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卷13 列傳第5 文閔明武宣諸子

Volume 13 Biographies 5: Princes of Wen, Xiaomin, Wu, and Xuan

Chapter 13 of 周書 · Book of Zhou
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Chapter 13
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1
The Sons of Emperor Wen, Emperor Xiaomin, Emperor Wu, and Emperor Xuan
2
Emperor Wen (Yuwen Tai) had thirteen sons. Consort Yao bore Shizong; ladies of the rear palace bore Duke of Song the Exalted Zhen; Empress Wen Yuan bore Emperor Xiaomin; Empress Wen Xuan of the Chilu clan bore Yuwen Yong (the future Emperor Wu) and Prince of Wei the Impetuous Zhi; Consort Tabghan bore Prince of Qi Yuwen Xian; a royal lady bore Prince of Zhao the Presumptuous Zhao; the rear palace bore Prince of Qiao the Filial Jian, Prince of Chen the Bewildered Chun, Prince of Yue the Wild Sheng, Prince of Dai the Proud Da, Duke of Ji the Peaceful Tong, and Prince of Teng the Cultivated You. Prince of Qi the Flamboyant (Yuwen Xian) has a separate biography.
3
使
Duke of Song the Exalted Yuwen Zhen, styled Mi'etu. Clever and perceptive from childhood, at ten he could recite the Classic of Filial Piety, the Analects, and the Mao Odes. Later he and Shizong together studied the Record of Rites and the Venerated Documents under Lu Dan. In the sixteenth year of Datong (550), he was enfeoffed Duke of Wuyi with a fief of two thousand households. He married a daughter of Emperor Wen of Wei and died that same year. In the first year of Baoding (561), he was posthumously granted bearer of the staff of authority, pillar-of-state grand general, junior preceptor, grand marshal, grand governor, commander-in-chief of military affairs in ten provinces including Qing and Xu, and governor of Qing Province; He was advanced to Duke of Song, the fief increased to ten thousand households in all. Having no son, Shizong's third son Shi was made his heir. Shi, styled Qianbian; in the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. During Daxiang (579–581), he was grand front advisor. Soon he was killed by Yang Jian; the fief was abolished.
4
Prince of Wei the Impetuous Yuwen Zhi, styled Douluotu. In the third year of Emperor Gong of Wei (556), he was enfeoffed Duke of Qin commandery with a fief of one thousand households. At the beginning of the Wucheng era (559), he went out to command Pu Province, was appointed grand general, and advanced to Duke of Wei with a fief of ten thousand households. At the beginning of Baoding (561), he was governor of Yong Province; soon advanced to pillar-of-state, transferred to grand minister of works, and went out as [variant: Liang] commander-in-chief of Xiang Province. During Tianhe (566–572), Chen Xiangzhou governor Hua Jiao brought his province over to Zhou; an edict ordered Yuwen Zhi to supervise Suide Duke Lu Tong, grand generals Tian Hong, Quan Jingxuan, Yuan Ding, and others in marching to the relief, and they fought Chen generals Chunyu Liang, Wu Mingche, and others at Dun mouth. Yuwen Zhi's army fared badly; Yuan Ding then defected to the south. Yuwen Zhi was dismissed from office as punishment.
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Yuwen Zhi was a younger brother on the emperor's grandmother's side; by nature he was frivolous and deceitful, greedy and ruthless, and unrestrained. Because Duke of Jin Yuwen Hu held the government, he sided against the emperor while currying favor with Hu. When he returned from Dun mouth, he resented his dismissal; he also urged the emperor to remove Hu, hoping to take his place. The emperor had long intended to kill Yuwen Hu; he then plotted with Yuwen Zhi. After Hu was executed, the emperor made Prince of Qi Yuwen Xian grand minister of war. Yuwen Zhi, disappointed in his original ambition, again asked to be made grand marshal, intending to command all military affairs and wield power at will. The emperor perceived his intent and said to him: "You brothers have an order of senior and junior—how could you willingly rank below?" He then made Yuwen Zhi grand minister of education.
6
使
In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. Initially Yuwen Yong had assigned Yuwen Zhi's residence as the Eastern Palace and had him choose another dwelling. Yuwen Zhi toured the government compounds and found none satisfactory; coming to the abandoned Siji Buddhist temple, he wished to live there. Prince of Qi Yuwen Xian said to him: "Younger brother, your children are grown; they need room—this temple is cramped; how can it be suitable?" Yuwen Zhi said: "I can hardly fit myself—what of children!" Xian was startled and grew suspicious. Yuwen Zhi once followed the emperor on a hunt and broke formation; the emperor was angry and had him beaten before the company. From then his resentment deepened. When the emperor was at Yunyang Palace, Yuwen Zhi was in the capital, raised troops in revolt, and attacked Suzhang Gate. Director of Martial Affairs Yuchi Yun shut the gate and held it; Yuwen Zhi could not enter. The account is in the "Biography of Yuchi Yun." Yuwen Zhi then fled; pursued to Jing Province, he was captured, reduced to commoner status, and imprisoned in a separate palace. Before long he showed further treasonous intent; he was executed together with his sons He, Gong, Sai, Xiang, Jia, Mi, Jin, Qianli, Qianbao, Qiancong, and ten others in all; the fief was abolished.
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Prince of Zhao the Presumptuous Yuwen Zhao, styled Douluotu. Clever from youth, widely read, and fond of literary composition. He studied the style of Yu Xin; his diction was often light and ornate. In the third year of Emperor Gong of Wei (556), he was enfeoffed Duke of Zhengping with a fief of one thousand households. At the beginning of Wucheng (559), he was advanced to Duke of Zhao with a fief of ten thousand households. During Baoding (561–565), he was appointed pillar-of-state and went out as commander-in-chief of Yizhou. In the first year of Jiande (572), he was granted grand minister of works and transferred to grand marshal. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince and made governor of Yong Province. In the fourth year of Jiande (575), when the great army marched east, Zhao served as rear third army commander-in-chief. In the fifth year of Jiande (576), again following Yuwen Yong east, he led ten thousand infantry and cavalry out through Huagu to attack Qi's Fen Province. When Bingzhou was pacified, he advanced to senior pillar-of-state. When the eastern regions were settled, he again became mobile commander-in-chief and, with Prince of Qi Yuwen Xian, suppressed the Ji Hu. Zhao captured the bandit chief Liu Moduo and beheaded him; the Hu raiders were pacified. During Xuanzheng (578), he was appointed grand preceptor. In the fifth month of the first year of Daxiang (579), an edict made Xiangguo commandery in Mozhou, with ten thousand households, Zhao's fief. Zhao went out to take up his fief. In the second year of Daxiang (580), Emperor Xuan fell ill; Zhao and the princes of Chen, Yue, Dai, and Teng were summoned to court. By the time Zhao and the others arrived, the emperor had already died.
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殿 漿
When Yang Jian (later Emperor Wen of Sui) directed the government, he granted Zhao and others extraordinary honors: they need not quicken their step at court and might enter the hall with sword and shoes. When Yang Jian was about to seize the Zhou throne, Zhao secretly plotted against him to save the dynasty. He invited Yang Jian to his mansion and entertained him in the bedroom. Zhao's sons Yuan and Guan, his consort's younger brother Lu Feng, and his confidant Shi Zhou stood by with swords drawn. He also hid weapons in the curtains and bedding, and posted strong men in the rear courtyard. Most of Yang Jian's attendants waited outside; only Yang Hong, Yuan Zhou, Zhou's younger brother Wei, and Tao Che sat beside the door. Zhao repeatedly cut melon with his belt knife and offered it to Yang Jian, who suspected nothing. Yuan Zhou sensed danger, struck his blade, and entered. Zhao then personally offered Zhou a large cup of wine and ordered him to the kitchen for broth. Zhou did not move. Prince of Teng You arrived later; Yang Jian went down the steps to greet him, and Yuan Zhou whispered: "Everything has changed—you must leave at once." Yang Jian sat briefly with You and the others, then excused himself and left. Later the plot was discovered; he was charged with treason. That autumn Yang Jian executed Zhao together with his sons Duke of Deguang Yuan, Duke of Yongkang Guan, Duke of Yuexie Qianxian, and younger brothers Qianling and Qianheng; the fief was abolished. Zhao's collected writings in ten scrolls circulated in his day.
9
使
Prince of Qiao the Filial Yuwen Jian, styled Houyoutu. At the beginning of Wucheng (559), he was enfeoffed Duke of Qiao with a fief of ten thousand households. During Tianhe (566–572), he was appointed grand general; soon transferred to pillar-of-state and went out as commander-in-chief of Yizhou. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. In the fifth year of Jiande (576), on the eastern campaign, he served as left first army commander-in-chief, attacked Yonggu fortress, and took it. Advancing, he helped pacify Bing and Ye and was appointed grand minister of war. That year the Ji Hu rebelled; an edict made Jian mobile commander-in-chief to suppress them with Prince of Qi Yuwen Xian. A Hu leader styling himself Heavenly Pillar held Hedong; Jian defeated him and took three thousand heads. In the second month of the first year of Xuanzheng (578), he died. His son Qianyun succeeded. During Dading (581), he was killed by Yang Jian; the fief was abolished. Prince of Chen the Bewildered Yuwen Chun, styled Yinzhitu. At the beginning of Wucheng (559), he was enfeoffed Duke of Chen with a fief of ten thousand households. During Baoding, he was made governor of Qi Province and granted the Three Excellencies of the Opening Office. Sent to the Turks to welcome the empress, he was appointed grand general. Soon advanced to pillar-of-state; he went out as commander-in-chief of Qinzhou, transferred to Shanzhou, and supervised Yannmen Duke Tian Hong in capturing nine Qi cities including Yiyang. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. In the fourth year of Jiande (575), when the great army marched east, Chun was front first army commander-in-chief. Because the emperor fell gravely ill, the army withdrew. In the fifth year of Jiande (576), when the great army again marched east, an edict made Chun front first army, leading twenty thousand infantry to hold Qianli Path. When Bingzhou was pacified, he advanced to senior pillar-of-state and was at once appointed commander-in-chief of Bingzhou. During Xuanzheng, he was made governor of Yong Province and transferred to grand tutor. In the fifth month of the first year of Daxiang (579), Jinan commandery with ten thousand households was made Chen's fief. Chun went out to take up his fief. In the second year of Daxiang (580), he attended court in the capital. At that time Yang Jian monopolized the government and cut away the imperial house; he killed Chun together with heir Qian and younger brothers Duke of Hu Rang and Rang's younger brother Yi; the fief was abolished. Prince of Yue the Wild Yuwen Sheng, styled Lijiutu. At the beginning of Wucheng (559), he was enfeoffed Duke of Yue with a fief of ten thousand households. During Tianhe (566–572), he was advanced to prince. In the fourth year of Jiande (575), when the great army attacked Qi, Sheng was rear first army commander-in-chief. In the fifth year of Jiande (576), when the great army again marched east, Sheng led his command and captured several Qi cities including Gaoxian. When Bingzhou was pacified, he advanced to senior pillar-of-state. Following the pacification of Ye, he was appointed commander-in-chief of Xiangzhou. In the first year of Xuanzheng (578), he entered office as grand minister of war. Liu Shouluogan, a Ji Hu leader in Fen Province, rebelled; an edict ordered Sheng to lead the armies and pacify him. In the first year of Daxiang (579), he was transferred to grand front advisor and then to grand guardian. That year, an edict made Wudang and Anfu commanderies in Fengzhou, with ten thousand households, Yue's fief. Sheng went out to take up his fief. In the second year of Daxiang (580), he attended court in the capital. That autumn he was killed by Yang Jian, together with his sons Chen, Cong, Hui, Man, and Xin, five in all; the fief was abolished. Prince of Dai the Proud Yuwen Da, styled Dujintu. By nature he was resolute and decisive, skilled in horsemanship and archery. At the beginning of Wucheng (559), he was enfeoffed Duke of Dai with a fief of ten thousand households. In the first year of Tianhe (566), he was appointed grand general and right palace elder, and left guard commander. At the beginning of Jiande (572), he advanced to pillar-of-state and went out as commander-in-chief of military affairs in fourteen provinces including Jing and Huai and ten defenses, and as governor of Jing Province. In the province he had administrative achievements; Yuwen Yong personally wrote an edict praising him. Cai Ze, governor of Feng Province under his jurisdiction, was sued for corruption; the evidence was clear. Because his house was long distinguished in merit, he could not be executed; yet bending the law to pardon him would not accord with serving the throne. He therefore ordered the responsible offices to investigate thoroughly and submitted a secret memorial. The matter ended in release, yet he never spoke of it. He handled affairs with such thorough caution. Da loved frugality: his meals had no double dishes, his serving women numbered only a few, and all wore plain silk. He also did not accumulate property; his fief had no stores. Those around him once spoke of this; Da calmly replied: "The noble person worries about the Way, not poverty—why trouble over this?" In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. He went out as commander-in-chief of Yizhou. When Yuwen Yong marched east, he was made right first army commander-in-chief. Lady Feng, refined consort of Qi, was especially favored by the Later Lord of Qi; when Qi fell she was captured, and because Da did not indulge in music and beauty, the emperor specially bestowed Lady Feng upon him. When Emperor Xuan took the throne, he advanced to senior pillar-of-state. In the first year of Daxiang (579), he was appointed grand right assistant. That year, an edict made Shangdang commandery in Luzhou, with ten thousand households, Dai's fief. Da went out to take up his fief. In the second year of Daxiang (580), he attended court in the capital. That winter he was killed by Yang Jian, together with his heir Zhi and younger brother Duke of Fan Zhuan; the fief was abolished.
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Duke of Ji the Peaceful Yuwen Tong, styled Qushuotu. At the beginning of Wucheng (559), he was enfeoffed Duke of Ji with a fief of ten thousand households. In the tenth month of the sixth year of Tianhe (571), he died. His son Xuan succeeded. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. During Daxiang (579–581), he was killed by Yang Jian; the fief was abolished.
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Prince of Teng the Cultivated Yuwen You, styled Er'gutu. From youth he loved the classics and histories and was skilled in literary composition. At the beginning of Wucheng (559), he was enfeoffed Duke of Teng with a fief of ten thousand households. At the end of Tianhe (572), he was appointed grand general. At the beginning of Jiande (572), he advanced to pillar-of-state. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. In the sixth year of Jiande (577), he was mobile commander-in-chief and, with Prince of Qi Yuwen Xian, campaigned against the Ji Hu. You defeated their chieftains including Mu You and took eight thousand heads. On return, he was made commander-in-chief of Heyang. In the first year of Xuanzheng (578), he advanced to senior pillar-of-state. That year, on the campaign against Chen, an edict made You supreme commander directing all military affairs. In the fifth month of the first year of Daxiang (579), an edict made Xinye commandery in Jingzhou, with ten thousand households, Teng's fief. You went out to take up his fief. In the second year of Daxiang (580), he attended court in the capital. That winter he was killed by Yang Jian, together with his son Duke of Huaide You, You's younger brother Duke of Ji Yu, and younger brother Lixi; the fief was abolished. You's writings circulated widely in his day.
12
Emperor Xiaomin had one son. Lady Lu bore Prince of Ji the Stern Yuwen Kang.
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Prince of Ji the Stern Yuwen Kang, styled Qianding. At the beginning of Baoding (561), he was enfeoffed Duke of Ji with a fief of ten thousand households. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. He then went out as commander-in-chief of Lishi and four other provinces, the defenses of Greater and Lesser Sword, and all related military affairs, and as governor of Li Province. Kang was arrogant and lawless, trusting aides such as Lu Yi; he repaired weapons and secretly plotted rebellion. Recorder Pei Rong remonstrated with him; Kang refused to listen and killed Rong. In the fifth year of Jiande (575), an edict granted him death. His son Shi succeeded. During Dading (581), he was killed by Yang Jian; the fief was abolished.
14
Emperor Ming (Yuwen Yu) had three sons. Consort Xu bore Prince of Bi the Impetuous Xian; ladies of the rear palace bore Prince of Feng Zhen and Prince of Song Shi.
15
Prince of Bi the Impetuous Yuwen Xian, styled Qianyang. In the fourth year of Baoding (564), he was enfeoffed Duke of Bi. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. He went out as governor of Hua Province, was transferred to commander-in-chief of Jing Province, and advanced to pillar-of-state. During Xuanzheng (578), he entered office as grand minister of works. At the beginning of Daxiang (579), he advanced to senior pillar-of-state, governor of Yong Province, and grand preceptor. The next year Emperor Xuan (Yuwen Yun) died. Xian was forceful and resolute, with authority and strategic sense. Fearing Yang Jian would overthrow the dynasty, he let his views slip; soon he was killed, together with his sons Hongyi, Gongdao, and Shuniang; the fief was abolished.
16
Prince of Feng Yuwen Zhen, styled Qianya. He was first enfeoffed Duke of Feng. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. At the beginning of Daxiang (579), he was grand minister of war. Later he was killed by Yang Jian, together with his son Duke of Jiyin Dewen; the fief was abolished.
17
Emperor Wu (Yuwen Yong) had seven sons. Empress Li bore Emperor Xuan and Prince of Han Zan; Consort Kuhan bore Prince of Qin Zan and Prince of Cao Yun; Lady Feng bore Prince of Dao Chong; Lady Xue bore Prince of Cai Dui; Lady Zheng bore Prince of Jing Yuan.
18
Prince of Han Yuwen Zan, styled Qianyi. He was first enfeoffed Duke of Han. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince while remaining pillar-of-state. At the end of Daxiang (581), Yang Jian directed the government and, wishing to placate opinion, advanced him to senior pillar-of-state and right grand chancellor. Outwardly he was honored; in fact he held no real authority. When the realm was pacified, he was transferred to grand preceptor. Soon he was killed by Yang Jian, together with his son Duke of Huaiyang Daode and younger brothers Daozhi and Daoyi; the fief was abolished.
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Prince of Qin Yuwen Zan, styled Qianxin. He was first enfeoffed Duke of Qin. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince. He held the offices of senior pillar-of-state, grand minister of war, and grand right assistant. Soon he was killed by Yang Jian, together with his son Duke of Zhongcheng Jingzhi and younger brother Jingren; the fief was abolished. Prince of Cao Yuwen Yun, styled Qianshi. He was first enfeoffed Duke of Cao. In the third year of Jiande (574), he was advanced to prince.
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Prince of Dao Yuwen Chong, styled Qianren. In the sixth year of Jiande (577), he was enfeoffed as prince.
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Prince of Cai Yuwen Dui, styled Qianjun. In the sixth year of Jiande (577), he was enfeoffed as prince.
22
Prince of Jing Yuwen Yuan, styled Qianyi. In the first year of Xuanzheng (578), he was enfeoffed as prince. Yuan together with Dui, Chong, Yun, and the others were all killed by Yang Jian; their fiefs were abolished.
23
Emperor Xuan had three sons. Empress Zhu bore Emperor Jing (Yuwen Chan); a royal lady bore Prince of Ye [variant: Yan] Kan, and Lady Huangfu bore Prince of Ying Shu.
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Prince of Ye [variant: Yan] Yuwen Kan; in the second year of Daxiang (580), he was enfeoffed as prince.
25
Prince of Ying Shu; in the second year of Daxiang (580), he was enfeoffed as prince. Together with [variant: Yan] Kan they were all killed by Yang Jian; their fiefs were abolished.
26
The historiographer says: In olden days commentators all said that Zhou established the five ranks of nobility and endured eight hundred years; Qin established commanderies and counties and fell in the second generation. Though one can trace the record of gain and loss, and arguments over right and wrong alternate, custom never changed and no one sought to restore antiquity. Truly because theorists were beholden to the eminent, and officials clung to established practice—the art of adapting institutions to the times was never pursued to its proper end. Let us try to discuss it:
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Sovereigns and kings rise in succession; the way to found a state is not single; worthies and sages appear in turn; the aim of establishing virtue takes different paths. Surely this is not deliberate contradiction—it is simply governance. How so? The system of five ranks operated before Shang and Zhou; the establishment of commanderies and counties began after Qin and Han. Times differ, so decadence and purity are worlds apart; circumstances differ, so what is adopted or abandoned may vary. It is like using arms daily—hard to accomplish the enterprise of Gaixia; what Jisi (Sima Qian) set forth cannot be applied in the court of accomplished Zhou. Thus adapting measures to the times is the supreme task of governing; observing the people to establish teaching is the long strategy of ordering a state. Demarcating territory, enfeoffing marquises and earls, selecting the worthy, appointing governors and defenders—by name the tracks differ, but in demanding real results they aim at the same end. In prosperity they share security; in decline they share calamity. Shared security depends on conduct; without ritual and righteousness custom cannot be tempered; shared calamity rests on survival or extinction; without arms disorder cannot be stilled. Thus Qi and Jin led with ritual, and the royal enterprise tilted yet revived; Huan Wen and Tao Kan relinquished rank, and the royal framework slackened yet was drawn tight again. Zhou's feudal states were not of one surname; Jin's ministers were not of one clan—were Qi and Jin stronger than the other states, and Wen and Tao worthier than other ministers? Heavy power makes merit easy; light authority makes full loyalty hard. From this we see that enfeoffing princes and appointing governors are techniques that differ between antiquity and the present; military authority, power, and position are the steps on which security and danger depend.
28
When Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai settled Guanzhong, he had no leisure; having died in the status of a minister, he had no time to enfeoff a princely screen. Yuwen Hu assisted the government and planted his faction; senior and junior of the imperial house alike held power and grasped military authority—though peace within the realm was gone, the state had the solidity of bedrock. Yuwen Yong cut away rivals, intending to improve governance, punishing court monopoly while forgetting the long-range plan of a princely bulwark; outwardly he honored rank, inwardly he bred suspicion. From then the foundation that should match Heaven secretly held crumbling ruin. Emperor Xuan succeeded; cruelty and violence were notorious; he mowed down the root branches of the clan and cut away the royal kin throughout. Though in title they were the emperor's uncles, born of the same house, able in civil matters to win followers and in martial to awe foes—all alike resigned high office and wore a lesser lord's dress. Titled lords of a thousand chariots, in power they were no more than commoners. Thus powerful ministers seized their chance, strategists their openings; shifting the sacred tripod was swift as picking something up, and extinguishing princes fierce as a prairie fire. In remote antiquity such cruelty was unheard of. Was it not that withering the withered and shaking the rotten makes change easy?
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使 使 使
Had Emperor Xuan adopted the systems of the Zhou founders Ji Fa and Liu Lei, surveyed sage techniques, assigned worthy kin inside and outside the court, gauged their weight, mixed near and distant kin, head and tail supporting each other, far and near each serving a use— made their position enough to support the state in peril, and their power unable to make disorder— when the enterprise was settled, opportunists would of themselves cease. Though an infant lay on the throne and the court entrusted the fur robe, the altars would stand firm and the people be without fear. How then could a consort's kin have power to seize the throne?
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