirtieth year they reached Goulanshan to discuss strategy. In the second month, Yiqimishi and Vice Administrator Sun first led more than five hundred men including provincial staff and Pacification Commissioners of Java and other places Qu Chuhaiya, Yang Zi, and Quan Zhongzu, and Company Commander Zhang Talachi, with ten boats, to go ahead and summon them. The main army followed and advanced to Jilimen. Bi and Xing advanced to Dubingzu in Java, consulted with Yiqimishi and the others, divided the army to go ashore, and advanced by land and water together. Bi and Vice Administrator Sun commanded Grand Marshal Naihai, Company Commander Ning Juren, and the naval forces from Dubingzu by way of the port of Rongyalu to Bajiejian. Xing and Yiqimishi commanded Grand Marshal Zheng Zhenguo, Company Commander Tuohuan, and the cavalry and infantry from Dubingzu by land. Company Commander Shen Yuan was made vanguard. Deputy Marshal Tuhudengge, Company Commanders Chu Huaiyuan and Li Zhong, and others were sent in drill-prowed boats by way of Rongyalu, advancing before the pontoon bridge at Manobaxi to rendezvous at Bajiejian.

招諭爪哇宣撫司官言：爪哇主壻土罕必闍耶舉國納降，土罕必闍耶不能離軍，先令楊梓、甘州不花、全忠祖引其宰相昔剌難荅吒耶等五十餘人來迎。三月一日，會軍八節澗。澗上接杜馬班王府，下通莆奔大海，乃爪哇咽喉必爭之地。又其謀臣希寧官沿河泊舟，觀望成敗，再三招諭不降。行省於澗邊設偃月營，留萬戶王天祥守河津，土虎登哥、李忠等領水軍，鄭鎮國、省都鎮撫倫信等領馬步軍水陸並進。希寧官懼，棄船宵遁，獲鬼頭大船百餘艘。令都元帥那海、萬戶寗居仁、鄭珪、高德誠、張受等鎮八節澗海口。

The Pacification Commissioner of Java who was summoned reported that the king's son-in-law Tuhannabaya had submitted the whole country. Unable to leave the army, Tuhannabaya first had Yang Zi, Ganzhou Buhua, and Quan Zhongzu lead more than fifty of his chancellors, including Xilanandazhaye, to welcome them. On the first day of the third month the armies joined at Bajiejian. Upstream the stream connects to the princely residence of Tumapan; downstream it opens to the great sea at Puben—it is the strategic throat of Java that must be contested. Moreover, his counselor Xiningguan moored boats along the river, watching the outcome, and despite repeated summons would not submit. The Branch Secretariat set up a crescent camp by the stream, left Company Commander Wang Tianxiang to guard the river crossing, and had Tuhudengge, Li Zhong, and others lead the navy while Zheng Zhenguo, Provincial Chief Pacification Commissioner Lunxin, and others led cavalry and infantry advancing together by land and water. Xiningguan was afraid, abandoned his boats and fled by night, and more than one hundred large prowed ships were captured. Grand Marshal Naihai, Company Commanders Ning Juren, Zheng Gui, Gao Decheng, and Zhang Shou and others were ordered to garrison the mouth of Bajiejian.

大軍方進，土罕必闍耶遣使來告，葛郎王追殺至麻喏巴歇，請官軍救之。亦黑迷失、張參政先往安慰土罕必闍耶，鄭鎮國引軍赴章孤接援。興進至麻喏巴歇，却稱葛郎兵未知遠近，興回八節澗。亦黑迷失尋報賊兵今夜當至，召興赴麻喏巴歇。

As the main army was advancing, Tuhannabaya sent envoys to report that the king of Gelang was pursuing him as far as Manobaxi and requested government troops to rescue him. Yiqimishi and Vice Administrator Zhang went first to reassure Tuhannabaya, and Zheng Zhenguo led troops to Zhanggu to provide support. Xing advanced to Manobaxi but then said the Gelang troops' whereabouts were unknown and returned to Bajiejian. Yiqimishi soon reported that enemy troops would arrive that night and summoned Xing to Manobaxi.

七日，葛郎兵三路攻土罕必闍耶。八日黎明，亦黑迷失、孫參政率萬戶李明迎賊於西南，不遇。興與脫歡由東南路與賊戰，殺數百人，餘奔潰山谷。日中，西南路賊又至，興再戰至晡，又敗之。十五日，分軍為三道伐葛郎，期十九日會荅哈，聽砲聲接戰。土虎登哥等水軍泝流而上，亦黑迷失等由西道，興等由東道進，土罕必闍耶軍繼其後。十九日，至荅哈。葛郎國主以兵十餘萬交戰，自卯至未，連三戰，賊敗奔潰，擁入河死者數萬人，殺五千餘人。國主入內城拒守，官軍圍之，且招其降。是夕，國主哈只葛當出降，撫諭令還。

On the seventh day, Gelang troops attacked Tuhannabaya in three columns. At dawn on the eighth day, Yiqimishi and Vice Administrator Sun led Company Commander Li Ming to meet the enemy in the southwest but did not encounter them. Xing and Tuohuan fought the enemy by the southeast route, killed several hundred men, and the rest fled in rout into the valleys. At midday enemy troops on the southwest route arrived again. Xing fought again until late afternoon and once more defeated them. On the fifteenth they divided the army into three columns to campaign against Gelang, set the nineteenth for rendezvous at Daha, and agreed to join battle on hearing cannon fire. Tuhudengge and the navy went upstream; Yiqimishi and others took the western route; Xing and others advanced by the eastern route; and Tuhannabaya's army followed behind. On the nineteenth they reached Daha. The king of Gelang fought with more than one hundred thousand troops. From dawn to mid-afternoon they fought three battles in succession. The enemy were routed; tens of thousands were crushed into the river and drowned, and more than five thousand were killed. The king entered the inner city to hold out. The government army besieged it and summoned him to surrender. That evening the king, Hajigedang, came out and surrendered. They reassured him and sent him back.

四月二日，遣土罕必闍耶還其地，具入貢禮，以萬戶捏只不丁、甘州不花率兵二百護送。十九日，土罕必闍耶背叛逃去，留軍拒戰。捏只不丁、甘州不花、省掾馮祥皆遇害。二十四日，軍還。得哈只葛當妻子官屬百餘人，及地圖戶籍、所上金字表以還。事見史弼、高興傳。

On the second day of the fourth month they sent Tuhannabaya back to his territory with tribute gifts prepared, escorted by Company Commanders Niezhibuding and Ganzhou Buhua with two hundred troops. On the nineteenth Tuhannabaya rebelled and fled, leaving troops to resist. Niezhibuding, Ganzhou Buhua, and Provincial Clerk Feng Xiang were all killed. On the twenty-fourth the army returned. They took more than one hundred of Hajigedang's wife, children, and officials, along with territorial maps, household registers, and the gold-character memorial he had submitted, and returned. The affair is recorded in the biographies of Shi Bi and Gao Xing.

琉求，在南海之東。漳、泉、興、福四州界內彭湖諸島，與琉求相對，亦素不通。天氣清明時，望之隱約若煙若霧，其遠不知幾千里也。西南北岸皆水，至彭湖漸低，近琉求則謂之落漈，漈者水趨下而不回也。凡西岸漁舟到彭湖已下，遇颶風發作，漂流落漈，回者百一。琉求，在外夷最小而險者也。漢、唐以來，史所不載，近代諸蕃市舶不聞至其國。

Liuqiu lies in the South Sea to the east. The Penghu islands within the boundaries of the four prefectures of Zhang, Quan, Xing, and Fu face Liuqiu across the sea and likewise had never had contact. When the weather is clear, it appears faintly like smoke or mist in the distance; how far away it lies is unknown, perhaps several thousand li. The southwest and north shores are all water. Approaching Penghu the land gradually lowers; near Liuqiu it is called Luoji—water rushing downward without returning. Whenever fishing boats from the western shore reach below Penghu and encounter a typhoon, they drift into Luoji; only one in a hundred returns. Liuqiu is among the foreign peoples the smallest and most perilous. From Han and Tang onward it is not recorded in history, and in recent times no merchant ships of the various maritime countries are known to have reached it.

世祖至元二十八年九月，海船副萬戶楊祥請以六千軍往降之，不聽命則遂伐之，朝廷從其請。繼有書生吳志斗者上言生長福建，熟知海道利病，以為若欲收附，且就彭湖發船往諭，相水勢地利，然後興兵未晚也。冬十月，乃命楊祥充宣撫使，給金符，吳志斗禮部員外郎，阮鑒兵部員外郎，並給銀符，往使琉求。詔曰：「收撫江南已十七年，海外諸蕃罔不臣屬。惟琉求邇閩境，未曾歸附。議者請即加兵。朕惟祖宗立法，凡不庭之國，先遣使招諭，來則按堵如故，否則必致征討。今止其兵，命楊祥、阮鑒往諭汝國。果能慕義來朝，存爾國祀，保爾黎庶；若不效順，自恃險阻，舟師奄及，恐貽後悔。爾其慎擇之。」

In the ninth month of the twenty-eighth Zhiyuan year of Emperor Shizu, Yang Xiang, Deputy Ten-thousand-household Commander of the Sea Fleet, requested to lead six thousand troops to win its submission, and if it did not obey, to campaign against it. The court granted his request. Subsequently a scholar, Wu Zhidou, memorialized that having grown up in Fujian he knew well the advantages and hazards of the sea routes, and held that if one wished to win submission, one should first dispatch boats from Penghu to instruct them, assess water conditions and terrain, and then raise troops—it would not be too late. In the tenth month of winter they appointed Yang Xiang Pacification Commissioner and granted a gold tally; Wu Zhidou was made Vice Director of the Ministry of Rites and Ruan Jian Vice Director of the Ministry of War, both granted silver tallies, and sent as envoys to Liuqiu. An edict said: "In pacifying the Jiangnan region it has already been seventeen years, and none of the various maritime countries overseas has failed to submit. Only Liuqiu, close to the Fujian border, has never submitted. Those who deliberated requested that troops be sent immediately. I consider that according to the law established by our ancestors, for any country that does not come to court, envoys are first sent to summon and instruct them: if they come, they are left in peace as before; if not, a punitive expedition must follow. Now I halt the troops and order Yang Xiang and Ruan Jian to go and instruct your country. If you can truly admire righteousness and come to court, your state's sacrifices will be preserved and your people protected. If you do not submit and instead rely on perilous terrain, when the fleet suddenly arrives you will likely regret it. Choose carefully."

二十九年三月二十九日，自汀路尾澳舟行，至是日巳時，海洋中正東望見有山長而低者，約去五十里。祥稱是琉求國，鑒稱不知的否。祥乘小舟至低山下，以其人衆，不親上，令軍官劉閏等二百餘人以小舟十一艘，載軍器，領三嶼人陳煇者登岸。岸上人衆不曉三嶼人語，為其殺死者三人，遂還。四月二日，至彭湖。祥責鑒、志斗「已到琉求」文字，二人不從。明日，不見志斗蹤跡，覔之無有也。先，志斗嘗斥言祥生事要功，欲取富貴，其言誕妄難信，至是，疑祥害之。祥顧稱志斗初言琉求不可往，今祥已至琉求而還，志斗懼罪逃去。志斗妻子訴于官。有旨，發祥、鑒還福建置對。後遇赦，不竟其事。

On the twenty-ninth day of the third month of the twenty-ninth year, they set out by boat from Wei'ao in Ting Circuit. At the hour of si that day, looking due east across the ocean they saw a long, low mountain about fifty li away. Xiang said it was Liuqiu; Jian said he did not know whether that was certain. Xiang took a small boat to the foot of the low mountain. Because his force was large he did not go ashore himself, but ordered Military Officer Liu Run and more than two hundred others in eleven small boats, carrying weapons and led by Chen Hui of the Three Islands, to go ashore. The people on shore did not understand the language of the Three Islands people, and three of them were killed. They then returned. On the second day of the fourth month they reached Penghu. Xiang demanded that Jian and Zhidou write the words "already reached Liuqiu." The two refused. The next day Zhidou was nowhere to be found; searching for him, he could not be located. Earlier, Zhidou had denounced Xiang for stirring up trouble to claim merit and seek wealth and rank; his words were extravagant and hard to believe. At this point they suspected Xiang had harmed him. Xiang, for his part, claimed that Zhidou had originally said Liuqiu could not be reached, but now that Xiang had reached Liuqiu and returned, Zhidou feared punishment and fled. Zhidou's wife and children appealed to the authorities. An edict ordered Xiang and Jian sent back to Fujian for interrogation. Later an amnesty was granted and the matter was not pursued to conclusion.

成宗元貞三年，福建省平章政事高興言，今立省泉州，距琉求為近，可伺其消息，或宜招宜伐，不必它調兵力，興請就近試之。九月，高興遣省都鎮撫張浩、福州新軍萬戶張進赴琉求國，禽生口一百三十餘人。

In the third Yuanzhen year of Emperor Chengzong, Gao Xing, Grand Councillor of the Fujian Branch Secretariat, said that now with a provincial administration established at Quanzhou, which is close to Liuqiu, they could watch for news and either summon or campaign as appropriate without transferring troops from elsewhere. Gao requested to try it locally. In the ninth month, Gao Xing dispatched Provincial Chief Pacification Commissioner Zhang Hao and Fuzhou New Army Ten-thousand-household Commander Zhang Jin to Liuqiu and captured more than one hundred thirty living captives.

三嶼國

The Three Islands Country

三嶼國，近琉求。世祖至元三十年，命選人招誘之。平章政事伯顏等言：「臣等與識者議，此國之民不及二百戶，時有至泉州為商賈者。去年入琉求，軍船過其國，國人餉以糧食，館我將校，無它志也。乞不遣使。」帝從之。

The Three Islands Country lies near Liuqiu. In the thirtieth Zhiyuan year of Emperor Shizu, men were selected to go and win them over. Grand Councillor Bayan and others said: "We discussed this with those who know the region. The people of this country number fewer than two hundred households, and sometimes come to Quanzhou as merchants. Last year when entering Liuqiu, military ships passed their country. The people supplied food and lodged our officers; they had no other designs. We request that no envoy be sent." The emperor agreed.

馬八兒等國

Maba'er and Other Countries

海外諸蕃國，惟馬八兒與俱藍足以綱領諸國，而俱藍又為馬八兒後障，自泉州至其國約十萬里。其國至阿不合大王城，水路得便風，約十五日可到，比餘國最大。

Among the various maritime countries overseas, only Maba'er and Julan are sufficient to lead the rest, and Julan is also the rear barrier of Maba'er. From Quanzhou to their countries is about one hundred thousand li. From their country to the great city of Abaha, by water with a favorable wind it takes about fifteen days to arrive—it is larger than the other countries.

世祖至元間，行中書省左丞唆都等奉璽書十通，招諭諸蕃。未幾，占城、馬八兒國俱奉表稱藩，餘俱藍諸國未下。行省議遣使十五人往諭之。帝曰：「非唆都等所可專也，若無朕命，不得擅遣使。」

During Emperor Shizu's Zhiyuan era, Suodu, Left Chancellor of the Branch Secretariat, and others received ten imperial letters of appointment to summon and instruct the various maritime countries. Before long, Champa and Maba'er both submitted memorials declaring themselves vassals; the remaining Julan countries had not yet submitted. The Branch Secretariat deliberated on sending fifteen envoys to instruct them. The emperor said: "This is not something Suodu and the others may decide on their own. Without my command, envoys must not be dispatched on their own authority."

十六年十二月，遣廣東招討司達魯花赤楊庭璧招俱藍。

In the twelfth month of the sixteenth year, Yang Tingbi, Darughachi of the Guangdong Pacification Office, was dispatched to summon Julan.

十七年三月，至其國。國主必納的令其弟肯那却不剌木省書回回字降表，附庭璧以進，言來歲遣使入貢。十月，授哈撒兒海牙俱藍國宣慰使，偕庭璧再往招諭。

In the third month of the seventeenth year he reached that country. The king, Binadi, had his younger brother Kennaquebulam write a submission memorial in Arabic script and attach it to Tingbi to present, stating that next year they would send envoys to pay tribute. In the tenth month, Hasar Haiya was appointed Pacification Commissioner of Julan and went again with Tingbi to summon and instruct them.

十八年正月，自泉州入海，行三月，抵僧伽耶山，舟人鄭震等以阻風乏糧，勸往馬八兒國，或可假陸路以達俱藍國，從之。四月，至馬八兒國新村馬頭，登岸。其國宰相馬因的謂：「官人此來甚善，本國船到泉州時官司亦嘗慰勞，無以為報。今以何事至此？」庭璧等告其故，因及假道之事，馬因的乃託以不通為辭。與其宰相不阿里相見，又言假道。不阿里亦以它事辭。五月，二人蚤至館，屏人，令其官者為通情實：「乞為達朝廷，我一心願為皇帝奴。我使札馬里丁入朝，我大必闍赤赴筭彈華言國主也。告變，筭彈籍我金銀田產妻孥，又欲殺我，我詭辭得免。今筭彈兄弟五人皆聚加一之地，議與俱藍交兵；及聞天使來，對衆稱本國貧陋。此是妄言。凡回回國金珠寶貝盡出本國，其餘回回盡來商賈。此間諸國皆有降心，若馬八兒既下，我使人持書招之，可使盡降。」時哈撒兒海牙與庭璧以阻風不至俱藍，遂還。哈撒兒海牙入朝計事，期以十一月俟北風再舉。至期，朝廷遣使令庭璧獨往。

In the first month of the eighteenth year they set out to sea from Quanzhou. After three months' sailing they reached Sangayeshan. The boatmen Zheng Zhen and others, citing blocked winds and lack of provisions, advised going to Maba'er, where they might borrow a land route to reach Julan. They agreed. In the fourth month they reached the new village wharf of Maba'er and went ashore. The chancellor of that country, Mayinde, said: "Your coming here is most welcome. When our country's ships reached Quanzhou the authorities also once offered comfort, and we had no way to repay it. For what purpose have you come here now?" Tingbi and the others explained their purpose and also raised the matter of borrowing a route. Mayinde then pleaded that the route was impassable. They met with Chancellor Bulali and again spoke of borrowing a route. Bulali also declined on other grounds. In the fifth month the two men came early to the guesthouse, dismissed attendants, and had their official convey the truth: "I beg you to report to the court: I wholeheartedly wish to be the emperor's servant. I sent Jamal al-Din to court. My elder brother, the great beichhi, went to Sandan and declared himself king in Chinese fashion. He reported me for treason. Sandan confiscated my gold, silver, land, property, wife, and children, and also wanted to kill me. I escaped by deceitful words. Now Sandan and his five brothers are all gathered at Jiayi and are planning to make war on Julan. When he heard that the imperial envoy had come, he declared before the assembly that our country was poor and mean. This is false talk. All the gold, pearls, and precious goods of the Muslim countries come from our country; the rest of the Muslims all come here to trade. All the countries in this region are inclined to submit. If Maba'er is taken, I can send men with letters to summon them and make them all submit." At that time Hasar Haiya and Tingbi, blocked by winds, did not reach Julan and returned. Hasar Haiya went to court to plan affairs, setting November to wait for the north wind and try again. When the time came, the court dispatched an envoy ordering Tingbi to go alone.

十九年二月，抵俱藍國。國主及其相馬合麻等迎拜璽書。三月，遣其臣祝阿里沙忙里八的入貢。時也里可溫兀咱兒撒里馬及木速蠻主馬合麻等亦在其國，聞詔使至，皆相率來告願納歲幣，遣使入覲。會蘇木達國亦遣人因俱藍主乞降，庭璧皆從其請。四月，還至那旺國。庭璧復說下其主忙昂比。至蘇木都剌國，國主土漢八的迎使者。庭璧因喻以大意，土漢八的即日納款稱藩，遣其臣哈散、速里蠻二人入朝。

In the second month of the nineteenth year he reached Julan. The king and his chancellor Mahema and others came to welcome and receive the imperial letter. In the third month they sent their minister Zhualisha Manglibadi to pay tribute. At that time the Yelikewen Wuzarsalima and the Musuman leader Mahema were also in that country. Hearing that the imperial envoy had arrived, they all came in succession to declare their wish to pay annual tribute and send envoys to court. At the same time Sumuda also sent men through the king of Julan to request submission, and Tingbi granted all their requests. In the fourth month he returned to Nawang. Tingbi again persuaded its king, Mangangbi, to submit. Reaching Sumudula, the king, Tuhanbadi, welcomed the envoy. Tingbi explained the main points to him, and Tuhanbadi that same day submitted and declared himself a vassal, sending his ministers Hasan and Suliman to court.

二十年，馬八兒國遣僧撮及班入朝；五月，將至上京，帝即遣使迓諸途。

In the twentieth year, Maba'er sent the monks Suo and Ban to court. In the fifth month, as they were about to reach the Upper Capital, the emperor immediately dispatched envoys to welcome them along the route.

二十三年，海外諸蕃國以楊庭璧奉詔招諭至是皆來降。諸國凡十：曰馬八兒，曰須門那，曰僧急里，曰南無力，曰馬蘭丹，曰那旺，曰丁呵兒，曰來來，曰急蘭亦，曰蘇木都剌，皆遣使貢方物。

In the twenty-third year, the various maritime countries overseas, because Yang Tingbi had carried out imperial orders to summon and instruct them, had all come to submit by this time. The countries numbered ten: Maba'er, Xumenna, Sengjili, Nanwuli, Malandan, Nawang, Dingha'er, Lailai, Jilanyi, and Sumudula—all sent envoys presenting local products.

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