Volume 1 Zhou Records 1

1

起著雍攝提格，盡玄黓困敦，凡三十五年。

From Zhiyong Shotige through Xuanyi Kundun—thirty-five years in all.

2

1〔九鼎震〕，初命晉大夫魏斯、趙籍、韓虔為諸侯。

The Zhou king first recognized the Jin grandees Wei Si, Zhao Ji, and Han Qian as feudal lords.¹

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::臣光曰：臣聞天子之職莫大於禮，禮莫大於分，分莫大於名。何謂禮？紀綱是也；何謂分？君臣是也；何謂名？公、侯、卿、大夫是也。 ::夫以四海之廣，兆民之眾，受制於一人，雖有絕倫之力，高世之智，莫敢不奔走而服役者，豈非以禮為之〔紀〕綱( 紀) 哉紀) 哉據上文乙正。！是故天子統三公，三公率諸侯，諸侯制卿大夫，卿大夫治士庶人。貴以臨賤，賤以承貴。上之使下，猶心腹之運手足，根本之制支葉；下之事上，猶手足之衛心腹，支葉之庇本根。然後能上下相保而國家治安。故曰：天子之職莫大於禮也。 ::文王序《易》，以乾坤為首。孔子繫之曰：「天尊地卑，乾坤定矣，卑高以陳，貴賤位矣。」言君臣之位，猶天地之不可易也。《春秋》抑諸侯，尊〔周〕( 王) 室王) 室章鈺《胡刻通鑑正文校宋記》( 以下簡稱章校) 「十二行本『王』作『周』；乙十一行本同；孔本同；退齋校同。」，據改。，王人雖微，序於諸侯之上，以是見聖人於君臣之際，未嘗不惓惓也。非有桀、紂之暴，湯、武之仁，人歸之，天命之，君臣之分，當守節伏死而已矣。是故以微子而代紂，則成湯配天矣；以季札而君吳，則太伯血食矣。然二子寧亡國而不為者，誠以禮之大節不可亂也。故曰：禮莫大於分也。 ::夫禮，辨貴賤，序親疏，裁群物，制庶事。非名不著，非器不形。名以命之，器以別之，然後上下粲然有倫，此禮之大經也。名器既亡，則禮安得獨在哉？昔仲叔於奚有功於衛，辭邑而請繁纓，孔子以為不如多與之邑。惟器與名，不可以假人，君之所司也。政亡，則國家從之。衛君待孔子而為政，孔子欲先正名，以為名不正則民無所措手足。夫繁纓，小物也，而孔子惜之；正名，細務也，而孔子先之。誠以名器既亂，則上下無以相有故也。夫事未有不生於微而成於著。聖人之慮遠，故能謹其微而治之；眾人之識近，故必待其著而後救之。治其微，則用力寡而功多；救其著，則竭力而不能及也。《易》曰：「履霜，堅冰至」，《書》曰：「一日二日萬幾」，謂此類也。故曰：分莫大於名也。 ::嗚呼！幽、厲失德，周道日衰，綱紀散壞，下陵上替，諸侯專征，大夫擅政。禮之大體，什喪七八矣。然文、武之祀猶綿綿相屬者，蓋以周之子孫尚能守其名分故也。何以言之？昔晉文公有大功於王室，請隧於襄王，襄王不許，曰：「王章也。未有代德而有二王，亦叔父之所惡也。不然，叔父有地而隧，又何請焉！」文公於是乎懼而不敢違。是故以周之地則不大於曹、滕，以周之民則不眾於邾、莒，然歷數百年，宗主天下，雖以晉、楚、齊、秦之強，不敢加者，何哉？徒以名分尚存故也。至於季氏之於魯，田〔恆〕( 常) 之於齊常) 之於齊田常即田恆，司馬光避宋諱，改為常。凡以下有諱字者，一律徑改，不出校記。，，白公之於楚，智伯之於晉，其勢皆足以逐君而自為，然而卒不敢者，豈其力不足而心不忍哉？乃畏奸名犯分而天下共誅之也。今晉大夫暴蔑其君，剖分晉國，天子既不能討，又寵秩之，使列於諸侯，是區區之名分復不能守而並棄之也。先王之禮於斯盡矣。或者以為當是之時，周室微弱，三晉強盛，雖欲勿許，其可得乎？是大不然。夫三晉雖強，苟不顧天下之誅而犯義侵禮，則不請於天子而自立矣。不請於天子而自立，則為悖逆之臣。天下苟有桓、文之君，必奉禮義而征之。今請於天子而天子許之，是受天子之命而為諸侯也，誰得而討之！故三晉之列於諸侯，非三晉之壞禮，乃天子自壞之也。 ::嗚呼！君臣之禮既壞矣，則天下以智力相雄長，遂使聖賢之後為諸侯者，社稷無不泯絕，生民之害糜滅幾盡，豈不哀哉！

Sima Guang remarks: I have heard that among the Son of Heaven's duties none is greater than ritual; among ritual none is greater than distinction; among distinction none is greater than naming. What is ritual? It is the bonds of rule; What is distinction? It is ruler and minister; What is naming? It is duke, marquis, minister, and grandee. Though the realm within the four seas is vast and the myriad people numerous, all are subject to one man—even with unmatched strength and wisdom surpassing the age, none dares refuse to serve: is it not because ritual is their bonds of rule ( bonds) bonds)² ! Emended to match the passage above. ! Therefore the Son of Heaven commands the Three Dukes; the Three Dukes lead the feudal lords; the feudal lords control ministers and grandees; ministers and grandees govern knights and commoners. The noble oversees the humble; the humble uphold the noble. When superiors employ inferiors, it is like the heart and belly moving hands and feet, the root controlling branches and leaves; when inferiors serve superiors, it is like hands and feet guarding the heart and belly, branches and leaves sheltering the root. Only then can high and low protect one another and the state be at peace. Hence it is said: Among the Son of Heaven's duties none is greater than ritual. King Wen ordered the Book of Changes, taking the hexagrams Qian and Kun as first. Confucius appended to it, saying: "Heaven is honored, earth is lowly; Qian and Kun are fixed. Low and high are set forth; noble and base have their places." This speaks of the positions of ruler and minister—as unchangeable as heaven and earth. The Spring and Autumn restrains the feudal lords and honors the [Zhou] ( King) King)³ House Zhang Yu, "Hu-Engraved Tongjian Main Text Collated Song Record" ( hereafter abbreviated Zhang Coll.) "In the twelve-line edition 'King' reads 'Zhou'; the Yi eleven-line edition is the same; the Kong edition is the same; the Tuizhai collation agrees." , emended accordingly. Though the king's envoy was slight in rank, he was placed above the feudal lords—by this one sees that the sage, in the matter of ruler and minister, was never anything but earnest. Unless there were tyrants like Jie and Zhou or benevolent conquerors like Tang and Wu, with the people turning to them and Heaven ordaining them, the distinction of ruler and minister should be kept by holding to one's station and dying in submission—that is all. Therefore if Weizi had replaced Zhou, Cheng Tang would have lost his place beside Heaven; if Ji Zha had ruled Wu, Taibo would have lost his blood sacrifices. Yet those two men would rather see their states perish than do it—truly because the great nodes of ritual must not be disturbed. Hence it is said: Among ritual none is greater than distinction. Ritual distinguishes noble and base, orders kin near and far, trims the myriad things, and regulates the multitude of affairs. Without naming, nothing is made known; without vessels, nothing takes form. Names command things; vessels distinguish them—only then are high and low brilliantly ordered: this is the great warp of ritual. When names and vessels are lost, how can ritual alone remain? Of old Zhongsun Yuxi had merit in Wei; he declined a fief and asked for the grand tassel. Confucius thought it better to give him more towns. "Vessels and names may not be lent to others"—these are what the ruler oversees. When government perishes, the state follows. The lord of Wei waited on Confucius to govern; Confucius wished first to rectify names, holding that if names are not rectified the people have nowhere to set hand or foot. The grand tassel is a small thing, yet Confucius cherished it; rectifying names is a fine matter, yet Confucius put it first. Truly, once names and vessels are in disorder, high and low have no way to possess one another. Nothing arises that does not begin in the minute and come to completion in the manifest. The sage's thought is far-reaching, and so he can be strict with the minute and govern it; Ordinary men's knowledge is near, and so they must wait until trouble is manifest and only then rescue it. To govern the minute, effort is little and achievement great; to rescue the manifest, one exhausts strength yet cannot succeed. The Changes says, "Treading frost, hard ice comes"; the Documents says, "In one day, two days, ten thousand affairs"—it speaks of this kind of thing. Hence it is said: Among distinction none is greater than naming. Alas! You and Li lost virtue; the Zhou Way daily declined; bonds and discipline scattered and broke; the base overran and replaced the high; feudal lords monopolized punitive expeditions; grandees monopolized government. Of ritual's great substance, seven or eight tenths were lost. Yet the sacrifices of Wen and Wu still continued in unbroken succession—likely because the Zhou descendants could still keep their names and stations. How may this be said? Of old Duke Wen of Jin had great merit for the royal house and asked for the royal funeral procession at King Xiang's court; the king would not permit it, saying: "This is the king's regulation. There has never been a successor virtue with two kings—this too is what Uncle would detest. Otherwise, Uncle has land and could have the procession—why ask!" Duke Wen thereupon feared and did not dare disobey. Therefore, though Zhou's territory was no larger than Cao's or Teng's and Zhou's people no more numerous than Zhu's or Ju's, yet for several hundred years its line presided over All-under-Heaven—even with the strength of Jin, Chu, Qi, and Qin, none dared advance against it: why? Simply because names and stations still remained. As for the Ji clan in Lu, Tian [Huan] ( Chang) Chang)⁴ in Qi Tian Chang is Tian Huan; Sima Guang avoids Song taboo and changes it to Chang. Where taboo characters appear below, they are uniformly changed without separate collation notes. , Lord Bai in Chu, and Earl Zhi in Jin—their power was enough to drive out their lords and set themselves up, yet in the end they did not dare: was their strength insufficient and their hearts unwilling? They feared the evil name of violating distinction and were jointly punished by All-under-Heaven. Now the Jin grandees outrageously despised their lord and carved up Jin; the Son of Heaven could neither punish them but instead favored and ranked them, setting them among the feudal lords—even these slight names and stations could no longer be kept and were cast away together. The former kings' ritual ended here. Some may think that at that time the Zhou house was weak and the Three Jin strong—though one wished not to permit it, how could one obtain that? This is greatly mistaken. Though the Three Jin were strong, if they did not heed punishment from All-under-Heaven and violated righteousness and encroached on ritual, they would have set themselves up without asking the Son of Heaven. To set themselves up without asking the Son of Heaven would make them rebellious ministers. If All-under-Heaven had a lord like Duke Huan or Duke Wen, he would surely uphold ritual and righteousness and campaign against them. Now they asked the Son of Heaven and the Son of Heaven permitted it—they received the Son of Heaven's command and became feudal lords: who could punish them! Therefore the Three Jin's listing among the feudal lords was not the Three Jin destroying ritual—it was the Son of Heaven destroying it himself. Alas! Once the ritual between ruler and minister was broken, All-under-Heaven contended as chief by wit and strength; thereupon the altars of the sage-kings' descendants who were feudal lords were none that did not perish utterly, and the harm to the living people was nearly extinguished—is it not lamentable!

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2初，智宣子將以瑤為後。智果曰：「不如宵也。瑤之賢於人者五，其不逮者一也。美鬢長大則賢，射御足力則賢，伎藝畢給則賢，巧文辯慧則賢，強毅果敢則賢，如是而甚不仁。夫以其五賢陵人，而以不仁行之，其誰能待之？若果立瑤也，智宗必滅。」弗聽，智果別族於太史為輔氏。趙簡子之子，長曰伯魯，幼曰無恤。將置後，不知所立。乃書訓戒之辭於二簡，以授二子曰：「謹識之。」三年而問之，伯魯不能舉其辭，求其簡，已失之矣。問無恤，誦其辭甚習，求其簡，出諸袖中而奏之。於是簡子以無恤為賢，立以為後。簡子使尹鐸為晉陽。請曰：「以為繭絲乎？抑為保障乎？」簡子曰：「保障哉！」尹鐸損其戶數。簡子謂無恤曰：「晉國有難，而無以尹鐸為少，無以晉陽為遠，必以為歸。」及智宣子卒，智襄子為政，與韓康子、魏桓子宴於藍台。智伯戲康子而侮段規，智國聞之，諫曰：「主不備，難必至矣！」智伯曰：「難將由我。我不為難，誰敢興之？」對曰：「不然。《夏書》有之曰：『一人三失，怨豈在明，不見是圖。』夫君子能勤小物，故無大患。今主一宴而恥人之君相，又弗備，曰不敢興難，無乃不可乎！蜹、蟻、蜂、蠆，皆能害人，況君相乎！」弗聽。

2 At first, Earl Xuan of Zhi was about to make Zhi Yao his heir. Zhi Guo said: "Better take Zhi Xiao. Zhi Yao surpasses others in five ways; in one he does not reach him. If his temples are beautiful and his stature tall, then he is worthy; if archery, charioteering, and foot strength suffice, then he is worthy; if skills and arts are fully supplied, then he is worthy; if clever writing and eloquent wisdom, then he is worthy; if strong, resolute, and bold, then he is worthy—yet he is very much not benevolent. With his five excellences he will tower over others yet act without benevolence—who can wait on him? If Zhi Yao is indeed made heir, the Zhi clan will surely perish." He was not heeded; Zhi Guo separated his clan and attached to the Grand Clerk as the Fu clan. Among the sons of Zhao Jianzi, the elder was Bo Lu, the younger Wuxu. About to set the heir, he did not know whom to establish. He wrote words of instruction on two bamboo slips and gave them to the two sons, saying: "Keep these carefully." After three years he questioned them; Bo Lu could not recite his text; he sought his slip—it was already lost. He questioned Wuxu; he recited the text very fluently; he sought his slip—Wuxu produced it from his sleeve and presented it. Thereupon Jianzi held Wuxu worthy and established him as heir. Jianzi sent Yin Duo to Jinyang. He asked: "As cocoon silk? Or as a stronghold?" Jianzi said: "A stronghold!" Yin Duo reduced the household count. Jianzi told Wuxu: "When Jin has trouble, do not take Yin Duo lightly; do not take Jinyang as far—you must make it your refuge." When Earl Xuan of Zhi died, Earl Xiang of Zhi held government and feasted with Han Kangzi and Earl Huan of Wei at Lantai. Earl Zhi mocked Kangzi and insulted Duan Gui; when Zhi Guo heard it he remonstrated: "If the lord is not prepared, trouble will surely come!" Earl Zhi said: "Trouble will come from me. If I do not make trouble, who dares raise it?" He replied: "It is not so. The Documents of Xia has it: "One man loses thrice; resentment—how could it lie in the manifest? Do not see the chart." A gentleman can be diligent in small things, and so has no great trouble. Now the lord in one feast shames others' lords and ministers and is not prepared, saying none dare raise trouble—is this not impermissible! Mosquitoes, ants, bees, and scorpions can all harm people—how much more lords and ministers!" He was not heeded.

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智伯請地於韓康子，康子欲弗與。段規曰：「智伯好利而愎，不與，將伐我；不如與之。彼狃於得地，必請於他人；他人不與，必向之以兵。然則我得免於患而待事之變矣。」康子曰：「善。」使使者致萬家之邑於智伯，智伯悅。又求地於魏桓子，桓子欲弗與。任章曰：「何故弗與？」桓子曰：「無故索地，故弗與。」任章曰：「無故索地，諸大夫必懼；吾與之地，智伯必驕。彼驕而輕敵，此懼而相親。以相親之兵待輕敵之人，智氏之命必不長矣。《周書》曰：『將欲敗之，必姑輔之；將欲取之，必姑與之。』主不如與之以驕智伯，然後可以擇交而圖智氏矣。奈何獨以吾為智氏質乎！」桓子曰：「善。」復與之萬家之邑一。智伯又求〔藺〕( 蔡) 、皋狼之地於趙襄子蔡) 、皋狼之地於趙襄子據《史記·趙世家》武靈王十九年條、《通鑑》( 周烈王四年條改。，襄子弗與。智伯怒，帥韓、魏之甲以攻趙氏。襄子將出，曰：「吾何走乎？」從者曰：「長子近，且城厚完。」襄子曰：「民罷力以完之，又斃死以守之，其誰與我！」從者曰：「邯鄲之倉庫實。」襄子曰：「浚民之膏澤以實之，又因而殺之，其誰與我！其晉陽乎，先主之所屬也，尹鐸之所寬也，民必和矣。」乃走晉陽。

Earl Zhi asked land of Han Kangzi; Kangzi wished not to give. Duan Gui said: "Earl Zhi loves profit and is obstinate; if we do not give, he will attack us; better give to him. When he is accustomed to gaining land, he will surely ask others; if others do not give, he will surely turn arms on them. Then we shall escape trouble and await the change of affairs." Kangzi said: "Good." He sent an envoy to present a town of ten thousand households to Earl Zhi; Earl Zhi was pleased. He again asked land of Earl Huan of Wei; Huan wished not to give. Ren Zhang said: "Why not give?" Huan said: "He asks land without cause, so I do not give." Ren Zhang said: "Asking land without cause, the great ministers will surely fear; if we give him land, Earl Zhi will surely grow arrogant. When he is arrogant he will slight the enemy; when they fear they will be close to one another. With mutually close armies awaiting a man who slighted the enemy, the Zhi clan's fate cannot be long. The Documents of Zhou says: "If you wish to defeat him, you must for a time assist him; if you wish to take from him, you must for a time give to him." My lord had better give to him to make Earl Zhi arrogant; then you can choose allies and plot against the Zhi clan. Why alone make us a pledge for the Zhi clan!" Huan said: "Good." He again gave him one town of ten thousand households. Earl Zhi again asked for [Lin] ( Cai) Cai)⁵ and Gaolang lands of Zhao Xiangzi emended per the "House of Zhao" in the Records of the Grand Historian, King Wuling year nineteen entry, and the Comprehensive Mirror ( King Lie of Zhou year four entry). ; Xiangzi would not give. Earl Zhi was angry and led Han and Wei armor to attack the Zhao clan. Xiangzi was about to flee and said: "Where shall I run?" His attendants said: "Changzi is near, and its walls thick and complete." Xiangzi said: "The people exhausted their strength to complete it and died in heaps to defend it—who will be with me!" His attendants said: "Handan's granaries are full." Xiangzi said: "They drained the people's fat and cream to fill them and then killed them thereby—who will be with me! Jinyang, then—the former lord's charge, and where Yin Duo was lenient—the people will surely be harmonious." Thereupon he fled to Jinyang.

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三家以國人圍而灌之，城不浸者三版。沈竈產鼃，民無叛意。智伯行水，魏桓子御，韓康子驂乘。智伯曰：「吾乃今知水可以亡人國也。」桓子肘康子，康子履桓子之跗，以汾水可以灌安邑，絳水可以灌平陽也。絺疵謂智伯曰：「韓、魏必反矣。」智伯曰：「子何以知之？」絺疵曰：「以人事知之。夫從韓、魏之兵以攻趙，趙亡，難必及韓、魏矣。今約勝趙而三分其地，城不沒者三版，人馬相食，城降有日，而二子無喜志，有憂色，是非反而何？」明日，智伯以絺疵之言告二子，二子曰：「此夫讒臣欲為趙氏游說，使主疑於二家而懈於攻趙氏也。不然，夫二家豈不利朝夕分趙氏之田，而欲為危難不可成之事乎？」二子出，絺疵入曰：「主何以臣之言告二子也？」智伯曰：「子何以知之？」對曰：「臣見其視臣端而趨疾，知臣得其情故也。」智伯不悛。絺疵請使於齊。

The three families used the people of the state to besiege and flood it; the water stood three wall-boards below the top. Stoves sank and frogs appeared in the kitchens; the people had no thought of rebellion. Earl Zhi walked the water; Earl Huan of Wei drove, Han Kangzi rode as outrider. Earl Zhi said: "I now know water can destroy a state." Huan elbowed Kangzi; Kangzi trod on Huan's foot—Fen water could flood Anyi, Jiang water could flood Pingyang. Qi Ci said to Earl Zhi: "Han and Wei will surely rebel." Earl Zhi said: "How do you know?" Qi Ci said: "By human affairs I know it. With Han and Wei's troops to attack Zhao, when Zhao perishes trouble will surely reach Han and Wei. Now the covenant is to conquer Zhao and divide its land in three; the water stands three wall-boards below the top, men and horses eat one another, the city's surrender is a matter of days—yet the two men have no joyful look but have a troubled color: if this is not rebellion, what is it?" Next day Earl Zhi told the two men Qi Ci's words; the two said: "This slanderer wishes to speak for the Zhao clan, make the lord suspect the two houses, and slacken the attack on Zhao. Otherwise, would not the two houses profit from dividing the Zhao fields morning and evening, yet wish to do perilous things that cannot succeed?" When the two went out, Qi Ci entered and said: "Why did the lord tell the two men my words?" Earl Zhi said: "How do you know?" He replied: "I saw them look at me straight and hurry off—I knew I had got their feelings." Earl Zhi did not repent. Qi Ci asked to be envoy to Qi.

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趙襄子使張孟談潛出見二子，曰：「臣聞脣亡則齒寒。今智伯帥韓、魏而攻趙，趙亡則韓、魏為之次矣。」二子曰：「我心知其然也，恐事末遂而謀洩，則禍立至矣」。張孟談曰：「謀出二主之口，入臣之耳，何傷也？」二子乃陰與張孟談約，為之期日而遣之。襄子夜使人殺守堤之吏，而決水灌智伯軍。智伯軍救水而亂，韓、魏翼而擊之，襄子將卒犯其前，大敗智伯之眾。遂殺智伯，盡滅智氏之族。唯輔果在。

Zhao Xiangzi sent Zhang Mengtan to slip out and see the two men, saying: "I have heard that when the lips perish the teeth grow cold. Now Earl Zhi leads Han and Wei to attack Zhao; when Zhao perishes Han and Wei will be next." The two said: "We knew it in our hearts, but feared that before the affair was finished the plot would leak and disaster would immediately arrive." Zhang Mengtan said: "The plot comes from the two lords' mouths and enters this servant's ear—what harm?" The two thereupon secretly made covenant with Zhang Mengtan, set a day, and sent him off. At night Xiangzi sent men to kill the dike guards and released water to flood Earl Zhi's army. Earl Zhi's army rescued the water and was thrown into disorder; Han and Wei struck from the wings, Xiangzi led troops and struck in front, and greatly defeated Earl Zhi's masses. Thereupon they killed Earl Zhi and utterly destroyed the Zhi clan. Only Fu Guo remained.

8

::臣光曰：智伯之亡也，才勝德也。夫才與德異，而世俗莫之能辨，通謂之賢，此其所以失人也。夫聰察強毅之謂才，正直中和之謂德。才者，德之資也；德者，才之帥也。雲夢之竹，天下之勁也，然而不矯揉，不羽括，則不能以入堅；棠溪之金，天下之利也，然而不熔范，不砥礪，則不能以擊強。是故才德全盡謂之聖人，才德兼亡謂之愚人，德勝才謂之君子，才勝德謂之小人。凡取人之術，苟不得聖人、君子而與之，與其得小人，不若得愚人。何則？君子挾才以為善，小人挾才以為惡。挾才以為善者，善無不至矣；挾才以為惡者，惡亦無不至矣。愚者雖欲為不善，智不能周，力不能勝，譬之乳狗搏人，人得而制之。小人智足以遂其奸，勇足以決其暴，是虎而翼者也，其為害豈不多哉！夫德者人之所嚴，而才者人之所愛。愛者易親，嚴者易疏，是以察者多蔽於才而遺於德。自古昔以來，國之亂臣，家之敗子，才有餘而德不足，以至於顛覆者多矣，豈特智伯哉！故為國為家者，苟能審於才德之分而知所先後，又何失人之足患哉！

Sima Guang remarks: Earl Zhi's destruction was talent surpassing virtue. Talent and virtue differ, yet the vulgar cannot distinguish them and uniformly call such men worthy—this is why they lose men. Keen perception and strong resolve are called talent; uprightness, harmony, and centrality are called virtue. Talent is virtue's material; virtue is talent's commander. The bamboo of Yunmeng is the strongest under heaven, yet without straightening and bending, without feather and thong, it cannot pierce the hard; the metal of Tangxi is the sharpest under heaven, yet without smelting and casting, without grinding, it cannot strike the strong. Therefore talent and virtue complete is called a sage; talent and virtue both lost is called a fool; virtue surpassing talent is called a gentleman; talent surpassing virtue is called a petty man. The method of taking men: if one cannot obtain a sage or gentleman, better a fool than a petty man. Why? The gentleman holds talent to do good; the petty man holds talent to do evil. He who holds talent to do good—good has nowhere it does not reach; he who holds talent to do evil—evil also has nowhere it does not reach. Though a fool wishes to do evil, wit cannot compass it and strength cannot overcome it—like a suckling dog fighting a man, the man gets it and controls it. The petty man's wit is enough to carry out his treachery and his courage enough to decide his violence—he is a tiger with wings: how could the harm not be great! Virtue is what men revere; talent is what men love. What is loved is easy to draw near; what is revered is easy to keep distant—therefore examiners are often blinded by talent and overlook virtue. From ancient times until now, the disordered ministers of states and ruined sons of families—talent in surplus and virtue insufficient, leading to overthrow—have been many; was it only Earl Zhi! Therefore for one who governs state and family, if he can examine the distinction of talent and virtue and know what to put first and after, why worry enough about losing men!

9

3三家分智氏之田。趙襄子漆智伯之頭，以為飲器。智伯之臣豫讓欲為之報仇，乃詐為刑人，挾匕首，入襄子宮中塗廁。襄子如廁心動，索之，獲豫讓。左右欲殺之，襄子曰：「智伯死無後，而此人欲為報仇，真義士也！吾謹避之耳。」乃捨之。豫讓又漆身為癩，吞炭為啞，行乞於市，其妻不識也。行見其友，其友識之，為之泣曰：「以子之才，臣事趙孟，必得近幸。子乃為所欲為，顧不易邪？何乃自苦如此！求以報仇，不亦難乎？」豫讓曰：「〔不可〕！既已委質為臣乙十一行本同；孔本同；張校同；退齋校同。」，據補。，而又求殺之，是二心也。凡吾所為者，極難耳。然所以為此者，將以愧天下後世之為人臣懷二心者也。襄子出，豫讓伏於橋下。襄子至橋，馬驚，索之，得豫讓，遂殺之。襄子為伯魯之不立也，有子五人，不肯置後。封伯魯之子於代，曰代成君，早卒，立其子浣為趙氏後。襄子卒，弟桓子〔嘉〕逐浣而自立據《史記·趙世家》及《魏世家》索隱引《世本》，皆作襄子之子。，一年卒。趙氏之人曰：「桓子立，非襄主意。」乃共殺其子，復迎浣而立之，是為獻子。獻子生籍，是為烈侯。魏斯者，桓子之孫也，是為文侯。韓康子生武子〔啟章〕，武子生虔，是為景侯。

3 The three houses divided the Zhi clan’s lands. Zhao Xiangzi lacquered Earl Zhi’s head and kept it for a cup. Yu Rang, a retainer of Earl Zhi, sought revenge. He disguised himself as a convict, dagger in hand, and entered Xiangzi’s palace to work the privy. Xiangzi felt a sudden dread at the privy, searched, and seized Yu Rang. His attendants would have killed him. Xiangzi said, “Earl Zhi left no heir, yet this man would avenge him—a true man of honor! I need only guard myself against him.” And he let him go. Yu Rang lacquered his body until it festered, swallowed charcoal until he was mute, and begged in the market—his own wife did not know him. In the street he met a friend who knew him and wept: “With your gifts, serve Zhao Meng and you will win his trust. Then do as you will—is that not easier? Why torment yourself like this! Revenge would be hard enough.” Yu Rang said, “No! the Yi eleven-line edition agrees;⁶ Kong’s edition agrees; Zhang’s collation agrees; Tui Zhai’s collation agrees.” , supplied by collation. , yet to seek his death again is to serve two masters. Everything I do is as hard as it can be. I do it to shame every subject after me who would harbor a second loyalty. When Xiangzi rode out, Yu Rang hid beneath the bridge. At the bridge his horse shied; he searched, found Yu Rang, and killed him. Bo Lu had left no heir; Xiangzi had five sons yet would not name a successor. He enfeoffed Bo Lu’s son in Dai as Lord Cheng of Dai. The boy died young; Xiangzi made his son Huan heir of Zhao. Shiji “House of Zhao” and “House of Wei,” Suoyin citing Shiben, make him Xiangzi’s son.⁷ , and died within a year. The Zhao clan said, “Huanzi’s rise was not what Xiangzi intended.” They killed his son together, brought Huan back, and enthroned him as Marquis Xian. Marquis Xian begot Ji, who became Marquis Lie. —Marquis Wen.⁸ . Lord Wu begot Qian, who became Marquis Jing.⁹

10

魏文侯以卜子夏、田子方為師，每過段干木之廬必式。四方賢士多歸之。文侯與群臣飲酒，樂，而天雨，命駕將適野。左右曰：「今日飲酒樂，天又雨，君將安之？」文侯曰：「吾與虞人期獵，雖樂，豈可無一會期哉！」乃往，身自罷之。韓借師於魏以伐趙。文侯曰：「寡人與趙，兄弟也，不敢聞命。」趙借師於魏以伐韓，文侯應之亦然。二國皆怒而去。已而知文侯以講於己也，皆朝於魏。魏由是始大於三晉，諸侯莫能與之爭。使樂羊伐中山，克之，以封其子擊。文侯問於群臣曰：「我何如主？」皆曰：「仁君。」任座曰：「君得中山，不以封君之弟而以封君之子，何謂仁君？」文侯怒，任座趨出。次問翟璜，對曰：「仁君也。」文侯曰：「何以知之？」對曰：「臣聞君仁則臣直。向者任座之言直，臣是以知之。」文侯悅，使翟璜召任座而反之，親下堂迎之，以為上客。文侯與田子方飲，文侯曰：「鐘聲不比乎？左高。」田子方笑。文侯曰：「何笑？」子方曰：「臣聞之，君明樂官，不明樂音。今君審於音，臣恐其聾於官也。」文侯曰：「善。」子擊出，遭田子方於道，下車伏謁。子方不為禮。子擊怒，謂子方曰：「富貴者驕人乎？貧賤者驕人乎？」子方曰：「亦貧賤者驕人耳，富貴者安敢驕人？國君而驕人則失其國，大夫而驕人則失其家。失其國者未聞有以國待之者也，失其家者未聞有以家待之者也。夫士貧賤者，言不用，行不合，則納履而去耳，安往而不得貧賤哉！」子擊乃謝之。文侯謂李克曰：「先生嘗有言曰：『家貧思良妻，國亂思良相。』今所置非成則璜，二子何如？」對曰：「卑不謀尊，疏不謀戚。臣在闕門之外，不敢當命。」文侯曰：「先生臨事勿讓。」克曰：「君弗察故也。居視其所親，富視其所與，達視其所舉，窮視其所不為，貧視其所不取，五者足以定之矣，何待克哉！」文侯曰：「先生就捨，吾之相定矣。」李克出，見翟璜。翟璜曰：「今者聞君召先生而卜相，果誰為之？」克曰：「魏成。」翟璜忿然作色曰：「西河守吳起，臣所進也；君內以鄴為憂，臣進西門豹；君欲伐中山，臣進樂羊；中山已拔，無使守之，臣進先生；君之子無傅，臣進屈侯鮒。以耳目之所睹記，臣何負於魏成？」李克曰：「子〔之〕言克於子之君者乙十一行本同；孔本同。」《史記·魏世家》有此字，據補。，豈將比周以求大官哉？君問相於克，克之對如是。所以知君之必相魏成者，魏成食祿千鐘，什九在外，什一在內，是以東得卜子夏、田子方、段干木。此三人者，君皆師之；子所進五人者，君皆臣之。子惡得與魏成比也！翟璜逡巡再拜曰：「璜，鄙人也，失對，願卒為弟子。」

Marquis Wen of Wei took Bu Zixia and Tian Zifang as teachers; whenever he passed Duan Gan Mu’s hut he bowed from the carriage. Talented men from every quarter flocked to him. Marquis Wen was drinking with his ministers when rain began; he ordered his chariot to the wilds. His attendants said, “We were merry with wine, and now it rains—where is my lord going?” Marquis Wen said, “I promised the forester a hunt. Merry as we are, I cannot break even one appointment.” He went himself and released the forester from the appointment. Han asked Wei for troops to attack Zhao. Marquis Wen said, “Zhao and I are brothers. I cannot comply.” When Zhao asked Wei for troops against Han, Marquis Wen refused the same way. Both states left in anger. Later they learned Marquis Wen had mediated for them, and both came to pay court at Wei. From then Wei grew greater than the other two Jin states, and no rival could match it. He sent Yue Yang against Zhongshan, conquered it, and enfeoffed his son Ji there. Marquis Wen asked his ministers, “What kind of ruler am I?” All said, “A benevolent ruler.” Ren Zuo said, “You took Zhongshan and gave it to your son, not your brother—how is that benevolent?” Marquis Wen grew angry; Ren Zuo hurried out. He next asked Di Huang, who said, “A benevolent ruler.” Marquis Wen said, “How do you know?” He answered, “When the ruler is benevolent, his ministers speak straight. Ren Zuo spoke straight just now—that is how I know.” Marquis Wen was pleased, had Di Huang recall Ren Zuo, came down the hall to welcome him, and seated him as an honored guest. Marquis Wen drank with Tian Zifang. Marquis Wen said, “The bells are out of tune, are they not? The left is high.” Tian Zifang laughed. Marquis Wen said, “Why do you laugh?” Zifang said, “A ruler should know his music master, not music itself. You are sharp about pitch; I fear you are deaf to your officers.” Marquis Wen said, “Well said.” Ji went out and met Tian Zifang on the road; he dismounted and bowed to the ground. Zifang did not return the courtesy. Ji was angry and said, “Does the rich and noble look down on others, or the poor and lowly? Or does the poor and lowly?” Zifang said, “Only the poor and lowly may look down on others. How dare the rich and noble? A ruler who looks down on others loses his state; a great officer loses his house. Who loses his state is no longer treated as ruler; who loses his house is no longer treated as master. A poor scholar whose words go unused and whose way is not followed simply ties his shoes and walks away—where can he go and not be poor?” Ji apologized. Marquis Wen said to Li Ke, “You once said, ‘When the house is poor one longs for a good wife; when the state is troubled one longs for a good minister.’ I must choose between Wei Cheng and you—how do they compare?” He answered, “The lowly do not counsel the exalted; the distant do not counsel kin. I stand outside your gate—I dare not take such a charge.” Marquis Wen said, “When the matter is at hand, do not decline.” Ke said, “You do not look closely—that is all. Watch whom he keeps near at home, whom he gives to in wealth, whom he raises in success, what he refuses in extremity, what he will not take in poverty—five tests are enough. Why ask Ke?” Marquis Wen said, “Go to your lodging. My minister is chosen.” Li Ke went out and met Di Huang. Di Huang said, “I hear you were summoned to choose a minister—who won?” Ke said, “Wei Cheng.” Di Huang flushed with anger. “Wu Qi of the western river—I recommended him. When Ye troubled you within, I recommended Ximen Bao. When you wished to attack Zhongshan, I recommended Yue Yang. Zhongshan fell and had no governor—I recommended you. Your son had no tutor—I recommended Quhou Fu. By everything my eyes and ears have witnessed—how have I fallen short of Wei Cheng?” “the Yi eleven-line edition agrees;¹⁰ Kong’s edition agrees.” Shiji “House of Wei” has this character; supplied by collation. , were you forming factions for high office? The lord asked me about a minister; I answered thus. I knew he would choose Wei Cheng: Wei Cheng drew a thousand zhong, spent nine-tenths abroad and one at home, and so won Bu Zixia, Tian Zifang, and Duan Gan Mu in the east. These three your lord made his teachers; the five you recommended he made his ministers. How can you compare with Wei Cheng! Di Huang hesitated, bowed twice, and said, “I am a coarse man and answered wrongly. Let me be your disciple to the end.”

11

吳起者，衛人，仕於魯。齊人伐魯，魯人欲以為將，起取齊女為妻，魯人疑之，起殺妻以求將，大破齊師。或譖之魯侯曰：「起始事曾參，母死不奔喪，曾參絕之。今又殺妻以求為君將。起，殘忍薄行人也。且以魯國區區而有勝敵之名，則諸侯圖魯矣。」起恐得罪。聞魏文侯賢，乃往歸之。文侯問諸李克，李克曰：「起貪而好色，然用兵，司馬穰苴弗能過也。」於是文侯以為將，擊秦，拔五城。起之為將，與士卒最下者同衣食，臥不設席，行不騎乘，親裹贏糧，與士卒分勞苦。卒有病疽者，起為吮之。卒母聞而哭之。人曰：「子，卒也，而將軍自吮其疽，何哭為？」母曰：「非然也。往年吳公吮其父( 疽) 疽) 章校「十二行本無『疽』字；乙十一行本同；孔本同。」《史記·吳起列傳》正無此字，據刪。，其父戰不還踵，遂死於敵。吳公今又吮其子，妾不知其死所矣，是以哭之。」

Wu Qi was from Wei and served in Lu. When Qi attacked Lu, Lu would have made him general; he married a woman of Qi, Lu grew suspicious, and he killed his wife to win the command and shattered the Qi army. Someone slandered him to the Marquis of Lu: “He first served Zeng Shen; when his mother died he did not hurry home, and Zeng Shen cast him off. Now he kills his wife to become your general. Qi is cruel and faithless. If tiny Lu wins a name for defeating enemies, the feudal lords will turn on Lu.” Qi feared punishment. Hearing Marquis Wen of Wei was worthy, he went to serve him. Marquis Wen asked Li Ke, who said, “He is greedy and lustful, yet in war even Sima Rangju could not match him.” Marquis Wen made him general; he attacked Qin and took five cities. As general he ate and dressed like the lowest soldier, slept without a mat, marched on foot, carried his own rations, and shared every hardship. When a soldier had an abscess, Qi sucked it clean. The soldier’s mother heard and wept. Someone said, “Your son is only a soldier—why weep when the general sucks his sore?” The mother said, “Not so. Years ago Lord Wu sucked his father’s ( abscess) abscess) Zhang’s collation: the twelve-line edition lacks “abscess”; the Yi eleven-line edition agrees; Kong’s edition agrees.” Shiji “Biography of Wu Qi” lacks this character; deleted by collation. , and his father fought without flinching and died in battle. Lord Wu now sucks his son. I do not know where my son will die—that is why I weep.”

12

4燕湣公薨，子僖公立。

4 Duke Min of Yan died; his son Duke Xi succeeded.

13

1王崩，子安王驕立。

1 The Zhou king died; his son King An Jiao succeeded.

14

2盜殺楚聲王，國人立其子〔疑，是為〕悼王。

.¹¹

15

1秦伐魏，至陽〔狐〕( 孤) 孤) 章校「乙十一行本正作『狐』。」《史記·秦本紀》正作「狐」，據改。。

1 Qin attacked Wei as far as Yang [Hu] ( Gu) Gu) Zhang’s collation: the Yi eleven-line edition reads “Hu”;” Shiji “Basic Annals of Qin” reads “Hu”; changed by collation. .

16

1魏、韓、趙伐楚，至〔乘〕( 桑) 丘桑) 丘據胡三省《資治通鑑音注》( 以下簡稱胡注) 改。按：乘丘在今山東巨野縣西南，並非楚地。。

1 Wei, Han, and Zhao attacked Chu as far as [Cheng] ( Sang) Sang)¹² Qiu per Hu Sanxing’s Zizhi Tongjian yinzhu ( hereafter Hu’s commentary) changed. .¹³

17

2鄭圍韓陽翟。

2 Zheng besieged Yangzhai in Han.

18

3韓景侯薨，子烈侯取立。

3 Marquis Jing of Han died; his son Marquis Lie succeeded.

19

4趙烈侯薨，國人立其弟武侯。

4 Marquis Lie of Zhao died; the people enthroned his younger brother Marquis Wu.

20

5秦簡公薨，子惠公立。

5 Duke Jian of Qin died; his son Duke Hui succeeded.

21

1王子定奔晉。

1 Prince Ding fled to Jin.

22

2虢山崩，壅河。

2 Mount Guo collapsed and dammed the river.

23

1楚〔敗鄭師〕，圍鄭。鄭人殺其相駟子陽。

and besieged Zheng.¹⁴ The men of Zheng killed their prime minister Ziyang of the Si clan.

24

1日有食之。

.¹⁵

25

2〔春〕，三月，盜殺韓相俠累。俠累與濮陽嚴仲子有惡。仲子聞軹人聶政之勇，以黃金百鎰為政母壽，欲因以報仇。政不受，曰：「老母在，政身未敢以許人也！」及母卒，仲子乃使政刺俠累。俠累方坐府上，兵衛甚眾，聶政直入上階，刺殺俠累，因自皮面抉眼，自屠出腸。韓人暴其尸於市，購問，莫能識。其姊嫈聞而往哭之，曰：「是〔吾弟〕軹深井里聶政也。以妾尚在之故，重自刑以絕從。妾奈何畏歿身之誅，終滅賢弟之名！」遂死於政尸之旁。

, robbers killed the Han minister Xielei.¹⁶ Xielei and Yan Zhongzi of Puyang were enemies. Zhongzi heard of Nie Zheng of Zhi and sent a hundred yi of gold to Zheng’s mother for longevity, hoping to win him for revenge. Zheng refused: “While my mother lives I dare not pledge myself to any man!” After his mother died, Zhongzi sent Zheng to stab Xielei. Xielei sat in his hall surrounded by guards. Nie Zheng walked straight up the steps, killed him, then flayed his face, gouged out his eyes, and gutted himself. Han exposed his corpse in the market and offered a reward; no one knew him. “.¹⁷ Because I still lived he mutilated himself again to sever every link. Shall I fear death and let my worthy brother’s name be lost!” She died beside her brother’s corpse.

26

1鄭駟子陽之黨弒繻公，而立其弟乙，是為康公。

1 The faction of Ziyang of the Si clan assassinated Duke Xu and enthroned his brother Yi as Duke Kang.

27

1齊伐魯，取最。〔韓救魯〕乙十一行本同；孔本同；張校同；退齋校同。《史記·六國年表》有韓救魯事，據補。。

1 Qi attacked Lu and took Zui. the Yi eleven-line edition agrees;¹⁸ Kong’s edition agrees; Zhang’s collation agrees; Tui Zhai’s collation agrees. Shiji “Table by Reign of the Six States” records Han rescuing Lu; supplied by collation. .

28

2鄭負黍叛，復歸韓。

2 Fushu of Zheng rebelled and returned to Han.

29

1魏伐鄭。

1 Wei attacked Zheng.

30

2晉烈公薨，子孝公傾立。

2 Duke Lie of Jin died; his son Duke Xiao Qing succeeded.

31

1秦伐韓宜陽，取六邑。

1 Qin attacked Yiyang in Han and took six towns.

32

2初，田〔恆〕( 常) 生襄子盤，盤生莊子白，白生太公和。是歲，田和遷齊康公於海上，使食一城，以奉其先祀。

2 At first, Tian [Heng] ( Chang) begot Lord Xiang Pan; Pan begot Lord Zhuang Bai; Bai begot Grand Duke He. That year Tian He sent Duke Kang of Qi to live by the sea, with one city for his ancestral rites.

33

1秦、晉戰於武城以下同。。

The same below.¹⁹

34

2齊伐魏，取襄〔陵〕( 陽) 陽) 據胡注及《史記·魏世家》、《六國年表》改。。

2 Qi attacked Wei and took Xiang [Ling] ( Yang) Yang) per Hu’s commentary, Shiji “House of Wei,” and “Table by Reign of the Six States.” .

35

3魯敗齊師于平陸。

3 Lu defeated Qi’s army at Pinglu.

36

1秦侵〔魏陰〕晉。

.²⁰

37

2齊田和會魏文侯、楚人、衛人于濁澤，求為諸侯。魏文侯為之請於王及諸侯，王許之。

2. Tian He of Qi met Marquis Wen of Wei, envoys from Chu, and envoys from Wey at Zhuoze to petition for enfeoffment as feudal lords. Marquis Wen of Wei pleaded their case before the Zhou king and the other lords, and the king assented.

38

1秦伐蜀，取南鄭。

1. Qin invaded Shu and seized Nanzheng.

39

2魏文侯薨，太子擊立，是為武侯。

2. Marquis Wen of Wei died; Crown Prince Ji succeeded him as Marquis Wu.

40

武侯浮西河而下，中流顧謂吳起曰：「美哉山河之固，此魏國之寶也！」對曰：「在德不在險。昔三苗氏，左洞庭，右彭蠡，德義不修，禹滅之；夏桀之居，左河濟，右泰華，伊闕在其南，羊腸在其北，修政不仁，湯放之；商紂之國，左孟門，右太行，〔恆〕( 常) 山在其北，大河經其南，修政不德，武王殺之。由此觀之，在德不在險。若君不修德，舟中之人皆敵國也。」武侯曰：「善。」

Marquis Wu drifted down the Western River. Midstream he turned to Wu Qi and said, "How splendid—these mountains and rivers are Wei's treasure!" Wu Qi answered, "Treasure lies in virtue, not in terrain. Long ago the Three Miao held Dongting on their left and Poyang on their right, yet neglected virtue—and Yu destroyed them; Jie of Xia had the Yellow River and Ji on his left, Mount Taihua on his right, Yique south and Yang Pass north—yet he ruled without benevolence, and Tang banished him; Zhou of Shang's realm had Mengmen on the left, the Taihang on the right, [Heng]( Chang) mountains north, the great river south—yet he ruled without virtue, and King Wu slew him. From this it follows: treasure lies in virtue, not in terrain. If you do not cultivate virtue, every soul aboard this boat is an enemy." Marquis Wu said, "Well said."

41

魏置相，相田文。吳起不悅，謂田文曰：「請與子論功，可乎？」田文曰：「可。」起曰：「將三軍，使士卒樂死，敵國不敢謀，子孰與起？」文曰：「不如子。」起曰：「治百官，親萬民，實府庫，子孰與起？」文曰：「不如子。」起曰：「守西河而秦兵不敢東鄉，韓、趙賓從，子孰與起？」文曰：「不如子。」起曰：「此三者子皆出吾下，而位加吾上，何也？」文曰：「主少國疑，大臣未附，百姓不信，方是之時，屬之子乎，屬之我乎？」起默然良久，曰：「屬之子矣。」〔文曰：「此乃吾所以居子之上也。」吳起乃自知弗如田文〕。久之，〔田文死〕，( 魏相) 公叔〔為相〕，尚〔魏公〕主而害吳起吳起乃自知弗如田文〕。久之，〔田文死〕，( 魏相) 公叔〔為相〕，尚〔魏公〕主而害吳起據《史記·吳起列傳》增補。。公叔之僕曰：「起易去也。起為人剛勁自喜，子先言於君曰：『吳起，賢人也，而君之國小，臣恐起之無留心也，君盍試延以女？起無留心，則必辭矣。』子因與起歸而使公主辱子，起見公主之賤子也，必辭，則子之計中矣。」公叔從之，吳起果辭公主。魏武侯疑之而未信，起懼誅，遂奔楚。楚悼王素聞其賢，至則任之為相。起明法審令，捐不急之官，廢公族疏遠者，以撫養戰鬬之士，要在強兵，破游說之言從橫者。於是南平百越，北卻三晉，西伐秦，諸侯皆患楚之強，而楚之貴戚大臣多怨吳起者。

Wei appointed a chancellor: Tian Wen. Wu Qi was displeased. He said to Tian Wen, "Shall we weigh our merits?" Tian Wen said, "You may." Wu Qi said, "In commanding armies, making men glad to die, and keeping foes from plotting—how do you compare with me?" Tian Wen said, "I do not match you." Wu Qi said, "In governing the offices, caring for the people, and filling the treasuries—how do you compare with me?" Tian Wen said, "I do not match you." Wu Qi said, "In holding the Western River so Qin's armies dared not march east, with Han and Zhao in attendance—how do you compare with me?" Tian Wen said, "I do not match you." Wu Qi said, "In all three you rank below me—yet your office stands above mine. Why?" Tian Wen said, "The ruler is young and the realm unsettled; great ministers are not yet loyal, the people not yet trusting. In such an hour—would you entrust the state to a son, or to me?" Wu Qi was silent a long while, then said, "To a son." [Tian Wen said, "That is why I stand above you."] "Wu Qi knew himself unequal to Tian Wen.] After a time, [Tian Wen died], ( Wei chancellor) "Wu Qi knew himself unequal to Tian Wen.]²¹ After a time, [Tian Wen died], ( Wei chancellor) .²² A servant of Gongshu said, "Wu Qi is easy to remove. Wu Qi is proud and unyielding. Tell our lord first: 'Wu Qi is able, but our state is small—I fear he will not stay. Why not offer him your daughter?' If he does not intend to stay, he will refuse.' Then bring him home and have the princess insult you before him. When he sees her treat you with contempt, he will refuse—and your plan succeeds.'" Gongshu did so; Wu Qi refused the princess. Marquis Wu suspected him but was not yet convinced; Wu Qi, fearing death, fled to Chu. King Dao of Chu had long heard of his worth and made him chancellor at once. Wu Qi clarified the laws, pruned needless offices, set aside distant branches of the royal house, and nourished fighting men—intent on strong armies—and broke the tongues of alliance-brokers and wandering persuaders. He pacified the southern Yue, drove back the Three Jin in the north, and struck west at Qin; every lord dreaded Chu's strength, while Chu's nobles and great ministers nursed grievances against Wu Qi.

42

3秦惠公薨，子出公立。

3. Duke Hui of Qin died; his son Duke Chu succeeded.

43

4趙武侯薨，國人復立烈侯之太子章，是為敬侯。

4. Marquis Wu of Zhao died; the people restored Crown Prince Zhang of Marquis Lie as Marquis Jing.

44

5韓烈侯薨，子文侯立。

5. Marquis Lie of Han died; his son Marquis Wen succeeded.

45

1初命齊大夫田和為諸侯。

1. For the first time the Zhou king enfeoffed Tian He of Qi as a feudal lord.

46

2趙公子朝作亂，出奔魏，與魏襲邯鄲，不克。

2. Prince Chao of Zhao rebelled, fled to Wei, and joined Wei in an attack on Handan—they failed.

47

1秦庶長改〔迎〕( 逆) 獻公于河西而立之逆) 獻公于河西而立之晉據《史記·秦本紀》改。；殺出子及其母，沉之淵旁。

1. Qin's chief grandee Gai [welcomed]( received) received)²³ Duke Xian west of the River and enthroned him—revised per the "Basic Annals of Qin" in Records of the Grand Historian. ; He killed Duke Chu and his mother and cast them into the abyss.

48

2齊伐魯。

2. Qi attacked Lu.

49

3韓伐鄭，取陽城；伐宋，執宋〔悼〕公，〔國人立子休公田〕。

3. Han attacked Zheng and took Yangcheng; .²⁴

50

4齊太公薨，子桓公午立。

4. Duke Tai of Qi died; his son Duke Huan Wu succeeded.

51

1魏敗趙師於兔臺。

1. Wei defeated Zhao's army at Tutai.

52

2〔魯穆公薨，子共公奮立〕。

.²⁵

53

1日有食之，既。

.²⁶

54

1楚悼王薨，貴戚大臣作亂，攻吳起，起走之王尸而伏之。擊起之徒因射刺起，並中王尸。既葬，〔太子〕肅王〔臧〕即位。使令尹盡誅為亂者，坐起夷宗者七十餘家。

1. King Dao of Chu died; nobles and great ministers rose in revolt against Wu Qi, who fled to the king's bier and lay upon the corpse. His assailants shot and stabbed him—and struck the royal corpse as well. .²⁷ The chief minister executed all who had joined the revolt; more than seventy clans were exterminated for Wu Qi's sake.

55

1齊伐燕，取桑丘。魏、韓、趙伐齊，至桑丘。

1. Qi attacked Yan and took Sangqiu. Wei, Han, and Zhao attacked Qi as far as Sangqiu.

56

1趙襲衛，不克。

1. Zhao raided Wey and failed.

57

2齊康公薨，無子，田氏遂並齊而有之。

2. Duke Kang of Qi died childless; the house of Tian united Qi and held it alone.

58

1狄敗魏師于澮。

1. The Di defeated Wei's army at Hui.

59

2魏、韓、趙伐齊，至靈丘。

2. Wei, Han, and Zhao attacked Qi as far as Lingqiu.

60

3晉孝公薨，子靖公俱酒立。

3. Duke Xiao of Jin died; his son Duke Jing Ju Jiu succeeded.

61

1蜀伐楚，取茲方。

1. Shu attacked Chu and took Zifang.

62

2子思言苟變於衛侯曰：「其材可將五百乘。」公曰：「吾知其可將。然變也嘗為吏，賦於民而食人二雞子，故弗用也。」子思曰：「夫聖人之官人，猶匠之用木也，取其所長，棄其所短。故杞梓連抱而有數尺之朽，良工不棄。今君處戰國之世，選爪牙之士，而以二卵棄干城之將，此不可使聞於鄰國也。」公再拜曰：「謹受教矣。」衛侯言計非是，而群臣和者如出一口。子思曰：「以吾觀衛，所謂『君不君，臣不臣』者也。」公丘懿子曰：「何乃若是？」子思曰：「人主自臧，則眾謀不進。事是而臧之，猶卻眾謀，況和非以長惡乎！夫不察事之是非而悅人贊己，暗莫甚焉；不度理之所在而阿諛求容，諂莫甚焉。君暗臣諂，以居百姓之上，民不與也。若引不已，國無類矣！」子思言於衛侯曰：「君之國事將日非矣！」公曰：「何故？」對曰：「有由然焉。君出言自以為是，而卿大夫莫敢矯其非；卿大夫出言亦自以為是，而士庶人莫敢矯其非。君臣既自賢矣，而群下同聲賢之，賢之則順而有福，矯之則逆而有禍，如此則善安從生！《詩》曰：『具曰予聖，誰知烏之雌雄？』抑亦似君之君臣乎？」

2. Zisi spoke to the Marquis of Wey of Gou Bian: "His talent could command five hundred chariots." The marquis said, "I know he could command. Yet when he served as an officer he taxed the people and ate two of their eggs—so I will not use him." Zisi said, "When the sage appoints men, it is like a craftsman with wood: take the long grain, discard the short. A catalpa trunk may span two arms yet hold feet of rot—and a skilled craftsman does not throw it away. You live in an age of warring states, choosing warriors—and for two eggs you cast away a general who could shield a city. Let no neighbor hear of this." The marquis bowed twice. "I receive your teaching." When the marquis of Wey spoke a plan that was wrong, his ministers chimed in as one. Zisi said, "By my lights Wey is what men call 'the ruler no ruler, the minister no minister.'" Gongqiu Yizi said, "How can it be so?" Zisi said, "When the ruler deems himself right, counsel cannot advance. To approve what is right still shuts out counsel—how much more to agree with wrong and feed evil! Not to weigh right and wrong yet delight when men praise you—none is blinder; not to seek where principle lies yet fawn for favor—none is more servile. A blind ruler and servile ministers seated above the people—the people will not follow. If this continues, the state will have no survivors!" Zisi told the Marquis of Wey, "Your state's affairs will worsen day by day!" The marquis said, "Why?" He answered, "There is cause. You speak and deem yourself right, and ministers and grandees dare not correct you; your ministers speak and deem themselves right, and knights and commoners dare not correct them; ruler and ministers already deem themselves worthy, and the court echoes their worth; to praise them brings fortune, to correct them brings ruin—how then can good arise? The Odes says, 'All call themselves sages—who can tell a crow's cock from hen?' Does that not resemble your court?"

63

3韓文侯薨，子哀侯立。

3. Marquis Wen of Han died; his son Marquis Ai succeeded.

64

1王崩，子烈王喜立。

1. The Zhou king died; his son King Lie Xi succeeded.

65

2魏、韓、趙共廢晉靖公為家人而分其地。

2. Wei, Han, and Zhao together reduced Duke Jing of Jin to a commoner and divided his lands.

66

1日有食之。

.²⁸

67

2韓滅鄭，因徒都之。

2. Han destroyed Zheng and moved its capital there.

68

3趙敬侯薨，子成侯種立。

3. Marquis Jing of Zhao died; his son Marquis Cheng Zhong succeeded.

69

1〔韓嚴遂弒哀侯，國人立其子懿侯若山。初，哀侯以韓廆為相而愛嚴遂，二人甚相害也。嚴遂令人刺韓廆於朝，廆走哀侯，哀侯抱之。人刺韓廆，兼及哀侯〕。

1. [Yan Sui of Han assassinated Marquis Ai; the people set up his son Marquis Yi Ruoshan. Earlier Marquis Ai had made Han Kui chancellor yet favored Yan Sui; the two were bitter enemies. Yan Sui sent a man to stab Han Kui in court; Kui fled to the marquis, who embraced him. .²⁹

70

1燕敗齊師於林狐。

1. Yan defeated Qi's army at Linhu.

71

2魯伐齊，入陽關。

2. Lu attacked Qi and entered Yang Pass.

72

3魏伐齊，至博陵。

3. Wei attacked Qi as far as Boling.

73

4燕僖侯薨，子桓侯立。

4. Marquis Xi of Yan died; his son Marquis Huan succeeded.

74

6衛慎侯薨，子聲侯訓立。

6. Marquis Shen of Wey died; his son Marquis Sheng Xun succeeded.

75

1趙伐衛，取都鄙七十三。

1. Zhao attacked Wey and seized seventy-three districts and outposts.

76

2魏敗趙師于北藺。

2. Wei defeated Zhao's army at northern Lin.

77

1魏伐楚，取魯陽。

1. Wei attacked Chu and took Luyang.

78

1齊〔桓公〕( 威王) 來朝威王) 來朝據近人考証，此事齊侯在位者為齊桓公，非齊威王，據改。下同。。是時周室微弱，諸侯莫朝，而齊獨朝之，天下以此益賢〔桓公〕( 威王)。

1. Duke [Huan] of Qi ( King Wei) King Wei)³⁰ came to court—modern scholarship holds the ruler was Duke Huan of Qi, not King Wei; revised accordingly. Same below. . The Zhou house was feeble; lords did not come to court, yet Qi alone did—and the realm esteemed [Duke Huan] ( King Wei)

79

2趙伐齊，至鄄。

2. Zhao attacked Qi as far as Juan.

80

3魏敗趙師于懷。

3. Wei defeated Zhao's army at Huai.

81

4楚肅王薨，無子，立其弟良夫，是為宣王。

4. King Su of Chu died childless; his younger brother Liangfu succeeded as King Xuan.

82

5〔魏武侯薨，不立太子，子罃與公中緩爭立，國內亂〕。

.³¹

83

1日有食之。

.³²

84

2王崩，弟扁立，是為顯王。

2. The Zhou king died; his younger brother Bian succeeded as King Xian.

85

3魏大夫王錯出奔韓。公孫頎謂韓懿侯曰：「魏亂，可取也。」懿侯乃與趙成侯合兵伐魏，戰于濁澤，大破之，遂圍魏。成侯曰：「殺罃，立公中緩，割地而退，我二國之利也。」懿侯曰：「不可。殺魏君，暴也；割地而退，貪也。不如兩分之。魏分為兩，不強於宋、衛，則我終無魏患矣。」趙人不聽。懿侯不悅，以其兵夜去。趙成侯亦去。罃遂殺公中緩而立，是為惠王。

3. Wei's grandee Wang Cuo fled to Han. Gongsun Xi told Marquis Yi of Han, "Wei is in disorder—we can take it." Marquis Yi joined Marquis Cheng of Zhao, met Wei at Zhuoze, routed them, and besieged the capital. Marquis Cheng said, "Kill Ying, set up Gongzhong Huan, take territory and withdraw—that profits us both." Marquis Yi said, "No. To kill Wei's ruler is cruelty; to seize land and withdraw is greed. Better to split Wei in two. Divided, Wei would be no stronger than Song or Wey—and we would be rid of Wei forever." Zhao would not listen. Marquis Yi, displeased, marched away by night. Marquis Cheng of Zhao withdrew as well. Ying killed Gongzhong Huan and took the throne as King Hui.

86

::太史公曰：魏惠王之所以身不死，國不分者，二國之謀不和也。若從一家之謀，魏必分矣。故曰：「君終，無適子，其國可破也。」

::The Grand Historian writes: King Hui of Wei lived and his realm held because the two states' plans did not agree. Had they followed one plan, Wei would have been torn apart. Hence the saying: 'When a ruler dies without a legitimate heir, his state may be destroyed.'"

卷1 周紀一

Volume 1 Zhou Records 1

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