Volume 2 Zhou Records 2

1

=周紀二=起昭陽赤奮若，盡上章困敦，凡四十八年。

= Zhou Annals 2 = From Zhaoyang Chifenruo through Shangzhang Kundun—forty-eight years in all.

2

1齊伐魏，取觀津。

1. Qi attacked Wei and seized Guanjin.

3

2趙侵齊，〔至〕( 取) 長城取) 長城-{據}-《史記·六國年表》、《趙世家》改。。

2. Zhao raided Qi, [reached] ( took) took)¹ the Great Wall—emended per the "Tables of the Six States" and the "House of Zhao" in Records of the Grand Historian. .

4

3〔西周威公卒，太子朝立，是爲惠公。弟公子班有寵-{於}-威公。威公卒，遂以反。趙、韓來攻周〕。

3. [Duke Wei of Western Zhou died; Crown Prince Chao succeeded as Duke Hui. His younger brother, Lord Ban, had been favored by Duke Wei. When Duke Wei died, he rebelled. .²

5

1〔趙、韓分周以爲二，王封西周惠公弟班-{於}-鞏，以奉王，是爲東周惠公。周-{於}-是始分爲東西。王室微弱，政在西周〕。

1. [Zhao and Han divided Zhou in two; the king enfeoffed Duke Hui of Western Zhou's younger brother Ban at Gong to serve the king—he became Duke Hui of Eastern Zhou. From then on Zhou was divided into Eastern and Western courts. .³

6

1魏、韓會-{于}-宅陽。

1. Wei and Han met at Zhaiyang.

7

2秦敗魏師、韓師-{于}-洛〔陰〕( 陽) 陽) -{據}-《史記·六國年表》改。案：「洛陰」，今陝西省大茘縣東南。胡三省以成周之洛陽釋之，實大誤。時周之洛陽在魏、韓境内，此時秦師尚未能至此地。。。

2. Qin defeated the Wei and Han armies at Luo[yin] ( yin) yin) —emended per the "Tables of the Six States" in Records of the Grand Historian. Note: "Luoyin" lies southeast of present-day Dali County in Shaanxi. Hu Sanxing took it to mean Luoyang of Chengzhou—a serious mistake. At that time Zhou's Luoyang lay inside Wei and Han; Qin armies could not yet reach it.

8

1魏伐宋，〔取儀-{臺}-〕。

.⁴

9

1秦獻公敗三晉之師-{于}-石門，斬首六萬。王賜以黼黻之服。

1. Duke Xian of Qin routed the Three Jin at Shimen and took sixty thousand heads. The Zhou king rewarded him with ceremonial robes.

10

1〔宋休公薨，子桓公-{辟}-兵立〕。

.⁵

11

2〔韓懿侯薨，子昭侯武立〕。

.⁶

12

1魏敗韓師、趙師-{于}-澮。擒樂祚。〔魏王悅，郊迎，以賞田百萬祿之。公叔痤反走，再拜辭曰：「夫使士卒不崩，直而不倚，撓而不避者，此呉起-{餘}-教也，臣不能爲也。前脈形地之險阻，決利害之備，使三軍之士不迷惑者，巴-{寧}-、爨襄之力也。懸賞罰-{於}-前，使民昭然信之-{於}--{後}-者，君之明法也。見敵之可撃，鼓之不敢怠倦者，臣也。王特爲臣之右手不倦賞臣，何也？若以臣之有功，臣何力之有乎？」王曰：「善。」 -{於}-是索呉起之-{後}-，賜田二十萬。巴-{寧}-、爨襄田各十萬。魏王曰：「公叔豈非長者哉！旣爲寡人勝強敵矣，又不遺賢者之-{後}-，不掩能士之跡，公叔何可無益乎？」故又與田四十萬〕。

1. Wei defeated the Han and Zhao armies at Hui. He captured Le Zhuo. [King Hui of Wei was delighted, went out to meet him in the suburbs, and granted him a fief worth a million plus an official stipend. Gongshu Cuo stepped back, bowed twice, and declined: "Keeping soldiers from breaking, standing straight without leaning, bending without flinching—that is what Wu Qi left behind; I cannot claim that. Reading the ground ahead, choosing where advantage and danger lie, keeping three armies from losing their way—that was Ba Ning and Cuan Xiang. Hanging rewards and punishments before the men so the people trust them afterward—that is your majesty's clear law. Seeing when the enemy can be hit and beating the drums without letting men slack—that was mine alone. Your Majesty would reward only my untiring right hand—why? If you credit me with merit, what strength is truly mine?" The king said: "Well said." He then sought out Wu Qi's descendants and granted two hundred thousand in land. Ba Ning and Cuan Xiang each received one hundred thousand in land. King Hui said: "Is Gongshu not a true elder! He has beaten a strong foe for me, yet does not forget the worthy's heirs or hide able men's deeds—how can Gongshu go unrewarded?" .⁷

13

2秦、魏戰-{于}-少梁，魏師敗績；獲魏公孫痤。

2. Qin and Wei fought at Shaoliang; the Wei army was routed; they captured Wei heir apparent Cuo.

14

3衞聲公薨，子成侯速立。

3. Duke Sheng of Wei died; his son Marquis Cheng Su succeeded.

15

4燕桓公薨，子文公立。

4. Duke Huan of Yan died; his son Duke Wen succeeded.

16

5秦獻公薨，子孝公立。孝公生二十一年矣。是時河、山以東強國六，淮、泗之間小國十-{餘}-，楚、魏與秦接界。魏-{築}-長城，自鄭濱洛以北有上郡；楚自漢中，南有巴、黔中；皆以夷翟遇秦，擯斥之，不得與中國之會盟。 -{於}-是孝公-{發}-憤，布德修政，欲以強秦。

5. Duke Xian of Qin died; his son Duke Xiao succeeded. Duke Xiao was twenty-one. East of the Yellow River and mountains stood six great powers; between the Huai and Si lay more than ten lesser states; Chu and Wei shared borders with Qin. Wei had built the Long Wall; from Zheng along the Luo northward it held Shang commandery; Chu held Hanzhong and, southward, Ba and Qianzhong; all treated Qin as barbarian, shut it out, and barred it from the alliances of the Central States. Then Duke Xiao burned with resolve, spread virtue and repaired government, and set out to strengthen Qin.

17

1孝公令國中曰：「昔我穆公，自岐、雍之間修德行武，東平晉亂，以河爲界，西霸戎翟，廣地千-{里}-，天子致伯，諸侯畢賀，爲-{後}-世開業甚光美。會往者厲、躁、簡公、出子之不-{寧}-，國家内憂，未遑外事。三晉攻奪我先君河西地，-{醜}-莫大焉。獻公卽位，鎭撫邊境，徙治櫟陽，且欲東伐，-{復}-穆公之故地，修穆公之政令。寡人思念先君之意，常痛-{於}-心。賓客群臣有能出奇計強秦者，吾且尊官，與之分土。」 -{於}-是衞公孫鞅聞是令下，乃西入秦。

1. Duke Xiao proclaimed throughout the state: "Long ago Duke Mu, from Qi and Yong, cultivated virtue and took up arms; east he settled Jin's chaos and made the Yellow River his border; west he dominated the Rong and Di and widened his realm a thousand li; the Son of Heaven named him hegemon and every feudal lord came to congratulate him—he opened a glorious enterprise for generations to come. Then came the troubled reigns of Li, Zao, Duke Jian, and the Exiled Son; the state turned inward and had no leisure for foreign affairs. The Three Jin seized our former lords' lands west of the River—no shame could be greater. When Duke Xian came to the throne he secured the borders, moved the capital to Liyang, and meant to march east, recover Duke Mu's old lands, and restore Duke Mu's laws. I hold our former lords' purpose in mind and ache at heart. Any guest or minister who can offer a striking plan to strengthen Qin—I shall honor with high office and share land with him." When Gongsun Yang of Wei heard the proclamation, he went west into Qin.

18

公孫鞅者，衞之庶孫也，好刑名之學。事魏相公叔痤，痤知其賢，未及進。會病，魏惠王往問之曰：「公叔病如有不可諱，將奈社稷何？」公叔曰：「痤之中庶子衞鞅，年雖少，有奇-{才}-，-{願}-君舉國而-{聽}-之！」王嘿然。公叔曰：「君卽不-{聽}-用鞅，必殺之，無令出境。」王許諾而去。公叔召鞅謝曰：「吾先君而-{後}-臣，故先爲君謀，-{後}-以告子。子必速行矣！」鞅曰：「君不能用子之言任臣，又安能用子之言殺臣乎？」卒不去。王出，謂左右曰：「公叔病甚，悲乎！欲令寡人以國-{聽}-衞鞅也，旣又勸寡人殺之，豈不悖哉！」衞鞅旣至秦，因嬖臣景監以求見孝公，説以富國強兵之-{術}-。公大悅，與議國事。

Gongsun Yang was a cadet of the house of Wei and devoted himself to the school of law and designation. He served Wei chancellor Gongshu Cuo, who knew his talent but had not yet promoted him. When he fell ill, King Hui of Wei visited him and asked: "If your illness takes an irreversible turn, what becomes of the altars of state?" Gongshu said: "My attendant Gongsun Yang of Wei is young, but his talent is extraordinary—I beg Your Majesty to let him govern the whole state!" The king said nothing. Gongshu said: "If you will not employ Yang, you must kill him—do not let him cross the border." The king agreed and left. Gongshu summoned Yang and said: "I owe the ruler before my minister—so I advised him first, then told you. You must flee at once!" Yang said: "If the king will not heed you enough to employ me, how will he heed you enough to kill me?" He did not flee. Leaving, the king told his attendants: "Gongshu is terribly ill—how sad! He wanted me to hand the realm to Wei Yang, then urged me to kill him—is that not absurd!" Once in Qin, Wei Yang won access through the favorite Jing Jian, met Duke Xiao, and argued for ways to enrich the state and strengthen the army. The duke was delighted and debated state affairs with him.

19

2〔夏，四月，甲寅，魏自安邑徙都大梁〕《漢書·髙帝紀》注臣瓚引《紀年》以遷都大梁在魏惠王六年，今從《史記·魏世家》集解引《紀年》定-{於}-魏惠王九年，卽周顯王八年。。

Chen Zan, citing the Bamboo Annals in his note to "Annals of Emperor Gaozu," dates the move to Daliang to King Hui of Wei's sixth year; following the Jijie to "House of Wei" citing the Bamboo Annals, it is placed in his ninth year—the eighth year of King Xian of Zhou.⁸

20

3〔越大夫寺區弟思弒其君莽安，次無顓立〕。

3. [The Yue grandee Siqu's younger brother Si assassinated Lord Mang'an; Wuzhuan succeeded next.]

21

〔越人三世弒其君，王子搜患之，逃乎丹穴。而越國無君，求王子搜不得，從之丹穴。王子搜不肯出，越人薰之以艾。乘以王輿。王子搜援緩登車，仰天而呼曰：「君乎！君乎！獨不可以-{舍}-我乎！」王子搜號曰無顓〕。

[The Yue had murdered three lords in succession; Prince Sou, sickened by it, fled to Danyue. Yue was left without a ruler; they could not find Prince Sou and tracked him to Danyue. Prince Sou refused to emerge; the Yue smoked him out with mugwort. They lifted him into the royal carriage. Prince Sou took the rope and climbed slowly into the carriage, looked up to Heaven and cried: "My lord! My lord! Could you not spare me alone!" .⁹

22

1衞鞅欲變法，秦人不悅。衞鞅言-{於}-秦孝公曰：「夫民不可與慮始，而可與樂成。論至德者不和-{於}-俗，成大功者不謀-{於}-衆。是以聖人苟可以強國，不法其故。」甘龍曰：「不然。縁法而治者，吏習而民安之。」衞鞅曰：「常人安-{於}-故俗，學者溺-{於}-所聞，以此兩者，居官守法可也，非所與論-{於}-法之外也。智者作法，愚者-{制}-焉；賢者更禮，不肖者拘焉。」公曰：「善。」以衞鞅爲左庶長，卒定變法之令。令民爲什伍而相〔牧〕( 收) 司、連坐收) 司-{據}-《史記·商君列傳》改。，告-{奸}-者與斬敵首同賞，〔匿〕( 不告) -{奸}-者與降敵同罰不告) -{奸}-者-{據}-《史記·商君列傳》改。。〔民有二男以上不分異者，倍其賦〕。有軍功者，各以率受上爵。爲私-{鬥}-者，各以輕重被刑大小。僇力本業，耕織致粟帛多者，-{復}-其身。事末利及怠而貧者，舉以爲收孥。宗室非有軍功論，不得爲屬籍。明尊卑爵秩等級，各以差次，名田宅、臣妾、衣服〔以家次〕。有功者顯榮，無功者雖富無所芬華。

1. Wei Yang wished to reform the laws; the people of Qin were displeased. Wei Yang told Duke Xiao of Qin: "The people cannot be consulted at the start, but they may rejoice when the work is done. Those who speak of highest virtue do not trim their words to fashion; those who finish great deeds do not take counsel from the crowd. Thus the sage, if he can strengthen the state, does not take its old ways as his law." Gan Long said: "Not so. Those who govern by following the law—the clerks are practiced at it and the people rest secure." Wei Yang said: "Ordinary men rest content in old custom; scholars drown in what they have heard. With these two sorts, one may hold office and keep the law—but they are not fit to debate what lies outside the law. The wise make the law; fools are constrained by it; the worthy change ritual; the unworthy are bound by it." The duke said: "Good." He made Wei Yang Left Chief Minister and in the end fixed the orders of reform. He ordered the people organized in groups of ten and five to mutually [oversee] ( collect and control) collect and control)¹⁰ control emended per the "Biography of Lord Shang" in the Records of the Grand Historian. ; those who report traitors receive the same reward as for beheading an enemy, [those who conceal] ( do not report) do not report)¹¹ traitors emended per the "Biography of Lord Shang" in the Records of the Grand Historian. . .¹² Those with military merit each received lofty ranks according to their measure. For private brawling, each suffered punishments great or small according to severity. They honored strength in the fundamental occupation; those who in farming and weaving produced much grain and silk had their levies remitted. Those who engaged in secondary profit and were idle and poor were wholly taken as state bondsmen. Clans of the ruling house, unless ranked by military merit, could not remain on the lineage registers. .¹³ Those with merit had visible glory; those without merit, though rich, had no splendor to display.

23

令旣具，未布，恐民之不信，乃立三丈之木-{於}-國都市南門，募民有能徙置北門者予十金。民怪之，莫敢徙。 -{復}-曰：「能徙者予五十金！」有一人徙之，輒予五十金，〔以明不欺〕。乃下令。

When the orders were complete but not yet promulgated, fearing the people would not believe, he set up a pole thirty feet high at the south gate of the capital market and offered ten gold to any who could move it to the north gate. The people thought it strange; none dared move it. He again said: "Whoever can move it shall receive fifty gold!" .¹⁴ Thereupon he issued the orders.

24

令行期年，秦民之國都言新令之不便者以千數。 -{於}-是太子犯法。衞鞅曰：「法之不行，自上犯之。」〔將法太子〕。太子，君嗣也，不可施刑。刑其傅公子虔，黥其師公孫賈。明日，秦人皆趨令。行之十年，秦國道不拾遺，山無盜賊，民勇-{於}-公戰，怯-{於}-私-{鬥}-，鄕邑大治。秦民初言令不便者，有來言令便。衞鞅曰：「此皆亂法之民也！」盡遷之-{於}-邊。其-{後}-民莫敢議令。

When the orders had been in force a full year, Qin people at the capital who said the new orders were inconvenient numbered in the thousands. Thereupon the crown prince violated the law. Wei Yang said: "When the law does not prevail, it is because those above violate it." .¹⁵ The crown prince is the lord's heir; punishment cannot be applied to him. They punished his tutor Prince Qian and branded his teacher Gongsun Jia. The next day, all Qin people hurried to obey the orders. After ten years of enforcement, in Qin no one picked up lost things on the road and there were no bandits in the hills; the people were bold in public war and timid in private brawling; villages and districts were greatly well governed. Among Qin people who at first said the orders were inconvenient, some came to say the orders were convenient. Wei Yang said: "These are all people who disturb the law!" He had them all relocated to the frontier. After that, none among the people dared discuss the orders.

25

::臣光曰：夫信者，人君之大寶也。國保-{於}-民，民保-{於}-信。非信無以使民，非民無以守國。是故古之王者不欺四海，霸者不欺四鄰，善爲國者不欺其民，善爲家者不欺其親。不善者反之：欺其鄰國，欺其百姓，甚者欺其兄弟，欺其父子。上不信下，下不信上，上下離心，以至-{於}-敗。所利不能藥其所傷，所獲不能補其所亡，豈不哀哉！昔齊桓公不背曹沫之盟，晉文公不貪伐原之利，魏文侯不棄虞人之期，秦孝公不廢徙木之賞。此四君者，道非粹白，而商君尤稱刻薄，又處戰攻之世，天下趨-{於}-詐力，猶且不敢忘信以畜其民，況爲四海治平之政者哉！

Sima Guang remarks: Faithfulness is the great treasure of a ruler. The state is secured by the people; the people are secured by faithfulness. Without faithfulness one cannot employ the people; without the people one cannot guard the state. Therefore the ancient kings did not deceive the four seas; hegemons did not deceive the four neighbors; those skilled at governing a state did not deceive their people; those skilled at managing a family did not deceive their kin. The unskilled did the opposite: they deceived neighboring states, deceived their commoners, and in extreme cases deceived their brothers and deceived their fathers and sons. When superiors do not trust inferiors and inferiors do not trust superiors, high and low lose heart and ruin follows. What they gained could not cure what they harmed; what they seized could not make up what they lost—is it not pitiable! Of old Duke Huan of Qi did not break the covenant at sword-point with Cao Mo; Duke Wen of Jin did not covet the profit of attacking Yuan; Marquis Wen of Wei did not abandon the forest guard's appointment; Duke Xiao of Qin did not revoke the reward for moving the pole. These four lords—their Way was not pure white, and Lord Shang is especially called harsh and mean; moreover they lived in an age of war and attack, when all under heaven rushed toward deceit and force—yet they still did not dare forget faithfulness in nurturing their people: how much more those who govern a realm of universal peace!

26

1秦敗韓師-{于}-西山。

1. Qin defeated Han's army at Western Mountain.

27

1魏、〔趙〕( 韓) 會-{于}-鄗韓) 會-{于}-鄗章校「十二行本『韓』作『趙』；乙十一行本同；孔本同；張校同。」，《史記·魏世家》、《六國年表》同，-{據}-改。楊寬注：「鄗爲趙之城邑，不得爲魏、韓君相會之地。。

1. Wei and [Zhao] ( Han) Han)¹⁶ met at Hao collation note: "In the twelve-line edition 'Han' reads 'Zhao'; the eleven-line edition B agrees; Kong's edition agrees; Zhang's collation agrees." The "House of Wei" in the Records of the Grand Historian and the "Tables of the Six States" agree; emended accordingly. Yang Kuan's note: "Hao is a city of Zhao and cannot be a place where the lords of Wei and Han met. .

28

2〔齊桓公薨，子威王因齊立〕。

.¹⁷

29

1〔齊威王召卽墨大夫，語之曰：「自子之居卽墨也，毀言日至。然吾使人視卽墨，田野-{辟}-，人民給，官無事，東方以-{寧}-。是子不事吾左右以求助也。」封之萬家。召阿大夫，語之曰：「自子守阿，譽言日至。吾使人視阿，田野不-{辟}-，人民貧餒。昔日趙攻鄄，子不救；衞取薛陵，子不知。是子厚幣事吾左右以求譽也。」是日，烹阿大夫及左右嘗譽者。 -{於}-是群臣聳懼，莫敢飾詐，務盡其情，齊國大治，強-{於}-天下〕。

1. [King Wei of Qi summoned the grandee of Jimo and said to him: "Since you have dwelt in Jimo, words of slander have come day by day. Yet I sent men to view Jimo: the fields were opened, the people supplied, the offices without trouble, and the east was thereby at peace. This shows you did not serve my attendants to seek favor." He enfeoffed him with ten thousand households. He summoned the grandee of A and said to him: "Since you have guarded A, words of praise have come day by day. I sent men to view A: the fields were not opened, the people poor and hungry. Once when Zhao attacked Juan, you did not rescue it; when Wei took Xueling, you did not know. This shows you heaped gifts on my attendants to seek praise." That day he boiled the grandee of A and the attendants who had praised him. .¹⁸

30

2趙、燕會-{于}-阿。

2. Zhao and Yan met at A.

31

3趙、齊、宋會-{于}-平陸。

3. Zhao, Qi, and Song met at Pinglu.

32

4〔魯、衞、宋、韓君朝魏〕。

.¹⁹

33

1齊威王、魏惠王會田-{于}-郊。惠王曰：「齊亦有寶乎？」威王曰：「無有。」惠王曰：「寡人國雖小，尚有徑寸之珠，照車前-{後}-各十二乘者十枚。豈以齊大國而無寶乎？」威王曰：「寡人之所以爲寶者與王異。吾臣有檀子者，使守南城，則楚人不敢爲寇，泗上十二諸侯皆來朝；吾臣有盻子者，使守髙唐，則趙人不敢東漁-{于}-河；吾吏有黔夫者，使守徐州，則燕人祭北門，趙人祭西門，徙而從者七千-{餘}-家；吾臣有-{種}-首者，使備盜賊，則道不拾遺。此四臣者，將照千-{里}-，豈特十二乘哉！」惠王有慚色。

1. King Wei of Qi and King Hui of Wei met in the fields at the suburbs. King Hui said: "Does Qi also have treasures?" King Wei said: "None." King Hui said: "Though my state is small, I still have pearls an inch across that light up twelve chariots before and behind—ten of them. Can it be that a great state like Qi has no treasures?" King Wei said: "What I take as treasure differs from Your Majesty. I have a minister Tanzi: when I set him to guard the southern city, Chu men dared not raid, and the twelve feudal lords on the Si all came to court; I have a minister Xianzi: when I set him to guard Gaotang, Zhao men dared not fish eastward on the river; I have an officer Qianfu: when I set him to guard Xuzhou, Yan men made offerings at the north gate and Zhao men at the west gate, and those who moved to follow him numbered more than seven thousand households; I have a minister Zhongshou: when I set him to guard against bandits, none picked up lost things on the road. These four ministers will light a thousand li—how could it be only twelve chariots!" King Hui showed a look of shame.

34

2秦孝公、魏惠王會-{于}-杜平。

2. Duke Xiao of Qin and King Hui of Wei met at Duping.

35

1秦敗魏師-{于}-元-{里}-，斬首七千級，取少梁。

1 Qin defeated the Wei army at Yuanli, took seventy thousand heads, and seized Shaoliang.

36

2魏惠王伐趙，圍邯鄲。楚王使景-{舍}-救趙。

2 King Hui of Wei attacked Zhao and besieged Handan. The king of Chu sent Jing She to rescue Zhao.

37

1齊威王使田忌救趙。

1 King Wei of Qi sent Tian Ji to rescue Zhao.

38

初，孫臏與龐涓倶學兵法。龐涓仕魏爲將軍，自以能不及孫臏，乃召之。至，則以法斷其兩足而黥之，欲使終身廢棄。齊使者至魏，孫臏以刑徒陰見，説齊使者。齊使者竊載與之齊。田忌善而客待之，進-{於}-威王。威王問兵法，遂以爲師。 -{於}-是威王謀救趙，以孫臏爲將，辭以刑-{餘}-之人不可。乃以田忌爲將而孫子爲師，居輜車中，坐爲計謀。

At first Sun Bin and Pang Juan studied the art of war together. Pang Juan entered Wei’s service as a general. Knowing himself inferior to Sun Bin, he summoned him. When he arrived, they cut off both his feet by law and branded him, meaning to ruin him for life. When a Qi envoy came to Wei, Sun Bin met him in secret as a convict and won him over. The Qi envoy stole him away to Qi. Tian Ji favored him and received him as a guest, then introduced him to King Wei. King Wei questioned him on strategy and made him his teacher. When King Wei planned to rescue Zhao and would have made Sun Bin general, Sun Bin declined: a man broken by punishment could not command. So Tian Ji was made general and Master Sun strategist; he rode in the supply train and sat plotting.

39

田忌欲引兵之趙。孫子曰：「夫解雜亂紛糾者不控拳，救-{斗}-者不搏撠。批亢搗虚，形格勢禁，則自爲解耳。今梁、趙相攻，輕兵鋭卒必竭-{於}-外，老弱疲-{於}-内。子不若引兵疾走魏都，-{據}-其街路，-{衝}-其方虚，彼必釋趙以自救。是我一舉解趙之圍而收弊-{於}-魏也。」田忌從之。〔冬〕，十月，邯鄲降魏。魏師還，〔棄其輜重，兼趣-{舍}-而至〕。與齊戰-{于}-桂陵，魏師大敗。

Tian Ji wanted to march the army to Zhao. Master Sun said, “To untangle a knot you do not clench your fists; to break up a fight you do not wrestle. Strike the vital point, hit the empty place—when form blocks force, the knot loosens by itself. Now Liang and Zhao are at war; their best troops must be spent abroad and the old and weak worn out at home. Better march hard on the Wei capital, seize its roads, and strike where they are hollow—they will surely drop Zhao to save themselves. Thus in one stroke we lift Zhao’s siege and harvest Wei’s exhaustion.” Tian Ji did as he said. , Handan surrendered to Wei.²⁰ .²¹ Qi met them at Guiling and routed the Wei army.

40

2韓伐東周，取陵觀、廩丘。

2 Han attacked Eastern Zhou and took Lingguan and Linqiu.

41

3楚昭奚恤爲相。江乙言-{於}-楚王曰：「人有愛其狗者，狗嘗溺井，其鄰人見，欲入言之，狗當門而噬之。今昭奚恤常惡臣之見，亦猶是也。且人有好揚人之善者，王曰：『此君子也，』近之；好揚人之惡者，王曰：『此小人也，』遠之。然則且有子弒其父、臣弒其主者，而王終己不知也。何者？以王好聞人之美而惡聞人之惡也。」王曰：「善！寡人-{願}-兩聞之。」

3 Zhao Xixu of Chu became chancellor. Jiang Yi said to the king of Chu, “A man loved his dog. The dog fouled the well. A neighbor saw and meant to tell the master, but the dog blocked the door and bit him. Zhao Xixu hates my coming before you—it is the same. When a man likes to spread others’ virtues, you say, ‘This is a gentleman,’ and draw him near; when a man likes to spread others’ faults, you say, ‘This is a petty man,’ and keep him far. Then sons will murder fathers and ministers murder lords, and you will never know. Why? Because you love to hear men praised and hate to hear them blamed.” The king said, “Well said! I wish to hear both alike.”

42

〔楚宣王嘗問群臣曰：「吾聞北方之畏昭奚恤也，果誠何如？」群臣莫對。江乙對曰：「虎求百獸而食之，得狐。狐曰：『子無敢食我也。天帝使我長百獸，今子食我，是逆天帝命也。子以我爲不信，吾爲子先行，子隨我-{後}-，觀百獸之見我而敢不走乎？』虎以爲然，故遂與之行。獸見之皆走。虎不知獸畏己而走也，以爲畏狐也。今王之地方五千-{里}-，帶甲百萬，而專屬之昭奚恤；故北方之畏奚恤也，其實畏王之甲兵也，猶百獸之畏虎也。」〕。

[King Xuan of Chu once asked his ministers, “I hear the north fears Zhao Xixu—is it true?” None of the ministers answered. Jiang Yi answered, “A tiger hunted the beasts to eat them and caught a fox. The fox said, ‘You dare not eat me. Heaven made me lord of the beasts; eat me now and you defy Heaven. If you doubt me, I will walk ahead; follow behind and see whether any beast dares not flee at sight of me. ’ The tiger believed him and walked with him. Every beast they met fled. The tiger did not know the beasts feared him; he thought they feared the fox. Your realm is five thousand li, your armored men a million, yet you entrust all to Zhao Xixu; so when the north fears Xixu, it truly fears your majesty’s arms, as the beasts fear the tiger.”

43

4〔宋景善、衞公孫倉會齊師〕( 諸侯) ，圍魏襄陵諸侯) 本-{繫}--{於}-周顯王十七年，-{據}-《水經·淮水注》改-{並}-移入此年。。

4 [Song Jingshan and Gongsun Cang of Wei joined the Qi army]( the allied lords) the allied lords)²² originally dated to King Xian’s seventeenth year; revised and moved to this year per the Huai River commentary in the Water Classic; .

44

1〔魏以韓師敗諸侯-{於}-襄陵。齊使楚景-{舍}-來求和。魏惠王會齊、宋之圍〕。

1 [With Han’s troops Wei defeated the allied lords at Xiangling. Qi sent Jing She of Chu to sue for peace. .²³

45

2秦大良造〔衞鞅〕伐魏，〔圍安邑，降之〕。

.²⁴

46

3〔魯共公薨，子康公毛立〕。

3 [Duke Gong of Lu died; his son Duke Kang Mao succeeded].

47

1秦衞鞅圍魏固陽，降之。

1 Wei Yang of Qin besieged Guyang in Wei and took its surrender.

48

2魏人歸趙邯鄲，與趙盟漳水上。

2 Wei returned Handan to Zhao and made alliance with Zhao on the Zhang River.

49

3韓昭侯以申不害爲相。

3 Marquis Zhao of Han made Shen Buhai chancellor.

50

申不害者，鄭之賤臣也，學黃、老、刑名，以-{干}-昭侯。昭侯用爲相，内修政教，外應諸侯，十五年，終申子之身，國治兵強。申子嘗請仕其從兄，昭侯不許，申子有怨色。昭侯曰：「所爲學-{於}-子者，欲以治國也。今將-{聽}-子之謁而廢子之-{術}-乎，已其行子之-{術}-而廢子之請乎？子嘗教寡人修功勞，視次第；今有所私求，我將奚-{聽}-乎？」申子乃-{辟}--{舍}-請罪曰：「君眞其人也。」昭侯有弊袴，命藏之。侍者曰：「君亦不仁者矣。不賜左右而藏之！」昭侯曰：「吾聞明主愛一嚬一笑，嚬有爲嚬，笑有爲笑。今胯豈特嚬笑哉！吾必待有功者。」

Shen Buhai was a humble minister of Zheng who studied Huang-Lao and legalism and sought office with Marquis Zhao. Marquis Zhao made him chancellor; within he ordered government and teaching, without he met the feudal lords—for fifteen years, while Master Shen lived, the state was well ruled and its arms strong. Master Shen once asked office for a cousin; Marquis Zhao refused, and Master Shen showed resentment. Marquis Zhao said, “I studied with you to govern the state. Shall I heed your plea and abandon your methods, or practice your methods and set your plea aside? You taught me to rank merit and honor precedence; now you make a private request—whom shall I heed?” Master Shen withdrew from his mat to ask pardon: “My lord is truly the man for this.” Marquis Zhao had worn trousers and ordered them stored. An attendant said, “My lord is hardly kind. You will not give them to your attendants but hide them away!” Marquis Zhao said, “I have heard that an enlightened ruler values each frown and smile—each frown has its cause, each smile its cause. Trousers are more than a frown or smile! I must wait for one who has earned merit.”

51

1秦商鞅-{築}-冀闕宮庭-{於}--{咸}-陽，徙都之。令民父子、兄弟同室内息者爲禁。 -{並}-諸小鄕聚集爲一縣，縣置令、丞，凡三十一縣。廢井田，開阡陌，平-{斗}-、〔甬〕( 桶) 、權、衡、丈、尺桶) 權衡丈尺-{據}-胡注改。。

1 Shang Yang of Qin built the Que Gate palace at Xianyang and moved the capital there. He forbade fathers and sons or brothers to share one inner room for lodging. He merged small hamlets into counties, set a magistrate and assistant in each—in all thirty-one counties. He abolished the well-field system, opened the field paths, and standardized the dou and [yong]( bucket), bucket)²⁵ weights, steelyards, foot and inch—revised per Hu’s commentary. .

52

2秦、魏〔會〕( 遇) -{于}-彤遇) -{于}-彤-{據}-《史記·六國年表》及《魏世家》改。。

2 Qin and Wei [met]( encountered) encountered)²⁶ at Tong—revised per Shiji “Chronological Table of the Six States” and “House of Wei”. .

53

3趙成侯薨，公子諜與太子〔語〕爭。立諜敗，奔韓。〔太子立，是爲肅侯〕。

3 Marquis Cheng of Zhao died; the lordling Die contended with the heir [Yu] for the throne. Die was enthroned, was defeated, and fled to Han. .²⁷

54

4〔宋剔城廢其君而自立〕。

.²⁸

55

1〔秦初爲賦〕案：-{據}-今人考-{証}-，此賦蓋指初-{徴}-戸賦，司馬光誤以爲更賦稅法。。

Note: modern scholarship holds this fu was the first household levy; Sima Guang mistook it for a revised fu-tax code.²⁹

56

2〔齊威王來朝。是時周室微弱，諸侯莫朝，而齊獨朝之，天下以此益賢威王〕。。

2 [King Wei of Qi came to court. "³⁰

57

1趙公子-{范}-襲邯鄲，不勝而死。

1 Prince Fan of Zhao raided Handan, was defeated, and died.

58

1齊殺其大夫牟〔辛〕。

.³¹

59

2魯康公薨，子景公偃立。

2 Duke Kang of Lu died; his son Duke Jing Yan succeeded.

60

3衞更貶號曰侯，服屬三晉。

3 Wei was demoted again to marquis and acknowledged the Three Jin as overlords.

61

1諸侯會-{于}-京師。〔秦孝公使公子少官帥師會諸侯，以朝王〕。

1 The feudal lords gathered at the royal capital. .³²

62

1王致伯-{于}-秦，諸侯皆賀秦。

1 The king named Qin hegemon; every feudal lord sent congratulations.

63

2〔越無顓薨，子無彊立〕。

.³³

64

1魏龐涓伐韓。韓請救-{於}-齊。齊威王召大臣而謀曰：「蚤救孰與晩救？」成侯曰：「不如勿救。」田忌曰：「弗救則韓且折而入-{於}-魏，不如蚤救之。」孫臏曰：「夫韓、魏之兵未弊而救之，是吾代韓受魏之兵，顧反-{聽}-命-{於}-韓也。且魏有破國之-{志}-，韓見亡，必東-{面}-而愬-{於}-齊矣。吾因深結韓之親而晩承魏之弊，則可受重利而得尊名也。」王曰：「善！」乃陰許韓使而遣之。韓因恃齊，五戰不勝，而東委國-{於}-齊。齊因起兵，使田忌、田嬰、田盻將之，孫子爲師，以救韓，直走魏都。龐涓聞之，去韓而歸。魏人大-{發}-兵，以太子申爲將，以-{御}-齊師。孫子謂田忌曰：「彼三晉之兵素悍勇而輕齊，齊號爲怯。善戰者因其勢而利導之。《兵法》：『百-{里}-而趣利者蹶上將，五十-{里}-而趣利者軍半至。』」乃使齊軍入魏地爲十萬竈，明日爲五萬竈，又明日爲二萬竈。龐涓行三日，大喜曰：「我固知齊軍怯，入吾地三日，士卒亡者過半矣！」乃棄其歩軍，與其輕鋭倍日-{並}-行逐之。孫子度其行，暮當至馬陵。馬陵道狹而旁多阻隘，可伏兵。乃斫大樹，白而書之曰：「龐涓死此樹下！」 -{於}-是令齊師善射者萬弩夾道而伏，期〔曰〕( 日) 日) -{據}-《史記·孫子列傳》改。：「暮見火舉而倶-{發}-。」龐涓果夜到斫木下，見白書，以火燭之。讀未畢，萬弩倶-{發}-，魏師大亂相失。龐涓自知智窮兵敗，乃自剄，曰：「遂成豎子之名！」齊因乘勝大破魏師，虜太子申。

1 Pang Juan of Wei invaded Han. Han begged Qi for aid. King Wei of Qi called his ministers and asked, “Is it better to rescue early or late?” Marquis Cheng said, “Better not to intervene.” Tian Ji said, “If we hold back, Han will buckle into Wei’s hands—better rescue at once.” Sun Bin said, “Rescue before their armies are spent and we absorb Wei’s blows for Han—then turn and take orders from Han. Wei means to destroy a kingdom; when Han faces ruin it will turn east and plead to us. Bind Han to us in secret, strike only after Wei is worn down, and we gain rich profit and a great name.” The king said, “Good!” He secretly assured Han’s envoy and dismissed him. Trusting Qi, Han fought five losing battles and then turned east to place the state in Qi’s hands. Qi mobilized, with Tian Ji, Tian Ying, and Tian Pan in command and Master Sun as strategist, marching not to relieve Han but straight for Wei’s capital. Pang Juan heard and quit Han to hurry home. Wei raised a great host and made Crown Prince Shen general to face Qi. Sun Bin told Tian Ji, “Jin’s warriors are fierce and hold Qi in contempt; Qi is reputed timid. A true commander steers their momentum to his profit. The Art of War says: ‘Rush a hundred li for gain and the foremost general stumbles; rush fifty li and half the army never arrives.’ ’” He had Qi’s army light stoves for a hundred thousand men in Wei soil, then fifty thousand the next day, then twenty thousand. After three days’ march Pang Juan exulted: “I knew Qi was timid—three days in our land and more than half their men have deserted!” He left his foot soldiers behind and drove on with elite light troops at twice the normal pace. Sun Bin reckoned their pace: by evening they would reach Maling. Maling’s pass was narrow, the flanks choked with obstacles—perfect ground for an ambush. He stripped a great tree and wrote on the bare wood: “Pang Juan dies beneath this tree!” He posted ten thousand of Qi’s best archers along the road, the signal [said] ( day) day) changed per Shiji “Biography of Sunzi.” : “At dusk, when torches flare, loose every bow together.” Pang Juan came by night to the cut tree, saw the pale inscription, and raised a torch to read. Before he finished, ten thousand bolts flew; Wei’s host broke apart in chaos. Knowing himself beaten, Pang Juan cut his throat: “Now the stripling wins his name!” Qi swept on, shattered Wei’s army, and took Crown Prince Shen prisoner.

65

2成侯鄒忌惡田忌，使人操十金，-{卜}--{於}-市，曰：「我，田忌之人也。我爲將三戰三勝，〔聲威天下〕。欲行大事，可乎？」 -{卜}-者出，因使人執之。田忌不能自明，率其徒攻臨淄，求成侯。不克，出奔楚。

2 Marquis Cheng Zou Ji resented Tian Ji and sent a man with ten gold pieces to the diviners in the market, saying, “I serve Tian Ji. .³⁴ I mean to attempt a great coup—will it succeed?” As the diviner left, agents seized him. Tian Ji could not vindicate himself and led his men against Linzi to seize Marquis Cheng. He failed and fled to Chu.

66

1衞鞅言-{於}-秦孝公曰：「秦之與魏，譬若人之有腹心之疾，非魏-{並}-秦，秦卽-{並}-魏。何者？魏居嶺阨之西，與秦界河，而獨擅山東之利。利則西侵秦，病則東收地。今以君之賢聖，國賴以盛；而魏往年大破-{於}-齊，諸侯畔之，可因此時伐魏。魏不支秦，必東徙。然-{後}-秦-{據}-河山之固，東鄕以-{制}-諸侯，此帝王之業也。」公從之，使衞鞅將兵伐魏。魏使公子卬將而-{禦}-之。

1 Lord Wei Yang told Duke Xiao of Qin, “Qin and Wei are like a man with a sickness at the heart: unless Wei devours Qin, Qin will devour Wei. Why? , borders Qin along the river, and alone holds the wealth of the lands east of the mountains.³⁵ In strength it raids west into Qin; in weakness it swallows lands to the east. Under your wisdom the state thrives; Wei was shattered by Qi not long ago and the lords have deserted it—strike now. Wei cannot stand against Qin and will shift east. Then Qin will grip the river-and-mountain barrier and face east to rule the lords—the work of an emperor.” The duke agreed and sent Lord Wei Yang against Wei. Wei sent Prince Ang to oppose him.

67

軍旣相距，衞鞅遺公子卬書曰：「吾始與公子歡，今倶爲兩國將，不忍相攻，可與公子-{面}-相見盟，樂飲而罷兵，以安秦、魏之民。」公子卬以爲然，乃相與會。盟已，飲。而衞鞅伏甲士，襲虜公子卬，因攻魏師，大破之。魏惠王恐，使使獻河西之地-{於}-秦以和。歎曰：「吾恨不用公叔之言！」

As the armies faced each other, Wei Yang wrote Prince Ang: “We were friends once; now we command rival hosts. I cannot bear to fight you—meet me, let us pledge over wine and send the armies home in peace for Qin and Wei.” Prince Ang agreed and came to the parley. They pledged, then drank. Wei Yang had hidden swordsmen; they seized Prince Ang, and he fell on Wei’s army and broke it. .³⁶ He sighed: “I regret not taking Gongsun’s counsel!”

68

秦封衞鞅商-{於}-十五邑，號曰商君。

Qin granted Lord Wei Yang fifteen towns in Shang and titled him Lord Shang.

69

2齊、趙〔會博望〕，伐魏。

and attacked Wei.³⁷

70

3楚宣王薨，子威王商立。

3 King Xuan of Chu died; his son King Wei Shang succeeded.

71

1秦孝公薨，子惠文王立，公子虔之徒告商君欲反，-{發}-吏捕之。商君亡之魏。魏人不受，-{復}-内之秦。商君乃與其徒之商-{於}-，-{發}-兵北撃鄭。秦人攻商君，殺之，車裂以徇，盡滅其家。

1 Duke Xiao of Qin died; his son King Huiwen took the throne. Prince Qian’s party accused the Lord of Shang of treason, and officers were sent to seize him. The Lord of Shang fled to Wei. Wei would not shelter him and handed him back to Qin. He went with his followers to his fief in Shang and raised troops to attack Zheng from the north. Qin struck him down, killed him, tore his body apart between chariots for all to see, and wiped out his house to the last.

72

初，商君相秦，用法嚴酷，嘗臨渭淪囚，渭水盡赤，爲相十年，人多怨之。趙良見商君，商君問曰：「子觀我治秦，孰與五羖大夫賢？」趙良曰：「千人之諾諾，不如一士之諤諤。 -{僕}-請終燒正言而無誅，可乎？」商君曰「諾。」趙良曰：「五羖大夫，荊之鄙人也，穆公舉之牛口之下，而加之百姓之上，秦國莫敢望焉。相秦六七年而東伐鄭，三置晉君，一救荊禍。其爲相也，勞不坐乘，暑不張蓋。行-{於}-國中，不從車乘，不操-{干}-戈。五羖大夫死，秦國男女流涕，童子不歌謠，舂者不相杵。今君之見也，因嬖人景監以爲主；其從政也，凌轢公族，殘傷百姓。公子虔杜門不出已八年矣。君又殺祝歡而黥公孫賈。《詩》曰：『得人者興，失人者崩。』此數者，非所以得人也。君之出也，-{後}-車載甲，多力而駢脅者爲驂乘，持矛而操闟戟者旁車而趨。此一物不具，君固不出。《書》曰：『恃德者昌，恃力者亡。』此數者，非恃德也。君之危若朝露，而尚貪商-{於}-之富，寵秦國之政，畜百姓之怨。秦王一旦捐賓客而不立朝，秦國之所以收君者豈其微哉！」商君弗從。居五月而難作。

As Qin’s chancellor he ruled with pitiless law; once he drowned prisoners in the Wei until the river ran red. Ten years in power, and the realm hated him. Zhao Liang came to see him. The Lord of Shang asked, “Do you think my rule of Qin surpasses the Five-Skins Grandee’s?” Zhao Liang said, “A thousand yes-men are not worth one honest no. May I speak plainly to the end without punishment?” The Lord of Shang said, “Agreed.” Zhao Liang said, “The Five-Skins Grandee was a rustic of Jing. Duke Mu lifted him from under an ox-cart and set him above the people, and no one in Qin dared look down on him. Six or seven years as chancellor he marched east against Zheng, thrice installed Jin’s ruler, and once saved Jing from ruin. As chancellor he would not ride when weary nor raise a parasol in summer heat. He walked the realm without an escort of chariots or arms in hand. When he died, men and women of Qin wept; children hushed their songs; mortars fell silent in the pounding-houses. You won your audience through the favorite Jing Jian; in power you crushed the ducal houses and broke the people. Prince Qian has not left his door in eight years. You killed Zhu Huan and branded Gongsun Jia. The Odes say: ‘Win the people and rise; lose them and fall. ’ None of this is how you win men. When you go abroad, the rear chariot bears armor; brawny men with barrel chests ride as outriders; spear-bearers and halberd-men race in the flank cars. Lack one of these and you will not stir from your gate. The Documents say: ‘Trust in virtue and flourish; trust in force and perish. ’ None of this is trusting in virtue. Your danger is morning dew, yet you still clutch the riches of Shangyu, court Qin’s favor, and hoard the people’s hate. If the king of Qin one day dismisses his guests and holds no court, would Qin’s grounds for taking you be small!” The Lord of Shang would not listen. Five months on, calamity broke out.

73

1韓申不害卒。

1 Han: Shen Buhai died.

74

1宋太丘社亡。

1 Song: the Taiqiu altar society was lost.

75

2鄒人孟軻見魏惠王。王曰：「叟，不遠千-{里}-而來，亦有以利吾國乎？」孟子曰：「君何必曰利，仁義而已矣！君曰何以利吾國，大夫曰何以利吾家，士庶人曰何以利吾身，上下交-{征}-利而國危矣。未有仁而遺其親者也，未有義而-{後}-其君者也。」王曰：「善。」

2 Meng Ke of Zou came before King Hui of Wei. The king said, “Old master, you have traveled a thousand li—have you come with counsel to profit my state?” Mencius said, “Why speak of profit at all? Benevolence and righteousness are enough! If the lord asks how to profit the state, ministers ask how to profit their houses, and every man asks how to profit himself—when high and low chase profit together, the state stands in peril. No benevolent man ever forsook his parents; no righteous man ever set his lord last.” The king said, “Well said."

76

初，孟子師子思，嘗問牧民之道何先。子思曰：「先利之。」孟子曰：「君子所以教民，亦仁義而已矣，何必利？」子思曰：「仁義固所以利之也。上不仁則下不得其所，上不義則下樂爲詐也。此爲不利大矣。故《易》曰：『利者，義之和也。』又曰：『利用安身，以崇德也。』此皆利之大者也。」

Earlier Mencius had studied under Zisi and once asked what should come first in tending the people. Zisi said, “Profit comes first.” Mencius said, “A gentleman teaches the people with benevolence and righteousness alone—why speak of profit?” Zisi said, “Benevolence and righteousness are exactly how you profit them. When those above lack benevolence, those below lose their footing; when those above lack righteousness, those below take joy in fraud. That is the greatest loss of all. So the Changes say: ‘Profit is the harmony of righteousness. ’ And again: ‘Use profit to secure the person and thereby exalt virtue. ’ These are the greatest profits of all.”

77

::臣光曰：子思、孟子之言，一也。夫唯仁者爲知仁義之利，不仁者不知也。故孟子對梁王直以仁義而不及利者，所與言之人異故也。

:: Master Guang remarks: Zisi and Mencius speak the same truth. Only the benevolent grasp the profit in benevolence and righteousness; the unbenevolent cannot see it. That is why Mencius answered King Hui of Liang with benevolence and righteousness alone and never mentioned profit: the man he faced was not the same.

78

1秦伐韓，拔宜陽。

1 Qin invaded Han and seized Yiyang.

79

2〔齊王封田嬰-{於}-彭城〕。〔田嬰言-{於}-齊王曰：「五官之計，不可不日-{聽}-而數覽也。」王從之。已而厭之，悉以委田嬰。田嬰由是得專齊之權〕。

.³⁸ [Tian Ying told the king of Qi, “The revenue tallies of the Five Offices must be heard every day and reviewed again and again.” The king agreed. Soon he wearied of the task and handed it all to Tian Ying. .³⁹

80

1〔田嬰相齊〕。齊王、魏王會-{于}-徐州以相王。〔楚王聞之，怒田嬰〕。

1 [Tian Ying became chancellor of Qi]. The kings of Qi and Wei met at Xuzhou and acknowledged each other as kings. .⁴⁰

81

2韓昭侯作髙門，屈宜臼曰：「君必不出此門。何也？不時。吾所謂時者，非時日也。夫人固有利、不利時。往者君嘗利矣，不作髙門。前年秦拔宜陽，今年旱，君不以此時恤民之急而顧益奢，此所謂時詘舉贏者也。故曰不時。」

2 Marquis Zhao of Han raised a lofty gate. Qu Yijiu said, “You will never walk through this gate. Why? The time is wrong. By timeliness I do not mean the calendar. Every man has seasons when fortune favors him and seasons when it does not. Once you were favored by fortune and built no lofty gate. Two years ago Qin seized Yiyang; this year the land is dry. You do not ease the people’s distress now but add to your splendor—this is doing the costly thing when times are lean and the profitable thing when times are fat. That is why I say the time is wrong.”

82

3越王無疆伐齊。齊王使人説之以伐齊不如伐楚之利，越王遂伐楚。楚人大敗之，乘勝盡取呉故地，東至-{于}-浙江。越以此散，諸公族爭立，或爲王，或爲君，濱-{於}-海上，朝服-{於}-楚。

3 King Wujiang of Yue invaded Qi. The king of Qi sent a persuader to argue that raiding Chu would profit him more than raiding Qi; the king of Yue turned south against Chu. Chu shattered his army, then swept up every former Wu territory east to the Zhe River. Yue broke apart; rival princes of the royal house fought for power, some styling themselves kings and some lords, holding the coast and doing homage to Chu in Chu dress.

83

1楚王伐齊，〔敗齊師〕，圍徐州，〔使人逐田嬰。田嬰使張-{丑}-説楚王，楚王乃止〕。

1 The king of Chu struck Qi, [broke the Qi army], and besieged Xuzhou, [and sent men to hunt down Tian Ying. .⁴¹

84

2韓髙門成，昭侯薨，子宣惠王立。

2 Han’s lofty gate was completed; King Zhao died; his son King Xuanhui succeeded.

85

初，洛陽人蘇秦説秦王以兼天下之-{術}-，秦王不用其言。蘇秦乃去，説燕文公曰：「燕之所以不犯寇被甲兵者，以趙之爲蔽其南也。且秦之攻燕也，戰-{於}-千-{里}-之外；趙之攻燕也，戰-{於}-百-{里}-之内。夫不憂百-{里}-之患而重千-{里}-之外，計無過-{於}-此者。 -{願}-大王與趙從親，天下爲一，則燕國必無患矣。」文公從之，資蘇秦車馬，以説趙肅侯曰：「當今之時，山東之建國莫強-{於}-趙，秦之所害亦莫如趙。然而秦不敢舉兵伐趙者，畏韓、魏之議其-{後}-也。秦之攻韓、魏也，無有名山大川之限，稍蠶食之，傅國都而止。韓、魏不能支秦，必入臣-{於}-秦。秦無韓、魏之規則禍中-{於}-趙矣。臣以天下〔之〕地圖案之，諸侯之地五倍-{於}-秦，料度諸侯之卒十倍-{於}-秦。六國爲一，-{並}-力西鄕而攻秦，秦必破矣。夫衡人者皆欲割諸侯之地以與秦，秦成則其身富榮，國被秦患而不與其憂，是以衡人日夜務以秦權恐愒諸侯，以求割地。故-{願}-大王熟計之也！竊爲大王計，莫如一韓、魏、齊、楚、燕、趙爲從親以畔秦，令天下之將相會-{於}-洹水上，通質結盟，約曰：『秦攻一國，五國各出鋭師，或橈秦，或救之。有不如約者，五國共伐之！』諸侯從親以擯秦，秦甲必不敢出-{於}-函-{谷}-以害山東矣。」肅侯大悅，厚待蘇秦，尊寵賜賚之，以約-{於}-諸侯。會秦使犀首伐魏，大敗其師四萬-{餘}-人，禽將龍賈，取雕陰，且欲東兵。蘇秦恐秦兵至趙而敗從約，念莫可使用-{於}-秦者，乃激怒張儀，入之-{於}-秦。

Earlier Su Qin of Luoyang had urged the king of Qin with stratagems to master the realm; the king of Qin would not hear him. Su Qin departed and told Duke Wen of Yan, “Yan is not overrun by raiders nor forced to arm its men because Zhao stands as your shield to the south. When Qin strikes Yan, the battle is a thousand li off; when Zhao strikes Yan, the battle is within a hundred li. To ignore a danger a hundred li away while dreading one a thousand li off—no strategy is more foolish. Let the great king join Zhao in a vertical alliance; unite the realm, and Yan will know no peril.” The duke agreed, equipped Su Qin with chariots and horses, and sent him to persuade Marquis Su of Zhao: “Of all the states east of the mountains, none is stronger than Zhao today, and none does Qin fear to wound more. Yet Qin dares not march on Zhao because it dreads Han and Wei striking from the rear. Against Han and Wei Qin meets no mountain barrier or river wall; it gnaws them away until its armies stand at their capitals. Han and Wei cannot hold Qin off and will bow as Qin’s vassals. Once Han and Wei no longer stand in its way, Qin’s blow will fall square on Zhao. : the lords’ territories are five times Qin’s; count their soldiers and they are tenfold.⁴² Unite the six states, turn every spear west, and Qin must fall. The advocates of appeasement all want to slice off the lords’ lands for Qin. When Qin prospers they grow rich and grand while their own states bear Qin’s scourge and they feel none of its pain. That is why these men work day and night to terrify the lords with Qin’s might and wring territory from them. I beg the great king to reckon this through! My private counsel: let Han, Wei, Qi, Chu, Yan, and Zhao stand together in vertical alliance against Qin. Summon every general and minister to the Huan River, exchange hostages, and swear: ‘If Qin strikes one of us, the other five will each send elite troops to harry Qin or relieve the besieged. Whoever breaks the pact, the five will strike him together!’ ’ Bind the lords in vertical union to bar Qin, and Qin’s armies will not dare pass Hangu to harm the east.” Marquis Su was delighted, treated Su Qin with rich favor, heaped titles and gifts on him, and sent him to seal pacts among the lords. At that moment Qin sent Xishou against Wei, shattered more than forty thousand men, took General Long Jia prisoner, seized Diaoyin, and prepared to drive east. Su Qin feared that Qin’s march on Zhao would shatter the vertical pact. Seeing no one else who could sway Qin, he baited Zhang Yi and sent him into Qin’s service.

86

張儀者，魏人，與蘇秦倶事鬼-{谷}-先生，學縱橫之-{術}-，蘇秦自以爲不及也。儀-{游}-諸侯無所遇，困-{於}-楚，蘇秦故召而辱之。儀怒，念諸侯獨秦能苦趙，遂入秦。蘇秦陰遣其-{舍}-人齎金幣資儀，儀得見秦王。秦王説之，以爲客卿。 -{舍}-人辭去，曰：「蘇君憂秦伐趙敗從約，以爲非君莫能得秦柄，故激怒君，使臣陰奉給君資，盡蘇君之計謀也。」張儀曰：「嗟乎！此在吾-{術}-中而不悟，吾不及蘇君明矣。爲吾謝蘇君，蘇君之時，儀何敢言！」

Zhang Yi was from Wei. He and Su Qin had both studied the arts of alliance and counter-alliance under Master Guigu; Su Qin knew himself the lesser man. Yi had wandered the courts without patron and was stranded in Chu; Su Qin deliberately summoned him only to shame him. Burning with anger, he reflected that only Qin among the powers could break Zhao—and went to Qin. Su Qin secretly sent a retainer with gold to fund him; Zhang Yi won audience with the king of Qin. The king of Qin took to him and made him a guest minister. The retainer took his leave and said, “Lord Su feared Qin’s attack on Zhao would ruin the vertical pact. Believing no one but you could seize Qin’s ear, he provoked you and had me fund you in secret—all of this was Lord Su’s design.” Zhang Yi said, “Ah! This was within my own craft and I never saw it—I am far less clear-sighted than Lord Su. Give Lord Su my thanks: while Lord Su holds the field, what dare Yi say!”

87

-{於}-是蘇秦説韓宣惠王曰：「韓地方九百-{餘}--{里}-，帶甲數十萬，天下之強弓、勁弩、利劍皆從韓出。韓卒超足而射，百-{發}-不暇止。以韓卒之勇，被堅甲，跖勁弩，帶利劍，一人當百，不足言也。大王事秦，秦必求宜陽、成皋。今茲效之，明年又-{復}-求割地。與則無地以給之，不與則棄前功，受-{後}-禍。且大王之地有盡而秦之求無已，以有盡之地逆無已之求，此所謂市怨結禍者也。不戰而地已削矣！鄙諺曰：『-{寧}-爲鷄口，無爲牛-{後}-。』夫以大王之賢，挾強韓之兵，而有牛-{後}-之名，臣竊爲大王羞之。」韓王從其言。

Then Su Qin urged King Xuanhui of Han: “Han spans more than nine hundred li and fields several hundred thousand armored men. The strongest bows, the stiffest crossbows, and the keenest blades in the realm all come from Han. Han’s soldiers plant their feet and shoot a hundred bolts without drawing breath. Arm them in hard mail, set them behind powerful crossbows, gird them with sharp swords—one man matches a hundred. That scarcely needs saying. Serve Qin, great king, and Qin will demand Yiyang and Chenggao. Yield them now and next year Qin will demand more. Give, and you will have no land left to satisfy Qin; refuse, and you throw away what you have already paid and invite worse ruin. Your lands are finite but Qin’s appetite is not. To feed an endless hunger from a finite store—that is buying hatred and weaving your own doom. Without a battle your territory is already gone! A country saying runs: ‘Better be the chicken’s beak than the ox’s hindquarters. ’ With your wisdom and strong Han’s armies at your back, yet to wear the name of an ox’s tail—your servant is ashamed for you.” The king of Han took his counsel.

88

蘇秦説魏王曰：「大王之地方千-{里}-，地名雖小，然而田-{舍}-、廬廡之數，曾無所芻牧。人民之衆，車馬之多，日夜行不絶，輷輷殷殷，若有三軍之衆。臣竊量大王之國不下楚。今竊聞大王之卒，武士二十萬，蒼頭二十萬，奮撃二十萬，廝徒十萬；車六百乘，騎五千匹，乃-{聽}--{於}-群臣之説，而欲臣事秦。〔-{願}-大王熟察之〕孔本同；張校同；退齋校同」，《史記·蘇秦列傳》有此六字，-{據}-補。。故敝邑趙王使臣效愚計，奉明約，以大王之詔詔之。」魏王-{聽}-之。

Su Qin urged the king of Wei: “Your realm spans a thousand li. The name is modest, yet farmsteads and storehouses crowd the land so thickly that no pasture is left unfenced. Your people are countless, your chariots and horses beyond numbering; they move day and night without pause, wheels thundering as though three armies marched the roads. I reckon Your Majesty's realm is no lesser than Chu's. I hear you field two hundred thousand warriors, two hundred thousand penal troops, two hundred thousand shock troops, and one hundred thousand auxiliaries; six hundred chariot teams and five thousand horses—yet you heed your ministers and would bow to Qin as its servant. Kong edition agrees;⁴³ Zhang's collation agrees; Tui Zhai's collation agrees.” Shiji “Biography of Su Qin” has these six characters—supplied from there. . So the King of Zhao sent me with this humble scheme, a clear covenant, and Your Majesty's mandate to proclaim it abroad.” The King of Wei took his counsel.

89

蘇秦説齊王曰：「齊四塞之國，地方二千-{餘}--{里}-，帶甲數十萬，粟如丘山。三軍之良，五家之兵，進如鋒矢，戰如雷霆，解如風雨。卽有軍役，未嘗倍泰山，絶淸河，渉渤海也。臨菑之中七萬戸，臣竊度之，不下戸三男子，不待-{發}--{於}-遠縣，而臨菑之卒固已二十一萬矣。臨菑甚富而實，其民無不-{鬥}-鷄、走狗、六博、闒鞠。臨菑之塗，車轂撃，人肩摩，連衽成帷，揮汗成雨。夫韓、魏之所以重畏秦者，爲與秦接境壤也。兵出而相當，不十日而戰勝存亡之機決矣。韓、魏戰而勝秦，則兵半折，四境不守；戰而不勝，則國已危亡隨其-{後}-。是故韓、魏之所以重與秦戰而輕爲之臣也。今秦之攻齊則不然。倍韓、魏之地，過衞陽晉之道，經乎亢父之險，車不得方軌，騎不得比行。百人守險，千人不敢過也。秦雖欲深入則狼顧，恐韓、魏之議其-{後}-也。是故恫疑、虚喝、驕矜而不敢進，則秦之不能害齊亦明矣。夫不深料秦之無奈齊何，而欲西-{面}-而事之，是群臣之計過也。今無臣事秦之名而有強國之寶，臣是故-{願}-大王少留意計之。」齊王許之。乃西南説楚威王曰：「楚，天下之強國也，地方六千-{餘}--{里}-，帶甲百萬，車千乘，騎萬匹，粟支十年，此霸王之資也。秦之所害莫如楚，楚強則秦弱，秦強則楚弱，其勢不兩立。故爲大王計，莫如從親以孤秦。臣請令山東之國奉四時之獻，以承大王之明詔。委社稷，奉宗廟，練士厲兵，在大王之所用之。故從親則諸侯割地以事楚，衡合則楚割地以事秦。此兩策者相去遠矣，大王何居焉？」楚王亦許之。

Su Qin told the King of Qi, “Qi is walled in on every side—more than two thousand li of land, hundreds of thousands under arms, grain heaped like hills. Your best troops and household levies strike like arrowheads, crash like thunder, and withdraw like a storm breaking. Even in wartime your men need not march past Mount Tai, ford the Qing, or cross the Bohai. Linzi holds seventy thousand households; I count at least three fighting men per door—without calling up distant counties, Linzi alone can put two hundred ten thousand men in the field. Linzi is flush and crowded; every man cockfights, races dogs, plays liubo, or kicks the cuju ball. On Linzi's streets axle hubs clash, shoulders grind, sleeves knit into walls of cloth, and sweat flies like rain. Han and Wei dread Qin because they share its border. Armies meet at the frontier and within ten days survival or ruin is settled. If Han and Wei beat Qin, half their forces are broken and their borders lie open; if they lose, the state is gone and ruin follows at their heels. That is why Han and Wei dread war with Qin yet readily bow as its servants. Qi's case is different. Qin must march across Han and Wei, pass Yangjin in Wei, and squeeze through Kangfu's defile—chariots cannot run abreast, cavalry cannot keep formation. A hundred men on the heights and a thousand will not pass. Even if Qin drives deep, it glances back like a wolf, fearing Han and Wei at its rear. So it blusters and threatens yet dares not advance—plainly Qin cannot hurt Qi. Not to see that Qin is helpless against Qi, yet turn west and serve it—that is your ministers' blunder. You need not bear the name of Qin's vassal yet may keep a great power's strength—please weigh this, Majesty.” The King of Qi agreed. He went southwest to King Wei of Chu and said, “Chu is the strongest realm under Heaven—six thousand li and more, a million under arms, a thousand chariots, ten thousand horses, grain for ten years: the stuff of empire. Qin fears nothing like Chu; when Chu grows strong Qin weakens, when Qin grows strong Chu weakens—the two cannot stand together. For Your Majesty, nothing beats the vertical alliance to isolate Qin. I will have the eastern states bring seasonal tribute and await your command. They will entrust state and temple, drill men and hone arms—whatever you command. Under the vertical league the lords cede land to serve Chu; under the horizontal league Chu cedes land to serve Qin. The two paths could not be further apart—where does Your Majesty stand?” The King of Chu agreed as well.

90

-{於}-是蘇秦爲從約長，-{並}-相六國，北報趙，車騎輜重擬-{於}-王者。

Su Qin became head of the vertical league and simultaneous premier of six states; reporting north to Zhao, his train of chariots, horses, and baggage matched a king's.

91

3齊王知成侯賣田忌，乃召而-{復}-之。

3 The King of Qi learned Marquis Cheng had sold out Tian Ji and recalled him to office.

92

4燕文公薨，子易王立。

4 Duke Wen of Yan died; his son King Yi succeeded.

93

5衞成侯薨，子平侯立。

5 Marquis Cheng of Wei died; his son Marquis Ping succeeded.

94

1秦惠王使犀首欺齊、魏，與共伐趙，以敗從約。趙肅侯讓蘇秦，蘇秦恐，請使燕，必報齊。蘇秦去趙而從約皆解。趙人決河水以灌齊、魏之師，齊、魏之師乃去。

1 King Hui of Qin sent Xishou to trick Qi and Wei into joining an attack on Zhao and shatter the vertical league. Marquis Su of Zhao blamed Su Qin; in fear Su Qin asked to go to Yan, swearing he would settle accounts with Qi. Su Qin quit Zhao and the vertical league fell apart. Zhao cut the Yellow River banks and drowned Qi and Wei's hosts, and they withdrew.

95

2魏以陰晉爲和-{於}-秦，實華陰。

2 Wei ceded Yinjun to Qin for peace—the place was Huayin.

96

3齊王伐燕，取十城，已而-{復}-歸之。

3 The King of Qi invaded Yan, seized ten cities, then gave them back.

97

1秦伐魏，圍焦、-{曲}-沃。魏入少梁、河西地-{於}-秦。

1 Qin attacked Wei and besieged Jiao and Quwo. Wei surrendered Shaoliang and the Hexi lands to Qin.

98

1秦伐魏，渡河，取汾陰、皮氏，拔焦。

1 Qin struck Wei, crossed the river, took Fenyin and Pishi, and seized Jiao.

99

2楚威王薨，子懷王槐立。〔魏聞楚喪，伐楚，取陘山〕。

2 King Wei of Chu died; his son King Huai Huai succeeded. .⁴⁴

100

3宋公剔成之弟偃襲攻剔成。剔成奔齊，偃自立爲君。

3 Duke Ticheng of Song's brother Yan struck and overthrew him. Ticheng fled to Qi; Yan made himself ruler.

101

1秦公子華、張儀帥師圍魏蒲陽，取之。張儀言-{於}-秦王，請以蒲陽-{復}-與魏，而使公子繇質-{於}-魏。儀因説魏王曰：「秦之遇魏甚厚，魏不可以無禮-{於}-秦。」魏因盡入上郡十五縣以謝焉。張儀歸而相秦。

1 Prince Hua of Qin and Zhang Yi besieged Wei's Puyang and took it. Zhang Yi asked the King of Qin to return Puyang to Wei and send Prince Yao to Wei as hostage. He then told the King of Wei, “Qin has shown Wei great favor; Wei must not slight Qin.” Wei thereupon ceded all fifteen counties of Shang commandery in gratitude. Zhang Yi returned and became Qin's chancellor.

102

1秦縣義渠，以其君爲臣。

1 Qin turned Yiqu into a commandery and reduced its lord to vassal.

103

2秦歸焦、-{曲}-沃-{於}-魏。

2 Qin returned Jiao and Quwo to Wei.

104

1趙肅侯薨，子武靈王〔雍〕立。置博聞師三人，左、右司過三人，先問先君貴臣肥義，加其秩。

.⁴⁵ He named three Masters of Broad Hearing and three Left and Right Fault-Finders; he consulted his father's old minister Fei Yi first and raised his rank.

105

1夏，四月，戊午，秦初稱王。

1 In summer, fourth month, on wuwu day, Qin first took the title of king.

106

2衞平侯薨，子嗣君立。衞有胥靡亡之魏，因爲魏王之-{后}-治病。嗣君聞之，〔使人〕請以五十金買之乙十一行本同；孔本同；退齋校同。，《戰國策·行策》第十四章有此二字，-{據}-補。。五反，魏不與，乃以左氏易之。左右諫曰：「夫以一都買一胥靡，可乎？」嗣君曰：「非子所知也。夫治無小，亂無大。法不立，誅不必，雖有十左氏，無益也。法立，誅必，失十左氏，無害也。」魏王聞之曰：「人主之欲，不-{聽}-之不祥。」因載而往，徒獻之。

2 Marquis Ping of Wei died; his son Lord Si succeeded. A convict named Xu Mi fled the state of Wei (the cited text) for Wei (the cited text) and treated the queen's illness there. Yi eleven-line edition agrees;⁴⁶ Kong edition agrees; Tui Zhai's collation agrees.” Strategies of the Warring States, “Conduct Strategies,” chapter 14 has these two characters—supplied from there. . Five embassies failed; Wei refused, so he traded the district of Zuoshi for the man. His counselors said, “Trade a whole district for one convict—is that wise?” Lord Si said, “You do not understand. In good order nothing is too small; in chaos nothing is too great. If law does not stand and punishment is uncertain, ten Zuoshis would not help. If law stands and punishment is sure, losing ten Zuoshis does no harm.” The King of Wei heard and said, “When a lord desires something, to refuse him is ill-omened.” He had Xu Mi carried to Wei and gave him away outright.

107

1秦張儀帥師伐魏，取陝。

1 Zhang Yi of Qin invaded Wei and took Shan.

108

2蘇秦通-{於}-燕文公之夫人，易王知之。蘇秦恐，乃説易王曰：「臣居燕不能使燕重，而在齊則燕重。」易王許之。乃偽得罪-{於}-燕而奔齊，齊宣王以爲客卿。蘇秦説齊王髙宮室，大苑囿，以明得意，欲以敝齊而爲燕。

2 Su Qin lay with Duke Wen of Yan's queen; King Yi found out. Su Qin in fear told King Yi, “While I stay in Yan I cannot raise Yan's standing—but in Qi I can make Yan weighty.” King Yi agreed. He feigned offense against Yan and fled to Qi; King Xuan of Qi made him a guest minister. Su Qin urged the King of Qi to build towering palaces and vast parks, flaunting his triumph, intending to wear Qi down for Yan.

109

1秦張儀及齊、楚之相會嚙桑。

1 Zhang Yi of Qin met the chancellors of Qi and Chu at Nie Sang.

110

2韓、燕皆稱王，趙武靈王獨不肯，曰：「無其實，敢處其名乎？」令國人謂己曰君。

2 Han and Yan both took royal titles; King Wuling of Zhao alone refused: “Without the substance, who dares wear the name?” He ordered his people to call him lord.

111

3〔魯景公薨，子平公旅立〕。

.⁴⁷

112

1秦張儀自嚙桑還而免相，相魏。欲令魏先事秦而諸侯效之，魏王不-{聽}-。秦王伐魏，取-{曲}-沃、平周。 -{復}-陰厚張儀益甚。

1 Zhang Yi returned from Nie Sang, left Qin's chancellorship, and became Wei's chancellor. He meant Wei to serve Qin first so other lords would follow; the King of Wei refused. The King of Qin struck Wei and took Quwo and Pingzhou. In secret he treated Zhang Yi more generously than ever.

113

2〔夏，四月〕，齊王封田嬰-{於}-薛，號曰靖郭君。靖郭君言-{於}-齊王曰：「五官之計不可不日-{聽}-而數覽也」王從之，已而厭之，悉以委靖郭君。由是得專政齊之權。

the King of Qi enfeoffed Tian Ying at Xue as Lord Jingguo.⁴⁸ Lord Jingguo told the King of Qi, “The five bureaus' accounts must be heard daily and read often.” The king agreed; soon he tired of it and handed everything to Lord Jingguo. From this he monopolized power in Qi.

114

靖郭君欲城薛，客謂靖郭君曰：「君不聞海大魚乎？網不能止，鉤不能牽，蕩而失水，則螻蟻-{制}-焉。今夫齊，亦君之水也。君長有齊，奚以薛爲！苟爲失齊，雖隆薛之城到-{於}-天，庸足恃乎？」乃不果城。靖郭君有子四十〔-{餘}-〕人乙十一行本同；孔本同。，《史記·孟嘗君列傳》有此字，-{據}-補。，其賤妾之子曰文。文通儻饒智略，説靖郭君以散財養士。靖郭君使文主家待賓客，賓客爭譽其美，皆請靖郭君以文爲嗣。靖郭君卒，文嗣爲薛公，號曰孟嘗君。孟嘗君招致諸侯-{游}-士及有罪亡人，皆-{捨}-業厚遇之，存救其親戚。食客常數千人，各自以爲孟嘗君親己。由是孟嘗君之名重天下。

Lord Jing of Guo wished to wall Xue; a guest said to him, “Have you never heard of the great fish of the sea? No net can hold it, no hook can haul it—adrift and stripped of water, ants and mole-crickets master it. Qi is your water now. Hold Qi for life—what need of Xue! Lose Qi, and though Xue’s walls reached the sky, what could you trust?” He abandoned the fortification. the Yi eleven-line edition agrees;⁴⁹ Kong’s edition agrees.” Shiji “Biography of Lord Mengchang” has this character; supplied by collation. , and a son by a humble concubine was named Wen. Wen was bold and brimmed with stratagems; he urged Lord Jing of Guo to spend his fortune keeping men. Lord Jing of Guo put Wen in charge of the house and guests; guests praised him to the skies, and all begged that Wen be made heir. When Lord Jing of Guo died, Wen succeeded as Lord of Xue and took the title Lord Mengchang. Lord Mengchang gathered wandering scholars and fugitives from every state, lavished favors on them, and let them abandon their old callings while he saved their kin. His retainers often numbered in the thousands; each believed Lord Mengchang favored him alone. Thus Lord Mengchang’s name weighed on the world.

115

::臣光曰：君子之養士，以爲民也。《易》曰：「聖人養賢，以及萬民。」夫賢者，其德足以敦化正俗，其-{才}-足以頓綱振紀，其明足以燭微慮遠，其強足以結仁固義。大則利天下，小則利一國。是以君子-{豐}-祿以富之，隆爵以尊之。養一人而及萬人者，養賢之道也。今孟嘗君之養士也，不恤智愚，不擇臧否，盜其君之祿，以立私黨，張虚譽，上以侮其君，下以蠹其民，是-{奸}-人之雄也，烏足尚哉！《書》曰：「受爲天下逋逃主、萃淵藪。」此之謂也。

Sima Guang remarks: A gentleman keeps retainers for the people’s sake. The Changes says: “The sage nourishes the worthy to reach the myriad people.” The worthy man’s virtue can deepen custom and set the age right; his talent can brace the laws and rouse order; his clarity can pierce the subtle and see far; his strength can bind benevolence and firm loyalty. At greatest he profits the realm; at least he profits one state. Therefore the gentleman heaps stipend and wealth on him and raises him in rank and honor. To keep one man and thereby reach ten thousand—that is how the worthy are kept. Lord Mengchang keeps men without regard to wit or folly, good or ill; he steals his ruler’s pay to build a private faction, trades in hollow fame, insults his prince above and devours the people below—chief among villains; what is there to admire! The Documents says: “Zhou was lord of fugitives for all under heaven, a gathering pool and deep lair.” This is what is meant.

116

1王崩，子愼靚王定立。

1 The Zhou king died; his son King Shenjing Ding succeeded.

117

2燕易王薨，子噲立。

2 King Yi of Yan died; his son Kuai succeeded.

118

3孟嘗君聘-{於}-楚，楚王遺之象床。登徒直送之，不欲行，謂孟嘗君門人公孫戌曰：「象床之直千金，苟傷之毫-{髮}-，則賣妻子不足償也。足下能使-{僕}-無行者，有先人之寶劍，-{願}-獻之。」公孫戌許諾，入見孟嘗君曰：「小國所以皆致相印-{於}-君者，以君能振達貧窮，存亡繼絶，故莫不悅君之義，慕君之廉也。今始至楚而受象床，則未至之國將何以待君哉！」孟嘗君曰：「善。」遂不受。公孫戌趨去，未至中閨，孟嘗君召而反之，曰：「子何足之髙，-{志}-之揚也？」公孫戌以實對。孟嘗君乃書門版曰：「有能揚文之名，止文之過，私得寶-{於}-外者，疾入諫！」

3 Lord Mengchang went on a mission to Chu; the king of Chu gave him an ivory couch as a parting gift. Dengtu Zhi was to escort it but refused; he told Gongsun Xu, a retainer of Lord Mengchang, “The ivory couch is worth a thousand in gold; scratch a single hair of it and selling wife and children would not cover the debt. If you can spare me the journey, I have my forefathers’ treasured sword and would give it to you.” Gongsun Xu agreed, went in, and told Lord Mengchang, “Small states lend you their chancellor’s seal because you lift the poor, save dying kingdoms, and continue broken lines—everyone delights in your righteousness and admires your integrity. Accept an ivory couch the moment you reach Chu, and what will the states you have not yet visited think of you!” Lord Mengchang said, “Good.” He refused the gift. Gongsun Xu hurried off; before he reached the inner court Lord Mengchang called him back: “Why the high step, the lifted brow?” Gongsun Xu told him the whole truth. Lord Mengchang then posted on the gate: “Whoever can spread Wen’s good name, check Wen’s faults, or has taken private gifts from abroad—come in at once and speak!"

119

::臣光曰：孟嘗君可謂能用諫矣。苟其言之善也，雖懷詐諼之心，猶將用之，況盡忠無私以事其上乎！《詩》-{云}-：「采葑采菲，無以下體。」孟嘗君有焉。

Sima Guang remarks: Lord Mengchang may be said to have known how to heed counsel. If the words are sound, he would use them even from a flatterer with a deceitful heart—how much more from a man who serves his lord with full loyalty and no private aim! The Odes say: “Gather turnip tops, gather radish leaves; do not reject them for the lower part.” Lord Mengchang had this.

120

4韓宣惠王欲兩用公仲、公叔爲政，問-{於}-繆留。對曰：「不可。晉用六卿而國分，齊簡公用陳成子及闞止而見殺，魏用犀首、張儀而西河之外亡。今君兩用之，其多力者内樹黨，其寡力者藉外權。群臣有内樹黨以驕主，有外爲交以削地，君之國危矣！」

4 King Xuanhui of Han wished to use both Gongsun Zhong and Gongsun Shu in power and asked Miu Liu. He replied, “No. Jin used the Six Clans and the state split; Duke Jian of Qi used Chen Chengzi and Kan Zhi and was murdered; Wei used Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi and lost everything west of the Yellow River. Use both now and the stronger will build factions at home while the weaker leans on foreign power. When ministers build factions at home to browbeat their lord and make alliances abroad to carve away land, your state is in peril!"

121

=校刊記=

=Collation Notes=

卷2 周紀二

Volume 2 Zhou Records 2

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