Volume 22 Biographies 14: Zhou Huida; Feng Jing; Yang Kuan; elder brothers Mu and Jian; Liu Qing; Zi Ji

周惠達馮景楊寬兄穆儉柳慶子機

Zhou Huida; Feng Jing; Yang Kuan; Yang Mu and Yang Jian (elder brothers); Liu Qing; Zi Ji (Liu Ji)

周惠達字懷文，章武文安人也。父信，少仕州郡，歷樂鄉、平舒、平成三縣令，皆以廉能稱。

Zhou Huida, styled Huaiwen, came from Wen'an in Zhangwu. His father Xin entered service young in local government and served successively as magistrate of Lexiang, Pingshu, and Pingcheng, earning a reputation for integrity and competence in all three posts.

惠達幼有志操，好讀書，美容貌，進退可觀，見者莫不重之。魏齊王蕭寶夤為瀛州刺史，召惠達及河間馮景同在閤中，甚禮之。及寶夤還朝，惠達隨入洛陽。領軍元义勢傾海內，惠達嘗因寶夤與义言論，釜歎重之，於座遺惠達衣物。孝昌初，魏臨淮王彧北討，以惠達為府長流參軍。及万俟醜奴等構亂，蕭寶夤西征，惠達復隨入關。寶夤後與賊戰不利，退還，仍除雍州刺史，令惠達使洛陽。未還，而寶夤反謀聞于京師。有司以惠達是其行人，將執之。乃私馳還，至潼關，遇大使楊侃。侃謂惠達曰：「蕭氏逆謀已成，何為故入獸口？」惠達曰：「蕭王為左右所誤，今往，庶其改圖。」及至，寶夤反形已露，不可彌縫，遂用惠達為光祿勳、中書舍人。寶夤旣敗，人悉逃散，唯惠達等數人從之。寶夤語惠達曰：「人生富貴，左右咸言盡節，及遭厄難，乃知歲寒也。」

From boyhood Zhou Huida had strong character and ambition, loved books, was handsome, and carried himself with such grace that everyone who met him respected him. When Xiao Baoyin, Prince of Qi of Wei, became governor of Ying Province, he summoned Zhou Huida and Feng Jing of Hejian to join his staff and treated them with great honor. When Baoyin returned to the capital, Huida went with him to Luoyang. Director of the Palace Guard Yuan Yi dominated the realm; Zhou Huida once spoke with him through Baoyin, and Yi sighed in admiration and sent him clothing from his seat. At the start of the Xiaochang era, Prince of Linhuai Yuan Ye marched north on campaign and made Zhou Huida recorder on his staff. When Wanqi Chounu and others raised rebellion, Xiao Baoyin marched west and Zhou Huida followed him through the passes again. After Baoyin was defeated by the rebels and withdrew, he was nonetheless appointed governor of Yong Province and sent Zhou Huida as envoy to Luoyang. Before Huida could return, word of Baoyin's planned rebellion reached the capital. The authorities intended to arrest him because he had been Baoyin's envoy. He fled back in secret and at Tong Pass met the imperial envoy Yang Kan. Kan said to Huida: "The Xiao clan's treason is already set—why ride straight into the tiger's mouth?" Huida replied: "Prince Xiao has been led astray by his advisers. If I go now, he may yet change course." When he arrived, Baoyin's rebellion was already plain and could not be concealed; Baoyin then appointed Huida Superintendent of Bright Luxuriance and Attendant within the Palace Secretariat. When Baoyin was defeated, everyone fled; only Zhou Huida and a handful of others stayed with him. Baoyin said to Huida: "In prosperity those around you all swear undying loyalty—but only in hardship do you learn who stands firm in the cold of winter."

賀拔岳獲寶夤送洛，留惠達為府祭酒，給其衣馬，卽與參議。岳為關中大行臺，以惠達為從事中郎。嘗使至洛，魏孝武與惠達語及世難。惠達陳天下事勢，述岳有誠節，唯以憂國定亂為事。言辭激切，帝甚嘉之。及還，具以白岳。岳曰：「人生於天，受命於君，豈有利人榮祿，而不憂其禍難？卿之所奏，實獲吾心。」自是更被親禮。岳每征討，恒命惠達居守。又轉岳府屬。

Heluo Yue captured Baoyin and sent him to Luoyang; he kept Zhou Huida as libationer on his staff, gave him clothes and horses, and at once brought him into council. When Yue became Grand Commissioner for Guanzhong, he appointed Zhou Huida gentleman-attendant. On one mission to Luoyang, Emperor Xiaowu of Wei spoke with Zhou Huida about the troubles of the times. Zhou Huida set out the state of the realm, praised Yue's loyalty, and said that Yue cared for nothing but securing the country and ending the chaos. His speech was forceful and urgent; the Emperor was deeply impressed. On his return he told Yue everything. Yue said: "We are born under Heaven and owe our lives to our lord—how can we enjoy rank and salary from another and not share his peril? What you said is exactly what I feel." From then on Yue treated him with even greater intimacy and respect. Whenever Yue marched out, he left Zhou Huida behind to hold the base. He was later transferred to a staff post in Yue's headquarters.

岳為侯莫陳悅所害，悅得惠達，欲官之。惠達辭以疾，不見許，乃遁入漢陽之麥積崖。悅平，惠達歸於太祖，卽用秦州司馬，安輯隴右。及太祖為大都督總管兵起雍，復以惠達為府司馬，便委任焉。魏孝武詔太祖尚馮翊長公主，以惠達為長史，赴洛陽奉迎。至潼關，遇孝武已西，卽令惠達先。太祖謂惠達曰：「昔周之東遷，晉鄭是依。今乘輿播越，降臨關右，吾雖猥當其任，而才愧昔人。卿宜戮力，共成功業，以取富貴也。」對曰：「惠達宦游有年，屬明公一匡之運，富貴之事，非所敢望。但願明公威德加于天下，惠達得效其尺寸，則志願畢矣。」

When Yue was killed by Houmochen Yue, the latter seized Zhou Huida and tried to give him a post. Zhou Huida pleaded illness; when Houmochen Yue refused to accept the excuse, he fled to the Maiji cliffs in Hanyang. After Houmochen Yue was defeated, Zhou Huida came over to Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai, who at once made him military administrator of Qin Province to pacify Longyou. When Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai, as Grand Governor General, raised troops at Yong, he again made Zhou Huida headquarters military administrator and entrusted him with real authority. Emperor Xiaowu of Wei ordered Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai to marry the Grand Princess of Fengyi; Zhou Huida was made chief administrator and went to Luoyang to escort her. At Tong Pass they learned that Xiaowu had already fled west, and Zhou Huida was sent on ahead. Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai said to Zhou Huida: "When the Zhou court moved east, it leaned on Jin and Zheng. Now the throne is driven into exile and has come to Guan Right. I am unworthy of this burden and lack the gifts of the ancients. If you give me your full strength, we can finish the work and win fortune together." He replied: "I have served in office for many years and now meet your fortune in restoring order. Wealth and rank are not what I seek. I only hope your power and virtue may spread across the realm, and that I may do whatever small service I can—then my wish is complete."

太祖為大將軍、大行臺，以惠達為行臺尚書、大將軍府司馬，封文安縣子，邑三百戶。太祖出鎮華州，留惠達知後事。于時旣承喪亂，庶事多闕。惠達營造戎仗，儲積食糧，簡閱士馬，以濟軍國之務，時甚賴焉。為安東將軍，拜太子少傅，進爵為伯，增邑三百戶。尋除中書令，進爵為公，增邑通前九百戶，加衛大將軍、左光祿大夫。

Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai was made Grand General and head of the Grand Commissioner's Office; Zhou Huida became Commissioner of that office and military administrator of the Grand General's headquarters, enfeoffed as Viscount of Wen'an with three hundred households. When Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai went out to garrison Hua Province, he left Zhou Huida in charge of affairs behind him. The region had just emerged from chaos, and nearly everything still needed to be built from scratch. Zhou Huida organized arms and armor, stockpiled grain, and reviewed troops and horses to meet the needs of army and state, and the court came to depend on him heavily. He was made General Who Pacifies the East and Junior Mentor to the Heir Apparent, raised to earl, and given three hundred additional households. He was soon made Director of the Palace Secretariat, raised to duke with a total fief of nine hundred households, and given the additional titles Defender Grand General and Left Grand Master of Bright Luxuriance.

四年，兼尚書右僕射。其年，太祖與魏文帝東征，惠達輔魏太子居守，總留臺事。惠達前後辭讓，帝手詔答曰：「西顧無憂，唯公是屬。蕭、寇之重，深所寄懷。」及邙山失律，人情駭動。趙青雀率東人據長安子城反，惠達奉太子出渭橋北以禦之。軍還，青雀等伏誅。拜吏部尚書。久之，復為右僕射。

In the fourth year he also served as Right Vice Director of the Masters of Writing. That year Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai and Emperor Wen of Wei marched east; Zhou Huida stayed behind to assist the Wei Heir Apparent and oversee all capital affairs. Zhou Huida tried repeatedly to decline; the Emperor answered in his own hand: "With you watching the west I need not worry—the realm rests on you alone. The threat from Xiao and the raiders I deeply entrust to your care." When the army suffered defeat at Mount Mang, public morale collapsed in alarm. Zhao Qingque led eastern troops in rebellion and seized the inner citadel of Chang'an; Zhou Huida escorted the Heir Apparent north of Wei Bridge to meet them. When the army returned, Qingque and his followers were put to death. He was appointed Director of the Masters of Personnel. After a time he again became Right Vice Director.

自關右草創，禮樂缺然。惠達與禮官損益舊章，至是儀軌稍備。魏文帝因朝奏樂，顧謂惠達曰：「此卿之功也。」尋拜儀同三司。

Guan Right was still being built from nothing, and rites and music were almost wholly lacking. Zhou Huida worked with the rites officials to revise old regulations, and by then court ceremony was gradually taking shape. At court, as music was performed, Emperor Wen of Wei turned to Zhou Huida and said: "This is your doing." He was soon made Equal in Triple Majesty to the Three Dukes.

惠達雖居顯職，性謙退，善下人，盡心勤公，進拔良士。以此人皆敬而附之。十年，薨。子題嗣。隋開皇初，以惠達著績前代，追封蕭國公。

Though he held high office, Zhou Huida was modest by nature, treated subordinates well, served the public with full devotion, and promoted worthy men. For this everyone respected him and rallied to him. He died in the tenth year. His son Ti succeeded him. At the start of the Kaihuang era under Sui, Zhou Huida was posthumously enfeoffed Duke of Xiao for his service to the former dynasty.

馮景字長明，少與惠達同志相友。延（景）〔昌〕中，梁人寇抄徐、揚，景謂蕭寶夤曰：「今梁寇憑淩，朝廷思靖邊之將。王若能先驅效命，非唯雪家國之恥，亦是保身之長策也。」寶夤深然之。及寶夤為大都督，以景為功曹參軍。後為右僕射，引景入省，領尚書都令史。正光中，寶夤為關西大行臺，又假景陵江將軍，領大行臺都令史，從寶夤征討。寶夤將舉兵反，景固諫，不從。

Feng Jing, styled Changming, had shared ideals with Zhou Huida from youth and they were close friends. Yan [variant: Jing] In the Yanxing period, Liang forces raided Xu and Yang; Feng Jing said to Xiao Baoyin: "Liang raiders are pressing hard now, and the court wants a general to secure the border. If you take the lead and throw yourself into service, you will not only redeem the shame of your house and country—you will also save yourself." Baoyin strongly agreed. When Baoyin became Grand Governor General, he made Feng Jing merit-court recorder. Later, as Right Vice Director, he brought Feng Jing into the secretariat and put him in charge of the Masters of Writing chief clerks. In the Zhenguang era Baoyin became Grand Commissioner for Guanxi; he also made Feng Jing General Who Crosses the River in provisional appointment, chief clerk of the Grand Commissioner's Office, and took him on campaign. When Baoyin was preparing to rebel, Feng Jing argued against it firmly, but Baoyin would not heed him.

寶夤敗後，景還洛。朝廷先聞景有諫言，故免之。除奉車都尉。汝陽王元叔昭為隴右大行臺，啟景為行臺郎中。賀拔岳為大都督，又以景為從事中郎。太祖平侯莫陳悅，除景洛陽郡守，尋兼行臺左丞，留守原州。魏孝武西遷，封高陽縣伯，邑三百戶。遷散騎常侍、行臺尚書，加瀛州刺史。大統初，行涇州事。後以疾卒。

After Baoyin's defeat, Feng Jing returned to Luoyang. The court had already heard of Feng Jing's remonstrance, and so spared him punishment. He was appointed Commandant of the Imperial Carriages. Yuan Shuzhao, Prince of Ruyang and Grand Commissioner for Longyou, recommended Feng Jing as gentleman-attendant on the Grand Commissioner's staff. When Heluo Yue became Grand Governor General, he again made Feng Jing gentleman-attendant. After Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai defeated Houmochen Yue, Feng Jing was made governor of Luoyang commandery; he soon also served as Left Assistant Commissioner and stayed behind to hold Yuan Province. When Emperor Xiaowu of Wei fled west, Feng Jing was enfeoffed Earl of Gaoyang with three hundred households. He was promoted to Regular Attendant and Commissioner of the Grand Commissioner's Office, with the added post of governor of Ying Province. At the start of Datong he administered affairs in Jing Province. He later died of illness.

楊寬字景仁，弘農華陰人也。祖恩，魏鎮遠將軍、河間內史。父鈞，博學強識，舉秀才，拜大理平，轉廷尉正。累遷，歷洛陽令、左中郎將（軍）、華州大中正、河南尹、廷尉卿、安北將軍、七兵尚書、北道大行臺、恒州刺史、懷朔鎮將（軍），卒於鎮。贈侍中、司空公，追封臨貞縣伯，諡曰恭。

Yang Kuan, styled Jingren, came from Huayin in Hongnong. His grandfather En was General Who Pacifies the Distance and Interior Administrator of Hejian. His father Jun was learned and had a prodigious memory; he passed the provincial examination, became Equalizer of the Court of Justice, and was transferred to Director of Trials. He rose through successive posts as magistrate of Luoyang, left commandant of the palace guard [variant: jun] , grand selector of Hua Province, Intendant of Henan, Director of the Court of Justice, General Who Pacifies the North, Director of the Seven Armies, Grand Commissioner of the Northern Route, governor of Heng Province, and garrison commander of Huaishuo [variant: jun] , and died at his post. He was posthumously granted Attendant-in-Ordinary and Duke of Works, posthumously enfeoffed Earl of Linzhen with the posthumous name Gong.

寬少有大志，每與諸兒童游處，必擇高大之物而坐之，見者咸異焉。及長，頗解屬文，尤尚武藝。弱冠，除奉朝請。屬鈞出鎮恒州，請從展效，乃改授將軍、高闕戍主。時茹茹旣亂，其主阿那瑰來奔，魏帝遣使納之，詔鈞率兵衛送。寬亦從，以功拜行臺郎中。時北邊賊攻圍鎮城，鈞卒，城民等推寬守禦。尋而城陷，寬乃北走茹茹。後討鎮賊，破之，寬始得還朝。

From boyhood Yang Kuan had great ambition; when he played with other children he always took the highest seat, and onlookers found it remarkable. As a young man he wrote competently and above all prized martial skill. At twenty he was appointed Attendant at Court. When Jun went out to garrison Heng Province, Yang Kuan asked to go with him and prove his worth; he was therefore reappointed general and commandant of Gaolue Pass. The Ruru were then in turmoil; their lord Anagui fled to Wei, the Wei Emperor sent envoys to receive him, and ordered Jun to lead troops to escort and protect him. Yang Kuan went too, and for his service was made gentleman-attendant on the Grand Commissioner's staff. Northern rebels then besieged the garrison town; when Jun died, the townspeople pressed Yang Kuan to take command of the defense. Before long the city fell, and Yang Kuan fled north to the Rouran. Later the garrison rebels were defeated in campaign, and only then could Kuan return to court.

魏廣陽王深與寬素相委昵，深犯法得罪，寬被逮捕。魏孝莊時為侍中，與寬有舊，藏之於宅，遇赦得免。除宗正丞。北海王顥少相器重，時為大行臺，北征葛榮，欲啟寬為左右丞，與參謀議。寬辭以孝莊厚恩未報，義不見利而動。顥未之許。顥妹婿李神軌謂顥曰：「楊寬義士也，匹夫猶不可奪志，況義士乎。王今強之以行，亦恐不為人用。」顥乃止。孝莊踐阼，拜通直散騎侍郎，領河南尹丞，行洛陽令。

Prince Shen of Guangyang of Wei and Yang Kuan had long been close; when Shen broke the law and was charged, Kuan was arrested. Emperor Xiaozhuang of Wei, then attendant at the palace, had old ties with Kuan and hid him at home; an amnesty spared him. He was made deputy director of the imperial clan court. Yuan Hao, Prince of Beihai, had valued him since youth; then grand field secretariat on a northern campaign against Ge Rong, he wished to nominate Kuan as left or right aide for counsel in planning. Kuan declined, saying Xiaozhuang's deep favor was still unpaid and that duty forbade acting for gain. Hao did not agree. Hao's brother-in-law Li Shengui said to him: "Yang Kuan is a man of principle; even a common man's resolve cannot be forced—how much less a principled man's? If you force him now, I fear he will not serve you willingly." Hao thereupon dropped the matter. When Xiaozhuang acceded, Kuan was made irregularly-attending gentleman attendant at the scattered cavalry, Henan governor's supervisor, and acting magistrate of Luoyang.

邢杲反，寬以都督從太宰、上黨王元天穆討平之。就拜通直散騎常侍。師未還，屬元顥自梁入洛，孝莊出居河內。天穆懼，計無所出，集諸將謀之。寬曰：「吳人輕跳，非王之敵。況懸軍深入，師老兵疲，強弩之末，何能為也。願徑取成皋，會兵伊洛，戮帶定襄，於是乎在。此事易同摧朽，王何疑焉。」天穆然之，乃引軍趣成皋，令寬與爾朱能為後拒。尋以衆議不可，乃回赴石濟。寬夜行失道，後期。諸將咸言：「寬少與北海周旋，今不來矣。」天穆答曰：「楊寬非輕於去就者也，其所逗留，必有他故。吾當為諸君保明之。」語訖，候騎白寬至。天穆撫髀而笑曰：「吾固知其必來。」遽出帳迎之，握其手曰：「是所望也。」卽給牛三十頭、車五乘、綿絹一十五車、羊五十口。與天穆俱謁孝莊於太行，拜散騎常侍、安東將軍。仍為都督，從平河內，進圍北中。

When Xing Gao rebelled, Kuan as area commander followed Grand Marshal Yuan Tianmu, Prince of Shangdang, and helped put down the revolt. He was thereupon made irregularly-attending regular attendant at the scattered cavalry. Before the army returned, Yuan Hao entered Luoyang from Liang and Xiaozhuang withdrew to Henei. Tianmu was alarmed and at a loss; he gathered the generals to counsel together. Kuan said: "Southerners are rash and fickle—not a match for Your Highness. Moreover they are an army deep in hostile country, old in the field and weary in the ranks—spent like the last force of a strong crossbow; what can they do? I urge a direct strike on Chenggao, mass troops at the Yi and Luo, and cut the enemy off and settle the field—that is where victory lies. This is as easy as snapping rotten wood—why hesitate?" Tianmu agreed, led the army toward Chenggao, and ordered Kuan and Erzhu Neng to cover the rear. Soon, when the generals' counsel went against it, he turned back toward Shiji. Kuan marched by night, lost the road, and arrived late. The generals all said: "Kuan has long been close to the Prince of Beihai—now he will not come." Tianmu replied: "Yang Kuan is not one to treat loyalty lightly; if he is delayed, there must be another reason. I will answer for him to you all." As he finished, scout riders reported that Kuan had arrived. Tianmu slapped his thigh and laughed: "I knew he would come." He rushed from the tent to meet him, took his hand, and said: "This is what I wanted." He then gave him thirty oxen, five carts, fifteen cartloads of cotton and silk, and fifty sheep. With Tianmu he paid homage to Xiaozhuang at Taihang and was made regular attendant at the scattered cavalry and general who pacifies the east. He remained area commander, followed in pacifying Henei, and advanced to besiege Beizhong.

時梁將陳慶之為顥兵守北門，天穆駐馬圍外，遣寬至城下說慶之。寬先自稱姓名，然後與語，備陳利害，勸令早降。慶之不答。久之，乃曰：「賢兄撫軍在此，頗欲相見。」寬答曰：「僕兄旣力屈（凶）〔王〕威，跡淪逆黨，人臣之理，何煩相見。向所以先申姓名者，豈不知兄在彼乎。直以信不見疑，忠為令德耳。僕之昆季，幸不待言。但當議良圖，自求多福。」天穆聞之，謂左右曰：「楊寬大異人，何至不惜形便如此。」自是彌敬重之。孝莊反正，拜中軍將軍、太府卿、華州大中正，封澄城縣伯，邑三百戶。

Liang general Chen Qingzhi then held the north gate for Hao's army; Tianmu halted outside the siege and sent Kuan to the wall to persuade Qingzhi. Kuan first gave his name and only then spoke, setting out the stakes in full and urging an early surrender. Qingzhi did not answer. After a long while he said: "Your worthy brother the Army Protector is here—I should like to meet him." Kuan replied: "My brother, having exhausted his strength before [variant: xiong] Wang's might, his tracks fallen among the rebel party—as a subject, why trouble with a meeting? I announced my name first—did you think I did not know my brother was there? It was simply that trust should not be doubted and loyalty is the highest virtue. As for my brothers, surely nothing need be said. You should only plan wisely and seek your own good fortune." When Tianmu heard this, he told those beside him: "Yang Kuan is a remarkable man—to go so far as to set kin aside without shame!" From then on he respected him all the more. When Xiaozhuang restored order, Kuan was made general of the central army, grand minister of the treasury, chief arbiter of Hua, and Baron of Chengcheng with a fief of three hundred households.

爾朱榮被誅，其從弟世隆等擁部曲燒城門，出據河橋，還逼京師。進寬鎮北將軍、使持節、大都督，隨機扞禦。世隆謂寬曰：「豈忘太宰相知之深也？」寬答曰：「太宰見愛以禮，人臣之交耳。今日之事，事君常節。」世隆北走，寬追至河內。俄而爾朱兆陷洛陽，囚執孝莊帝。寬還洛不可，遂自成皋奔梁。至建業，聞孝莊帝弒崩，寬發哀盡禮。梁武義之，待之甚厚。尋而禮送還朝。至下邳，爾朱仲遠啟復寬官爵，留為大行臺吏部尚書。

When Erzhu Rong was executed, his cousin Shilong and others rallied their troops, burned the city gates, seized Heqiao, and turned back to threaten the capital. Kuan was promoted to general who pacifies the north, bearer of the staff of authority, and grand area commander to repel the enemy as circumstances required. Shilong said to Kuan: "Have you forgotten how deeply the Grand Marshal favored you?" Kuan replied: "The Grand Marshal treated me with courtesy—that was only the bond between lord and subject. Today's affair is the standing duty of serving one's lord." Shilong fled north, and Kuan pursued him to Henei. Soon Erzhu Zhao took Luoyang and imprisoned Emperor Xiaozhuang. Unable to return to Luoyang, Kuan fled from Chenggao to Liang. At Jianye he heard that Emperor Xiaozhuang had been assassinated and observed mourning with full rites. Emperor Wu of Liang admired his loyalty and treated him very generously. He was soon sent back north with full courtesy. At Xiapi, Erzhu Zhongyuan memorialized to restore Kuan's rank and title and kept him as director of the Masters of Writing under the grand field secretariat.

孝武初，改授散騎常侍、驃騎將軍、給事黃門侍郎，監內典書事。時夏州戍兵數千人據兗州反，詔寬兼侍中，節度諸軍討平之。中尉綦俊與寬有宿憾，誣以他罪，劾之。孝武謂侍臣等曰：「楊寬清直，朕極知其無罪，但不能杜法官之奏耳。」事下廷尉，尋得申釋。又除黃門侍郎，兼武衛將軍。孝武與齊神武有隙，遂召募騎勇，廣增宿衛。以寬為合內大都督，專總禁旅。從孝武入關，兼吏部尚書。錄從駕勳，進爵華山郡公，邑一千二百戶。大統初，遷車騎大將軍、太子太傅、儀同三司。三年，使茹茹，迎魏文悼後。還，拜侍中、都督涇州諸軍事、涇州刺史。五年，除驃騎大將軍、開府儀同三司、都督東雍州諸軍事、東雍州刺史，卽本州也。十年，轉河州刺史。十六年，兼大丞相府司馬。

At the start of Emperor Xiaowu's reign, Kuan was reassigned regular attendant at the scattered cavalry, general of rapid cavalry, gentleman of the yellow gate attending to affairs, and overseer of the inner palace library. When several thousand Xia Province garrison troops seized Yan and rebelled, an edict made Kuan concurrently attendant at the palace to command the armies and put down the revolt. Chief jailer Qi Jun bore an old grudge against Kuan, trumped up other charges, and impeached him. Xiaowu told the attendant ministers: "Yang Kuan is upright and honest—I know he is innocent, but I cannot block the prosecutors' memorial." The case went to the court of judicial review, and before long he was cleared. He was again made gentleman of the yellow gate and concurrently general of martial guards. Xiaowu had a rift with Gao Huan and recruited mounted warriors, greatly expanding the palace guard. Kuan was made grand director within the palace gates, with sole charge of the forbidden guard. He followed Xiaowu into the Pass region and was concurrently director of the Masters of Writing. His merit in escorting the emperor was recorded, and he was raised to Duke of Huashan with a fief of twelve hundred households. At the start of Datong he was transferred to grand general of chariots and cavalry, tutor of the crown prince, and equal in rank to the Three Dukes. In the third year he was sent to the Rouran to escort back the late Empress Wen of Wei. On returning he was made attendant at the palace, area commander over Jing Province military affairs, and governor of Jing. In the fifth year he was made grand general of rapid cavalry, opening-office equal in rank to the Three Dukes, area commander over East Yong military affairs, and governor of East Yong—his home province. In the tenth year he was transferred to governor of He. In the sixteenth year he was concurrently grand chancellor's headquarters marshal.

朝議欲經略漢川，而梁宜豐侯蕭循固守南鄭。十七年，寬從大將軍達奚武討之。梁武陵王蕭紀遣將楊乾運率兵萬餘人救循，武令寬督開府王傑、賀蘭願德等邀擊之。軍至白馬，與乾運合戰，破之，俘斬數千人。軍還，除南豳州刺史。魏廢帝初，入為尚書左僕射、將作大監，坐事免。魏恭帝二年，除廷尉卿。世宗初，拜大將軍，增邑一千二百戶。從賀蘭祥討吐谷渾，破之，別封宜陽縣公，邑一千戶。除小冢宰，轉御正中大夫。武成二年，詔寬與麟趾學士參定經籍。

The court planned to advance into the Han River region, but Liang's Marquis of Yifeng, Xiao Xun, held Nanzheng firmly. In the seventeenth year Kuan followed Grand General Daxi Wu against him. Xiao Ji, Prince of Wuling of Liang, sent Yang Qianyun with more than ten thousand men to relieve Xun; Wu ordered Kuan to supervise opening-office holders Wang Jie, Helan Yuande, and others in intercepting them. The army reached Baima, fought Qianyun, defeated him, and captured or killed several thousand men. When the army returned, he was made governor of South Bin. At the start of the deposed Wei emperor's reign he entered court as left vice director of the Masters of Writing and supervisor of palace construction, then was dismissed for an offense. In the second year of Emperor Gong of Wei he was made director of the court of judicial review. At the start of Emperor Shizong's reign he was made grand general and given twelve hundred additional households in his fief. He followed Helan Xiang against Tuyuhun, defeated them, and was separately enfeoffed Duke of Yiyang county with a fief of one thousand households. He was made junior steward of the ancestral temple and transferred to grand master of the palace provisioners. In Wucheng 2 an edict ordered Kuan and the Linchi academicians to collate the classical texts.

寬性通敏，有器識。頻牧數州，號為清簡。曆居臺閣，有當官之譽。然與柳慶不協，欲按成其罪，時論頗以此譏之。保定元年，除總管梁興等十九州諸軍事、梁州刺史。其年，薨於州。贈華陝虞上潞五州刺史。諡曰元。子紀嗣。大象末，官至上儀同大將軍、虞部下大夫。

Kuan was penetrating and quick by nature, with capacity and discernment. Having governed several provinces in succession, he was known for clarity and restraint. Over long service in the central offices he had a reputation for doing his duty. Yet he was at odds with Liu Qing and wished to build a case against him; opinion at the time criticized him for this. In Baoding 1 he was made grand prefect over the military affairs of Liang, Xing, and eighteen other provinces, and governor of Liang. That same year he died in office. Posthumously he was granted the titles of governor of Hua, Shan, Yu, Shang, and Lu. His posthumous title was Yuan ("Primary"). His son Ji succeeded him. At the end of the Daxiang reign he reached upper equal-in-rank grand general and grand master of the Yu department.

寬二兄，穆、儉。穆字紹叔。魏永安中，除華州別駕。孝武末，寬請以澄城縣伯讓穆，詔許之。仍拜中軍將軍、金紫光祿大夫，除車騎將軍、都督幷州諸軍事、幷州刺史。卒於家。贈驃騎大將軍、開府儀同三司、華州刺史。

Kuan had two elder brothers, Mu and Jian. Mu was styled Shaoshu. During Wei Yong'an he was made vice director of Hua Province. Near the end of Xiaowu's reign, Kuan asked to yield the barony of Chengcheng to Mu, and an edict granted it. He was thereupon made general of the central army and grand master with the golden seal and purple tassel, then general of chariots and cavalry, area commander over Bing military affairs, and governor of Bing. He died at home. He was posthumously enfeoffed grand general of rapid cavalry, opening-office equal-to-three-division protocol, and governor of Hua Province.

儉字景則。偉容儀，有才行。魏正始中，起家侍御史，加奉朝請，遷員外散騎侍郎。孝昌中，除鎮遠將軍、頓丘太守。未及述職，元顥啟請隨軍。建義初，兼給事黃門侍郎、左將軍、太府少卿。元顥入洛，授撫軍將軍。孝莊反正，廢於家。尋拜散騎常侍、都督潁州諸軍事、潁州刺史。建明中，加征南將軍、金紫光祿大夫。孝武初，除衛將軍、北雍州刺史。政尚寬惠，夷夏安之。孝武西遷，除侍中、驃騎將軍。大統初，以本官行東秦州事，加使持節、當州大都督。從破齊神武于沙苑，封夏陽縣侯，邑八百戶。七年，領大丞相府諮議參軍，出為都督東雍華二州諸軍事、驃騎大將軍、開府儀同三司、華州刺史。八年，卒於家。贈本官，諡曰靜。

Yang Jian, styled Jingze. He was handsome in bearing and possessed both talent and character. In the Zhengshi era of Northern Wei he entered service as attendant censor, was additionally made court attendant, and rose to supernumerary attendant-in-ordinary of the scattered cavalry. In the Xiaochang era he was made general of distant pacification and governor of Dunqiu. Before he could assume office, Yuan Hao asked that he accompany the army. At the beginning of Jianyi he was concurrently made attendant gentleman of the yellow gate, left general, and junior minister of the grand treasury. When Yuan Hao entered Luoyang, Yang Jian was appointed general who pacifies the army. When Emperor Xiaozhuang was restored to the throne, Yang Jian was dismissed and retired to his home. He was soon made regular attendant-in-ordinary, commander of military affairs in Ying Province, and governor of Ying. During Jianming he was further made southward general and grand master with gold seal and purple ribbon. At the beginning of Emperor Xiaowu's reign he was made guard general and governor of Northern Yong. His rule was lenient and kind, and both barbarians and Chinese lived in peace under him. When Emperor Xiaowu moved west, Yang Jian was made attendant-in-ordinary and grand general of rapid cavalry. At the beginning of Datong he retained his rank while acting in Eastern Qin Province affairs, and was additionally made bearer of the staff of authority and area commander of the province. He took part in the victory over Gao Huan at Shayuan and was enfeoffed Marquis of Xiayang with eight hundred households. In the seventh year he served on the advisory staff of the grand chancellor's office, then was sent out as commander of military affairs in Eastern Yong and Hua, grand general of rapid cavalry, opening-office equal-to-three-division protocol, and governor of Hua. In the eighth year he died at home. He was posthumously granted his existing offices and given the posthumous title Jing.

柳慶字更興，解人也。五世祖恭，仕後趙，為河東郡守。後以秦、趙喪亂，乃率民南徙，居於汝、潁之間，故世仕江表。祖縃，宋同州別駕，宋安郡守。父僧習，齊奉朝請。魏景明中，與豫州刺史裴叔業據州歸魏。歷北地、潁川二郡守、揚州大中正。

Liu Qing, styled Gengxing, came from Jie. His fifth-generation ancestor Gong had served Later Zhao as governor of Hedong commandery. Later, when Qin and Zhao were torn by chaos, he led his people south and settled between the Ru and Ying rivers; the family therefore served for generations in Jiangdong. His grandfather Zu had been vice-prefect of Tong under Song and governor of Song'an commandery. His father Sengxi had been a court attendant under Northern Qi. In the Jingming era of Northern Wei he and Yu inspector Pei Shuye held the province and surrendered it to Wei. He served in turn as governor of Beidi and Yingchuan and as chief rectifier of Yang Province.

慶幼聰敏，有器量。博涉群書，不治章句。好飲酒，閑於占對。年十三，因曝書，僧習謂慶曰：「汝雖聰敏，吾未經特試。」乃令慶于雜賦集中取賦一篇，千有餘言，慶立讀三遍，便卽誦之，無所遺漏。時僧習為潁川郡，地接都畿，民多豪右。將選鄉官，皆依倚貴勢，競來請托。選用未定。僧習謂諸子曰：「權貴請托，吾並不用。其使欲還，皆須有答。汝等各以意為吾作書也。」慶乃具書草云：「下官受委大邦，選吏之日，有能者進，不肖者退。此乃朝廷恒典。」僧習讀書，歎曰：「此兒有意氣，丈夫理當如是。」卽依慶所草以報。起家奉朝請。

From boyhood Liu Qing was clever and quick-witted, with breadth of character. He read widely but did not trouble himself with textual commentary. He loved wine and was adept at extemporaneous conversation. At thirteen, while books were being aired in the sun, Sengxi said to Liu Qing: "You are clever, but I have never put you to a real test." He had Liu Qing take from a miscellany of rhapsodies one piece of more than a thousand words; Liu Qing read it three times on the spot and recited it from memory without a single omission. At that time Sengxi was governor of Yingchuan, a district bordering the capital region where many powerful families lived. When he was about to select local officials, the powerful all leaned on noble connections and vied to solicit favors. The appointments had not yet been decided. Sengxi told his sons: "I will accept none of the powerful families' requests. When their envoys wish to return, each must receive an answer. Each of you draft a reply as you see fit." Liu Qing then drafted a letter saying: "Your humble servant has been entrusted with a great commandery; on the day of selecting officials, the capable advance and the unworthy withdraw. This is the standing rule of the court." Sengxi read it and sighed: "This boy has backbone—a man ought to be like this." He replied at once using Liu Qing's draft. Liu Qing began his career as court attendant.

慶出後第四叔，及遭父憂，議者不許為服重。慶泣而言曰：「禮者蓋緣人情，若於出後之家，更有苴斬之服，可奪此從彼。今四叔薨背已久，情事不追。豈容奪禮，乖違天性！」時論不能抑，遂以苫塊終喪。旣葬，乃與諸兄負土成墳。服闋，除中堅將軍。

Liu Qing had been adopted out to a fourth uncle; when his adoptive father died, critics held that he should not wear the severest mourning. Liu Qing wept and said: "Rites grow from human feeling; if the household that adopted me requires coarse hemp and severest mourning, one might abandon this grief for that. But my fourth uncle died long ago; that bond cannot be revived. How can I cast aside the rites and violate my nature!" Public opinion could not prevail against him, and he completed the full mourning on a straw mat. After the burial he and his elder brothers carried earth and built the tomb mound. When mourning ended he was made stalwart general.

魏孝武將西遷，除慶散騎侍郎，馳傳入關。慶至高平見太祖，共論時事。太祖卽請奉迎輿駕，仍命慶先還復命。時賀拔勝在荊州，帝屏左右謂慶曰：「高歡已屯河北，關中兵旣未至，朕欲往荊州，卿意何如？」慶對曰：「關中金城千里，天下之強國也。宇文泰忠誠奮發，朝廷之良臣也。以陛下之聖明，仗宇文泰之力用，進可以東向而制群雄，退可以閉關而固天府。此萬全之計也。荊州地非要害，衆又寡弱，外迫梁寇，內拒歡黨，斯乃危亡是懼，寧足以固鴻基？以臣斷之，未見其可。」帝深納之。

When Emperor Xiaowu of Wei was about to move west, Liu Qing was made attendant-in-ordinary of the scattered cavalry and rode post-haste through the passes. Liu Qing reached Gaoping and met Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai; together they discussed the situation. Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai thereupon proposed to welcome the emperor, and ordered Liu Qing to return first with his reply. At that time He Ba Sheng was in Jing Province; the emperor dismissed his attendants and asked Liu Qing: "Gao Huan has already encamped north of the Yellow River, and the Guanzhong troops have not yet arrived; I wish to go to Jing Province—what do you think?" Liu Qing replied: "Within the passes the golden ramparts stretch a thousand li—it is the strongest realm under heaven. Yuwen Tai is loyal and resolute—a fine minister of the court. With Your Majesty's sagacity and Yuwen Tai's strength, advancing you can face east and master the rival lords; retreating you can close the passes and secure the imperial storehouse. That is the plan of complete safety. Jing Province is not strategically vital; its forces are few and weak; externally it is harried by Liang raiders, internally it must resist Gao Huan's faction—there you would court ruin; how could that secure the dynasty? In my judgment, I do not see how it can succeed." The emperor deeply accepted this.

及帝西遷，慶以母老不從。獨孤信之鎮洛陽，乃得入關。除相府東閤祭酒，領記室，轉戶曹參軍。八年，遷大行臺郎中，領北華州長史。十年，除尚書都兵，郎中如故，幷領記室。

When the emperor moved west, Liu Qing did not follow because his mother was old. When Dugu Xin garrisoned Luoyang, Liu Qing was finally able to enter the passes. He was made eastern pavilion libationer in the chancellor's office, concurrently head of the secretariat, and was transferred to the household section. In the eighth year he was transferred to director in the grand mobile office and concurrently chief administrator of Northern Hua. In the tenth year he was made director of military affairs in the Masters of Writing; he retained his directorship and also continued to head the secretariat.

時北雍州獻白鹿，群臣欲草表陳賀。尚書蘇綽謂慶曰：「近代以來，文章華靡，逮于江左，彌復輕薄。洛陽後進，祖述不已。相公柄民軌物，君職典文房，宜制此表，以革前弊。」慶操筆立成，辭兼文質。綽讀而笑曰：「枳橘猶自可移，況才子也。」尋以本官兼雍州別駕。

At that time Northern Yong presented a white deer; the ministers wished to draft a congratulatory memorial. Director of the Masters of Writing Su Chuo said to Liu Qing: "In recent times writing has grown ornate; in Jiangzuo it has become even more frivolous. The younger writers of Luoyang imitate this without end. The Chancellor governs the people and sets the standard; your office oversees the scriptorium—you should compose this memorial and reform the old abuses." Liu Qing took up the brush and finished it on the spot; the language combined polish with substance. Su Chuo read it and laughed: "Even the bitter orange changes when transplanted—how much more a man of talent." Soon, retaining his existing rank, he was concurrently made vice-prefect of Yong.

廣陵王元欣，魏之懿親。其甥孟氏，屢為匈橫。或有告其盜牛。慶捕推得實，趣令就禁。孟氏殊無懼容，乃謂慶曰：「今若加以桎梏，後復何以脫之？」欣亦遣使辨其無罪。孟氏由此益驕。慶於是大集僚吏，盛言孟氏依倚權戚，侵虐之狀。言畢，便令笞殺之。此後貴戚斂手，不敢侵暴。

Prince of Guangling Yuan Xin was a close kinsman of Northern Wei. His nephew of the Meng clan repeatedly behaved with violent arrogance. Someone reported that he had stolen an ox. Liu Qing arrested and investigated him, found the charge true, and promptly ordered him imprisoned. Meng showed no fear at all and said to Liu Qing: "If you put shackles on me now, how will you remove them later?" Yuan Xin also sent an envoy to argue that he was innocent. The Meng clan grew even more arrogant after this. Liu Qing then assembled his staff and fully described how the Meng clan relied on powerful kin and oppressed the people. When he had finished, he immediately ordered Meng beaten to death with the whip. After this the noble kin held back and dared not oppress the people.

有賈人持金二十斤，詣京師交易，寄人停止。每欲出行，常自執管鑰。無何，緘閉不異而失之。謂主人所竊，郡縣訊問，主人遂自誣服。慶聞而歎之，乃召問賈人曰：「卿鑰恒置何處？」對曰：「恒自帶之。」慶曰：「頗與人同宿乎？」曰：「無。」「與人同飲乎？」曰：「日者曾與一沙門再度酣宴，醉而晝寢。」慶曰：「主人特以痛自誣，非盜也。彼沙門乃真盜耳。」卽遣吏逮捕沙門，乃懷金逃匿。後捕得，盡獲所失之金。十二年，改三十六曹為十二部，詔以慶為計部郎中，別駕如故。

A merchant carrying twenty jin of gold went to the capital to trade and lodged with a host. Whenever he wished to go out, he always kept the keys on his person. Before long, though the lock showed no sign of tampering, the gold was gone. He thought the host had stolen it; the local authorities interrogated the host, who then falsely confessed. Liu Qing heard of this and sighed; he summoned the merchant and asked: "Where do you always keep your keys?" He replied: "I always carry them on my person." Liu Qing asked: "Do you ever lodge with others?" He said: "No." "Do you ever drink with others?" He said: "The other day I twice drank heavily with a Buddhist monk; I was drunk and slept through the day." Liu Qing said: "The host only confessed under torture; he is not the thief. That monk is the real thief." He immediately sent officials to arrest the monk, who had hidden the gold on his person and fled. He was later captured, and all the lost gold was recovered. In the twelfth year the thirty-six bureaus were reorganized into twelve departments; an edict made Liu Qing director of the accounts department while retaining his vice-prefectship.

有胡家被劫，郡縣按察，莫知賊所，鄰近被囚繫者甚多。慶以賊徒旣衆，似是烏合，旣非舊交，必相疑阻，可以詐求之。乃作匿名書多牓官門曰：「我等共劫胡家，徒侶混雜，終恐洩露。今欲首，懼不免誅。若聽先首免罪，便欲來告。」慶乃復施免罪之牓。居二日，廣（陽）〔陵〕王欣家奴面縛自告牓下。因此推窮，盡獲黨與。慶之守正明察，皆此類也。每歎曰：「昔于公斷獄無私，闢高門可以待封。儻斯言有驗，吾其庶幾乎。」十三年，封清河縣男，邑二百戶，兼尚書右丞，攝計部。十四年，正右丞。

A Hu household was robbed; the local authorities investigated but could not find the bandits, and many neighbors were imprisoned. Liu Qing reasoned that since the bandits were numerous they must be a mob of strangers who would suspect and distrust one another—and that they could therefore be found by a ruse. Anonymous letters were then posted at many government gates, saying: "We robbed a Hu household together; our band is mixed, and we fear exposure in the end. We wish to turn ourselves in, but fear we cannot escape execution. If those who surrender first are spared punishment, we will come forward." Liu Qing then posted placards again offering amnesty. Two days later, Guang [variant: Yang] [Ling] A bound household slave of Prince Xin of Guangling surrendered beneath the placard. The investigation ran its course from this, and every accomplice was captured. Liu Qing's integrity and sharp discernment were all of this kind. He often sighed and said: "In olden days Lord Yu judged cases without partiality and built a high gate awaiting enfeoffment. If that saying proves true, I may come close to it." In the thirteenth year he was enfeoffed Baron of Qinghe with two hundred households, made concurrent right vice director of the Masters of Writing, and put in charge of the accounts section. In the fourteenth year he became regular right vice director.

太祖嘗怒安定國臣王茂，將殺之，而非其罪。朝臣咸知，而莫敢諫。慶乃進曰：「王茂無罪，奈何殺之？」太祖愈怒，聲色甚厲，謂慶曰：「王茂當死，卿若明其無罪，亦須坐之。」乃執慶於前。慶辭氣不撓，抗聲曰：「竊聞君有不達者為不明，臣有不爭者為不忠。慶謹竭愚誠，實不敢愛死，但懼公為不明之君耳。願深察之。」太祖乃悟而赦茂，已不及矣。太祖默然。明日，謂慶曰：「吾不用卿言，遂令王茂冤死。可賜茂家錢帛，以旌吾過。」尋進爵為子，增邑三百戶。十五年，加平南將軍。十六年，太祖東討，以慶為大行臺右丞，加撫軍將軍。還轉尚書右丞，加通直散騎常侍。魏廢帝初，除民部尚書。

Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai once in anger moved against Wang Mao, a Ding'an subject, and was about to execute him though he was innocent. Every court minister knew it, yet none dared remonstrate. Liu Qing then stepped forward and said: "Wang Mao is innocent—why kill him?" Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai grew angrier still; his voice and bearing turned harsh, and he told Liu Qing: "Wang Mao deserves death. If you insist he is innocent, you too must share the punishment." He then had Liu Qing seized before him. Liu Qing's tone did not waver; he answered boldly: "I have heard that a ruler who fails to see clearly is unenlightened, and a minister who will not contend is disloyal. Liu Qing offers his utmost honest counsel and truly does not cling to life, but only fears that you will prove an unenlightened ruler. I beg you to look into this carefully." Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai then understood and pardoned Wang Mao, but it was already too late. Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai fell silent. The next day he told Liu Qing: "I did not heed you, and so let Wang Mao die unjustly. Grant Wang Mao's household money and silk to mark my fault." Liu Qing was soon raised to viscount, and his fief was increased by three hundred households. In the fifteenth year he was given the added title general who pacifies the south. In the sixteenth year, when Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai campaigned east, Liu Qing was made right vice director of the great mobile secretariat and given the added title general who comforts the army. On his return he was transferred to right vice director of the Masters of Writing and given the added title attendant-in-ordinary of direct liaison. At the beginning of Western Wei Emperor Fei's reign, he was appointed minister of the people.

慶威儀端肅，樞機明辨。太祖每發號令，常使慶宣之。天性抗直，無所回避。太祖亦以此深委仗焉。二年，授車騎大將軍、儀同三司。魏恭帝初，進位驃騎大將軍、開府儀同三司、尚書右僕射，轉左僕射，領著作。六官建，拜司會中大夫。孝閔帝踐阼，賜姓宇文氏，進爵平齊縣公，增邑通前一千五百戶。

Liu Qing's bearing was dignified and solemn, and in affairs of state he was clear and discerning. Whenever Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai issued orders, he always had Liu Qing proclaim them. Upright and outspoken by nature, he yielded to nothing. Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai also for this reason placed deep trust in him. In the second year he was appointed grand general of chariots and cavalry and equal-to-three-division commander. At the beginning of Western Wei Emperor Gong's reign, he was raised to grand general of agile cavalry, opening-office equal-to-three-division commander, and right vice premier; he was transferred to left vice premier and put in charge of the Bureau of Compilation. When the six offices were established, he was appointed director of accounts, grand master. When Emperor Xiaomin acceded, he was granted the surname Yuwen, raised to Duke of Pingqi, and his fief was increased together with the former to one thousand five hundred households.

晉公護初攝政，欲引為腹心。慶辭之，頗忤旨。又與楊寬有隙，及寬參知政事，慶遂見疏忌，出為萬州刺史。世宗尋悟，留為雍州別駕，領京兆尹。武成二年，除宜州刺史。慶自為郎，迄于司會，府庫倉儲，竝其職也。及在宜州，寬為小冢宰，乃囚慶故吏，求其罪失。按驗積六十餘日，吏或有死於獄者，終無所言，唯得剩錦數匹。時人服其廉慎。保定三年，又入為司會。

When Duke of Jin Yuwen Hu first held the regency, he wished to draw Liu Qing in as a trusted confidant. Liu Qing declined, greatly going against Hu's intent. He also had a rift with Yang Kuan; when Kuan joined in directing government affairs, Liu Qing met with estrangement and suspicion and was sent out as inspector of Wan Province. Emperor Shizong soon saw his error, kept Liu Qing as vice governor of Yong Province, and concurrently made him metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao. In Wucheng 2 he was appointed inspector of Yi Province. From the time Liu Qing served as a palace gentleman until he became director of accounts, treasury stores and granaries had all been within his duties. While Liu Qing was at Yi Province, Yang Kuan served as minor chief minister; Kuan then imprisoned Liu Qing's former subordinates and searched for faults and lapses. The investigation ran for more than sixty days; some subordinates died in prison, yet in the end none confessed, and only a few bolts of surplus brocade were found. People of the time admired his integrity and caution. In Baoding 3 he again entered court as director of accounts.

機字匡時，少有令譽，風儀辭令，為當世所推。曆小納言、開府儀同三司、司宗中大夫。大象中，御正上大夫、華州刺史。

Ji, styled Kuangshi, had a fine reputation from youth; his bearing, speech, and command of language were praised by his contemporaries. He served as junior remonstrator, opening-office equal-to-three-division commander, and director of the clan, grand master. In the Daxiang era he was director of censors, upper grand master, and inspector of Hua Province.

機弟弘，字匡道，少聰穎，亦善草隸，博涉群書，辭彩雅贍。與弘農楊素為莫逆之交。解巾中外府記室參軍。建德初，除內史上士，歷小宮尹、御正上士。陳遣王偃民來聘，高祖令弘勞之。偃民謂弘曰：「來日，至於藍田，正逢滋水暴長，所齎國信，溺而從流。今所進者，假之從吏。請勒下流人，見為追尋此物也。」弘曰：「昔淳於之獻空籠，前史稱以為美。足下假物而進，詎是陳君之命乎。」偃民慚不能對。高祖聞而嘉之，盡以偃民所進之物賜弘，（乃）〔仍〕令報聘。占對詳敏，見稱于時。使還，拜內史都上士，遷御正下大夫。尋卒于官，時年三十一。高祖甚惜之。贈晉州刺史。楊素誄之曰：「山陽王弼，風流長逝。潁川荀粲，零落無時。修竹夾池，永絕梁園之賦；長楊映沼，無復洛川之文。」其為士友所痛惜如此。有文集行於世。

Ji's younger brother Hong, styled Kuangdao, was clever and quick from youth; he also excelled at cursive and clerical script, read widely, and wrote with elegant richness. With Yang Su of Hongnong he formed a friendship of utmost trust. He first took office as recorder in the central and exterior headquarters staff. At the start of Jiande he was appointed upper master of the secretariat; he served as junior palace steward and upper master of the directorate of censors. Chen sent Wang Yanmin on a friendly mission; Emperor Gaozu ordered Hong to host him. Yanmin told Hong: "The other day, when we reached Lantian, the Zi River suddenly flooded; the state letter we carried was drowned and swept away. What we present now was borrowed from attendant clerks. Please order people downstream to look out and recover it for us." Hong said: "In olden days Chunyu's presenting an empty cage was praised in the histories as admirable. You present borrowed goods—how is that the command of the lord of Chen?" Yanmin was ashamed and could not reply. Emperor Gaozu heard of it and commended him; he gave Yanmin's entire presentation to Hong, [variant: nai] and ordered him to return the visit. His replies were detailed and quick; he was praised in his time. When the mission returned, he was appointed director of the secretariat, upper master, and transferred to lower grand master of the directorate of censors. He soon died in office, aged thirty-one. Emperor Gaozu deeply regretted his loss. He was posthumously made inspector of Jin Province. Yang Su composed a dirge for him, saying: "Wang Bi of Shanyang—his elegance has passed forever. Xun Can of Yingchuan—fallen without season. Bamboo groves flanking the pool—forever ended are the Liang Garden rhapsodies; the Changyang reflected in the marsh—no more the Luochuan essays." Scholar-friends mourned him to this extent. A collected works of his circulated in the world.

慶三兄，鷟、虯、檜，虯、檜竝自有傳。鷟好學，善屬文。魏臨淮王記室參軍事。早卒。子帶韋，字孝孫。深沉有度量，少好學。身長八尺三寸，美風儀，善占對。韓賢素為洛州刺史，召為主簿。後與諸父歸朝，太祖辟為參軍。

Liu Qing had three elder brothers—Zhuo, Qiu, and Gui; Qiu and Gui each have their own biographies. Zhuo loved learning and was skilled at composing prose. He was recorder on the staff of the Prince of Linhuai of Wei. He died young. His son Daiwei, styled Xiaosun. Deep and reserved, with breadth of mind, he loved learning from youth. He stood eight feet three inches tall, had fine bearing, and was skilled at ready replies. Han Xian, long inspector of Luo Province, summoned him as chief clerk. Later he returned to court with his uncles; Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai recruited him as a staff officer.

時侯景作亂江右，太祖令帶韋使江、郢二州，與梁邵陵、南平二王通好。行至安州，值假寶等反，帶韋乃矯為太祖書以撫安之，竝卽降附。旣至郢，見邵陵，具申太祖意。邵陵卽（時）〔使〕隨帶韋報命。以奉使稱旨，授轉輔國將軍、中散大夫。

At the time Hou Jing was in rebellion south of the Yangtze; Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai ordered Daiwei to go as envoy to Jiang and Ying provinces and open friendly relations with the Liang princes of Shaoling and Nanping. When he reached An Province, Jiabao and others had risen in rebellion; Daiwei forged a letter in Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai's name to reassure them, and they submitted at once. When he reached Ying, he saw the Prince of Shaoling and fully explained Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai's intent. The Prince of Shaoling thereupon [variant: shi] sent an envoy to follow Daiwei back with the reply. Because the mission accorded with intent, he was appointed auxiliary state general and palace attendant.

十七年，太祖遣大將軍達奚武經略漢川，以帶韋為治行臺左丞，從軍南討。時梁宜豐侯蕭循守南鄭，武攻之未拔。乃令帶韋入城說循曰：「足下所固者險，所恃者援，所守者民。今王師深入棧道，長驅漢川，此則所憑之險不足固也；武興陷沒於前，白馬破亡於後，自餘川谷酋豪，路阻而不敢進，此則所望之援不可恃也；夫顧親戚，懼誅夷，貪榮慕利，此生人常也，今大兵總至，長圍四合，戮逃亡以勸安居，賞先降以招後服，人人懷轉禍之計，家家圖安堵之謀，此則所部之民不可守也。且足下本朝喪亂，社稷無主，盡忠將何所托，死節不足成名，竊為足下不取也。僕聞賢者相時而動，智者因變立功。當今為足下計者，莫若肉袒軍門，歸命下吏，免生民于塗炭，全髮膚於孝道。必當紆青拖紫，裂土分珪，名重當時，業光後嗣。豈若進退無據，身名俱滅者哉。」循然之，後乃降。

In the seventeenth year Grand Progenitor Yuwen Tai dispatched grand general Daxi Wu to operate in Hanzhong; Daiwei was made left vice director of the governing mobile secretariat and followed the army south. At the time the Liang Marquis of Yifeng, Xiao Xun, held Nanzheng; Daxi Wu attacked but could not take it. He then ordered Daiwei to enter the city and persuade Xiao Xun, saying: "What you rely on is terrain, what you depend on is reinforcements, and what you hold is the people. Now the royal army has penetrated deep along the plank road and drives straight through Hanzhong—then the terrain you rely on is not enough to hold; Wuxing has fallen in front and Baima has been destroyed behind; the remaining chieftains of valleys and streams, blocked on the road, dare not advance—then the reinforcements you look to cannot be depended on; To care for kin, fear execution, covet glory and prize profit—this is human nature; now the great army has arrived, the long encirclement closes on four sides, punishing flight to encourage those who stay, rewarding those who surrender first to win those who come later—every man plots to turn calamity aside, every household seeks settled security—then the people under your command cannot be held. Moreover your own court is in disorder and the altars of soil and grain have no lord; to whom would complete loyalty be entrusted, and dying for principle would not suffice to make a name—I privately consider this unworthy of you. I have heard that the worthy move according to the times, and the wise achieve merit by adapting to change. The best course I can urge for you now is to come to the camp gate with bared shoulder, surrender to the officials, spare your people the torments of war, and preserve your own life in filial duty. You will surely receive high office and enfeoffment, win weighty fame in your own day, and leave glory to your descendants. How is that not better than wavering without refuge until body and reputation are both destroyed?" Xiao Xun agreed, and afterward surrendered.

時譙王儉為益州總管，漢王贊為益州刺史。高祖乃以帶韋為益州總管府長史，領益州別駕，輔弼二王，總知軍民事。建德中，大軍東討，徵帶韋為前軍總管齊王憲府長史。齊平，以功授上開府儀同大將軍，進爵為公，增邑一千戶。陳王純出幷州，以帶韋為幷州司會、幷州總管府長史。六年，卒於位，時年五十五。諡曰愷。子祚嗣。少有名譽。大象末，宣納上士。

At the time Yuwen Jian, Prince of Qiao, was area commander of Yi, and Yuwen Zan, Prince of Han, was inspector of Yi. Emperor Gaozu then made Liu Daiwei chief clerk of the Yi area command headquarters and concurrent vice governor of Yi, to assist the two princes and oversee all military and civil affairs. During the Jiande era, when the main army marched east, Daiwei was summoned as chief clerk on the vanguard staff of Prince of Qi Yuwen Xian. When Northern Qi fell, he was rewarded with upper opening-office equal-in-protocol grand general, raised to duke, and given one thousand more households. When Yuwen Chun, Prince of Chen, went out to Bingzhou, Daiwei was made Bingzhou controller and chief clerk of the area command headquarters. In the sixth year he died in office, aged fifty-five. His posthumous title was Kai (Genial). His son Zuo succeeded him. He had a fine reputation from youth. At the end of the Daxiang era he was Xuanna upper gentleman.

史臣曰：周惠達見禮於寶夤，楊寬荷恩於晉泰。旣而蕭氏獲罪，莊帝出居，遂能契闊寇戎，不以興（王）〔亡〕革慮；崎嶇危難，不以夷險易心。斯固篤終之士。柳慶束帶立朝，懷匪躬之節；蒞官從政，著清白之美。竝遭逢興運，各展志能，譽重搢紳，望隆端揆，非虛云也。然慶畏避權寵，違忤宰臣，雖取詘於一時，實獲申於千載矣。

The historiographer writes: Zhou Huida was honored by Xiao Baoyin; Yang Kuan won favor in the Putai era. When the Xiao clan fell and Emperor Zhuang was driven into exile, they endured through war and hardship, not letting the [variant: wang] fall of dynasties alter their resolve; through rugged peril they did not let ease or hardship change their hearts. These were men who truly saw things through to the end. Liu Qing girded himself and stood at court with the self-sacrificing integrity of a true minister; In office and in governance he displayed unstained integrity. Both rode a rising age, each put his gifts to full use, won weighty repute among the gentry, and stood as figures fit for the highest office—that praise was no empty boast. Yet Liu Qing shunned power and favor and defied the chief minister; though he lost ground for a time, he won vindication for a thousand generations.

全文以中華書局、一九七一年十一月版《周書》為本校。

This text was collated against the Zhonghua Shuju edition of the 《Book of Zhou》 (November 1971).

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