1
安南國，古交趾也。 秦并天下，置桂林、南海、象郡。 秦亡，南海尉趙佗擊併之。 漢置九郡，交趾居其一。 後女子徵側叛，遣馬援平之，立銅柱為漢界。 唐始分嶺南為東、西二道，置節度，立五筦，安南隸焉。 宋封丁部領為交趾郡王，其子璉亦為王。 傳三世為李公蘊所奪，即封公蘊為王。 李氏傳八世至昊旵，陳日煚為昊旵壻，遂有其國。
Annam is the same territory known in antiquity as Jiaozhi. After Qin unified the empire, it set up the Guilin, Nanhai, and Xiang commanderies there. After the fall of Qin, Nanhai commandant Zhao Tuo conquered the region and absorbed it into his domain. Under Han rule the area was organized into nine commanderies, of which Jiaozhi was one. Later the rebel leader Lady Trung rose in revolt; the court dispatched Ma Yuan to suppress the uprising and set up a bronze pillar to mark the Han frontier. Under Tang, Lingnan was divided into eastern and western circuits with commissioners appointed and five frontier passes established; Annam fell under this jurisdiction. The Song invested Ding Buling as Prince of Jiaozhi, and his son Lian likewise received kingship. The throne passed through three generations before Li Gongyun seized power; he was then invested as king in turn. The Li dynasty endured for eight generations down to Hao Yan; Chen Riyao, who married into the royal family, ultimately took control of the kingdom.
2
元憲宗三年癸丑，兀良合台從世祖平大理。 世祖還，留兀良合台攻諸夷之未附者。 七年丁巳十一月，兀良合台兵次交趾北，先遣使二人往諭之，不返，乃遣徹徹都等各將千人，分道進兵，抵安南京北洮江上，復遣其子阿朮往為之援，并覘其虛實。 交人亦盛陳兵衛。 阿朮遣軍還報，兀良合台倍道兼進，令徹徹都為先鋒，阿朮居後為殿。 十二月，兩軍合，交人震駭。 阿朮乘之，敗交人水軍，虜戰艦以還。 兀良合台亦破其陸路兵，又與阿朮合擊，大敗之，遂入其國。 日煚竄海島。 得前所遣使於獄中，以破竹束體入膚，比釋縛，一使死，因屠其城。 國兵留九日，以氣候鬱熱，乃班師。 復遣二使招日煚來歸。 日煚還，見國都皆已殘毀，大發憤，縛二使遣還。
In the third year of Xianzong's reign (1253), Uriyangqadai accompanied Kublai in the conquest of Dali. Kublai withdrew after the campaign but left Uriyangqadai to subdue the peoples who had not yet submitted. In the eleventh month of the seventh year (1257), Uriyangqadai halted his forces north of Jiaozhi. He first sent two envoys to deliver an ultimatum; when they failed to return, he dispatched Chechedu and other commanders, each at the head of a thousand troops by separate routes, until they reached the Tao River north of the Annamese capital. He then sent his son Aju both to reinforce the army and to reconnoiter enemy dispositions. The Annamese likewise mustered their forces in full strength. Aju sent word back to camp, and Uriyangqadai pushed ahead at forced march, with Chechedu in the van and Aju commanding the rear. In the twelfth month the two columns joined, and the Annamese were thrown into panic. Aju pressed the advantage, routed the Annamese fleet, and carried off their warships on the withdrawal. Uriyangqadai also broke their land army, then joined Aju in a combined assault that routed them completely and drove the invaders into the heart of the kingdom. Riyao fled to an offshore island. They found the earlier envoys in prison, their bodies pierced with split bamboo driven into the flesh; one envoy died when the bonds were cut away, and in rage the army put the capital to the sword. The Yuan forces stayed nine days, then withdrew because the heat and humidity were unbearable. They sent two more envoys to summon Riyao back to allegiance. When Riyao returned and found the capital in ruins, he was furious and sent the two envoys back bound as prisoners.
3
八年戊午二月，日煚傳國于長子光昞，改元紹隆。 夏，光昞遣其壻與其國人以方物來見，兀良合台送詣行在所，別遣訥剌丁往諭之曰：「昔吾遣使通好，爾等執而不返，我是以有去年之師。 以爾國主播在草野，復令二使招安還國，爾又縛還吾使。 今特遣使開諭，如爾等矢心內附，則國主親來，若猶不悛，明以報我。」 光昞曰：「小國誠心事上，則大國何以待之？」 訥剌丁還報。 時諸王不花鎮雲南，兀良合台言于王，復遣訥剌丁往諭，使遣使偕來。 光昞遂納款，且曰：「俟降德音，即遣子弟為質。」 王命訥剌丁乘傳入奏。
In the second month of the eighth year (1258), Riyao abdicated in favor of his eldest son Guang Bing, who adopted the reign title Shaolong. That summer Guang Bing sent his son-in-law and other subjects bearing tribute to court; Uriyangqadai forwarded them to the imperial camp and sent Nelading separately with this message: "I once sent envoys in friendship, but you seized them and never released them—that is why I marched last year. Because your ruler was hiding in the countryside, I sent two more envoys to bring him peacefully home—and again you bound my men and sent them back. I now send envoys to make my position plain: if you are truly ready to submit, your king must come in person; if you remain defiant, say so clearly in your answer." Guang Bing replied, "If a small kingdom serves the throne in good faith, how will the great power treat us?" Nelading returned with the answer. Prince Buhua was then governing Yunnan; Uriyangqadai reported to him and sent Nelading once more to demand that Annam dispatch envoys to accompany him to court. Guang Bing then submitted and said, "Once Your Majesty issues a gracious decree, I will send royal sons as hostages." The prince ordered Nelading to ride post relays to the capital and report.
4
世祖中統元年十二月，以孟甲為禮部郎中，充南諭使，李文俊為禮部員外郎，充副使，持詔往諭之。 其略曰：「祖宗以武功創業，文化未修。 朕纘承丕緒，鼎新革故，務一萬方。 適大理國守臣安撫聶只陌丁馳馹表聞，爾邦有嚮風慕義之誠。 念卿昔在先朝已嘗臣服，遠貢方物，故頒詔旨，諭爾國官僚士庶：凡衣冠典禮風俗一依本國舊制。 已戒邊將不得擅興兵甲，侵爾疆埸，亂爾人民。 卿國官僚士庶，各宜安治如故。」 復諭甲等，如交趾遣子弟入覲，當善視之，毋致寒暑失節，重勞苦之也。
In the twelfth month of the first Zhongtong year (1260), Meng Jia was appointed a director in the Ministry of Rites as chief envoy to the south, with Li Wenjun as deputy director and deputy envoy, and they carried an imperial edict to Annam. The edict in summary read: "Our ancestors founded the dynasty by force of arms; civil culture had not yet been fully developed. I have inherited the great succession and set about renewing institutions, striving to bring all lands under one rule. Pacification commissioner Niezhimodeng of Dali has just sent urgent word that your kingdom inclines toward us in admiration of our civilizing mission. Mindful that you once submitted to the former court and sent tribute from afar, I issue this edict to your officials and people: dress, ritual, and custom shall all remain as in your own former usage. I have warned frontier commanders not to raise arms on their own authority, invade your borders, or harm your people. Let your officials and people live in peace as before." He also told Jia and his party that if Annam sent princes to court, they were to be treated with care and not exposed to hardship from weather or travel."
5
二年，孟甲等還，光昞遣其族人通侍大夫陳奉公、員外郎諸衛寄班阮琛、員外郎阮演詣闕獻書，乞三年一貢。 帝從其請，遂封光昞為安南國王。
The following year, after Meng Jia returned, Guang Bing sent Chen Fenggong, Ruan Chen, and Ruan Yan to court with a petition asking that tribute be rendered only once every three years. The emperor granted the request and invested Guang Bing as King of Annam.
6
三年九月，以西錦三、金熟錦六賜之，復降詔曰：「卿既委質為臣，其自中統四年為始，每三年一貢，可選儒士、醫人及通陰陽卜筮、諸色人匠，各三人，及蘇合油、光香、金、銀、朱砂、沉香、檀香、犀角、玳瑁、珍珠、象牙、綿、白磁盞等物同至。」 仍以訥剌丁充達魯花赤，佩虎符，往來安南國中。
In the ninth month of the third year the court gave him three bolts of western brocade and six of gold-thread brocade, and issued another edict: "Now that you have submitted as a subject, from the fourth Zhongtong year onward send tribute every three years—three Confucian scholars, three physicians, three diviners, three artisans of each trade, together with storax, incense, gold, silver, cinnabar, aloeswood, sandalwood, rhinoceros horn, tortoiseshell, pearls, ivory, cotton, white porcelain cups, and the like." Nelading was appointed darughachi with the tiger tally and authorized to travel throughout Annam."
7
四年十一月，訥剌丁還，光昞遣楊安養充員外郎及內令武復桓、書舍阮求、中翼郎范舉等奉表入謝，帝賜來使玉帶、繒帛、藥餌、鞍轡有差。
When Nelading returned in the eleventh month of the fourth year, Guang Bing sent Yang Anyang, Wu Fuheng, Ruan Qiu, Fan Ju, and others to court with a letter of thanks; the emperor rewarded the envoys with jade belts, silks, medicines, and saddlery in varying amounts.
8
至元二年七月，使還，復優詔荅之，仍賜曆及頒改元詔書。
When the envoys returned in the seventh month of Zhiyuan 2 (1265), the emperor answered with a gracious edict and sent the calendar together with the proclamation of the new reign title.
9
三年十二月，光昞遣楊安養上表三通，其一進獻方物，其二免所索秀才工匠人，其三願請訥剌丁長為本國達魯花赤。 四年九月，使還，荅詔許之，仍賜光昞玉帶、金繒、藥餌、鞍轡等物。 未幾，復下詔諭以六事：一，君長親朝； 二，子弟入質； 三，編民數； 四，出軍役； 五，輸納稅賦； 六，仍置達魯花赤統治之。 十一月，又詔諭光昞，以其國有回鶻商賈，欲訪以西域事，令發遣以來。 是月，詔封皇子為雲南王，往鎮大理、鄯闡、交趾諸國。
In the twelfth month of the third year Guang Bing sent Yang Anyang with three memorials—one presenting tribute, one asking to be excused from sending scholars and artisans, and one requesting that Nelading remain permanently as darughachi in Annam. When the envoys returned in the ninth month of the fourth year, the court granted his requests and also sent Guang Bing a jade belt, gold brocade, medicines, and saddlery. Soon afterward another edict laid down six requirements: first, the ruler must attend court in person; second, royal sons must be sent as hostages; third, a census of the population; fourth, furnishing military levies; fifth, paying taxes and levies; sixth, maintaining a darughachi to oversee the kingdom. In the eleventh month another edict told Guang Bing that Uighur merchants in his realm were to be sent to court so the emperor could question them about affairs in the Western Regions. That same month a prince was invested as Prince of Yunnan and sent to govern Dali, Shanchan, Jiaozhi, and neighboring states.
10
五年九月，以忽籠海牙代訥剌丁為達魯花赤，張庭珍副之，復下詔徵商賈回鶻人。
In the ninth month of the fifth year Hulunghaiya replaced Nelading as darughachi, with Zhang Tingzhen as deputy, and the court again ordered Uighur merchants sent up.
11
六年十一月，光昞上書陳情，言：「商旅回鶻，一名伊溫，死已日久，一名婆婆，尋亦病死。 又據忽籠海牙謂陛下須索巨象數頭。 此獸軀體甚大，步行甚遲，不如上國之馬，伏候敕旨，於後貢之年當進獻也。」 又具表納貢，別奉表謝賜西錦、幣帛、藥物。
In the eleventh month of the sixth year Guang Bing wrote explaining that one Uighur merchant, Yiwen, had died long before, and another, Popo, had also soon fallen ill and died. He added that Hulunghaiya had reported the emperor was demanding several great elephants. These beasts are enormous and walk slowly—far inferior to the horses of the imperial realm. I await your command and will present them in a future tribute year." He also sent tribute memorials and a separate letter thanking the court for the brocade, silks, and medicines.
12
七年十一月，中書省移牒光昞，言其受詔不拜，待使介不以王人之禮，遂引春秋之義以責之，且令以所索之象與歲貢偕來，又前所貢藥物品味未佳，所徵回鶻輩，託辭欺誑，自今已往，其審察之。
In the eleventh month of the seventh year the Secretariat sent Guang Bing a formal reprimand: he failed to bow when receiving edicts and failed to accord imperial envoys the status of royal messengers, citing the Spring and Autumn Annals in rebuke; he was ordered to send the demanded elephants with the next tribute; the medicines previously sent were inferior, and the Uighur merchants had been evaded with false excuses—from now on he must comply strictly.
13
八年十二月，光昞復書言：「本國欽奉天朝，已封王爵，豈非王人乎？ 天朝奉使復稱：王人與之均禮，恐辱朝廷。 況本國前奉詔旨，令依舊俗，凡受詔令，奉安于正殿而退避別室，此本國舊典禮也。 來諭索象，前恐忤旨，故依違未敢直對，實緣象奴不忍去家，難於差發。 又諭索儒、醫、工匠，而陪臣黎仲佗等陛見之日，咫尺威光，不聞詔諭，況中統四年已蒙原宥，今復諭及，豈勝驚愕，惟閤下其念之。」
In the twelfth month of the eighth year Guang Bing wrote back: "Our kingdom reverently serves the celestial court and has been granted a royal title—are we not persons of royal rank? Yet your envoys insist on treating us as equals with themselves—I fear that would dishonor the court. Moreover, we were earlier told to follow our own customs: when we receive an edict we install it in the main hall and withdraw to another chamber—that is our ancient ritual. As for the elephants, I hesitated before for fear of giving offense; in truth the keepers cannot bear to leave their homes, and it is hard to send them. You also demand scholars, physicians, and artisans, yet when my ministers Li Zhongtuo and others had audience they stood so near your majesty they could not hear the edict read; and we were already pardoned on this point in Zhongtong 4— to be charged again fills us with dismay. I beg your consideration."
14
九年，以葉式捏為安南達魯花赤，李元副之。
In the ninth year Yeshinie was appointed darughachi of Annam, with Li Yuan as deputy.
15
十年正月，葉式捏卒，命李元代式捏，以合撒兒海牙副之。 中書省復牒光昞言：
In the first month of the tenth year Yeshinie died; Li Yuan replaced him, with Hesai'erhaiya as deputy. The Secretariat sent Guang Bing another formal communication:
16
比歲奉使還者言，王每受天子詔令，但拱立不拜，與使者相見或燕席，位加於使者之上。 今覽來書，自謂既受王爵豈非王人乎？ 考之春秋敘王人於諸侯之上，釋例云：王人蓋下士也。 夫五等邦君，外臣之貴者也。 下士，內臣之微者也。 以微者而加貴者之上，蓋以王命為重也。 後世列王為爵，諸侯之尤貴者，顧豈有以王爵為人者乎？ 王寧不知而為是言耶，抑辭令之臣誤為此言耶？ 至於天子之詔，人臣當拜受，此古今之通義不容有異者也。 乃云前奉詔旨，並依舊俗，本國遵奉而行，凡受詔令，奉安於正殿而退避別室，此舊典禮也。 讀之至此，實頓驚訝。 王之為此言，其能自安於心乎？ 前詔旨所言，蓋謂天壤之間不啻萬國，國各有俗，驟使變革，有所不便，故聽用本俗，豈以不拜天子之詔而為禮俗也哉？ 且王之教令行於國中，臣子有受而下拜者，則王以為何如？ 君子貴於改過，緬想高明，其亮察之。
Envoys returning in recent years report that whenever you receive imperial edicts you merely stand with folded hands and do not bow, and at meetings or banquets you take a seat above the envoys. Reading your letter now, you claim that because you hold a royal title you are a person of royal rank. Consult the Spring and Autumn Annals: it ranks royal envoys above feudal lords, yet the commentary explains that a 'royal person' is merely a low-ranking officer of the court. The five ranks of feudal lords are the most honored class of outer subjects. A lower officer is the humblest rank among inner court servants. To seat the humble above the honored is to honor the weight of the Son of Heaven's commission. In later ages 'king' became merely the highest feudal rank—how could anyone imagine that holding a royal title makes one a 'royal person' in that sense? Does Your Majesty truly not understand this, or did your drafting ministers put these words in your mouth by mistake? As for receiving the Son of Heaven's edicts, all subjects must bow—this universal rule of past and present admits no exception. Yet you say that under the earlier edict to follow your own customs you merely install edicts in the main hall and withdraw to another chamber, calling this your ancient ritual. Reading this far, I was genuinely astonished. Can Your Majesty truly be at ease in conscience speaking thus? The earlier edict meant only that among the myriad states under heaven each has its own customs, and sudden change would be inconvenient—hence you were allowed local usage. How could that possibly mean that not bowing to the Son of Heaven's edict is your ritual? When your own commands circulate at home and your subjects bow to receive them, what do you think of that? A gentleman values correcting his faults; trusting in your discernment, I urge you to reflect on this carefully.
17
十一年，光昞遣童子冶、黎文隱來貢。
In the eleventh year Guang Bing sent Tong Ziye and Li Wenyin to present tribute.
18
十二年正月，光昞上表請罷本國達魯花赤，其文曰：
In the first month of the twelfth year Guang Bing memorialized asking that the darughachi in his kingdom be abolished. The text read:
19
微臣僻在海隅，得霑聖化與函生，驩忭鼓舞。 乞念臣自降附上國，十有餘年，雖奉三年一貢，然迭遣使臣，疲於往來，未嘗一日休息。 至天朝所遣達魯花赤，辱臨臣境，安能空回，況其行人，動有所恃，凌轢小國。 雖天子與日月並明，安能照及覆盆。 且達魯花赤可施於邊蠻小醜，豈有臣既席王封為一方藩屏，而反立達魯花赤以監臨之，寧不見笑於諸侯之國乎？ 與其畏監臨而修貢，孰若中心悅服而修貢哉。 臣恭遇天朝建儲、冊后，大恩霈，施及四海，輒敢哀鳴，伏望聖慈特賜矜恤。 今後二次發遣綱貢，一詣鄯闡奉納，一詣中原拜獻。 凡天朝所遣官，乞易為引進使，庶免達魯花赤之弊，不但微臣之幸，實一國蒼生之幸也。
Your humble subject, dwelling at the edge of the sea, shares in the sage transformation that blesses all life within the four seas, and rejoices with boundless gratitude. I beg you to consider that since I submitted to the great power more than ten years ago, although tribute is due only every three years, envoys have been dispatched incessantly and my people have not known a single day's rest from the journey. As for the darughachi the celestial court sends, they cannot visit my realm without taking something back; their attendants rely on imperial backing and bully a small kingdom. Though the Son of Heaven shines like the sun and moon together, his light cannot reach an overturned basin. Darughachi may suit frontier barbarians and petty chiefs, but I have been enfeoffed as a royal screen for one region— to place a darughachi over me would make me a laughingstock among feudal states. Tribute offered from fear of overseers is inferior to tribute offered from sincere and willing submission. As the celestial court establishes the heir and enfeoffs the empress, grace pours down upon the four seas; I venture this humble plea and beg your sage compassion for special indulgence. Henceforth I will send tribute in two convoys—one to Shanchan and one to the Central Plains to present homage. I ask that all officials the court sends be redesignated as introductory commissioners, so as to avoid the abuses of the darughachi system—not only my good fortune but the good fortune of all my people.
20
二月，復降詔，以所貢之物無補於用，諭以六事，且遣合撒兒海牙充達魯花赤，仍令子弟入侍。 十三年二月，光昞遣黎克復、文粹入貢，以所奏就鄯闡輸納貢物，事屬不敬，上表謝罪，并乞免六事。
In the second month another edict declared the tribute items useless, reiterated the six requirements, sent Hesai'erhaiya as darughachi, and again demanded royal sons at court. In the second month of the thirteenth year Guang Bing sent Li Kefu and Wen Cui with tribute; his earlier proposal to deliver tribute only at Shanchan was deemed disrespectful, and he submitted a letter of apology while again asking exemption from the six requirements.
21
十四年，光昞卒，國人立其世子日烜，遣中侍大夫周仲彥、中亮大夫吳德邵來朝。
In the fourteenth year Guang Bing died; his subjects enthroned his heir Ri Xuan and sent Zhou Zhongyan and Wu Deshao to court.
22
十五年八月，遣禮部尚書柴椿、會同館使哈剌脫因、工部郎中李克忠、工部員外郎董端，同黎克復等持詔往諭日烜入朝受命。 初，使傳之通也，止由鄯闡、黎化往來，帝命柴椿自江陵直抵邕州，以達交趾。 閏十一月，柴椿等至邕州永平寨，日烜遣人進書，謂：「今聞國公辱臨敝境，邊民無不駭愕，不知何國人使而至於斯，乞回軍舊路以進。」 椿回牒云：「禮部尚書等官奉上命與本國黎克復等由江陵抵邕州入安南，所有導護軍兵，合乘驛馬，宜來界首遠迓。」 日烜差御史中贊兼知審刑院事杜國計先至，其太尉率百官自富良江岸奉迎入館。 十二月二日，日烜就館見使者。 四日，日烜拜讀詔書。 椿等傳旨曰：「汝國內附二十餘年，向者六事猶未見從。 汝若弗朝，則修爾城，整爾軍，以待我師。」 又云：「汝父受命為王，汝不請命而自立，今復不朝，異日朝廷加罪，將何以逃其責。 請熟慮之。」 日烜仍舊例設宴于廊下，椿等弗就宴。 既歸館，日烜遣范明字致書謝罪，改宴于集賢殿。 日烜言：「先君棄世，予初嗣位。 天使之來，開諭詔書，使予喜懼交戰于胸中。 竊聞宋主幼小，天子憐之，尚封公爵，於小國亦必加憐。 昔諭六事，已蒙赦免。 若親朝之禮，予生長深宮，不習乘騎，不諳風土，恐死於道路。 子弟太尉以下亦皆然。 天使回，謹上表達誠，兼獻異物。」 椿曰：「宋主年未十歲，亦生長深宮，如何亦至京師？ 但詔旨之外，不敢聞命。 且我四人實來召汝，非取物也。」 椿等還，日烜遣范明字、鄭國瓚、中贊杜國計奉表陳情，言：「孤臣稟氣軟弱，恐道路艱難，徒暴白骨，致陛下哀傷而無益天朝之萬一。 伏望陛下憐小國之遼遠，令臣得與鰥寡孤獨保其性命，以終事陛下。 此孤臣之至幸，小國生靈之大福也。」 兼貢方物及二馴象。
In the eighth month of the fifteenth year the court sent Minister of Rites Chai Chun, reception commissioner Halatuoyin, Li Kezhong and Dong Duan of the Works ministry, together with Li Kefu and others, bearing an edict summoning Ri Xuan to court for investiture. Previously envoys had traveled only via Shanchan and Lihua; the emperor now ordered Chai Chun to go from Jiangling straight to Yongzhou to reach Jiaozhi. In the intercalary eleventh month Chai Chun and his party reached Yongping Stockade in Yong Prefecture. Ri Xuan sent a letter saying that word had come of the State Duke's arrival on their border, that the frontier people were all terrified, that they did not know what envoys of which realm had come so far, and begging the army to fall back and advance by the old road. Chun answered in a formal reply that the Minister of Rites and other officials bearing the imperial order, together with Li Kefu and others of Annam, had come from Jiangling through Yong Prefecture into Annam, and that all escort troops should ride relay horses and meet them well ahead at the frontier. Ri Xuan sent Du Guoji, Vice Censor-in-Chief and acting head of the Court of Judicial Review, ahead; his Grand Commander led all officials from the Fu-liang River bank to welcome the envoys into the guest lodge. On the second day of the twelfth month Ri Xuan visited the envoys at their lodge. On the fourth day Ri Xuan performed obeisance and read the edict. Chun and the others conveyed the imperial message: "Your realm has been submissive for more than twenty years, yet you have still not complied with the six earlier demands. If you refuse to come to court, fortify your cities and ready your armies to meet ours." They added: "Your father was invested as king; you took the throne without seeking investiture, and now you refuse audience again—when the court punishes you later, how will you answer for it? Think this through carefully." Ri Xuan laid out a banquet in the corridor as custom dictated, but Chun and his colleagues refused to attend. Back at the lodge Ri Xuan sent Fan Mingzi with a letter of apology and relocated the feast to the Hall of Assembled Talents. Ri Xuan said: "My father had only just died when I succeeded to the throne. When the imperial envoys came and the edict was read to me, joy and dread warred in my heart. I have heard that the Song emperor is still a child and that His Majesty pities him enough to enfeoff him as duke—a small realm such as ours must surely receive the same mercy. We were already forgiven for the six matters urged upon us before. As for attending court in person, I was raised within the palace walls, never trained to ride, unaccustomed to northern skies and soil—I would likely die upon the road. My brothers, the Grand Commander, and everyone below me are the same. When the envoys depart I shall submit a loyal memorial and present tribute of rare goods." Chun replied: "The Song emperor is not yet ten, yet he too was raised in the inner palace—how did he reach the capital? Beyond what the edict requires, however, I cannot accept your private word. And we four came to summon you, not to collect tribute." When Chun and his party set out homeward, Ri Xuan sent Fan Mingzi, Zheng Guozan, and Du Guoji with a memorial pleading: "Your humble servant is frail by nature and dreads the journey—I would only leave my bones on the road, grieving Your Majesty to no profit of the celestial court. I beg Your Majesty to pity how far we lie, and let me and my widows and orphans keep our lives so that we may serve you to the end. That would be my greatest fortune and the people's greatest blessing." He also sent local tribute and two trained elephants.
23
十六年三月，椿等先達京師，留鄭國瓚待於邕州。 樞密院奏：「以日烜不朝，但遣使臣報命，飾辭托故，延引歲時，巧佞雖多，終違詔旨，可進兵境上，遣官問罪。」 帝不從，命來使入覲。 十一月，留其使鄭國瓚于會同館。 復遣柴椿等四人與杜國計持詔再諭日烜來朝，「若果不能自覲，則積金以代其身，兩珠以代其目，副以賢士、方技、子女、工匠各二，以代其土民。 不然，修爾城池，以待其審處焉。」
In the third month of the sixteenth year Chun and his party reached the capital ahead, leaving Zheng Guozan behind in Yong Prefecture. The Bureau of Military Affairs memorialized that Ri Xuan had not come to court, sending only envoys with polished excuses year after year; though his flattery was endless he still defied the edict, and troops should advance to the frontier while officials were sent to demand an account. The emperor refused and ordered the Annamese envoys brought in for audience. In the eleventh month their envoy Zheng Guozan was kept at the Hall of Joint Reception. Chai Chun and four others were sent again with Du Guoji and a fresh edict summoning Ri Xuan: if he could not come himself, he must send gold for his person, pearls for his eyes, and two each of scholars, craftsmen, women, and artisans in place of his people. Otherwise fortify your walls and await whatever measure the court takes."
24
十八年十月，立安南宣慰司，以卜顏鐵木兒為參知政事、行宣慰使都元帥，別設僚佐有差。 是月，詔以光昞既歿，其子日烜不請命而自立，遣使往召，又以疾為辭，止令其叔遺愛入覲，故立遺愛代為安南國王。
That tenth month an Annam Pacification Commission was established with Boto Temür as associate administrator, pacification commissioner, and campaign grand marshal, with subordinates appointed as required. That same month an edict declared that since Guang Bing was dead and Ri Xuan had taken the throne without investiture, envoys had summoned him but he pleaded illness and would send only his uncle Yi'ai—so Yi'ai was invested as King of Annam in his place.
25
二十年七月，日烜致書于平章阿里海牙，請還所留來使，帝即遣還國。 是時，阿里海牙為荊湖占城行省平章政事，帝欲交趾助兵糧以討占城，令以己意諭之。 行省遣鄂州達魯花赤趙翥以書諭日烜。 十月，朝廷復遣陶秉直持璽書往諭之。 十一月，趙翥抵安南。 日烜尋遣中亮大夫丁克紹、中大夫阮道學等持方物從翥入覲，又遣中奉大夫范至清、朝請郎杜抱直等赴省計事，且致書于平章，言：
In the seventh month of the twentieth year Ri Xuan wrote Associate Administrator Ali Haiya asking for the detained envoys' release, and the emperor at once ordered them returned. Ali Haiya then served as associate administrator of the Huguang–Zhancheng branch secretariat; the emperor wanted Jiaozhi to furnish troops and grain against Zhancheng and told him to explain the matter in his own judgment. The secretariat dispatched Dadu Route darughachi Zhao Xu with a letter to Ri Xuan. In the tenth month the court again sent Tao Bingzhi with an imperial letter of instruction. In the eleventh month Zhao Xu arrived in Annam. Ri Xuan then sent Ding Keshao, Ruan Daoxue, and others with tribute to accompany Xu to court, and Fan Zhiqing, Du Baozhi, and others to the secretariat on state business, with a letter to the associate administrator that read,
26
添軍一件：占城服事小國日久，老父惟務以德懷之，迨于孤子之身，亦繼承父志； 自老父歸順天朝，三十年于茲，干戈示不復用，軍卒毀為民丁，一資天朝貢獻，一示心無二圖，幸閤下矜察。 助糧一件：小國地勢瀕海，五穀所產不多，一自大軍去後百姓流亡，加以水旱，朝飽暮饑，食不暇給； 然閤下之命，所不敢違，擬於欽州界上永安州地所，俟候輸納。 續諭孤子親身赴闕，面奉聖訓。 老父在時，天朝矜憫，置之度外； 今老父亡歿，孤子居憂，感病至今，尚未復常，況孤子生長遐陬，不耐寒暑，不習水土，艱難道塗，徒暴白骨。 以小國陪臣往來，尚為沴氣所侵，或十之五六，或死者過半，閤下亦已素知。 惟望曲為愛護，敷奏天朝，庶知孤子宗族官吏一一畏死貪生之意。 豈但孤子受賜，抑一國生靈賴以安全，共祝閤下享此長久自天之大福也。
"On additional troops: Zhancheng has long been our vassal; my father sought only to win them by virtue, and I continue his policy;" "since father's submission to the court thirty years have passed, arms have rusted unused and soldiers become farmers—half our tribute, half proof of undivided loyalty; I beg your lordship to take note." "On grain assistance: our coast is narrow and harvests scarce; since your armies withdrew the people have scattered, floods and drought follow, and we barely eat once a day;" "still I dare not refuse your order and will deliver supplies at Yong'an on the Qinzhou border." "You also urge me to go to court in person to hear the sage instruction." "While father lived the court in mercy excused us;" "now that he is dead I mourn and have been sick with grief and cannot travel; I was born on the frontier, cannot bear your climate, and would leave my bones on the road." "Even envoys from vassal states often perish of pestilence—sometimes half, sometimes more—and your lordship knows this." "I beg you to plead our case to the court so it may see how my clan and officials fear death above all." "That would bless me and spare my people, and we would all pray that heaven grant your lordship long fortune."
27
二十一年三月，陶秉直使還，日烜復上表陳情，又致書于荊湖占城行省，大意與前書略同。 又以瓊州安撫使陳仲達聽鄭天祐言「交趾通謀占城，遣兵二萬及船五百以為應援」，又致書行省，其略曰：「占城乃小國內屬，大軍致討，所當哀籲，然未嘗敢出一言，蓋天時人事小國亦知之矣。 今占城遂為叛逆，執迷不復，是所謂不能知天知人者也。 知天知人，而反與不能知天知人者同謀，雖三尺兒童亦知其弗與，況小國乎？ 幸貴省裁之。」 八月，日烜弟昭德王陳璨致書於荊湖占城行省，自願納款歸降。 十一月，行省右丞唆都言：「交趾與占臘、占城、雲南、暹、緬諸國接壤，可即其地立省； 及於越里、潮州、毗蘭三道屯軍鎮戍，因其糧餉以給士卒，庶免海道轉輸之勞。」
In the third month of the twenty-first year Tao Bingzhi returned; Ri Xuan again memorialized and wrote the Huguang–Zhancheng secretariat in much the same terms. Hearing through Pacification Commissioner Chen Zhongda and Zheng Tianyou that "Jiaozhi conspires with Zhancheng and has sent twenty thousand men and five hundred ships to aid them," Ri Xuan wrote the secretariat again: "Zhancheng is our vassal; when your armies punish them they ought to plead for mercy, yet they have not spoken—our court knows heaven's season and men's hearts as well as they. Now they rebel and will not repent—that is not to know heaven or men. To know heaven and men yet join those who do not—even a child sees the folly; how much more a small realm? I beg your excellency's secretariat to judge." In the eighth month Ri Xuan's brother Zhaode Wang Chen Can wrote the secretariat offering to surrender. In the eleventh month Right Associate Administrator Suodu proposed that since Jiaozhi bordered Champa, Zhancheng, Yunnan, Siam, Burma, and others, a secretariat could be set up on the spot; troops could be stationed on the Yueli, Chaozhou, and Pilan routes, fed from local grain, and spare the trouble of shipping by sea."
28
二十二年三月，荊湖占城行省言：「鎮南王昨奉旨統軍征占城，遣左丞唐兀馳驛赴占城，約右丞唆都將兵會合。 又遣理問官曲烈、宣使塔海撒里同安南國使阮道學等，持行省公文，責日烜運糧送至占城助軍； 鎮南王路經近境，令其就見。」 比官軍至衡山縣，聞日烜從兄興道王陳峻提兵界上。 既而曲烈及塔海撒里引安南中亮大夫陳德鈞、朝散郎陳嗣宗以日烜書至，言其國至占城水陸非便，願隨力奉獻軍糧。 及官軍至永州，日烜移牒邕州，言：「貢期擬取十月，請前塗預備丁力，若鎮南王下車之日，希文垂報。」 行省命萬戶趙修己以己意復書，復移公文，令開路備糧、親迎鎮南王。
In the third month of the twenty-second year the secretariat reported that the Prince of Pacifying the South, commanding the campaign against Zhancheng, had sent Left Associate Administrator Tang Wuchi ahead by relay while Suodu was to bring troops to join him. Registrar Qu Lie and Commissioner Tahaishali went with Annam envoy Ruan Daoxue and others, bearing orders that Ri Xuan ship grain to Zhancheng for the army; as the prince's route passed their border he was told to come pay his respects." At Hengshan County word came that Ri Xuan's cousin Xingdao Wang Chen Jun had troops on the frontier. Soon Qu Lie and Tahaishali arrived with Chen Dejun, Chen Sizong, and Ri Xuan's letter saying the sea and land routes to Zhancheng were difficult and Annam would give grain as they could. At Yongzhou Ri Xuan wrote Yong Prefecture that tribute was due in the tenth month, labor should be prepared on the route, and he asked written notice when the prince arrived. The secretariat told Commander Zhao Xiuji to answer as he thought fit and again ordered roads opened, grain readied, and the prince welcomed in person.
29
及官軍至邕州，安南殿前范海崖領兵屯可蘭韋大助等處。 至思明州，鎮南王復令移文與之。 至祿州，復聞日烜調兵拒守丘溫、丘急嶺隘路，行省遂分軍兩道以進。 日烜復遣其善忠大夫阮德輿、朝請郎阮文翰奉書與鎮南王，言：「不能親見末光，然中心欣幸。 以往者欽蒙聖詔云別敕我軍不入爾境； 今見邕州營站橋梁，往往相接，實深驚懼，幸昭仞忠誠，少加矜恤。」 又以書抵平章政事，乞保護本國生靈，庶免逃竄之患。 鎮南王命行省遣緫把阿里持書與德輿同往諭日烜以興兵之故實為占城，非為安南也。 至急保縣地，安南管軍官阮盝屯兵七源州，又村李縣短萬劫等處，俱有興道王兵，阿里不能進。 行省再命倪閏往覘虛實，斟酌調軍，然不得殺掠其民。
At Yong Prefecture Annam's Director of the Palace Front Fan Haiya had troops at Ke-lan, Wei, Dazhu, and elsewhere. At Siming the prince again sent orders. At Lu Prefecture reports came that Ri Xuan was blocking Qiuwen and Qiujiling; the secretariat split the army in two. Ri Xuan sent Ruan Deyu and Ruan Wenhan with a letter to the prince: "I cannot meet you face to face, yet my heart rejoices. I was once honored by an edict that by special command your army would not enter our land; now camps and bridges near Yong Prefecture stretch on one after another and fill us with dread; show your loyal mercy." He also wrote the associate administrator begging protection for his people lest they flee in terror. The prince ordered Commander Ali to go with Deyu's party and explain that the mobilization was against Zhancheng, not Annam. Near Jibao, Annam commander Ruan Lu held Qiyuan Prefecture and Chen Jun's men held Duanwanjie and other places; Ali could not pass. The secretariat sent Ni Run to scout and adjust forces without harming civilians.
30
未幾，撒荅兒、李邦憲、孫祐等言：至可離隘，遇交兵拒敵，祐與之戰，擒其管軍奉御杜尾、杜祐，始知興道王果領兵迎敵。 官軍過可離隘，至洞板隘，又遇其兵，與戰敗之，其首將秦岑中傷死。 聞興道王在內傍隘，又進兵至變住村，諭其收兵開路，迎拜鎮南王，不從。 至內傍隘，奉令旨令人招之，又不從。 官軍遂分六道進攻，執其將大僚班段台。 興道王逃去，追至萬劫，攻諸隘，皆破之。 興道王尚有兵船千餘艘，距萬劫十里。 遂遣兵士於沿江求船，及聚板木釘灰，置場創造，選各翼水軍，令烏馬兒拔都部領，數與戰，皆敗之。 得其江岸遺棄文字二紙，乃日烜與鎮南王及行省平章書，復稱：「前詔別敕我軍不入爾境，今以占城既臣復叛之故，因發大軍，經由本國，殘害百姓，是太子所行違誤，非本國違誤也。 伏望勿外前詔，勒回大軍，本國當具貢物馳獻，復有異於前者。」 行省復以書抵之，以為：「朝廷調兵討占城，屢移文與世子俾開路備糧，不意故違朝命，俾興道王輩提兵迎敵，射傷我軍，與安南生靈為禍者，爾國所行也。 今大軍經爾國討占城，乃上命。 世子可詳思爾國歸附已久，宜體皇帝涵洪慈憫之德，即令退兵開道，安諭百姓，各務生理。 我軍所過，秋毫無擾，世子宜出迎鎮南王，共議軍事。 不然，大軍止於安南開府。」 因令其使阮文翰達之。
Soon Sadar, Li Bangxian, and Sun You reported that at Kele Pass they met Annamese resistance, fought, captured commanders Du Wei and Du You, and learned that Chen Jun truly led the opposing force. The army passed Kele and at Dongban Pass fought again, defeating them; their general Qin Cen died of wounds. Learning Chen Jun was at Neipang Pass, they advanced to Bianzhu Village and ordered him to withdraw and open the road to welcome the prince; he refused. At Neipang they summoned him again under imperial order; he still refused. The army then attacked in six columns and seized their general Banduan Tai. Chen Jun fled; pursuit reached Wanjie and every pass fell. Chen Jun still had more than a thousand war junks ten li below Wanjie. Troops were sent to gather boats and timber along the river, a shipyard was built, naval detachments under Wuma'er Batu fought several engagements and won each time. Two discarded documents recovered from the bank were Ri Xuan's letters to the prince and the associate administrator: "An edict once forbade your army to enter our land; now because Zhancheng rebelled after submitting, the great army passes through our realm and harms our people—that is the prince's mistake, not ours. I beg you not to set aside the earlier edict but withdraw the army; we will send richer tribute than before." The secretariat answered that the court had moved against Zhancheng and repeatedly told the heir to open roads and supply grain; instead he had Xingdao Wang meet and wound the army, bringing disaster on Annam's people by his own act. The army marches through your land against Zhancheng by imperial order. Consider how long you have submitted; honor the emperor's mercy, pull back your troops, open the roads, calm your people, and let them live. Our march will not harm a blade of grass; come welcome the prince and consult on the campaign. Otherwise the army will stop and set up a government in Annam." They had Ruan Wenhan deliver this reply.
31
及官軍獲生口，乃稱日烜調其聖翊等軍，船千餘艘，助興道王拒戰。 鎮南王遂與行省官親臨東岸，遣兵攻之，殺傷甚衆，奪船二十餘艘。 興道王敗走，官軍縛筏為橋，渡富良江北岸。 日烜沿江布兵船，立木柵，見官軍至岸，即發砲大呼求戰。 至晚，又遣其阮奉御奉鎮南王及行省官書，請小却大軍。 行省復移文責之，遂復進兵。 日烜乃棄城遁去，仍令阮效銳奉書謝罪，并獻方物，且請班師。 行省復移文招諭，遂調兵渡江，壁於安南城下。
Prisoners said Ri Xuan had called up the Sheng Yi army and more than a thousand ships to aid Chen Jun. The prince and the secretariat officials went to the eastern bank in person; the attack killed many and took twenty-odd junks. Chen Jun was routed; the army lashed rafts into a bridge and crossed to the north bank of the Fu-liang River. Ri Xuan lined the river with troops and war junks behind wooden stakes; when the army reached the shore he opened fire and challenged them to fight. That evening he sent an imperial attendant named Ruan with letters asking the prince and the secretariat to pull the army back somewhat. The secretariat answered with a rebuke and pressed forward again. Ri Xuan abandoned the city and fled, sending Ruan Xiaorui with apologies, tribute, and a plea to withdraw. The secretariat sent another summons, crossed the river, and camped below the capital.
32
明日，鎮南王入其國，宮室盡空，惟留屢降詔敕及中書牒文，盡行毀抹。 外有文字，皆其南北邊將報官軍消息及拒敵事情。 日烜僭稱大越國主憲天體道大明光孝皇帝陳威晃，禪位于皇太子，立太子妃為皇后，上顯慈順天皇太后表章，於上行使「昊天成命之寶」。
Next day the prince entered the capital; the palaces were empty, and only repeated surrender edicts and Secretariat documents remained, all defaced. Other papers found outside were frontier generals' reports on the army's movements and their resistance. Ri Xuan had the audacity to proclaim himself Emperor Chen Weihuang of Great Viet, bearing the grand title "He Who Embodies Heaven's Constitution and the Way, Great Ming Radiant Filial." He abdicated in favor of the crown prince, elevated the prince's consort to empress, sent up a memorial to the Grand Empress Dowager styled Manifestly Kind and Obedient Heavenly Sovereign, and put the imperial seal known as the "Treasure of August Heaven Conferring the Mandate" into use.
33
日烜即居太上皇之位，見立安南國王係日烜之子，行紹寶年號。 所居宮室五門，額書大興之門，左、右掖門； 正殿九間書天安御殿； 正南門書朝天閣。 又諸處張榜云：「凡國內郡縣，假有外寇至，當死戰。 或力不敵，許於山澤逃竄，不得迎降。」 其險隘拒守處，俱有庫屋以貯兵甲。 其棄船登岸之軍猶衆，日烜引宗族官吏於天長、長安屯聚，興道王、范殿前領兵船復聚萬劫江口，阮盝駐西路永平。
Ri Xuan assumed the role of retired emperor while his son was installed as King of Annam, and the court adopted the reign title Shaobao. His palace was laid out with five gates: the main entrance inscribed "Gate of Great Prosperity," flanked by left and right side gates; the nine-bay main hall bore the name Heavenly Peace Imperial Hall; and the principal southern gate was labeled Court-Facing Pavilion. Proclamations went up across the land declaring: "In every commandery and district of the realm, if foreign invaders appear, you must fight to the death. If you cannot prevail, you may flee into the hills and marshes—but you must never go out to surrender." At every defensible pass and choke point, storehouses were built to stock arms and armor. A great many troops who had abandoned their ships and taken to land remained in the field. Ri Xuan rallied his kinsmen and officials at Tianchang and Chang'an; the Prince of Xingdao and Fan Dianqian reassembled the fleet at the mouth of the Wan Jie River; and Ruan Pan held Yongping on the western road.
34
行省整軍以備追襲，而唐兀與唆都等兵至自占城與大軍會合。 自入其境，大小七戰，取地二千餘里、王宮四所。 初，敗其昭明王兵，擊其昭孝王、大僚護皆死，昭明王遠遁不敢復出。 又於安演州、清化、長安獲亡宋陳尚書壻、交趾梁奉御及趙孟信、葉郎將等四百餘人。
The Branch Secretariat reformed the army against possible pursuit, even as Tangwu, Suodu, and their columns arrived from Champa and linked up with the main army. From the moment they crossed the border, they fought seven engagements, great and small, seizing more than two thousand li of territory and four royal palaces. Early on they routed the Prince of Zhaoming's forces and killed both the Prince of Zhaoxiao and the Grand Steward in battle; the Prince of Zhaoming fled deep into the hinterland and did not dare show himself again. At Anyan, Qinghua, and Chang'an they also took more than four hundred captives, among them the son-in-law of the late Song minister surnamed Chen, the Jiaozhi palace attendant Liang, Zhao Mengxin, Colonel Ye, and others.
35
萬戶李邦憲、劉世英領軍開道自永平入安南，每三十里立一寨，六十里置一驛，每一寨一驛屯軍三百鎮守巡邏。 復令世英立堡，專提督寨驛公事。
The ten-thousand-household commanders Li Bangxian and Liu Shiying cut a supply road from Yongping into Annam, erecting a stockade every thirty li and a courier station every sixty li, each garrisoned with three hundred men to hold the line and patrol. Liu Shiying was further ordered to build forts and placed in sole charge of stockade and relay-station operations.
36
右丞寬徹引萬戶忙古、孛羅哈荅兒由陸路，李左丞引烏馬兒拔都由水路，敗日烜兵船，禽其建德侯陳仲。 日烜逃去，追至膠海口，不知所往。 其宗族文義侯、父武道侯及子明智侯、壻彰懷侯并彰憲侯、亡宋官曾參政、蘇少保子蘇寶章、陳尚書子陳丁孫，相繼率衆來降。 唐兀、劉珪皆言占城無糧，軍難久駐。 鎮南王令唆都引元軍於長安等處就糧。 日烜至安邦海口，棄其舟楫甲仗，走匿山林。 官軍獲船一萬艘，擇善者乘之，餘皆焚棄，復於陸路追三晝夜。
The Right Chancellor Kuanchi advanced overland with the commanders Manggu and Boluohada'er, while the Left Chancellor Li led Umar's fleet by sea. They routed Ri Xuan's war junks and took his Marquis of Jiande, Chen Zhong, prisoner. Ri Xuan escaped; the pursuit carried as far as Jiaohai Harbor, but thereafter his trail vanished. One after another, members of his clan came over with their followers: the Marquis of Wenyi; his father, the Marquis of Wudao; his son, the Marquis of Mingzhi; his sons-in-law, the Marquis of Zhanghuai and the Marquis of Zhangxian; the former Song vice grand councillor Zeng; Su Baozhang, son of the Junior Guardian Su; and Chen Dingsun, son of the minister Chen. Tangwu and Liu Gui both reported that Champa could not feed the army and that a prolonged stay was impossible. The Prince of Pacifying South ordered Suodu to lead Yuan forces to forage for grain at Chang'an and nearby districts. Ri Xuan reached Anbang Harbor, cast off his ships, gear, and arms, and vanished into the forested hills. Government forces seized ten thousand boats, kept the seaworthy ones, burned the rest, and pressed the land pursuit for three days and nights without pause.
37
獲生口稱上皇、世子止有船四艘，興道王及其子三艘，太師八十艘，走清化府。 唆都亦報：日烜、太師走清化。 烏馬兒拔都以軍一千三百人、戰船六十艘，助唆都襲擊其太師等兵。 復令唐兀沿海追日烜，亦不知所往。
Prisoners reported that the retired emperor and crown prince had only four ships between them, the Prince of Xingdao and his son three, and the Grand Preceptor eighty—all fleeing toward Qinghua. Suodu likewise reported that Ri Xuan and the Grand Preceptor were making for Qinghua. Umar brought thirteen hundred men and sixty warships to reinforce Suodu in a strike against the Grand Preceptor's column. Tangwu was sent in pursuit along the coast, but once again Ri Xuan could not be found.
38
日烜弟昭國王陳益稷率其本宗與其妻子官吏來降。 乃遣明里、昔班等送彰憲侯、文義侯及其弟明誠侯、昭國王子義國侯入朝。 文義侯得北上，彰憲侯、義國侯皆為興道王所殺，彰憲侯死，義國侯脫身還軍中。
Ri Xuan's younger brother, Chen Yiji, Prince of Zhaoguo, came over with his entire clan, his household, and his officials. Mingli, Xiban, and others were dispatched to escort the Marquis of Zhangxian, the Marquis of Wenyi, the latter's brother the Marquis of Mingcheng, and Chen Yiji's son the Marquis of Yiguo to the imperial court. The Marquis of Wenyi made it north to court, but the Prince of Xingdao ambushed the Marquis of Zhangxian and the Marquis of Yiguo: Zhangxian was killed outright, while Yiguo broke free and rejoined the Yuan camp.
39
官軍聚諸將議：「交人拒敵官軍，雖數敗散，然增兵轉多； 官軍困乏，死傷亦衆，蒙古軍馬亦不能施其技。」 遂棄其京城，渡江北岸，決議退兵屯思明州。 鎮南王然之，乃領軍還。 是日，劉世英與興道王、興寧王兵二萬餘人力戰。
The commanders assembled to debate the situation: "The people of Jiaozhi have resisted us at every turn. Though we have beaten them again and again, their ranks swell with fresh levies; our own troops are worn down, our dead and wounded are many, and even Mongol cavalry cannot fight to advantage in this country." They abandoned the enemy capital, crossed to the north bank of the river, and resolved to pull back and regroup at Siming. The Prince of Pacifying South agreed and led the army homeward. That same day Liu Shiying fought a fierce engagement against more than twenty thousand men under the Princes of Xingdao and Xingning.
40
又官軍至如月江，日烜遣懷文侯來戰，行至冊江，繫浮橋渡江，左丞唐兀等軍未及渡而林內伏發，官軍多溺死，力戰始得出境。 唐兀等馳驛上奏。 七月，樞密院請調兵以今年十月會潭州，聽鎮南王及阿里海牙擇帥緫之。
On the march to the Ruyue River, Ri Xuan sent the Marquis of Huaiwen to oppose them. At the Ce River the Yuan forces rigged a pontoon bridge, but before Tangwu's column could finish crossing, Annamese troops sprang from the woods. Many soldiers drowned; only after a desperate fight did the army break out of the country. Tangwu and his colleagues sent an urgent dispatch to the throne by relay. In the seventh month the Bureau of Military Affairs asked that reinforcements be mustered to rendezvous at Tanzhou that October, with the Prince of Pacifying South and Ali Haiya to name the overall commander.
41
二十三年正月，詔省臣共議，遂大舉南伐。 二月，詔諭安南官吏百姓，數日烜罪惡，言其戕害叔父陳遺愛及弗納達魯花赤不顏鐵木兒等事。 以陳益稷等自拔來歸，封益稷為安南國王，賜符印，秀為輔義公，以奉陳祀。 申命鎮南王脫懽、左丞相阿里海牙平定其國，以兵納益稷。
In the first month of year twenty-three the throne ordered the provincial ministries to confer, and a major southern expedition was set in motion. In the second month an imperial proclamation went out to the officials and people of Annam, listing Ri Xuan's crimes—among them the murder of his uncle Chen Yi'ai and his refusal to accept the darughachi Buyan Temur. Because Chen Yiji and his party had defected voluntarily, Yiji was installed as King of Annam and given the royal tally and seal; Xiudi was created Duke of Assisting Righteousness to tend the ancestral rites of the Chen line. The Prince of Pacifying South Toghon and the Left Grand Councillor Ali Haiya were again charged with pacifying the realm and installing Yiji at the head of an army.
42
五月，發忙古臺麾下士卒合鄂州行省軍同征之。 官兵入其境，日烜復棄城遁。
In the fifth month Mangutai's troops were called up and combined with the Ezhou provincial army for the campaign. As soon as government troops crossed the border, Ri Xuan once again abandoned his capital and fled.
43
六月，湖南宣慰司上言：「連歲征日本及用兵占城，百姓罷於轉輸，賦役煩重，士卒觸瘴癘多死傷者，群生愁嘆，四民廢業，貧者棄子以偷生，富者鬻產而應役，倒懸之苦日甚一日。 今復有事交趾，動百萬之衆，虛千金之費，非所以恤士民也。 且舉動之間，利害非一，又兼交趾已嘗遣使納表稱藩，若從其請以甦民力，計之上也。 無已，則宜寬百姓之賦，積糧餉，繕甲兵，俟來歲天時稍利，然後大舉，亦未為晚。」 湖廣行省臣線哥是其議，遣使入奏，且言：「本省鎮戍凡七十餘所，連歲征戰，士卒精銳者罷於外，所存者皆老弱，每一城邑，多不過二百人。 竊恐姦人得以窺伺虛實。 往年平章阿里海牙出征，輸糧三萬石，民且告病，今復倍其數。 官無儲畜，和糴於民間，百姓將不勝其困。 宜如宣慰司所言，乞緩師南伐。」 樞密院以聞，帝即日下詔止軍，縱士卒還各營。 益稷從師還鄂。
In the sixth month the Hunan Pacification Commission warned the throne: "Years of campaigning against Japan and war in Champa have exhausted the people with transport levies and crushing taxes. Troops die in droves from the southern miasma. Every class of society has been driven from honest work: the poor abandon their children to survive, the wealthy sell their fields to meet conscription—and the burden grows heavier with each passing day. To reopen war in Jiaozhi now would mobilize a million men and squander a fortune in gold—hardly the way to show mercy to soldiers and civilians alike. Besides, any such venture carries mixed risks and rewards. Jiaozhi has already sent envoys with tribute pledging vassalage; to accept their submission and let the people recover would be the wisest course. If war cannot be avoided, lighten the tax burden, stockpile grain, repair arms and armor, and wait until next year when the seasons are more favorable before launching the major offensive. That would not be too late." Xiange of the Huguang Branch Secretariat endorsed the memorial and sent envoys to court, adding: "This province maintains more than seventy garrison posts. Years of war have drained our best troops to distant fronts; what remains behind is old and feeble—hardly two hundred men to a town. I fear malcontents may already be probing our defenses and finding them hollow. When Pacification Commissioner Ali Haiya campaigned before, thirty thousand shi of grain were levied and the people were already at the breaking point; now the demand has been doubled. The government has no reserves and must buy grain from the people at compulsory rates—the populace will not survive the strain. We beg that the southern campaign be postponed, as the Pacification Commission urged. The Bureau of Military Affairs relayed the memorial, and the emperor that very day ordered the campaign halted and the troops sent back to their camps. Chen Yiji marched home with the army to Ezhou.
44
二十四年正月，發新附軍千人從阿八赤討安南。 又詔發江淮、江西、湖廣三省蒙古、漢、券軍七萬人，船五百艘，雲南兵六千人，海外四州黎兵萬五千，海道運糧萬戶張文虎、費拱辰、陶大明運糧十七萬石，分道以進。 置征交趾行尚書省，奧魯赤平章政事，烏馬兒、樊楫參知政事緫之，並受鎮南王節制。 五月，命右丞程鵬飛還荊湖行省治兵。 六月，樞密院復奏，令烏馬兒與樊參政率軍士水陸並進。 九月，以瓊州路安撫使陳仲達、南寧軍民緫管謝有奎、延欄軍民緫管符庇成出兵船助征交趾，並令從征。 日烜遣其中大夫阮文通等入貢。
In the first month of year twenty-four a thousand men of the newly submitted forces were sent under Aba Chi against Annam. Another edict called up seventy thousand Mongol, Han, and auxiliary troops from Jianghuai, Jiangxi, and Huguang, five hundred warships, six thousand Yunnan soldiers, and fifteen thousand Li levies from the four overseas prefectures. Zhang Wenhu, Fei Gongchen, and Tao Daming were ordered to move one hundred seventy thousand shi of grain by sea, each column advancing on its own route. A campaign Branch Secretariat for Jiaozhi was set up with Aoluchi as Pacification Commissioner and Umar and Fan Ji as vice grand councillors in overall command, all under the Prince of Pacifying South. In the fifth month the Right Chancellor Cheng Pengfei was sent back to the Jinghu provincial command to raise and train troops. In the sixth month the Bureau of Military Affairs again urged that Umar and Vice Councillor Fan advance by land and sea in concert. In the ninth month Chen Zhongda, Pacification Commissioner of Qiongzhou, Xie Youkui, commander of Nanning, and Fu Picheng, commander of Yanlan, were told to send warships to support the Jiaozhi campaign and to take the field themselves. Ri Xuan sent his palace grand master Ruan Wentong and others to court with tribute.
45
十一月，鎮南王次思明，留兵二千五百人命萬戶賀祉統之，以守輜重。 程鵬飛、孛羅合荅兒以漢、券兵萬人由西道永平，奧魯赤以萬人從鎮南王由東道女兒關以進。 阿八赤以萬人為前鋒，烏馬兒、樊楫以兵由海道，經玉山、雙門、安邦口，遇交趾船四百餘艘，擊之，斬首四千餘級，生擒百餘人，奪其舟百艘，遂趨交趾。 程鵬飛、孛羅合荅兒經老鼠、陷沙、茨竹三關，凡十七戰，皆捷。
In the eleventh month the Prince of Pacifying South encamped at Siming, leaving twenty-five hundred men under Commander He Zhi to guard the supply train. Cheng Pengfei and Boluoheda'er took ten thousand Han and auxiliary troops west through Yongping, while Aoluchi marched ten thousand men with the Prince of Pacifying South east through the Nü'er Pass. Aba Chi led ten thousand men as the vanguard while Umar and Fan Ji took the sea road past Yushan, Shuangmen, and Anbang Harbor. They met more than four hundred enemy junks, smashed them, took four thousand heads and a hundred prisoners, captured a hundred boats, and drove on toward the capital. Cheng Pengfei and Boluoheda'er fought through the Laoshu, Xiansha, and Cizhu passes in seventeen engagements, winning every one.
46
十二月，鎮南王次茅羅港，交趾興道王遁，因攻浮山寨，破之。 又命程鵬飛、阿里以兵二萬人守萬劫，且修普賴山及至靈山木柵。 命烏馬兒將水兵，阿八赤將陸兵，徑趨交趾城。 鎮南王以諸軍渡富良江，次城下，敗其守兵。 日烜與其子棄城走敢喃堡，諸軍攻下之。
In the twelfth month the Prince of Pacifying South encamped at Maoluo Harbor. The Prince of Xingdao fled, and the Yuan forces stormed and took Fushan Stockade. Cheng Pengfei and Ali were left with twenty thousand men to hold Wan Jie and to erect wooden fortifications from Pulai Mountain to Zhiling Mountain. Umar was to lead the fleet and Aba Chi the land army in a direct march on the Jiaozhi capital. The Prince of Pacifying South crossed the Fu Liang River with the main army, pitched camp beneath the walls, and routed the defenders. Ri Xuan and his son abandoned the capital for Gannan Fort, which the Yuan armies then stormed and took.
47
二十五年正月，日烜及其子復走入海。 鎮南王以諸軍追之，次天長海口，不知其所之，引兵還交趾城。 命烏馬兒將水兵由大滂口迓張文虎等糧船，奧魯赤、阿八赤等分道入山求糧。 聞交趾集兵箇沉、箇黎、磨山、魏寨，發兵皆破之，斬萬餘級。
In the first month of year twenty-five Ri Xuan and his son once again took to the sea in flight. The Prince of Pacifying South pursued as far as Tianchang Harbor, lost the trail, and marched back to the Jiaozhi capital. Umar was sent from Dapang Harbor to rendezvous with Zhang Wenhu's grain fleet, while Aoluchi and Aba Chi scoured the hills by separate paths for supplies. Hearing that the enemy had massed at Ge Chen, Ge Li, Moshan, and Weizhai, they sent columns against each position, broke them all, and took more than ten thousand heads.
48
二月，鎮南王引兵還萬劫。 阿八赤將前鋒，奪關繫橋，破三江口，攻下堡三十二，斬數萬餘級，得船二百艘、米十一萬三千餘石。 烏馬兒由大滂口趨塔山，遇賊船千餘，擊破之； 至安邦口，不見張文虎船，復還萬劫，得米四萬餘石。 普賴、至靈山木柵成，命諸軍居之。 諸將因言：「交趾無城池可守、倉庾可食，張文虎等糧船不至，且天時已熱，恐糧盡師老，無以支久，為朝廷羞，宜全師而還。」 鎮南王從之。 命烏馬兒、樊楫將水兵先還，程鵬飛、塔出將兵護送之。 三月，鎮南王以諸軍還。
In the second month the Prince of Pacifying South withdrew the army to Wan Jie. Aba Chi led the vanguard, forced the passes, threw bridges across the rivers, stormed Sanjiangkou, and reduced thirty-two forts. The slaughter ran into the tens of thousands; the booty included two hundred ships and more than one hundred eleven thousand shi of rice. Umar sailed from Dapang Harbor toward Tashan, met more than a thousand enemy junks, and smashed them; but at Anbang Harbor there was no sign of Zhang Wenhu's fleet. He fell back to Wan Jie with more than forty thousand shi of rice seized along the way. Once the wooden fortifications from Pulai to Zhiling Mountain were finished, the troops were ordered to occupy them. The generals urged: "There are no walled towns to garrison and no granaries to feed on. Zhang Wenhu's grain fleet has not come, and the heat is already upon us. If supplies fail while the army grows stale, we cannot hold this ground—we will disgrace the court. We should bring the entire force home intact." The Prince of Pacifying South agreed. Umar and Fan Ji were sent home first with the fleet, escorted by Cheng Pengfei and Tachu. In the third month the Prince of Pacifying South marched the main army home.
49
張文虎糧船以去年十二月次屯山，遇交趾船三十艘，文虎擊之，所殺略相當。 至綠水洋，賊船益多，度不能敵，又船重不可行，乃沉米於海，趨瓊州。 費拱辰糧船以十一月次惠州，風不得進，漂至瓊州，與張文虎合。 徐慶糧船漂至占城，亦至瓊州。 凡亡士卒二百二十人、船十一艘、糧萬四千三百石有奇。
Zhang Wenhu's grain convoy had anchored at Tunshan the previous December when thirty enemy ships appeared; Wenhu engaged them and casualties were about even. At the Green Water Sea the enemy fleet swelled beyond what they could fight. Their ships were too heavy to run; Wenhu jettisoned the grain into the sea and made for Qiongzhou. Fei Gongchen's convoy had lain at Huizhou since the eleventh month, unable to sail for contrary winds; it was driven to Qiongzhou and joined Zhang Wenhu. Xu Qing's grain ships were blown to Champa before they too made Qiongzhou. In all they had lost two hundred twenty soldiers, eleven ships, and somewhat more than fourteen thousand three hundred shi of grain.
50
鎮南王次內傍關，賊兵大集，王擊破之。 命萬戶張均以精銳三千人殿，力戰出關。 諜知日烜及世子、興道王等，分兵三十餘萬，守女兒關及丘急嶺，連亙百餘里，以遏歸師。 鎮南王遂由單己縣趨盝州，間道以出，次思明州。 命愛魯引兵還雲南，奧魯赤以諸軍北還。 日烜尋遣使來謝，進金人代己罪。 十一月，以劉庭直、李思衍、萬奴等使安南，持詔諭日烜來朝。
At Neibang Pass the Prince of Pacifying South found the enemy massed in strength and broke them in battle. Commander Zhang Jun was left with three thousand picked men as rearguard; after a brutal fight the column broke through the pass. Intelligence reported that Ri Xuan, the crown prince, the Prince of Xingdao, and their allies had posted more than three hundred thousand men along the Nü'er Pass and Qiuji Ridge—a line over a hundred li long—to cut off the retreat. The prince therefore slipped out by a side road through Danji County toward Pan Prefecture and encamped at Siming. Airu was sent back to Yunnan with his column while Aoluchi marched the main force north. Before long Ri Xuan sent envoys to offer thanks and sent a golden effigy in his stead to bear the penalty for his crimes. In the eleventh month Liu Tingzhi, Li Siyan, Wannu, and others were dispatched to Annam with an edict summoning Ri Xuan to the imperial court.
51
二十六年二月，中書省臣奏既罷征交趾，宜拘收行省符印。 四月，日烜遣其中大夫陳克用等來貢方物。
In the second month of year twenty-six the Central Secretariat urged that, with the Jiaozhi campaign ended, the campaign Branch Secretariat's tallies and seals be recalled. In the fourth month Ri Xuan sent his palace grand master Chen Keyong and others to court with local tribute.
52
二十七年，日烜卒，子日燇遣使來貢。
In year twenty-seven Ri Xuan died, and his son Ri Chen sent envoys with tribute.
53
二十八年十一月，鎮守永州兩淮萬戶府上千戶蔡榮上書，言軍事大要，以朝廷賞罰不明，士不用命，將帥不和，坐失事機，其弊有不可勝言者。 書上，不報。
In the eleventh month of year twenty-eight Commander Cai Rong of the Yongzhou Lianghuai garrison submitted a memorial on military fundamentals: unclear rewards and punishments from the court, troops who would not obey, commanders at odds with one another, and lost chances through delay—the catalogue of failures, he wrote, was beyond counting. The memorial reached the throne; no answer was returned.
54
二十九年九月，遣吏部尚書梁曾、禮部郎中陳孚持詔再諭日燇來朝。 詔曰：「省表具悉。 去歲禮部尚書張立道言，曾到安南，識彼事體，請往開諭使之來朝。 因遣立道往彼。 今汝國罪愆既已自陳，朕復何言。 若曰孤在制，及畏死道路不敢來朝，且有生之類寧有長久安全者乎。 天下亦復有不死之地乎。 朕所未喻，汝當具聞。 徒以虛文歲幣，巧飾見欺，於義安在。」
In the ninth month of year twenty-nine the court sent Liang Zeng, Minister of Personnel, and Chen Fu, Secretariat Gentleman, with an edict once more summoning Ri Chen to court. The edict read: "Your memorial has been received and understood in full. Last year Zhang Lidao, Minister of Rites, reported that Zeng had served in Annam, knew the situation there, and asked to go again and persuade them to attend court. Lidao was accordingly sent there. Now that your kingdom has confessed its faults of its own accord, what more can We say? If you plead mourning seclusion, or fear of death on the road, and dare not come to court—what living thing ever enjoys lasting safety? Is there anywhere under Heaven where one does not die? What We fail to understand, you must explain fully. To offer only empty documents and yearly gifts, artfully dressed up to deceive—where is the justice in that?"
55
三十年，梁曾等使還，日燇遣陪臣陶子奇等來貢。 廷臣以日燇終不入朝，又議征之。 遂拘留子奇於江陵，命劉國傑與諸侯王亦吉里等同征安南，敕至鄂州與陳益稷議。 八月，平章不忽木等奏立湖廣安南行省，給二印，市蜑船百斛者千艘，用軍五萬六千五百七十人、糧三十五萬石、馬料二萬石、鹽二十一萬斤，預給軍官俸津、遣軍人水手人鈔二錠，器仗凡七十餘萬事。 國傑設幕官十一人，水陸分道並進。 又以江西行樞密院副使徹里蠻為右丞，從征安南，陳巖、趙修己、雲從龍、張文虎、岑雄等亦令共事。 益稷隨軍至長沙，會寢兵而止。
In year thirty, when Liang Zeng's embassy returned, Ri Chen sent his attendant minister Tao Ziqi and others with tribute. Because Ri Chen still would not attend court, the ministers again debated a punitive expedition. Ziqi was detained at Jiangling; Liu Guojie, Prince Yijili, and others were ordered to campaign against Annam together, with instructions to consult Chen Yiji at Ezhou. In the eighth month Buhumu and others proposed establishing the Huguang-Annam Branch Secretariat with two seals, purchasing a thousand hundred-hu Dan boats, mobilizing 56,570 troops with 350,000 shi of grain, 20,000 shi of fodder, 210,000 jin of salt, advance pay for officers, two ding of paper money per soldier and sailor, and more than 700,000 items of arms and equipment. Guojie appointed eleven staff officers; the land and river columns advanced on separate routes in concert. Cheliman, vice commissioner of the Jiangxi Branch Privy Council, was made right associate administrator for the Annam campaign; Chen Yan, Zhao Xiuji, Yun Conglong, Zhang Wenhu, Cen Xiong, and others were ordered to serve with him. Yiji marched with the army to Changsha and halted when the expedition was suspended.
56
三十一年五月，成宗即位，命罷征。 遣陶子奇歸國。 日燇遣使上表慰國哀，并獻方物。 六月，遣禮部侍郎李衎、兵部郎中蕭泰登持詔往撫綏之，其略曰：「先皇帝新棄天下，朕嗣守大統，踐祚之始，大肆赦宥，無間遠近。 惟爾安南，亦從寬宥，已敕有司罷兵，遣陪臣陶子奇歸國。 自今以往，所以畏天事大者，其審思之。」
In the fifth month of year thirty-one Chengzong took the throne and ordered the campaign called off. Tao Ziqi was sent home. Ri Chen sent envoys with a memorial of condolence for the national mourning and presented local tribute. In the sixth month Li Kan, Vice Minister of Rites, and Xiao Taideng, Secretariat Gentleman of the Ministry of War, were sent with an edict to reassure them. It read in part: "The late emperor has just left the realm; We have succeeded to the great succession. At the outset of Our reign We have proclaimed a broad amnesty, without distinction of near or far. You of Annam have been shown the same leniency; We have ordered the offices to stand down the army and send your attendant minister Tao Ziqi home. Henceforth, as to fearing Heaven and serving the great power—give that careful thought."
57
大德五年二月，太傅完澤等奏安南來使鄧汝霖竊畫宮苑圖本，私買輿地圖及禁書等物，又抄寫陳言征收交趾文書，及私記北邊軍情及山陵等事宜，遣使持詔責以大義。 三月，遣禮部尚書馬合馬、禮部侍郎喬宗亮持詔諭日燇，大意以「汝霖等所為不法，所宜窮治，朕以天下為度，敕有司放還。 自今使价必須選擇； 有所陳請，必盡情悃。 向以虛文見紿，曾何益於事哉，勿憚改圖以貽後悔」。 中書省復移牒取萬戶張榮實等二人，與去使偕還。
In the second month of Dade 5 Grand Tutor Wanze and others reported that the Annam envoy Deng Rulin had secretly copied palace garden plans, bought maps and forbidden books, transcribed memorials on levying Jiaozhi, and privately noted northern border troop dispositions and matters of the imperial tombs; envoys were dispatched with an edict rebuking them on principle. In the third month Mahema, Minister of Rites, and Qiao Zongliang, Vice Minister of Rites, were sent with an edict to Ri Chen. The gist was: "Rulin's conduct was unlawful and ought to be prosecuted to the full; We measure by the realm as a whole and order the offices to release and send them back. From now on envoys and their attendants must be chosen with care; whatever you petition must be wholly sincere. You were once misled by empty words—what good did that ever do? Do not hesitate to change course and invite regret." The Central Secretariat sent another dispatch demanding the return of Brigade Commander Zhang Rongshi and two others together with the departing embassy.
58
仁宗皇慶二年正月，交趾軍約三萬餘衆，馬軍二千餘騎，犯鎮安州雲洞，殺掠居民，焚燒倉廩廬舍，又陷祿洞、知洞等處，虜生口孳畜及居民貲產而還，復分兵三道犯歸順州，屯兵未退。 廷議俾湖廣行省發兵討之。 四月，復得報：交趾世子親領兵焚養利州官舍民居，殺掠二千餘人，且聲言，「昔右江歸順州五次劫我大源路，掠我生口五千餘人； 知養利州事趙珏禽我思浪州商人，取金一碾，侵田一千餘頃，故來讎殺」。
In the first month of Huangqing 2 under Emperor Renzong, Jiaozhi sent some thirty thousand troops and more than two thousand horsemen against Yundong in Zhen'an Prefecture, killing and plundering the populace and burning granaries and houses. They also took Ludong, Zhidong, and other places, carried off people, livestock, and property, then split into three columns against Guishun Prefecture, where their troops remained encamped. The court resolved that the Huguang Branch Secretariat should send troops to punish them. In the fourth month fresh reports arrived: the Jiaozhi heir had personally led troops that burned official buildings and homes in Yangli Prefecture and killed or plundered more than two thousand people. They declared: "In the past Guishun Prefecture on the Right River raided our Dayuan Circuit five times and carried off more than five thousand of our people; Zhao Jue, who governed Yangli, seized merchants from our Silang Prefecture, took a gold ingot, and encroached on more than a thousand qing of land—therefore we have come to take revenge."
59
六月，中書省俾兵部員外郎阿里溫沙，樞密院俾千戶劉元亨，同赴湖廣行省詢察之。 元亨等親詣上、中、下由村，相視地所，詢之居民農五，又遣下思明知州黃嵩壽往詰之，謂是阮盝世子太史之奴，然亦未知是否。 於是牒諭安南國，其略曰：「昔漢置九郡，唐立五管，安南實聲教所及之地。 況獻圖奉貢，上下之分素明； 厚往薄來，懷撫之惠亦至。 聖朝果何負於貴國，今胡自作不靖，禍焉斯啟。 雖由村之地所係至微，而國家輿圖所關甚大。 兼之所殺所虜，皆朝廷係籍編戶，省院未敢奏聞。 然未審不軌之謀誰實主之？」 安南回牒云：「邊鄙鼠竊狗偷輩，自作不靖，本國安得而知？」 且以貨賂偕至。 元亨復牒責安南飾辭不實，却其貨賂，且曰：「南金、象齒，貴國以為寶，而使者以不貪為寶。 來物就付回使，請審察事情，明以告我。」 而道里遼遠，情辭虛誕，終莫得其要領。 元亨等推原其由：因交人向嘗侵永平邊境，今復倣效成風。 兼聞阮盝世子乃交趾跋扈之人。 為今之計，莫若遣使諭安南，歸我土田，返我人民，仍令當國之人正其疆界，究其主謀，開釁之人戮於境上，申飭邊吏毋令侵越。 却於永平置寨募兵，設官統領，給田土牛具，令自耕食，編立部伍，明立賞罰，令其緩急首尾相應，如此則邊境安靜，永保無虞。 事聞，有旨，俟安南使至，即以諭之。
In the sixth month the Central Secretariat dispatched Aliwensha, aide in the Ministry of War, and the Privy Council sent Thousand-Household Liu Yuanheng with him to the Huguang Branch Secretariat to investigate. Yuanheng and his party went in person to the Upper, Middle, and Lower You villages, surveyed the ground, and questioned a local named Nong Wu. They also sent Huang Songsou, prefect of Xiasi, to press the inquiry, reporting that the culprit was said to be a bondsman of the heir of Ruan Lu the Grand Astrologer—but this could not yet be confirmed. A dispatch was then sent instructing Annam. It read in part: "In antiquity the Han set up nine commanderies and the Tang five circuits; Annam has truly lain within the reach of civilizing influence. You have moreover presented maps and offered tribute; the relation of superior and subordinate has long been clear; the court has given generously while receiving little in return, and the grace of reassurance has been ample. What has the sage court done to wrong your kingdom, that you now stir up trouble of your own accord and open the door to calamity? Though the You villages are trifling ground, they bear greatly on the state's territorial maps. Moreover those killed and taken captive were all households on the court's registers; the provincial offices did not yet dare report upward. Yet it is not clear who in fact masterminded this sedition?" Annam replied by dispatch: "Frontier rats and dog-thieves stirred up trouble on their own—how could our kingdom have known?" Gifts accompanied the reply. Yuanheng sent another dispatch rebuking Annam for dissembling, refused their gifts, and wrote: "Southern gold and elephant ivory are treasures in your kingdom, but this envoy's treasure is not to be greedy. What you sent is returned with your envoys. Investigate the matter and report to Us plainly." But the roads were long, the accounts vague and inflated, and in the end the truth could not be secured. Yuanheng and his colleagues traced the cause: Jiaozhi men had long raided the Yongping frontier, and now others were imitating their example. They also heard that Ruan Lu's heir was a domineering figure in Jiaozhi. The best course now is to send envoys instructing Annam to restore our lands, return our people, and order their ruler to fix the borders, trace the mastermind, execute those who opened hostilities on the frontier, and warn border officials against further incursions. At Yongping establish stockades, recruit troops, appoint officers to command them, grant fields, oxen, and tools for self-sufficiency, organize them into units with clear rewards and punishments, and train them to answer one another in crisis—thus the frontier would be secure and long untroubled. When the report reached the throne, an edict directed that Annam's envoys be instructed accordingly upon their arrival.
60
益稷久居於鄂，遙授湖廣行省平章政事； 當成宗朝，賜田二百頃； 武宗朝，進銀青榮祿大夫，加金紫光祿大夫，復加儀同三司。 文宗天曆二年夏，益稷卒，壽七十有六，詔賜錢五千緡。 至順元年，諡忠懿王。
Yiji had long lived at Ezhou and held from afar the post of associate administrator of the Huguang Branch Secretariat; under Chengzong he was granted two hundred qing of fields; under Wuzong he was advanced to Silver-Green Grand Counselor, then Gold-Purple Grand Counselor, and again to Ceremonial Peer of Three Ranks. In the summer of Tianli 2 under Emperor Wenzong, Yiji died at seventy-six; the court granted five thousand strings of cash. In Zhishun 1 he was given the posthumous title King Zhongyi.
61
三年夏四月，世子陳日 〈火阜〉 遣其臣鄧世延等二十四人來貢方物。
In the fourth month of summer in the third year, the heir apparent Chen Ri 〈yao — the second character, completing the name Chen Riyao.〉 He sent his ministers Deng Shiyan and twenty-four others to present local tribute.