1
突厥吐谷渾高昌鄯善焉耆龜茲于闐囐噠粟特安息波斯
The Turks; Tuyuhun; Gaochang; Shanshan; Karasahr; Kucha; Khotan; the Hephtalites; Sogdia; Parthia; and Persia
2
突厥者，蓋匈奴之別種，姓阿史那氏。 別為部落。 後為鄰國所破，盡滅其族。 有一兒，年且十歲，兵人見其小，不忍殺之，乃刖其足，棄草澤中。 有牝狼以肉飼之，及長，與狼合，遂有孕焉。 彼王聞此兒尚在，重遣殺之。 使者見狼在側，並欲殺狼。 狼遂逃于高昌國之北山。 山有洞穴，穴內有平壤茂草，周回數百里，四面俱山。 狼匿其中，遂生十男。 十男長大，外託妻孕，其後各有一姓，阿史那卽一也。 子孫蕃育，漸至數百家。 經數世，相與出穴，臣於茹茹。 居金山之陽，為茹茹鐵工。 金山形似兜鍪，其俗謂兜鍪為「突厥」，遂因以為號焉。
The Turks were essentially a distinct offshoot of the Xiongnu, bearing the clan name Ashina. They had broken away to form their own tribe. Later a neighboring power defeated them and wiped out the whole clan. One boy of about ten was spared because the soldiers thought him too young to kill; instead they maimed his feet and left him in the marshlands. A she-wolf brought him meat, and when he grew to manhood he coupled with her and she conceived. When that king learned the boy still lived, he sent assassins again. The envoy, finding the wolf beside him, meant to kill the wolf too. The wolf fled to the mountains north of Gaochang. In the mountain was a cave with level ground and thick grass, encompassing several hundred li and walled in on every side. The wolf hid there and bore ten sons. When the ten sons came of age they married women from outside; each line then took a surname of its own, and Ashina was one. Their descendants multiplied until they numbered several hundred households. After several generations they left the cave together and became subjects of the Rouran. They lived on the southern face of the Altai and worked iron for the Rouran. The mountain resembled a war helmet, which in their tongue was called "Turk"; they took that word as their tribal name.
3
或云突厥之先出於索國，在匈奴之北。 其部落大人曰阿謗步，兄弟十七人。 其一曰伊質泥師都，狼所生也。 謗步等性竝愚癡，國遂被滅。 泥師都旣別感異氣，能徵召風雨。 娶二妻，云是夏神、冬神之女也。 一孕而生四男。 其一變為白鴻； 其一國于阿輔水、劔水之間，號為契骨； 其一國於處折水； 其一居踐斯處折施山，卽其大兒也。 山上仍有阿謗步種類，竝多寒露。 大兒為出火溫養之，咸得全濟。 遂共奉大兒為主，號為突厥，卽訥都六設也。 訥都六有十妻，所生子皆以母族為姓，阿史那是其小妻之子也。 訥都六死，十母子內欲擇立一人，乃相率於大樹下，共為約曰，向樹跳躍，能最高者，卽推立之。 阿史那子年幼而跳最高者，諸子遂奉以為主，號阿賢設。 此說雖殊，然終狼種也。
Others hold that the Turks' forebears issued from the land of Suo, north of the Xiongnu. Their tribal leader was called A-bo-bu, who had seventeen brothers. One brother was Yi-zhi Ni-shi-du, said to be born of a wolf. Bo-bu and his brothers were all dull-witted by nature, and their polity was destroyed. Ni-shi-du alone was touched by an uncanny force and could call up wind and rain. He married two wives, declaring them daughters of the gods of summer and winter. One wife conceived and bore four sons at once. One son turned into a white swan; one founded a realm between the Afu and Jian rivers, called Qigu; one settled on the Chuzhe River; one lived on Mount Jiansi-Chuzhe-Shi—this was the eldest son. On the mountain the descendants of A-bo-bu still lived, all suffering grievously from cold dew. The eldest son went forth and warmed them with fire until all were restored. They then jointly installed the eldest son as ruler, styled Turk—namely Ne-du-liu She. Ne-du-liu had ten wives; each son took his mother's clan as surname, and Ashina was born to the youngest wife. After Ne-du-liu's death the ten mothers and their sons sought to choose a successor; they met under a great tree and agreed that whoever leaped highest toward it would be made chief. The Ashina boy, though young, leaped highest; the brothers therefore enthroned him as A-xian She. Though the two accounts differ, both trace the line to wolf descent.
4
其後曰土門，部落稍盛，始至塞上市繒絮，願通中國。 大統十一年，太祖遣酒泉胡安諾盤陀使焉。 其國皆相慶曰：「今大國使至，我國將興也。」 十二年，土門遂遣使獻方物。 時鐵勒將伐茹茹，土門率所部邀擊，破之，盡降其衆五萬餘落。 恃其強盛，乃求婚於茹茹。 茹茹主阿那瑰大怒，使人罵辱之曰：「爾是我鍛奴，何敢發是言也？」 土門亦怒，殺其使者。 遂與之絕，而求婚於我。 太祖許之。 十七年六月，以魏長樂公主妻之。 是歲，魏文帝崩，土門遣使來弔，贈馬二百匹。
Later came Tu-men; as the tribe grew they began selling silk floss at the frontier markets and sought ties with China. In the eleventh year of Datong (545), the Grand Ancestor sent An-nuo Pan-tuo, a Hu from Jiuquan, as envoy. The whole realm rejoiced, saying, "An envoy from the great power has arrived—our state will flourish." In the twelfth year Tu-men sent envoys bearing tribute. When the Tiele prepared to attack the Rouran, Tu-men intercepted them, routed them, and absorbed more than fifty thousand households. Emboldened by his strength, he sought a marriage alliance with the Rouran. Rouran ruler Anagui flew into a rage and sent a messenger to revile him: "You are my forge slave—how dare you speak thus?" Tu-men in turn killed the envoy. He broke with the Rouran and sought a marriage alliance with us. The Grand Ancestor agreed. In the sixth month of year seventeen (553) the Princess Chang-le of Wei was given him in marriage. That year Emperor Wen of Wei died; Tu-men sent mourners and two hundred horses as tribute.
5
科羅號乙息記可汗。 又破叔子於沃野北木賴山。 二年三月，科羅遣使獻馬五萬匹。 科羅死，弟俟斤立，號木汗可汗。
Ke-luo took the title Yi-xi-ji Qaghan. He again defeated Shuzi north of Woye at Mount Mu-lai. In the third month of year two Ke-luo sent fifty thousand horses as tribute. When Ke-luo died his younger brother Hou-jin succeeded as Mu-han Qaghan.
6
俟斤一名燕都，狀貌多奇異，面廣尺餘，其色甚赤，眼若瑠璃。 性剛暴，務於征伐。 乃率兵擊鄧叔子，滅之。 叔子以其餘燼來奔。 俟斤又西破囐噠，東走契丹，北幷契骨，威服塞外諸國。 其地東自遼海以西，西至西海萬里，南自沙漠以北，北至北海五六千里，皆屬焉。
Hou-jin, also called Yan-du, looked striking—his face was over a foot across, deeply ruddy, and his eyes like glass. Fierce by nature, he lived for war. He marched against Deng Shuzi and destroyed him. Shuzi fled with the remnants of his force. Hou-jin crushed the Hephtalites in the west, drove the Khitan east, absorbed Qigu in the north, and overawed the frontier states. Their domain ran from the Liao Sea westward ten thousand li to the Western Sea, and from the desert northward five or six thousand li to the Northern Sea—all submitted.
7
其俗被髮左衽，穹廬氈帳，隨水草遷徙，以畜牧射獵為務。 賤老貴壯，寡廉恥，無禮義，猶古之匈奴也。 其主初立，近侍重臣等輿之以氈，隨日轉九回，每一回，臣下皆拜。 拜訖，乃扶令乘馬，以帛絞其頸，使纔不至絕，然後釋而急問之曰：「你能作幾年可汗？」 其主旣神情瞀亂，不能詳定多少。 臣下等隨其所言，以驗修短之數。 大官有葉護，次 （沒） 〔設〕，次特 （勒） 〔勤〕，次俟利發，次吐屯發，及餘小官凡二十八等，皆世為之。 兵器有弓矢鳴鏑甲矟刀劔，其佩飾則兼有伏突。 旗纛之上，施金狼頭。 侍衛之士，謂之附離，夏言亦狼也。 蓋本狼生，志不忘舊。 其徵發兵馬，科稅雜畜，輒刻木為數，幷一金鏃箭，蠟封印之，以為信契。 其刑法：反叛、殺人及姦人之婦、盜馬絆者，皆死； 姦人女者，重責財物，卽以其女妻之； 鬬傷人者，隨輕重輸物； 盜馬及雜物者，各十餘倍徵之。 死者，停屍於帳，子孫及諸親屬男女，各殺羊馬，陳於帳前，祭之。 繞帳走馬七匝，一詣帳門，以刀剺面，且哭，血淚俱流，如此者七度，乃止。 擇日，取亡者所乘馬及經服用之物，幷屍俱焚之，收其餘灰，待時而葬。 春夏死者，候草木黃落，秋冬死者，候華葉榮茂，然始坎而瘞之。 葬之日，親屬設祭，及走馬剺面，如初死之儀。 葬訖，於墓所立石建標。 其石多少，依平生所殺人數。 又以祭之羊馬頭，盡懸掛於標上。 是日也，男女咸盛服飾，會於葬所。 男有悅愛於女者，歸卽遣人娉問，其父母多不違也。 父〔兄〕伯叔死者，子弟及侄等妻其後母、世叔母及嫂，唯尊者不得下淫。 雖移徙無常，而各有地分。 可汗恆處於都斤山，牙帳東開，蓋敬日之所出也。 每歲率諸貴人，祭其先窟。 又以五月中旬，集他人水，拜祭天神。 於都斤四五百里，有高山迥出，上無草樹，謂其為勃登凝黎，夏言地神也。 其書字類胡，而不知年曆，唯以草青為記。
They wore their hair loose and garments left-lapped, dwelt in felt domes, followed pasture and water, and lived by herding and the hunt. They scorned age, prized strength, lacked shame or ritual decorum—much like the ancient Xiongnu. At a new khan's installation, close ministers lifted him on felt and turned him nine times with the sun; at each turn the court bowed. After the bows they set him on a horse, looped silk about his neck until he nearly suffocated, then asked urgently, "How many years will you reign as qaghan?" Dazed from strangulation, the khan could give no clear number. The ministers took whatever number he gasped as the prophecy of his reign. Senior offices included the yabghu, then lacuna in manuscript [emended: she-rank], then the te- emended: le, completing the rank name tegin [emended: qin-rank], then irbiliq, then tutun, and lesser posts to twenty-eight grades in all, all hereditary. They bore bow, arrow, whistling-bolt, armor, spear, sword, and blade; belt gear also included the futu dagger. Standards bore gilded wolf heads. Royal guards were called fuli—"wolf" in their tongue. Born of wolves, they never forgot that origin. To levy troops or livestock tribute they carved tallies in wood and sealed a gold arrowhead in wax as the bond of trust. Capital crimes included rebellion, murder, adultery with another man's wife, and stealing horse hobbles; seduction of an unmarried woman brought heavy fines, and the seducer married her; brawlers paid compensation scaled to the injury; theft of horses or goods was fined at more than ten times the value. The dead lay in the tent while kin of both sexes slaughtered sheep and horses before it as offerings. Mourners rode seven circuits around the tent, and at each pass cut their faces at the door until blood and tears mingled—seven times in all. On the chosen day they burned the dead man's horse, goods, and body together, collected the ashes, and waited for burial season. Spring and summer deaths were buried when foliage yellowed; autumn and winter deaths when leaves flourished again. Burial day repeated the running of horses and face-cutting of the first mourning. After burial they raised stone pillars at the grave. The number of stones matched the men he had slain in life. Sacrificial sheep and horse heads were hung on the markers. That day all assembled at the grave in full finery. A man who desired a woman sent betrothal envoys, and parents seldom refused. After a father's or elder brother's death, sons and nephews might marry the widow, a junior uncle's wife, or a sister-in-law—never a superior's wife. Though nomadic, each clan held its own pasture. The qaghan dwelt on Mount Du-jin; his tent faced east toward the sunrise. Each year he led nobles to sacrifice at the ancestral cave. In mid-fifth month they assembled at sacred waters to worship Heaven. Four or five hundred li from Du-jin stood a bare peak they called Bo-deng Ning-li—the Earth God. Their writing resembled Hu script; they knew no calendar and marked time only when grass turned green.
8
俟斤部衆旣盛，乃遣使請誅鄧叔子等。 太祖許之。 收叔子以下三千人，付其使者，殺之於青門外。 三年，俟斤襲擊吐谷渾，破之。 語在《吐谷渾傳》。 明帝二年，俟斤遣使來獻方物。 保定元年，又三輩遣使貢其方物。
As Hou-jin's power grew he asked permission to execute Deng Shuzi and his party. The Grand Ancestor agreed. We delivered Shuzi and three thousand followers to his envoys, who executed them outside the Green Gate. In the third year Hou-jin attacked Tuyuhun and routed them. The fuller account appears in the Biography of Tuyuhun. In Emperor Ming's second year Hou-jin sent tribute. In the first year of Baoding (561) they sent three embassies with tribute.
9
時與齊人交爭，戎車歲動，故每連結之，以為外援。 初，魏恭帝世，俟斤許進女于太祖，契未定而太祖崩。 尋而俟斤又以他女許高祖，未及結納，齊人亦遣求婚，俟斤貪其幣厚，將悔之。 至是，詔遣涼州刺史楊薦、武伯王慶等往結之。 慶等至，諭以信義。 俟斤遂絕齊使而訂婚焉。 仍請舉國東伐。 語在薦等傳。
They were at war with Qi year after year, so the court repeatedly courted the Turks as an outside ally. Early in Emperor Gong's reign Hou-jin had pledged a daughter to the Grand Ancestor, but the Grand Ancestor died before the match was sealed. Hou-jin soon promised another daughter to Emperor Gaozu; before the wedding Qi too sought a bride, and Hou-jin, tempted by richer Qi gifts, nearly reneged. The court then dispatched Yang Jian, governor of Liangzhou, Wang Qing, Martial Baron, and others to bind the alliance. Qing and his party arrived and pressed the bond of trust. Hou-jin broke with Qi envoys and confirmed the betrothal. He also asked to march east with his entire nation. The fuller account appears in the biographies of Jian and his colleagues.
10
三年，詔隨公楊忠率衆一萬，與突厥伐齊。 忠軍度陘嶺，俟斤率騎十萬來會。 明年正月，攻齊主於晉陽，不剋。 俟斤遂縱兵大掠而還。 忠言於高祖曰：「突厥甲兵惡，爵賞輕，首領多而無法令，何謂難制馭。 正由比者使人妄道其彊盛，欲令國家厚其使者，身往重取其報。 朝廷受其虛言，將士望風畏懾。 但虜態詐健，而實易與耳。 今以臣觀之，前後使人皆可斬也。」 高祖不納。 是歲，俟斤復遣使來獻，更請東伐。 詔楊忠率兵出沃野，晉公護趣洛陽以應之。 會護戰不利，俟斤引還。 五年，詔陳公純、大司徒宇文貴、神武公竇毅、南安公楊薦等往逆女。 天和二年，俟斤又遣使來獻。 陳公純等至，俟斤復貳於齊。 會有風雷變，乃許純等以后歸。 語在《皇后傳》。 四年，俟斤又遣使獻馬。
In the third year the court ordered Duke of Sui Yang Zhong with ten thousand troops to join the Turks against Qi. Zhong crossed Long Ridge; Hou-jin brought one hundred thousand cavalry to the rendezvous. The next first month they assaulted the Qi ruler at Jinyang but failed to take the city. Hou-jin then unleashed his men in wide plunder and withdrew. Zhong told Emperor Gaozu, "Turk arms are fierce but rewards cheap; chiefs are many and lawless—why call them hard to master? Envoys lately lied about Turk might so the court would lavish gifts they could pocket on return. The court believed the flattery; soldiers quailed at the rumor. The nomads bluster, yet in fact they are easy to handle. In my view every envoy who overstated them deserves execution." Emperor Gaozu would not heed him. That year Hou-jin sent tribute again and renewed his plea for an eastern campaign. The court ordered Yang Zhong out from Woye while Duke of Jin Hu raced to Luoyang in support. When Hu's campaign faltered, Hou-jin withdrew. In the fifth year Duke of Chen Chun, Yuwen Gui, Dou Yi, Yang Jian, and others were sent to escort the bride. In the second year of Tianhe Hou-jin sent tribute again. When Chun's party arrived Hou-jin again leaned toward Qi. A storm omen moved him to promise Chun the bride would follow later. The account appears in the Biography of the Empress. In the fourth year Hou-jin sent horses as tribute.
11
俟斤死，弟他缽可汗立。 自俟斤以來，其國富彊，有淩轢中夏志。 朝廷旣與和親，歲給繒絮錦彩十萬段。 突厥在京師者，又待以優禮，衣錦食肉者，常以千數。 齊人懼其寇掠，亦傾府藏以給之。 他缽彌復驕傲，至乃率其徒屬曰：「但使我在南兩個兒孝順，何憂無物邪。」 建德二年，他缽遣使獻馬。
Hou-jin died; his brother Ta-bo became qaghan. Since Hou-jin the Turks had grown rich and bold enough to dream of dominating China. Once allied by marriage the court sent one hundred thousand bolts of silk and brocade yearly. Turks resident in the capital lived in luxury—thousands clad in brocade and fed on meat. Qi, fearing Turk raids, likewise drained their treasury to pay them. Ta-bo grew haughty again, telling his followers, "If my two southern sons stay dutiful, goods will never run short." In the second year of Jiande Ta-bo sent horses as tribute.
12
吐谷渾，本遼東鮮卑慕容廆之庶兄也。 初，吐谷渾馬與廆馬鬥而廆馬傷，廆遣讓之。 吐谷渾怒，率其部落去之，止于枹罕，自為君長。 及孫葉延，頗視書傳。 以古有王父字為氏，遂以吐谷渾為氏焉。
Tuyuhun sprang from Murong Hui's younger half-brother among the Liaodong Xianbei. Once Tuyuhun's stallion fought Hui's and wounded it; Hui rebuked him. Enraged, Tuyuhun led his people away to Fuhan and declared himself their chief. By his grandson Ye-yan's day the line had taken up learning. Following the ancient custom of taking a forebear's name as surname, they adopted Tuyuhun as their clan.
13
自吐谷渾至伏連籌一十四世。 伏連籌死，子夸呂立，始自號為可汗。 治伏俟城，在青海西十五里。 雖有城郭，而不居之，恆處穹廬，隨水草畜牧。 其地東西三千里，南北千餘里。 官有王公、僕射、尚書及郎中、將軍之號。 夸呂椎髻、毦、珠，以皂為帽，坐金師子床。 號其妻為恪尊，衣織成裙，披錦大袍，辮發於後，首戴金花。
From Tuyuhun to Fu-lian-chou stretched fourteen generations. Fu-lian-chou's son Kua-lu succeeded and first took the title qaghan. His seat was Fu-hou City, fifteen li west of Qinghai. They built towns yet lived in felt tents, moving with pasture and water. Their realm measured three thousand li east-west and over a thousand li north-south. Their bureaucracy ran from king and duke through puye, shangshu, langzhong, and general. Kua-lu topknotted his hair, wore felt and pearls, a black cap, and a golden lion throne. His consort was called Ke-zun, in woven skirts and brocade cloaks, hair braided back, head crowned with gold flowers.
14
其俗丈夫衣服略同於華夏，多以羃羅為冠，亦以繒為帽。 婦人皆貫珠束發，以多為貴。 兵器有弓刀甲矟。 國無常賦，須則稅富室商人以充用焉。 其刑罰，殺人及盜馬者死，餘則徵物，量事決杖。 刑人必以氈蒙頭，持石從高擊殺之。 父兄亡後，妻後母及嫂等，與突厥俗同。 至于婚姻，貧不能備財物者，輒盜女將去。 死者亦皆埋殯。 其服制，葬訖則除之。 性貪婪，忍於殺害。 好射獵，以肉酪為糧。 亦知種田，然其北界，氣候多寒，唯得蕪菁、大麥。 故其俗貧多富少。 青海周回千餘里，海內有小山。 每冬冰合後，以良牝馬置此山，至來冬收之，馬皆有孕，所生得駒，號為龍種，必多駿異，世傳青海 （駿） 〔驄〕者也。 土出犛牛，鳥多鸚鵡。
Men dressed much like Chinese subjects, often in felt caps or silk hats. Women threaded pearls through their hair—the more pearls, the higher the status. Their arms were bow, sword, armor, and spear. There was no standing tax; needs were met by levies on rich merchants. Murder and horse theft were capital; lesser crimes brought fines or measured beatings. Executions wrapped the head in felt and crushed it with stones dropped from height. Like the Turks, they took stepmothers and sisters-in-law after a father's or elder brother's death. Poor suitors who could not afford bride-price often abducted the bride. The dead were buried as well. Mourning garb ended when burial was complete. They were greedy by nature and ruthless in killing. They hunted avidly and lived on meat and curds. They farmed too, but the northern climate yielded only turnips and barley. Hence poverty was common and wealth rare. Qinghai Lake spanned over a thousand li, with islets within it. Each winter after the ice set they pastured choice mares on the islet; when collected next winter every mare was in foal; the colts, called dragon stock, were famed as exceptional mounts; tradition names them Qinghai text lost here: jun emended: Qinghai coursers. The land bred yaks; parrots flocked there.
15
大統中，夸呂再遣使獻馬及羊牛等。 然猶寇抄不止，緣邊多被其害。 魏廢帝二年，太祖勒大兵至姑臧，夸呂震懼，遣使貢方物。 是歲，夸呂又通使於齊氏。 涼州刺史史甯覘知其還，率輕騎襲之於州西赤泉，獲其僕射乞伏觸扳、將軍翟潘密、商胡二百四十人，駝騾六百頭，雜彩絲絹以萬計。 魏恭帝二年，史寧又與突厥木汗可汗襲擊夸呂，破之，虜其妻子，大獲珍物及雜畜。 語在《史寧傳》。 武成初，夸呂復寇涼州，刺史是云寶戰沒。 詔賀蘭祥、宇文貴率兵討之。 夸呂遣其廣定王、鐘留王拒戰，祥等破之，廣定等遁走。 又攻拔其洮陽、洪和二城，置洮州以還。 保定中，夸呂前後三輩遣使獻方物。 天和初，其龍涸王莫昌率衆降，以其地為扶州。 二年五月，復遣使來獻。
During Datong Kua-lu twice sent horses, sheep, and cattle as tribute. Yet border raids never ceased and the frontier suffered heavily. In Emperor Fei's second year the Grand Ancestor marched on Guzang; terrified, Kua-lu sent tribute. That year he also opened relations with Qi. Inspector Shi Ning ambushed his return at Red Spring west of the prefecture, seizing puye Qi-fu Chu-ban, general Zhai Pan-mi, two hundred forty Sogdian merchants, six hundred pack animals, and vast silks. In Emperor Gong's second year Shi Ning and Turk Mu-han Qaghan routed Kua-lu, taking his family and great spoils. The account appears in the Biography of Shi Ning. Early in Wucheng Kua-lu raided Liangzhou again; Inspector Shi Yun-bao fell in battle. The court sent He-lan Xiang and Yuwen Gui against him. Kua-lu sent Princes Guangding and Zhongliu; Xiang defeated them and they fled. They seized Tao-yang and Hong-he, set up Tao Prefecture, and withdrew. During Baoding Kua-lu sent three embassies with tribute. Early in Tianhe Prince Mo-chang of Longhu surrendered; his lands became Fu Prefecture. In the fifth month of year two he sent tribute again.
16
建德五年，其國大亂。 高祖詔皇太子征之，軍渡青海，至伏俟城。 夸呂遁走，虜其餘衆而還。 明年，又再遣奉獻。 宣政初，其趙王他婁屯來降。 自是朝獻遂絕。
In the fifth year of Jiande the realm collapsed into chaos. Emperor Gaozu sent the crown prince; the army crossed Qinghai to Fu-hou City. Kua-lu fled; they took his remnant people and withdrew. The following year they sent tribute twice more. At the start of Xuanzheng Prince Ta-lou-tun of Zhao came over. Court tribute then ended.
17
高昌者，車師前王之故地。 東去長安四千九百里，漢西域長史及戊己校尉，竝治於此。 晉以其地為高昌郡。 張軌、呂光、沮渠蒙遜據河西，皆置太守以統之。 其後有闞爽及沮渠無諱，竝自署為太守。 無諱死，茹茹殺其弟安周，以闞伯周為高昌王。 高昌之稱王，自此始也。 伯周之從子首歸，為高車所滅。 次有張孟明、馬儒相繼王之，竝為國人所害。 乃更推立麴嘉為王。 嘉字靈鳳，金城榆中人，本為儒右長史。 魏太和末立。 嘉死，子 （豎） 〔堅〕立。
Gaochang was the former land of the Cheshi kings. It lay four thousand nine hundred li east of Chang'an, where Han chief commandants and Wuji colonels had once ruled. Jin organized it as Gaochang Commandery. Zhang Gui, Lu Guang, and Juqu Mengxun of Hexi each appointed governors. Later Kan Shuang and Juqu Wu-hui styled themselves governors. When Wu-hui died the Rouran killed his brother An-zhou and made Kan Bo-zhou king of Gaochang. This was when Gaochang first called itself a kingdom. Bo-zhou's clansman Shou-gui was overthrown by the Gaoche. Zhang Mengming and Ma Ru ruled in turn, both slain by their own people. The people then elevated Qu Jia as king. Jia, courtesy name Ling-feng, came from Yuzhong in Jincheng and had been chief clerk on the right. He took the throne at the end of Wei Taihe. When Jia died, his son text lost: shu emended: Jian succeeded to the throne.
18
其地東西三百里，南北五百里。 國內總有城一十六。 官有令尹一人，比中夏相國； 次有公二人，皆其王子也，一為交河公，一為田地公； 次有左右衛； 次有八長史，曰吏部、祠部、庫部、倉部、主客、禮部、民部、兵部等長史也； 次有建武、威遠、陵江、殿中、伏波等將軍； 次有八司馬，長史之副也； 次有侍郎、校書郎、主簿、從事，階位相次，分掌諸事； 次有省事，專掌導引。 其大事決之於王，小事則世子及二公隨狀斷決。 平章錄記，事訖卽除。 籍書之外，無久掌文桉。 官人雖有列位，竝無曹府，唯每旦集於牙門評議衆事。 諸城各有戶曹、水曹、田曹。 每城遣司馬、侍郎相監檢校，名為城令。 服飾，丈夫從胡法，婦人略同華夏。 兵器有弓箭刀楯甲矟。 文字亦同華夏，兼用胡書。 有《毛詩》、《論語》、《孝經》，置學官弟子，以相教授。 雖習讀之，而皆為胡語。 賦稅則計輸銀錢，無者輸麻布。 其刑法、風俗、婚姻、喪葬，與華夏小異而大同。 地多石磧，氣候溫暖，穀麥再熟，宜蠶，多五果。 有草曰羊剌，其上生蜜焉。
The realm measured three hundred li east-west and five hundred li north-south. Sixteen walled towns lay within the kingdom. A single lingyin served as chancellor by Chinese standards; below him two royal dukes—the Duke of Jiaohe and the Duke of Tiandi; then left and right guards; eight chief clerks for personnel, rites, treasury, granary, foreign guests, rites, people, and war; generals such as Jianwu, Weiyuan, Lingjiang, Dianzhong, and Fubo; eight majors as deputies to the chief clerks; then attendants, collation clerks, recorders, and clerks in descending rank; finally protocol officers who guided ceremony. The king decided great matters; the heir and two dukes handled lesser cases. Records were kept only for the case at hand, then struck. Beyond registries no archives were retained. Officials had titles but no offices, meeting each dawn at the gate to debate business. Each town had household, water, and field officers. Each city sent a major and attendant to inspect, called city magistrate. Men dressed in Hu fashion; women dressed much like Chinese women. Arms were bow, arrow, sword, shield, armor, and spear. They wrote in Chinese script and also in Hu writing. They maintained schools teaching the Odes, Analects, and Filial Piety. Students read the classics, yet instruction was in Hu tongue. Taxes were reckoned in silver; the poor paid in hemp cloth. Law, custom, marriage, and burial differed slightly from China yet broadly matched it. Stony soil and warm climate yielded double harvests, thriving silkworms, and abundant fruit. A grass called yang-la bore honey on its stalks.
19
自嘉以來，世修蕃職於魏。 大統十四年，詔以其世子玄喜為王。 恭帝二年，又以其田地公茂嗣位。 武成元年，其王遣使獻方物。 保定初，又遣使來貢。
Since Jia's day they had served Wei as frontier vassals. In Datong fourteen his heir Xuan-xi was enfeoffed as king. In Emperor Gong's second year Duke Mao of Tiandi succeeded. In Wucheng's first year the king sent tribute. Early in Baoding tribute came again.
20
自燉煌向其國，多沙磧，道里不可准記，唯以人畜骸骨及駝馬糞為驗，又有魍魎怪異。 故商旅來往，多取伊吾路云。
The road from Dunhuang was trackless desert marked only by bones and dung, haunted by omens and monsters. Traders therefore usually went by the Yiwu road.
21
鄯善，古樓蘭國也。 東去長安五千里。 所治城方一里。 地多沙鹵，少水草。 北卽白龍堆路。 魏太武時，為沮渠安周所攻，其王西奔且末。 西北有流沙數百里，夏日有熱風，為行旅之患。 風之欲至，唯老駝知之，卽鳴而聚立，埋其口鼻於沙中。 人每以為候，亦卽將氈擁蔽鼻口。 其風迅駛，斯須過盡。 若不防者，必至危斃。
Shanshan was ancient Loulan. It lay five thousand li east of Chang'an. Its capital measured one li square. Saline sands dominated; water and pasture were scarce. To the north ran the White Dragon Mounds route. Emperor Taiwu's day saw Juqu An-zhou attack it; the king fled west to Qiemo. Hundreds of li northwest lay drifting sands where summer brought scorching winds. Old camels alone sensed the coming wind, crying and burying their muzzles in sand. Travelers took the camels' warning and masked nose and mouth with felt. The gale struck swiftly and passed in moments. Without such precautions travelers perished.
22
大統八年，其〔王〕兄鄯米率衆內附。
In Datong eight the king's brother Shan-mi submitted with his people.
23
焉耆國在白山之南七十里，東去長安五千八百里。 其王姓龍，卽前涼張軌所 （封） 〔討〕龍熙之胤。 所治城方二里。 部內凡有九城。 國小民貧，無綱紀法令。 兵有弓刀甲矟。 婚姻略同華夏。 死亡者皆焚而後葬，其服制滿七日則除之。 丈夫竝剪發以為首飾。 文字與婆羅門同。 俗事天神，竝崇信佛法。 尤重二月八日、四月八日。 是日也，其國咸依釋教，齋戒行道焉。 氣候寒，土田良沃。 榖有稻粟菽麥。 畜有駝馬牛羊。 養蠶不以為絲，唯充綿纊。 俗尚蒲桃酒，兼愛音樂。 南去海十餘里，有魚鹽蒲葦之饒。
Karasahr stood seventy li south of White Mountain, five thousand eight hundred li from Chang'an. Its kings bore the surname Long, descendants of Long Xi whom Former Liang's Zhang Gui had enfeoffed emended: and whom Zhang Gui had enfeoffed. The capital was two li square. Nine towns lay within the realm. Small and poor, it lacked codified law. Weapons were bow, knife, armor, and spear. Marriage customs resembled China's. The dead were cremated then buried; mourning ended after seven days. Men cropped their hair for ornament. Their script matched Brahman writing. They worshipped Heaven and revered Buddhism alike. The second-month eighth day and fourth-month eighth day were especially sacred. On those days the whole realm fasted and observed Buddhist rites. The climate was cold but the soil fertile. They grew rice, millet, beans, and wheat. Herds held camels, horses, cattle, and sheep. Silkworms were raised for cotton wadding, not silk thread. They prized grape wine and loved music. Ten-odd li south of the sea lay rich fisheries, salt, and reeds.
24
保定四年，其王遣使獻名馬。
In Baoding four the king sent famed horses.
25
龜茲國在白山之南一百七十里，東去長安六千七百里。 其王姓白，卽後涼呂光所立白震之後。 所治城方五六里。 其刑法，殺人者死，劫賊則斷其一臂，並刖一足。 賦稅，准地征租，無田者則稅銀錢。 婚姻、喪葬、風俗、物產與焉支略同。 唯氣候少溫為異。 又出細氈、麖皮、氍毺、鐃 （多） 〔沙〕、鹽綠、雌黃、胡粉及良馬、封牛等。 東有輪臺，卽漢貳師將軍李廣利所屠。 其南三百里有大水東流，號計戍水，卽黃河也。
Kucha lay one hundred seventy li south of White Mountain, six thousand seven hundred li from Chang'an. Kings surnamed Bai descended from Bai Zhen, whom Later Liang's Lu Guang had installed. The capital measured five or six li square. Murder was capital; robbers lost an arm and a foot. Taxes were land rents; the landless paid silver. Marriage, burial, customs, and products resembled Karasahr's. Only the climate ran somewhat warmer. They also exported fine felt, elk hide, carpets, and cymbals, many emended: sand, mineral green, orpiment, cosmetic powder, fine horses, and zebu cattle. East lay Luntai, sacked by Han general Li Guangli. Three hundred li south a great river, the Jigu or Yellow River, flowed east.
26
保定元年，其王遣使來獻。
In Baoding's first year the king sent tribute.
27
于闐國在蔥嶺之北二百餘里，東去長安七千七百里。 所治城方八九里。 部內有大城五，小城數十。 其刑法，殺人者死，餘罪各隨輕重懲罰之。 自外風俗物產與龜茲略同。 俗重佛法，寺塔僧尼甚衆。 王尤信向，每設齋日，必親自灑掃饋食焉。 城南五十里有贊摩寺，卽昔羅漢比丘比盧旃為其王造覆盆浮圖之所。 石上有辟支佛趺處，雙跡猶存。 自高昌以西，諸國人等多深目高 （昌以東） 〔鼻，唯〕此一國，貌不甚胡，頗類華夏。 城東二十里有大水北流，號樹枝水，卽黃河也。 城西十五里亦有大水，名達利水，與樹枝俱北流，同會於計戍。
Khotan stood north of the Onion Range, seven thousand seven hundred li from Chang'an. The capital measured eight or nine li square. Five great cities and dozens of lesser towns lay within the realm. Murder was capital; lesser crimes brought scaled punishments. Otherwise customs and products matched Kucha's. Buddhism flourished with countless temples, pagodas, monks, and nuns. The king was devout, personally sweeping and feeding monks on fast days. Fifty li south stood Zanmo Temple, where the arhat Piluzhan had built a bowl-shaped stupa for the king. Stone there still bore a pratyekabuddha's footprints. West of Gaochang peoples were mostly deep-eyed and high- nosed east of Chang— emended: nosed; Khotan alone looked less foreign and more Chinese. Twenty li east the Branch River, a Yellow River tributary, flowed north. Fifteen li west the Dali River joined the Branch northward at Jigu.
28
建德三年，其王遣使獻名馬。
In Jiande three the king sent famed horses.
29
囐噠國，大月氐之種類，在于闐之西，東去長安一萬百里。 其王治拔底延城，蓋王舍城也。 其城方十餘里。 刑法、風俗，與突厥略同。 其俗又兄弟共娶一妻。 夫無兄弟者，其妻戴一角帽； 若有兄弟者，依其多少之數，更加帽角焉。 其人兇悍，能戰鬬。 于闐、安息等大小二十餘國，皆役屬之。
The Hephtalites were a Yuezhi branch west of Khotan, ten thousand li from Chang'an. Their king ruled Badiyan City, perhaps ancient Rajagriha. The capital exceeded ten li square. Law and custom resembled the Turks'. Custom also allowed brothers to share one wife. A wife whose husband had no brothers wore a one-horned cap; each brother added another horn to her cap. They were fierce warriors. Khotan, Parthia, and twenty-odd lesser states all served them.
30
大統十二年，遣使獻其方物。 魏廢帝二年，明帝二年，竝遣使來獻。 後為突厥所破，部落分散，職貢遂絕。
In Datong twelve they sent tribute. In Emperor Fei's second year and Emperor Ming's second year they sent tribute. The Turks shattered them; tribes scattered and tribute ended.
31
粟特國在蔥嶺之西，蓋古之庵蔡，一名溫那沙。 治于大澤，在康居西北。
Sogdia west of the Onion Range was ancient Ancai, also Wuna-sha. Their seat lay in a great marsh northwest of Kangju.
32
保定四年，其王遣使獻方物。
In Baoding four the king sent tribute.
33
安息國在蔥嶺之西，治蔚搜城。 北與康居、西與波斯相接，東去長安一萬七百五十里。
Parthia west of the Onion Range ruled from Weisou City. It bordered Kangju north, Persia west, and lay ten thousand seven hundred fifty li from Chang'an.
34
天和二年，其王遣使來獻。
In Tianhe two the king sent tribute.
35
波斯國，大月氐之別種，治蘇利城，古條支國也。 東去長安一萬五千三百里。 城方十餘里，戶十餘萬。 王姓波斯氐。 坐金羊床，戴金花冠，衣錦袍、織成帔，皆飾以珍珠寶物。 其俗：丈夫剪發，戴白皮帽，貫頭衫，兩廂近下開之，並有巾帔，緣以織成； 婦女服大衫，披大帔，其發前為髻，後被之，飾以金銀華，仍貫五色珠，絡之於膊。
Persia was a Yuezhi offshoot ruling Suli City, ancient Tiao-zhi. It stood fifteen thousand three hundred li east of Chang'an. The capital exceeded ten li square and held over one hundred thousand households. Kings bore the surname Bo-si Di. He sat on a golden sheep throne, crowned with gold flowers, robed in brocade and woven mantles studded with pearls. Men cropped their hair, wore white felt caps and collarless shirts open at the sides, with woven-edged turbans; women wore great robes and mantles, hair bound forward and draped back, adorned with gold, silver, and strings of five-colored pearls on the arms.
36
王於其國內別有小牙十餘所，猶中國之離宮也，每年四月出遊處之，十月乃還。 王卽位以後，擇諸子內賢者，密書其名，封之於庫，諸子及大臣皆莫之知也。 王死，乃衆共發書視之，其封內有名者，卽立以為王，餘子各出就邊任。 兄弟更不相見也。 國人號王曰翳囋，妃曰防步率，王之諸子曰殺野。 大官有摸胡壇，掌國內獄訟； 泥忽汗，掌庫藏關禁； 地卑勃，掌文書及衆務。 次有遏羅訶地，掌王之內事； 薩波勃，掌四方兵馬。 其下皆有屬官，分統其事。 兵器有甲矟圓排劍弩弓箭。 戰竝乘象，每象百人隨之。 其刑法：重罪懸諸竿上，射而殺之； 次則繋獄，新王立乃釋之； 輕罪則劓、刖若髡，或翦半須，及繋排於項上，以為恥辱； 犯彊盜者，禁之終身； 姦貴人妻者，男子流，婦人割其耳鼻。 賦稅則准地輸銀錢。
Like Chinese detached palaces he kept a dozen lesser camps, touring them each fourth month and returning in the tenth. On accession he secretly sealed the name of his worthiest son in the treasury, unknown even to princes and ministers. At his death the seal was opened and the named son enthroned; other sons took border commands. Brothers thereafter never met. Subjects called the king Yizhe, his consort Fangbu-shuai, and royal sons Shaye. Chief officers included Mo-hu-tan for domestic suits; Ni-hu-han for treasury and passes; Di-bei-bo for documents and general affairs. E-luo-he-di managed the royal household; Sa-bo-bo commanded armies on all sides. Subordinate officials beneath them divided the duties. Arms included armor, spear, round shield, sword, crossbow, bow, and arrow. They fought from elephants, each beast attended by one hundred men. Capital crimes meant suspension on a pole and death by arrows; lesser felonies brought prison until a new king's accession; minor crimes brought nose-cutting, amputation, tonsure, half-beard clipping, or a shame-board at the neck; violent robbers were imprisoned for life; adultery with a nobleman's wife exiled the man and mutilated the woman. Taxes were land rents paid in silver.
37
俗事火祆神。 婚合亦不擇尊卑，諸夷之中，最為醜穢矣。 民女年十歲以上有姿貌者，王收養之，有功勳人，卽以分賜。 死者多棄屍於山，一月治服。 城外有人別居，唯知喪葬之事，號為不淨人。 若入城市，搖鈴自別。 以六月為歲首，尤重七月七日、十二月一日。 其日，民庶以上，各相命召，設會作樂，以極歡娛。 又以每年正月二十日，各祭其先死者。
They worshipped the Zoroastrian fire god. Marriage ignored rank; among barbarians they were deemed the most debased. The king took comely girls over ten; meritorious men received them as rewards. Corpses were often left on mountains; mourning lasted one month. Outcasts beyond the walls handled funerals alone, called Unclean People. Entering the city they rang bells to warn others. Their year began in the sixth month; the seventh-month seventh day and twelfth-month first day were especially sacred. On those days all ranks feasted and made music to excess. Each first-month twentieth day they sacrificed to ancestors.
38
氣候暑熱，家自藏冰。 地多沙磧，引水溉灌。 其五穀及禽獸等，與中夏略同，唯無稻及黍秫。 土出名馬及駝，富室至有數千頭者。 又出白象、師子、大鳥卵、珍珠、離珠、頗黎、珊瑚、琥珀、瑠璃、馬瑙、水晶、瑟瑟、金、銀、鍮石、金剛、火齊、鑌鐵、銅、錫、朱沙、水銀、綾、錦、白疊、毼、氍毹、毾㲪、赤麞皮，及薰六、鬱金、蘇合、青木等香，胡椒、蓽撥、石蜜、千 （牛） 〔年〕棗、香附子、訶棃勒、無食子、鹽綠、雌黃等物。
The climate was torrid; households stored ice. Sandy soil required irrigation. Grain and livestock resembled China's save for rice and broomcorn millet. The land bred famed horses and camels; rich houses owned thousands. They exported white elephants, lions, ostrich eggs, pearls, glass, coral, amber, lapis, agate, crystal, gold, silver, metals, gems, silks, felts, aromatics, pepper, rock honey, thousand- ox emended: year jujubes, cyperus, myrobalan, gallnuts, mineral green, orpiment, and more.
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魏廢帝二年，其王遣使來獻方物。
In Emperor Fei's second year the king sent tribute.
40
史臣曰：四夷之為中國患也久矣，而北狄尤甚焉。 昔嚴尤、班固咸以周及秦漢未有得其上策，雖通賢之宏議，而史臣嘗以為疑。
The historian remarks: Border peoples have long troubled China, northern Di most of all. Yan You and Ban Gu claimed Zhou through Han never found the right policy; later historians doubted them.
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夫步驟之來，綿自今古； 澆淳之變，無隔華戎。 是以反道德，棄仁義，淩 （囗） 〔朁〕之風歲廣； 至涇陽，入北地，充斥之釁日深。 爰自金行，逮乎水運，戎夏離錯，風俗混幷。 夷裔之情偽，中國畢知之矣； 中國之得失，夷裔備聞之矣。 若乃不與約誓，不就攻伐，來而禦之，去而守之； 夫然則敵有餘力，我無寧歲，將士疲於奔命，疆埸苦其交侵。 欲使偃伯靈台， （歐） 〔驅〕世仁壽，其可得乎。 是知秩宗之雅旨，護軍之誠說，實有會於當時，而未允於後代也。
Steppe power is no new phenomenon; decay and renewal cross every frontier. They spurned virtue and benevolence, and the wind of missing character emended: insolence spread yearly; raids reached Jingyang and Beidi ever more often. From Jin through Sui, barbarian and Chinese realms intertwined. China knew every barbarian trick; barbarians heard every Chinese weakness too. Without treaties or punitive campaigns, only reactive defense— the enemy keeps strength, we know no peace, soldiers exhaust themselves, and borders bleed. To idle the Martial King's terrace missing character emended: and drive the age to benevolent longevity—was that possible? Rites ministers and army protectors spoke truth for their day, yet their counsel failed later ages.
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然則《易》稱「見幾而作」，《傳》云「相時而動」。 夫時者，得失之所繋； 幾者，吉凶之所由。 況乎諸夏之朝，治亂之運代有； 戎狄之地，彊弱之勢無恆。 若使臣畜之與羈縻，和親之與征伐，因其時而制變，觀其幾而立權，則舉無遺策，謀多上算，獸心之虜，革面匪難，沙幕之北，雲撤何遠。 安有周、秦、漢、魏優劣在其間哉。
Yet the Changes urges acting on subtle signs, the Documents on moving with the times. Timing binds gain and loss; subtle signs foretell fortune and ruin. Chinese dynasties rose and fell in turn; barbarian power waxed and waned without rule. Vassalage, loose tether, marriage, or war—timed rightly—would leave no stratagem unused; barbarians would turn their faces, and threats north of the desert would vanish like clouds. Zhou, Qin, Han, and Wei would not rank as better or worse.
43
全文以中華書局、一九七一年十一月版《周書》為本校。
The full chapter is collated against the Zhonghua Shuju Book of Zhou, November 1971.