1
異域上
Other Regions, Part One
2
蓋天地之所覆載，至大矣； 日月之所臨照，至廣矣。 然則萬物之內，民人寡而禽獸多； 兩儀之間，中土局而庶俗曠。 求之鄒說，詭怪之迹實繁； 考之《山經》，奇譎之詞匪一。 周、孔存而不論，是非紛而莫辯。 秦皇鞭笞天下，黷武於遐方； 漢武士馬強盛，肆志於遠畧。 匈奴旣卻，其國已虛； 犬馬旣來，其民亦困。 是知鴈海龍堆，天所以絕夷夏也； 炎方朔漠，地所以限內外也。 況乎時非秦、漢，志甚嬴、劉，違天道以求其功，殫民力而從所欲，顛墜之釁，固不旋踵。 是以先王設教，內諸夏而外夷狄； 往哲垂範，美樹德而鄙廣地。 雖禹迹之東漸西被，不過海及流沙； 王制之自北徂南，裁稱穴居交趾。 豈非道貫三古，義高百代者乎。
Heaven and earth cover and sustain all things—nothing is greater; and what the sun and moon illuminate stretches without limit. Yet among living creatures, people are few and beasts are many; between heaven and earth the central realm is narrow while the borderlands are vast. Zou Yan's cosmology teems with strange and uncanny tales; the Classic of Mountains and Seas abounds in fantastic language. Confucius and the Zhou sages left such matters unspoken, and truth and falsehood became impossible to sort out. Qin Shihuang scourged the empire and squandered arms on distant campaigns; Han Wudi, with armies and horses at peak strength, pursued grand designs far from home. When the Xiongnu were beaten back, their lands lay empty; when tribute horses arrived at court, the common people were exhausted as well. Thus the wild seas and Dragon Mound are Heaven's barrier between barbarian and Chinese realms; the torrid south and northern wastes are Earth's line between inner and outer lands. How much worse when rulers were no Qin or Han emperors yet aspired like Ying Zheng and the Liu emperors—defying Heaven's way for glory, draining the people for private ends: ruin would follow in no time at all. The ancient kings taught accordingly: civilization within, barbarians without; sages of old prized virtue and scorned mere territorial gain. Even Yu's dominion, spreading east and west, reached only to the sea and the shifting sands; the royal domain from north to south barely acknowledged cave-dwellers and Jiaozhi. Is this not a Way spanning three ages and a principle towering above a hundred generations?
3
有周承喪亂之後，屬戰爭之日，定四表以武功，安三邊以權道。 趙、魏尚梗，則結姻於北狄； 廄庫未實，則通好於西戎。 由是德刑具舉，聲名遐洎。 卉服氈裘，輻協於屬國； 商胡販客，填委於旗亭。 雖東畧漏三吳之地，南巡阻百越之境，而國威之所肅服，風化之所覃被，亦足為弘矣。 其四夷來朝聘者，今竝紀之於後。 至於道路遠近，物產風俗，詳諸前史，或有不同。 斯皆錄其當時所記，以備遺闕云爾。
Zhou rose after an age of mourning and chaos, in a time of constant war; it pacified the four quarters by arms and steadied the three frontiers through flexible statecraft. While Zhao and Wei still held out, Zhou sealed marriage alliances with northern tribes; when granaries and stables were still empty, it courted friendship with western tribes. Thus virtue and punishment worked together, and Zhou's renown spread to distant lands. Tribes in painted robes and fur coats gathered at the border dependencies; Sogdian traders packed the market stalls along the highways. Though eastern campaigns never fully held the Three Wu and southern tours could not penetrate the Hundred Yue, the awe of Zhou power and the reach of its civilizing influence were grand enough by any measure. The foreign peoples who came to court with tribute are recorded in what follows. Distances, products, and customs are set out at length in earlier histories, though accounts sometimes differ. What follows records contemporary accounts to fill gaps in the record.
4
高句麗
Goguryeo
5
高麗者，其先出於夫餘。 自言始祖曰朱蒙，河伯女感日影所孕也。 朱蒙長而有材畧，夫餘人惡而逐之。 土于紇斗骨城，自號曰高句麗，仍以高為氏。 其孫莫來漸盛，擊夫餘而臣之。 莫來裔孫璉，始通使於後魏。
Goguryeo traced its origins to Buyeo. They claimed their founder Jumong was born when a daughter of the River Lord conceived after the sun's reflection touched her. Jumong grew gifted and resourceful; the Buyeo people hated him and drove him away. He settled at Kogolbone Fortress, called his state Goguryeo, and took Gao as his clan name. His grandson Molae grew strong, attacked Buyeo, and brought it under submission. Lian, a descendant in Molae's line, first sent envoys to Northern Wei.
6
其地，東至新羅，西渡遼水二千里，南接百濟，北鄰靺鞨千餘里。 治平壤城。 其城，東西六里，南臨浿水。 城內唯積倉儲器備，寇賊至日，方入固守。 王則別為宅於其側，不常居之。 其外有國內城及漢城，亦別都也，復有遼東、玄菟等數十城，皆置官司，以相統攝。
Its lands ran east to Silla, two thousand li west across the Liao River, south to Baekje, and north to the Mohe for more than a thousand li. The court sat at Pyongyang. The city measured six li east to west and stood on the Yalu River to the south. Inside they kept only grain stores and equipment; when raiders came, the people entered to hold the walls. The king kept a separate residence nearby and did not live in the city itself. Outside lay the Inner City and Han City, secondary capitals as well; dozens of cities such as Liaodong and Xuantu each had officials to govern them.
7
大官有大對盧，次有太大兄、大兄、小兄、意俟奢、烏拙、太大使者、大使者、小使者、褥奢、翳屬、仙人幷褥薩凡十三等，分掌內外事焉。 其大對盧，則以彊弱相陵，奪而自為之，不由王之署置也。 其刑法：謀反及叛者，先以火焚爇，然後斬首，籍沒其家。 盜者，十餘倍徵贓。 若貧不能備，及負公私債者，皆聽評其子女為奴婢以償之。
Senior offices included the Great Tolu, then the Great Elder Brother, Elder Brother, Lesser Elder Brother, Uisoksa, Uchok, Great Envoy, Envoy, Lesser Envoy, Yuksa, Uisok, Immortal, and Yuksa—thirteen ranks in all—governing internal and external affairs. The Great Tolu was seized by whichever faction was strongest, not appointed by the king. Penal law held that rebels and defectors were burned alive, then beheaded, and their households confiscated. Thieves paid restitution at more than tenfold the stolen goods. Those too poor to pay, or in debt to public or private creditors, might assign sons and daughters as slaves to settle the account.
8
丈夫衣同袖衫、大口褲、白韋帶、黃革履。 其冠曰骨蘇，多以紫羅為之，雜以金銀為飾。 其有官品者，又插二鳥羽於其上，以顯異之。 婦人服裙襦，裾袖皆為袂。 書籍有《五經》、《三史》、《三國志》、《晉陽秋》。 兵器有甲弩弓箭戟矟矛鋋。 賦稅則絹布及粟，隨其所有，量貧富差等輸之。 土田塉薄，居處節儉。 然尚容止。 多詐偽，言辭鄙穢，不簡親疏，乃至同川而浴，共室而寢。 風俗好淫，不以為愧。 有游女者，夫無常人。 婚娶之禮，畧無財幣，若受財者，謂之賣婢，俗甚恥之。 父母及夫喪，其服制同於華夏。 兄弟則限以三月。 敬信佛法，尤好淫祀。 又有神廟二所：一曰夫餘神，刻木作婦人之象； 一曰登高神，云是其始祖夫餘神之子。 竝置官司，遣人守護。 蓋河伯女與朱蒙云。
Men wore tunics with shared sleeves, wide trousers, white leather belts, and yellow leather shoes. Their cap, called gusu, was chiefly purple gauze adorned with gold and silver. Officials added two bird feathers to the cap to mark their rank. Women wore skirts and jackets with overlapping hems and sleeves. They possessed the Five Classics, the Three Histories, Records of the Three Kingdoms, and the Jin Annals. Their arms included armor, crossbows, bows, arrows, halberds, spears, and daggers. Taxes were paid in silk, cloth, and grain according to means, in graded amounts by wealth. The land was poor and thin; people lived frugally. Yet they still valued proper bearing. They were deceitful, their speech coarse; kin and stranger alike bathed in the same stream and slept in one room. Licentiousness was common custom and no cause for shame. Some women wandered without fixed husbands. Marriage involved almost no bride-price; accepting payment was deemed selling a daughter and deeply shameful. Mourning for parents and husbands followed Chinese practice. Mourning for brothers lasted three months. They revered Buddhism and especially favored extravagant cult sacrifices. They maintained two spirit shrines: the Buyeo Spirit, a wooden image of a woman; and the Ascent Spirit, said to be son of the Buyeo founding spirit. Both had officials appointed to guard them. This commemorates the legend of the River Lord's daughter and Jumong.
9
璉五世孫成，大統十二年，遣使獻其方物。 成死，子湯立。 建德六年，湯又遣使來貢。 高祖拜湯為上開府儀同大將軍、遼東郡開國公、遼東王。
Cheng, Lian's descendant five generations removed, sent tribute in the twelfth year of Datong. When Cheng died, his son Tang succeeded him. In the sixth year of Jiande, Tang again sent tribute envoys. Emperor Wu appointed Tang Superior Opening Office, Peer of Threefold Honours with Grand General, founding duke of Liaodong Commandery, and King of Liaodong.
10
百濟者，其先蓋馬韓之屬國，夫餘之別種。 有仇台者，始國於帶方。 故其地界東極新羅，北接高句麗，西南俱限大海。 東西四百五十里，南北九百餘里。 治固麻城。 其外更有五方：中方曰古沙城，東方曰得安城，南方曰久知下城，西方曰刀先城，北方曰熊津城。
Baekje probably descended from a Ma Han dependency and a Buyeo offshoot. Qiutai first founded a state at Daifang. Its borders ran east to Silla, north to Goguryeo, and southwest to the sea on all sides. It measured four hundred fifty li east to west and more than nine hundred li north to south. The court sat at Gumo. Five outer regions surrounded the capital: central Gusa, eastern Deoan, southern Guchihaha, western Doseon, and northern Ungjin.
11
王姓夫餘氏，號於羅瑕，民呼為鞬吉支，夏言竝王也。 妻號於陸，夏言妃也。 官有十六品。 左平五人，一品； 達率三十人，二品； 恩率三品； 德率四品； 扞率五品； 柰率六品。 六品已上，冠飾銀華。 將德七品，紫帶； 施德八品，皂帶； 固德九品，赤帶； （李） 〔季〕德十品，青帶； 對德十一品，文督十二品，皆黃帶； 武督十三品，佐軍十四品，振武十五品，克虞十六品，皆白帶。 自恩率以下，官無常員，各有部司，分掌衆務。 內官有前內部、穀部、肉部、內掠部、外掠部、馬部、刀部、功德部、藥部、木部、法部、後官部。 外官有司軍部、司徒部、司空部、司寇部、點口部、客部、外舍部、綢部、日官部、都市部。 都下有萬家，分為五部，曰上部、前部、中部、下部、後部，統兵五百人。 五方各有方領一人，以達率為之； 郡將三人，以德率為之。 方統兵一千二百人以下，七百人以上。 城之內外民庶及餘小城，咸分 （肄） 〔隸〕焉。
Kings bore the Buyeo surname and the title Woroja; commoners called them Geonjiji—both mean king in Chinese. The queen's title was Worok—consort in Chinese. There were sixteen official ranks. Five Left Peaces, first rank; thirty Tolu, second rank; Enlu, third rank; Delu, fourth rank; Hanlu, fifth rank; Nailu, sixth rank. From the sixth rank up, caps bore silver floral ornaments. Jangde, seventh rank, purple belt; Sideok, eighth rank, black belt; Gokde, ninth rank, red belt; The character Li here is erroneous; the text below reads Ji. Jide, tenth rank, green belt; Duide, eleventh rank; Mundok, twelfth rank—both yellow belt; Mudok, thirteenth rank; Jogun, fourteenth; Jinmu, fifteenth; Gyeok, sixteenth—all white belt. From Enlu down, posts had no fixed headcount; each department managed its own affairs. Inner bureaus included the Former Inner, Grain, Meat, Inner Plunder, Outer Plunder, Horse, Blade, Merit, Medicine, Wood, Law, and Rear Consort departments. Outer bureaus included Military Affairs, Minister of the Masses, Minister of Works, Minister of Justice, Population Registration, Guest, Outer Quarters, Silk, Solar Office, and Market departments. The capital district held ten thousand households in five divisions—Upper, Front, Central, Lower, and Rear—each commanding five hundred troops. Each of the five regions had one regional leader, a Tolu; Three commandery generals were appointed from the Delu rank. Each commanded between seven hundred and twelve hundred troops. Commoners inside and outside the cities and in lesser towns were all assigned Xi, an erroneous character; see the emended li below. They were registered as subordinates.
12
其衣服，男子畧同於高麗。 若朝拜祭祀，其冠兩廂加翅，戎事則不。 拜謁之禮，以兩手據地為敬。 婦人衣 （以） 〔似〕袍，而袖微大。 在室者，編發盤於首，後垂一道為飾； 出嫁者，乃分為兩道焉。 兵有弓箭刀矛。 俗重騎射，兼愛墳史。 其秀異者，頗解屬文。 又解陰陽五行。 用宋《元嘉曆》，以建寅月為歲首。 亦解醫藥卜筮占相之術。 有投壺、樗蒲等雜戲，然尤尚奕棊。 僧尼寺塔甚多，而無道士。 賦稅以布絹絲麻及米等，量歲豐儉，差等輸之。 其刑罰：反叛、退軍及殺人者，斬； 盜者，流，其贓兩倍徵之； 婦人犯姦者，沒入夫家為婢。 婚娶之禮，畧同華俗。 父母及夫死者，三年治服； 餘親，則葬訖除之。 土田下濕，氣候溫暖。 五穀雜果菜蔬及酒醴肴饌藥品之屬，多同於內地。 唯無駝驢騾羊鵝鴨等。 其王以四仲之月，祭天及五帝之神。 又每歲四祠其始祖仇台之廟。
Men dressed much like Goguryeo men. For court and sacrifice they wore caps with winged side-panels; not in wartime. They bowed by placing both hands on the ground. Women wore Yi, an erroneous character; see the emended si below. They wore robe-like garments with rather full sleeves. Unmarried women braided their hair on the crown with one trailing lock for ornament; married women divided the braid into two locks. Their arms were bows, arrows, knives, and spears. They valued mounted archery and prized historical writing. Talented men among them often mastered literary composition. They also understood yin-yang lore and the Five Phases. They used the Song Yuanjia calendar with the yin month as New Year. They practiced medicine, milfoil divination, physiognomy, and augury. They played pitch-pot, chupu, and other games, but prized weiqi above all. Monasteries and pagodas were numerous, but there were no Daoist priests. Taxes in cloth, silk, hemp, and rice varied with the harvest year by graded assessment. Penalties: rebels, deserters, and murderers were beheaded; thieves were exiled and paid double restitution; adulterous women were taken into the husband's house as bondmaids. Marriage customs largely followed Chinese practice. Parents and husbands were mourned for three years; other kin were mourned only until burial was finished. The land was low and wet, the climate mild. Grain, fruit, vegetables, wine, food, and medicines largely matched those of the interior. They lacked camels, donkeys, mules, sheep, geese, ducks, and similar stock. In the four seasonal mid-months the king sacrificed to Heaven and the Five Emperors. Four times yearly he sacrificed at the shrine of the founder Qiutai.
13
蠻者，盤瓠之後。 族類 （番） 〔蕃〕衍，散處江、淮之間，汝、豫之郡。 憑險作梗，世為寇亂。 逮魏人失馭，其暴滋甚。 有冉氏、向氏、田氏者，陬落尤盛。 餘則大者萬家，小者千戶。 更相崇樹，僭稱王侯，屯據三峽，斷遏水路，荊、蜀行人，至有假道者。 太祖畧定伊、瀍，聲教南被，諸蠻畏威，靡然向風矣。
The Man traced descent from Panhu. Their clans Fan, an erroneous character; see the emended fan proliferate below. They multiplied and spread between the Yangzi and Huai, across Ru and Yu prefectures. They used rugged terrain to resist and for generations raided and rebelled. When Northern Wei lost its grip, their violence worsened. The Ran, Xiang, and Tian clans had the strongest settlements. Lesser groups held from ten thousand households down to a thousand. They hailed one another as kings and marquises, held the Three Gorges, blocked the waterways, and forced travelers from Jing and Shu to seek passage by leave. When Emperor Wen secured the Yi and Chan region, his authority spread south and the Man clans submitted in waves.
14
大統五年，蔡陽蠻王魯超明內屬，以為南雍州刺史，仍世襲焉。 十一年，蠻首梅勒特來貢其方物。 尋而蠻帥田杜清及沔、漢諸蠻擾動，大將軍楊忠擊破之。 其後蠻帥杜青和自稱巴州刺史，以州入附。 朝廷因其所稱而授之。 青和後遂反，攻圍東梁州。 其唐州蠻田魯嘉亦叛，自號豫州伯。 王雄、權景宣等前後討平之。 語在泉仲遵及景宣傳。
In Datong year 5 the Caiyang Man king Lu Chaoming submitted and was made Governor of Southern Yong, an hereditary post. In year 11 the Man chief Meilete presented tribute. Soon Tian Duqing and the Mian and Han Man rebelled; Grand General Yang Zhong defeated them. Later the Man chief Du Qinghe called himself Governor of Ba and surrendered the prefecture. The court recognized his title and confirmed the appointment. Qinghe soon rebelled and besieged Eastern Liang. The Tang Prefecture Man Tian Lujia rebelled and called himself Earl of Yu. Wang Xiong, Quan Jingxuan, and others crushed them in turn. The full account appears in the biographies of Quan Zhongzun and Jingxuan.
15
魏廢帝初，蠻酋樊舍舉落內附，以為淮北三州諸軍事、淮州刺史、淮安郡公。 于謹等平江陵，諸蠻騷動，詔豆盧寧、蔡祐等討破之。
When Emperor Fei of Wei acceded, the Man chief Fan She submitted and was made commander of the three Huai north prefectures, Huai governor, and Duke of Huai'an. When Yu Jin took Jiangling the Man rose; Dou Lu Ning and Cai You were sent to suppress them.
16
魏恭帝二年，蠻酋宜民王田興彥、北荊州刺史梅季昌等相繼款附。 以興彥、季昌竝為開府儀同三司，加季昌洛州刺史，賜爵石台縣公。 其後巴西人譙淹扇動羣蠻，以附於梁。 蠻帥向鎮侯、向 （日） 〔白〕彪等應之。 向五子王又攻陷信州。 田烏度、田都唐等抄斷江路。 文子榮復據荊州之汶陽郡，自稱仁州刺史。 幷鄰州刺史蒲微亦舉兵逆命。 詔田弘、賀若敦、潘招、李遷哲討破之。 語在敦及遷哲、 （楊） 〔陽〕雄等傳。
In Wei Gongdi year 2 the Man chiefs King of the People Tian Xingyan and Northern Jing governor Mei Jichang submitted in turn. Both were made Opening Office, Peer of Threefold Honours; Jichang also received Luozhou and the title Duke of Shitai. Later the Ba native Qiao Yan incited the Man to side with Liang. The Man chiefs Xiang Zhenhou and Xiang Ri, an erroneous character; see the emended Bai below. Baibiao and others joined the revolt. Xiang the Fifth Son King again took Xin Prefecture. Tian Wudu and Tian Dutang cut the river road. Wen Zirong seized Jingzhou's Wenyang and called himself Governor of Ren. Neighboring governor Pu Wei also rebelled. Tian Hong, He Ruo Dun, Pan Zhao, and Li Qianzhe were ordered to suppress them. The account is in the biographies of Dun, Qianzhe, and Yang, an erroneous character; see the emended Yang below. Yang Xiong.
17
武成初，文州蠻叛，州選軍討定之。 尋而冉令賢、向五子王等又攻陷白帝，殺開府楊長華，遂相率作亂。 前後遣開府元契、趙剛等總兵出討，雖頗剪其族類，而元惡未除。
Early in Wucheng the Wenzhou Man rebelled; local forces pacified them. Soon Ran Lingxian and Xiang the Fifth Son King took Baidi, killed Yang Changhua, and rose together. Yuan Qi and Zhao Gang campaigned repeatedly; many clans were destroyed but the ringleaders remained.
18
天和元年，詔開府陸騰督王亮、司馬裔等討之。 騰水陸俱進，次于湯口，先遣喻之。 而令賢方增浚城池，嚴設扞禦。 遣其長子西黎、次子南王領其支屬，於江南險要之地置立十城，遠結涔陽蠻為其聲援。 令賢率其精卒，固守水邏城。 騰乃總集將帥，謀其進趣。 咸欲先取水邏，然後經畧江南。 騰言於衆曰：「令賢內恃水邏金湯之險，外托涔陽輔車之援，兼復資糧充實，器械精新。 以我懸軍攻其嚴壘，脫一戰不剋，更成其氣。 不如頓軍湯口，先取江南，剪其羽毛，然後進軍水邏。 此制勝之計也。」 衆皆然之。 乃遣開府王亮率衆渡江，旬日攻拔其八城，凶黨奔散。 獲賊帥冉承公幷生口三千人，降其部衆一千戶。 遂簡募驍勇，數道入攻水邏。 路經石壁城。 此城峻嶮，四面壁立，故以名焉。 唯有一小路，緣梯而上。 蠻蜑以為峭絕，非兵衆所行。 騰被甲先登，衆軍繼進，備經危阻，累月乃得舊路。 且騰先任隆州總管，雅知蠻帥冉伯犁、冉安西與令賢有隙。 騰乃招誘伯犁等，結為父子，又多遺其金帛。 伯犁等悅，遂為鄉導。 水邏側又有石勝城者，亦是險要。 令賢使兄子龍真據之。 騰又密誘龍真云，若平水邏，使其代令賢處。 龍真大悅，密遣其子詣騰。 騰乃厚加禮接，賜以金帛。 蠻貪利旣深，仍請立效。 乃謂騰曰：「欲翻所據城，恐人力寡少。」 騰許以三百兵助之。 旣而遣二千人銜枚夜進。 龍真力不能禦，遂平石勝城。 晨至水邏，蠻衆大潰，斬首萬餘級，虜獲一萬口。 令賢遁走，追而獲之，幷其子弟等皆斬之。 司馬裔又別下其二十餘城，獲蠻帥冉三公等。 騰乃積其骸骨於水邏城側，為京觀。 後蠻蜑望見，輒大號哭。 自此狼戾之心輟矣。
In Tianhe year 1 Lu Teng was ordered to command Wang Liang, Sima Yi, and others against them. Lu Teng advanced by land and water to Tangkou and first sent envoys to warn them. Meanwhile Lingxian deepened walls and strengthened defenses. He sent sons Xili and the Southern King to ten strongpoints in the south, allying with the Cenyang Man. Lingxian held Shuilo with his elite troops. Lu Teng gathered his officers to plan the advance. All favored taking Shuilo first, then the south bank. Lu Teng told them: "Lingxian trusts Shuilo's defenses and Cenyang's aid, with full stores and fresh arms. If our isolated force assaults his fortress and fails once, his morale will rise. Better to hold at Tangkou, take the south bank first, clip his wings, then strike Shuilo. That is how we win." All agreed. Wang Liang crossed the river and in ten days took eight forts; the rebels fled. They took Ran Chenggong and three thousand captives and accepted a thousand households in surrender. They then picked elite troops and assaulted Shuilo on several routes. The march passed Shibi Fortress. The fortress was sheer, walled on every side, hence its name. Only one path climbed by ladder. The Man thought it impassable for an army. Lu Teng armored himself and led the climb; the army followed through months of peril. Lu Teng, former Longzhou commander, knew the Man chiefs Ran Boli and Ran Anxi hated Lingxian. He won over Boli with gifts and sworn brotherhood. Boli gladly guided the army. Near Shuilo stood Shisheng Fortress, also a strongpoint. Lingxian put his nephew Long Zhen there. Lu Teng secretly promised Long Zhen Lingxian's place if Shuilo fell. Long Zhen sent his son to Lu Teng in secret. Lu Teng received him with honor and gifts of gold and silk. Greedy for the bounty, the Man asked to prove their loyalty in battle. He told Lu Teng: "I want to turn the fortress I hold, but I lack men." Lu Teng promised three hundred men to help. Then he sent two thousand men with gags in their mouths by night. Long Zhen could not hold out and Shisheng fell. By dawn they reached Shuilo; the Man army collapsed with more than ten thousand killed and ten thousand taken. Lingxian fled, was caught, and was executed with his sons and kin. Sima Yi took twenty-odd cities and captured the Man chief Ran Sangong. Lu Teng piled their bones beside Shuilo as a victory mound. When the Man saw the mound they wailed aloud. After that their fierce spirit broke.
19
時向五子王據石默城，令其子寶勝據雙城。 水邏平後，頻遣喻之，而五子王猶不從命。 騰又遣王亮屯牢坪，司馬裔屯雙城以圖之。 騰慮雙城孤峭，攻未易拔。 賊若委城奔散，又難追討。 乃令諸軍周回立柵，遏其走路。 賊乃大駭。 於是縱兵擊破之，擒五子王于石默，獲寶勝於雙城，悉斬諸向首領，生擒萬餘口。 信州舊治白帝。 騰更于劉備故宮城南，八陣之北，臨江岸築城，移置信州。 又以巫縣、信陵、秭歸竝是硤中要險，於是築城置防，以為襟帶焉。
Xiang the Fifth Son King held Shimo and sent his son Baosheng to hold Shuang. After Shuilo fell Lu Teng warned them repeatedly, but the Fifth Son King refused. Lu Teng sent Wang Liang to Laoping and Sima Yi to Shuang to besiege them. He feared Shuang was too steep to storm easily. If the rebels fled the city they would be hard to catch. He ringed the forts with palisades to block escape. The rebels panicked. His troops broke them, took the Fifth Son King at Shimo and Baosheng at Shuang, executed the Xiang chiefs, and captured ten thousand alive. Xin Prefecture had formerly been at Baidi. Lu Teng built a new city south of Liu Bei's old palace and north of the Eight Formations and moved Xin Prefecture there. He fortified Wu, Xinling, and Zigui in the gorges as strategic strongpoints.
20
天和六年，蠻渠冉祖喜、冉龍驤又反，詔大將軍趙誾討平之。 自此羣蠻懾息，不復為寇矣。
In Tianhe year 6 the Man chiefs Ran Zuxi and Ran Longxiang rebelled; Zhao Yan crushed them. After that the Man clans were subdued and ceased raiding.
21
獠者，蓋南蠻之別種，自漢中達於邛、笮，川洞之間，在所皆有之。 俗多不辨姓氏，又無名字，所生男女，唯以長幼次第呼之。 其丈夫稱阿謨、阿段，婦人阿夷、阿第之類，皆其語之次第稱謂也。 喜則羣聚，怒則相殺，雖父子兄弟，亦手刃之。 遞相掠賣，不避親戚。 被賣者號叫不服，逃竄避之，乃將買人指撝捕逐，若追亡叛，獲便縛之。 但經被縛者，卽服為賤隸，不敢更稱良矣。 俗畏鬼神，尤尚淫祀巫祝，至有賣其昆季妻孥盡者，乃自賣以祭祀焉。 往往推一酋帥為王，亦不能遠相統攝。
The Liao were a southern Man offshoot spread from Hanzhong to Qiong and Zuo in every mountain valley. They often had no surnames or personal names and called children only by birth order. Men were called Amo or Aduan, women Ayi or Adi—ordinal terms in their tongue. Joy brought crowds together; anger brought killing—even fathers and sons struck with blades. They sold one another without regard to kinship. Captives fled until buyers hunted them like deserters and bound them. Once bound they accepted slavery and never claimed freedom again. They feared spirits and lavish shaman rites, sometimes selling kin or even themselves for sacrifice. They often hailed a chieftain as king but could not rule one another from afar.
22
自江左及中州遞有巴、蜀，多恃險不賓。 太祖平梁、益之後，令所在撫慰。 其與華民雜居者，亦頗從賦役。 然天性暴亂，旋至擾動。 每歲命隨近州鎮出兵討之，獲其口以充賤隸，謂之為壓獠焉。 後有商旅往來者，亦資以為貨，公卿逮于民庶之家，有獠口者多矣。
From the lower Yangzi to the heartland, wherever Ba and Shu lay, many held the mountains and refused submission. After Emperor Wen pacified Liang and Yi he ordered local officials to pacify them. Those living among Chinese often paid taxes and labor service. Yet they were violent by nature and soon rebelled again. Each year nearby commands campaigned and took captives as slaves—called pressing the Liao. Merchants traded in them too; noble and common households alike held Liao slaves.
23
魏恭帝三年，陵州木籠獠反，詔開府陸騰討破之，俘斬萬五千人。 保定二年，鐵山獠又反，抄斷江路。 陸騰復攻拔其三城，虜獲三千人，降其種三萬落。 語在《騰傳》。
In Wei Gongdi year 3 the Lingzhou Mulong Liao rebelled; Lu Teng killed or captured fifteen thousand. In Baoding year 2 the Tieshan Liao rebelled and cut the river road. Lu Teng took three cities, captured three thousand, and received thirty thousand settlements in surrender. The account is in Lu Teng's biography.
24
天和三年，梁州恆棱獠叛，總管長史趙文表討之。 軍次巴州，文表欲率衆徑進。 軍吏等曰：「此獠旅拒日久，部衆甚強。 討之者皆四面攻之，以分其勢。 今若大軍直進，不遣奇兵，恐併力於我，未可制勝。」 文表曰：「往者旣不能制之，今須別為進趣。 若四面遣兵，則獠降走路絕，理當相率以死拒戰。 如從一道，則吾得示威恩，分遣使人以理曉諭。 為惡者討之，歸善者撫之。 善惡旣分，易為經畧。 事有變通，奈何欲遵前轍也。」 文表遂以此意遍令軍中。 時有從軍熟獠，多與恆棱親識，卽以實報之。 恆棱獠相與聚議，猶豫之間，文表軍已至其界。 獠中先有二路，一路稍平，一路極險。 俄有生獠酋帥數人來見文表曰：「我恐官軍不悉山川，請為鄉導。」 文表謂之曰：「此路寬平，不須導引，卿但先去，好慰諭子弟也。」 乃遣之。 文表謂其衆曰：「向者，獠帥語吾從寬路而行，必當設伏要我。 若從險路，出其不虞，獠衆自離散矣。」 於是勒兵從險道進，其有不通之處，隨卽治之。 乘高而望，果見其伏兵。 獠旣失計，爭攜妻子，退保險要。 文表頓軍大蓬山下，示以禍福，遂相率來降。 文表皆慰撫之，仍徵其稅租，無敢動者。 後除文表為蓬州刺史，又大得獠和。
In Tianhe year 3 the Liangzhou Hengling Liao rebelled; Zhao Wenbiao was sent against them. The army stopped at Ba; Wenbiao wanted to advance directly. His officers said: "These Liao have resisted long and are strong. Campaigns usually attack from four sides to divide them. A straight advance without detachments will let them combine against us." Wenbiao replied: "Past campaigns failed; we need a new approach. Four armies would leave them no escape and they would fight to the death. One road lets us show mercy and send envoys to reason with them. We punish the wicked and comfort the willing. Once good and evil are sorted, the rest is easy. Why cling to the old way?" Wenbiao spread this plan through the army. Liao soldiers in the army warned their kin among the Hengling. While the Hengling debated, Wenbiao's army was already at their border. Two paths led in—one easier, one very steep. Liao chiefs offered to guide him, claiming the army did not know the terrain. Wenbiao told them the easy road needed no guide and sent them ahead to reassure their people. He dismissed them. He told his men the chiefs wanted him on the easy road to ambush him. The steep road would surprise them and they would scatter." He took the steep path and repaired it where needed. From a height he saw the ambush. The Liao, outmaneuvered, fled with families to the heights. Wenbiao camped below Mount Dapeng, showed mercy and threat, and they surrendered. He soothed them, collected taxes, and none rebelled. He later became governor of Peng and won the Liao's trust.
25
建德初，李暉為梁州總管，諸獠亦竝從附。 然其種類滋蔓，保據岩壑，依林走險，若履平地，雖屢加兵，弗可窮討。 性又無知，殆同禽獸，諸夷之中，最難以道義招懷者也。
Early in Jiande Li Hui commanded Liangzhou and the Liao submitted. Yet they multiplied in the mountains and moved through forests like level ground; repeated campaigns could not root them out. They were barely human in custom and the hardest of all tribes to win by moral suasion.
26
宕昌羌者，其先蓋三苗之胤。 周時與庸、蜀、微、盧等八國從武王滅商。 漢有先零、燒當等，世為邊患。 其地，東接中華，西通西域，南北數千里。 姓別自為部落，各立酋帥，皆有地分，不相統攝。 宕昌卽其一也。 俗皆土著，居有棟宇。 其屋織犛牛尾及羖羊毛覆之。 國無法令，又無徭賦。 唯征伐之時，乃相屯聚； 不然，則各事生業，不相往來。 皆衣裘褐，牧養犛牛羊豕，以供其食。 父子伯叔兄弟死者，卽以其繼母、世叔母、及嫂 （姊妹） 〔弟婦〕等為妻。 俗無文字，但候草木榮落，以記歲時。 三年一相聚，殺牛羊以祭天。
The Tanchang Qiang traced descent to the Three Miao. In Zhou they joined Yong, Shu, Wei, Lu, and six other states in overthrowing Shang. Under Han came Xianlian, Shaodang, and other Qiang who plagued the frontier for generations. Their lands ran east to China and west to the Western Regions for thousands of li. Each clan had its own chieftain and territory and did not rule the others. Tanchang was one such group. They were sedentary and lived in timber houses. Roofs were thatched with yak tail and goat wool. They had no written laws or regular taxes. They assembled only for war; otherwise each household farmed apart without contact. They wore furs, herded yaks, cattle, sheep, and pigs for food. When fathers, uncles, or brothers died, they took stepmothers, uncles' wives, and sisters-in-law Sisters, an erroneous character; see the emended brothers' wives below. They also took brothers' wives as wives. They had no writing and marked seasons by plants' growth and decay. Every three years they gathered to sacrifice cattle and sheep to Heaven.
27
有梁 （勒） 〔勤〕者，世為酋帥，得羌豪心，乃自稱王焉。 其界自仇池以西，東西千里， （帶） 〔席〕水以南，南北八百里。 地多山阜，部衆二萬餘落。 勤孫彌忽，始通使於後魏。 太武因其所稱而授之。
A Liang clan Le, an erroneous character; see the emended Qin below. Qin clan had long been chieftains, won the Qiang chiefs' loyalty, and called themselves kings. Their realm stretched a thousand li east and west from west of Chou Pool, Dai, an erroneous character; see the emended Xi below. Their realm extended eight hundred li north and south from the Xi River. The land was mountainous with more than twenty thousand settlements. Qin's grandson Mihuo first sent envoys to Northern Wei. Emperor Taiwu invested them under the titles they claimed.
28
自彌忽至仚定九世，每修職貢不絕。 後見兩魏分隔，遂懷背誕。 永熙末，仚定乃引吐谷渾寇金城。 大統初，又率其種人入寇。 詔行臺趙貴督儀同侯莫陳順等擊破之。 仚定懼，稱藩請罪。 太祖捨之，拜撫軍將軍。 四年，以仚定為南洮州刺史、要安蕃王。 後改洮州為岷州，仍以仚定為刺史。 是歲，秦州濁水羌反，州軍討平之。 七年，仚定又舉兵入寇。 獨孤信時鎮隴右，詔信率衆便討之。 軍未至而仚定為其下所殺。 信進兵破其餘黨。 朝廷方欲招懷殊俗，乃更以其弟彌定為宕昌王。
For nine generations from Mihuo to Xianding they paid tribute without fail. When the two Wei states split they turned disloyal. At the end of Yongxi, Xianding led Tuyuhun to raid Jincheng. Early in Datong he raided again with his tribes. Zhao Gui and Hou Mo Chen Shun were ordered to defeat them. Xianding submitted and begged forgiveness. Emperor Wen spared him and made him Pacification Army General. In year 4 he became Southern Tao governor and King of Yao'an Fan. Tao was renamed Min and he kept the governorship. That year the Qinzhou Zhuoshui Qiang rebelled and were suppressed. In year 7 Xianding raided again. Dugu Xin commanded Longyou and was sent to campaign. Before the army arrived his men killed him. Dugu Xin destroyed the remnant rebels. The court then made his brother Mideng King of Tanchang.
29
十六年，彌定宗人獠甘襲奪其位，彌定來奔。 先是，羌酋傍乞鐵匆等因仚定反叛之際，遂擁衆據渠林川，與渭州民鄭五醜扇動諸羌，阻兵逆命。 至是詔大將軍宇文貴、豆盧寧、涼州刺史史寧等率兵討獠甘等，竝擒斬之，納彌定而還。 語在貴等傳。 其後羌酋東念姐、鞏廉俱和等反，大將軍豆盧寧、王勇等前後討平之。
In year 16 the Liao Gan seized his throne and Mideng fled to court. Earlier Qiang chiefs had seized Qulin Valley during Xianding's revolt with Zheng Wuchou stirring the Qiang. Yuwen Gui and others defeated the Liao Gan, executed the ringleaders, and restored Mideng. The account is in Yuwen Gui's biography. Later Qiang chiefs Dong Nianjie and Gong Lian rebelled; Dou Lu Ning and Wang Yong suppressed them.
30
保定初，彌定遣使獻方物。 三年，又遣使獻生猛獸。 四年，彌定寇洮州，總管李賢擊走之。 是歲，彌定又引吐谷渾寇石門戍，賢復破之。 高祖怒，詔大將軍田弘討滅之，以其地為宕州。
Early in Baoding Mideng sent tribute. In year 3 he sent live wild beasts as tribute. In year 4 Mideng raided Min; Li Xian repulsed him. That year he brought Tuyuhun against Shimen; Li Xian defeated them again. Emperor Wu ordered Tian Hong to destroy them and made the land Tan Prefecture.
31
鄧至羌者，羌之別種也。 有像舒治者，世為白水酋帥，自稱王焉。 其地北與宕昌相接，風俗物產亦與宕昌畧同。 自舒治至簷桁十一世。 魏恭帝元年，簷桁失國來奔，太祖令章武公導率兵送復之。
The Dengzhi Qiang were a Qiang offshoot. Xiang Shuzhi's line ruled Baishui and called themselves kings. North they bordered Tanchang; customs matched Tanchang's. Eleven generations passed from Shuzhi to Yanheng. In Wei Gongdi year 1 Yanheng fled to court; Duke Dao restored him by force.
32
白蘭者，羌之別種也。 其地東北接吐谷渾，西北至利模徒，南界那鄂，風俗物產與宕昌畧同。 保定元年，遣使獻犀甲鐵鎧。
The Bailan were another Qiang branch. They bordered Tuyuhun northeast, reached Limotu northwest, and Na'e south. In Baoding year 1 they sent rhinoceros armor and iron mail.
33
氐者，西夷之別種。 三代之際，蓋自有君長，而世一朝見。 故《詩》稱「自彼氐、羌，莫敢不來王」也。 漢武帝滅之，以其地為武都郡。 自汧、渭抵於巴、蜀，種類實繁。 漢末，有氐帥楊駒，始據仇池百頃，最為彊族。 其後漸盛，乃自稱王。 至裔孫纂，為 （符） 〔苻〕堅所滅。 堅敗，其族人定又自稱王。 定為乞伏乾歸所殺。 定從弟盛，代有其國。 世受魏氏封拜，亦通使於江左。 然其種落分散，叛服不恆，隴、漢之間，屢被其害。
The Di were a western Yi offshoot. In antiquity they had their own rulers who came to court each generation. Hence the Odes: "From those Di and Qiang, none dared fail to come to court." Han Wudi conquered them and made Wudu Commandery. From Qian and Wei to Ba and Shu their clans were countless. Late Han Di chief Yang Ju held Chou Pool and became the strongest clan. They grew powerful and called themselves kings. Descendant Zuan was Fu, an erroneous character; see the emended Fu below. He was destroyed by Fu Jian. After Jian's fall his kinsman Ding again called himself king. Ding was killed by Qifu Gangui. Cousin Sheng took the throne. They received Wei titles and also sent envoys to the southern courts. Yet clans scattered, rebelled and submitted by turns, and plagued Long and Han.
34
盛之苗裔曰集始，魏封為武興王。 集始死，子紹先立，遂僭稱大號。 魏將傅豎眼滅之，執紹先歸諸京師，以其地為武興鎮。 魏氏洛京未定，天下亂，紹先奔還武興，復自立為王。 太祖定秦、隴，紹先稱藩，送妻子為質。 大統元年，紹先請其妻女，太祖奏魏帝還之。 紹先死，子辟邪立。 四年，南岐州氐苻安壽反，攻陷武都，自號太白王。 詔大都督侯莫陳順與渭州刺史長孫澄討破之。 安壽以其衆降。 九年，清水氐酋李鼠仁據險作亂，氐帥梁道顯叛攻南由，太祖遣典簽趙昶慰諭之，鼠仁等相繼歸附。 語在《昶傳》。 十一年，於武興置東益州，以辟邪為刺史。 十五年，安夷氐復叛，趙昶時為郡守，收其首逆者二十餘人斬之，餘衆乃定。 於是以昶行南秦州事。 氐帥蓋鬧等相率作亂，鬧據北穀，其党覃洛聚洮中，楊興德、苻雙圍平氐城，姜樊噲亂武階，西結宕昌羌獠甘，共推蓋鬧為主。 昶分道遣使宣示禍福，然後出兵討之，擒蓋鬧，散其餘黨。 興州叛氐復侵逼南岐州，刺史叱羅協遣使告急，昶率兵赴救，又大破之。
Sheng's descendant Jishi was enfeoffed King of Wuxing by Wei. Jishi's son Shaoxian usurped imperial title. Fu Shuyan destroyed them, took Shaoxian to the capital, and made Wuxing a garrison. When Luoyang fell into chaos Shaoxian fled home and made himself king again. When Emperor Wen took Qin and Long, Shaoxian submitted hostages. In Datong year 1 he asked for his family back and the emperor returned them. Shaoxian's son Bixie succeeded. In year 4 the Di Fu Anshou took Wudu and called himself King of Taibai. Hou Mo Chen Shun and Zhangsun Cheng defeated him. Anshou surrendered with his followers. In year 9 Li Shuren and Liang Daoxian rebelled; Zhao Chang won them back. The account is in Zhao Chang's biography. In year 11 Eastern Yi Province was set at Wuxing with Bixie as governor. In year 15 the Anyi Di rebelled; Zhao Chang executed twenty ringleaders and pacified the rest. Chang was then put in charge of Southern Qin. Di chief Gai Nao rebelled with allies across the region and made Nao their leader. Zhao Chang warned them, then captured Gai Nao and scattered his followers. Xingzhou rebels pressed Southern Qi; Zhao Chang relieved and defeated them.
35
魏恭帝末，武興氐反，圍利州。 鳳州固道氐魏天王等亦聚衆回應。 大將軍豆盧寧等討平之。
At the end of Wei Gongdi the Wuxing Di besieged Li Prefecture. Fengzhou Di under Wei Tianwang joined the revolt. Dou Lu Ning suppressed them.
36
世宗時，興州人〔段〕吒及下辯、栢樹二縣民反，相率破蘭皋戍。 氐酋薑多復率廚中氐、蜀攻陷落叢郡以應之。 趙昶率衆討平二縣，並斬段吒。 而陰平、盧北二郡氐復往往屯聚，與廚中相應。 昶乃簡擇精騎，出其不意，徑入廚中。 至大竹坪，連破七柵，誅其渠率，二郡竝降。 及昶還，廚中主氐復為寇掠。 昶又遣儀同劉崇義、宇文琦率兵入廚中討之，大破氐衆，斬薑多及苻肆王等。 於是羣氐竝平。 及王謙舉兵，沙州氐帥開府楊永安又據州應謙，大將軍達奚儒討平之。
Under Emperor Ming, Duan Tuo and county rebels took Langao garrison. Di chief Jiang Duo joined the attack on Luocong. Zhao Chang pacified the counties and killed Duan Tuo. Di in Yinping and Lubai rose again in concert. Chang took elite cavalry straight into Chuzhong by surprise. At Dazhuping he took seven stockades, killed the chiefs, and both commanderies surrendered. When Chang left, Chuzhong Di raided again. He sent Liu Chongyi and Yuwen Qi, who crushed the Di and killed Jiang Duo. The Di were pacified. When Wang Qian rebelled, Yang Yong'an held Shazhou; Daxi Ru suppressed him.
37
稽胡一曰步落稽，蓋匈奴別種，劉元海五部之苗裔也。 或云山戎赤狄之後。 自離石以西，安定以東，方七八百里，居山谷間，種落繁熾。 其俗土著，亦知種田。 地少桑蠶，多麻布。 其丈夫衣服及死亡殯葬，與中夏畧同。 婦人則多貫蜃貝以為耳及頸飾。 又與華民錯居，其渠帥頗識文字。 然語類夷狄，因譯乃通。 蹲踞無禮，貪而忍害。 俗好淫穢，處女尤甚。 將嫁之夕，方與淫者敘離，夫氏聞之，以多為貴。 旣嫁之後，頗亦防閑，有犯姦者，隨事懲罰。 又兄弟死，皆納其妻。 雖分統郡縣，列於編戶，然輕其徭賦，有異齊民。 山谷阻深者，又未盡役屬。 而凶悍恃險，數為寇亂。
The Jihu, or Buluoji, were likely a Xiongnu offshoot from Liu Yuanhai's five tribes. Others say they descended from the Mountain Rong and Red Di. From Lishi west to Anding east they filled valleys across seven or eight hundred li. They were sedentary and farmed. Silk was scarce; they wore hemp. Men's dress and funeral rites resembled Chinese practice. Women wore cowrie shells on ears and necks. Mixed with Chinese, their chiefs often knew writing. Their speech was barbarian and needed interpreters. They squatted without manners, greedy and cruel. Licentiousness was common, especially among maidens. Brides slept with lovers on the eve of marriage; husbands prized a long list of partners. After marriage they were watched; adultery was punished. They took brothers' widows in levirate marriage. Though registered in counties, their taxes were lighter than ordinary subjects'. Deep valleys were not fully taxed or drafted. Fierce and terrain-wise, they raided repeatedly.
38
居河西者，多恃險不賓。 時方與齊神武爭衡，未遑經畧。 太祖乃遣黃門郎楊 （忠） 〔摽〕就安撫之。 五年，黑水部衆先叛。 七年，別帥夏州刺史劉平伏又據上郡反。 自是北山諸部，連歲寇暴。 太祖前後遣李遠、于謹、侯莫陳崇、李弼等相繼討平之。 武成初，延州稽胡郝阿保、郝狼皮率其種人附於齊氏。 阿保自署丞相，狼皮自署柱國，幷與其別部劉桑德共為影響。 柱國豆盧寧督諸軍與延州刺史高琳擊破之。 二年，狼皮等餘黨復叛。 詔大將軍韓 （杲） 〔果〕討之，俘斬甚衆。
West-of-river Jihu often held the mountains and refused submission. The court was fighting Qi Shenwu and could not attend to them. Emperor Wen sent Yellow Gate Gentleman Yang Zhong, an erroneous character; see the emended Biao below. Biao to pacify them. In year 5 the Black Water division rebelled first. In year 7 Liu Pingfu of Xiazhou held Shang and rebelled. Northern tribes then raided year after year. Emperor Wen sent Li Yuan, Yu Jin, Hou Mo Chen Chong, and Li Bi in turn to suppress them. Early in Wucheng Yanzhou Jihu Hao Abao and Hao Langpi sided with Northern Qi. Abao called himself Chancellor, Langpi Pillar of State, and allied with Liu Sangde. Dou Lu Ning and Gao Lin defeated them. In year 2 Langpi's remnant rebelled again. Grand General Han Gao, an erroneous character; see the emended Guo below. Guo campaigned and killed or captured many.
39
保定中，離石生胡數寇汾北，勳州刺史韋孝寬於險要築城，置兵糧，以遏其路。 及楊忠與突厥伐齊，稽胡等復懷旅拒，不供糧餼。 忠乃詐其酋帥，雲與突厥欲回兵討之。 酋帥等懼，乃相率供饋焉。 語在《忠傳》。 其後丹州、綏州、銀州等部內諸胡，與蒲川別帥郝三郎等又頻年逆命。 復詔達奚震、辛威、於寔等前後窮討，散其種落。 天和二年，延州總管宇文盛率衆城銀州，稽胡白鬱久同、喬是羅等欲邀襲盛軍，盛竝討斬之。 又破其別帥喬三勿同等。 五年，開府劉雄出綏州，巡檢北邊，川路稽胡帥喬白郎、喬素勿同等度河逆戰，雄復破之。
In Baoding Lishi Hu raided north of Fen; Wei Xiaokuan fortified a choke point. When Yang Zhong marched with the Turks, Jihu refused supplies. Yang Zhong tricked the chiefs, saying the Turks would turn to attack them. Terrified, the chiefs supplied his army. The account is in Yang Zhong's biography. Later Hu in Dan, Sui, and Yin prefectures rebelled with Hao Sanlang. Daxi Zhen, Xin Wei, and Yu Shi were sent to scatter their tribes. In Tianhe year 2 Yuwen Sheng built Yinzhou; Jihu chiefs who ambushed him were killed. He also defeated Qiao Sanwu. In year 5 Liu Xiong defeated river Jihu chiefs who crossed to fight.
40
建德五年，高祖敗齊師于晉州，乘勝逐北，齊人所棄甲仗，未暇收斂，稽胡乘閑竊出，竝盜而有之。 乃立蠡升孫沒鐸為主，號聖武皇帝，年曰石平。 六年，高祖定東夏，將討之，議欲窮其巢穴。 齊王憲以為種類旣多，又山谷阻絕，王師一舉，未可盡除。 且當剪其魁首，余加慰撫。 高祖然之，乃以憲為行軍元帥，督行軍總管趙王招、譙王儉、滕王逌等討之。 憲軍次馬邑，乃分道俱進。 沒鐸遣其黨天柱守河東，又遣其大帥穆支據河西，規欲分守險要，掎角憲軍。 憲命譙王儉攻天柱，滕王逌擊穆支，竝破之，斬首萬餘級。 趙王招又擒沒鐸，餘衆盡降。
In Jiande year 5 after defeating Qi at Jinzhou, Jihu looted abandoned Qi arms. They made Moduo, grandson of Li Sheng, Holy Martial Emperor with era Shiping. In year 6 Emperor Wu planned to root them out entirely. Prince Xian argued their numbers and mountains made total extermination impossible. He urged killing the leaders and pacifying the rest. The emperor agreed and made Prince Xian marshal with princes Zhao, Qiao, and Teng under him. Xian halted at Mayi and advanced on several routes. Moduo held Hedong and Hexi to pinch Xian's army. Princes Jian and You broke both wings with ten thousand killed. Prince Zhao captured Moduo and the rest surrendered.
41
宣政元年，汾州稽胡帥劉受羅千復反，越王盛督諸軍討擒之。 自是寇盜頗息。
In Xuanzheng year 1 Liu Shouluoqian rebelled; Prince Sheng captured him. After that raiding largely ceased.
42
庫莫奚
Kumo Xi
43
庫莫奚，鮮卑之別種也。 其先為慕容晃所破，竄於松漠之間。 後種類漸多，分為五部：一曰辱紇主，二曰莫賀弗，三曰契個，四曰木昆，五曰室得。 每部置俟 （斥） 〔斤〕一人。 有阿會氏者，最為豪帥，五部皆受其節度。 役屬於突厥，而數與契丹相攻。 虜獲財畜，因而行賞。 死者則以葦薄裹尸，懸之樹上。 大統五年，遣使獻其方物。
The Kumo Xi were a Xianbei offshoot. Murong Huang defeated them and they fled to the pine deserts. They later split into five divisions: Ruohezhu, Mohefu, Qige, Mukun, and Shide. Each division appointed a qi Chi, an erroneous character; see the emended jin below. Each division appointed one jin officer. The Ahui clan ruled all five divisions. They served the Turks and fought the Khitan repeatedly. Loot was shared as reward. The dead were wrapped in reeds and hung in trees. In Datong year 5 they sent tribute.
44
史臣曰：凡民肖形天地，稟靈陰陽，愚智本於自然，剛柔繫於水土。 故雨露所會，風流所通，九川為紀，五嶽作鎮，此之謂諸夏。 生其地者，則仁義出焉。 昧穀、嵎夷、孤竹、北戶，限以丹徼紫塞，隔以滄海交河，此之謂荒裔。 感其氣者，則凶德成焉。 若夫九夷八狄，種落繁熾； 七戎六蠻，充牣邊鄙。 雖風土殊俗，嗜欲不同，至於貪而無厭，狠而好亂，彊則旅拒，弱則稽服，其揆一也。 斯蓋天之所命，使其然乎。
The historian writes: All people take form from Heaven and Earth and yin and yang; wit and folly, hardness and softness, follow land and water. Where rain and dew fall and winds blow, bounded by nine rivers and five peaks, lies civilization—the many Xia. Those born there produce benevolence and righteousness. Meigu, Yuyi, Guzhu, and Beihu, beyond the red frontier and purple passes, beyond sea and Jiao River, are the wild periphery. Those shaped by its air turn fierce. The nine Yi and eight Di multiply; seven Rong and six Man pack the frontier. Customs differ, yet all are greedy, fierce, rebellious when strong and submissive when weak—the pattern is one. Perhaps Heaven made them so.
45
全文以中華書局、一九七一年十一月版《周書》為本校。
This edition collates against the Zhonghua Shuju Book of Zhou (November 1971).