Volume 3 Zhou Records 3

1

=周紀三=

= Zhou Annals 3 =

2

起重光赤奮若，盡昭陽大淵獻，凡二十三年。

From Chongguang Chifenruo through Zhaoyang Dayuanxian—twenty-three years in all.

3

1衛更貶號曰君。

1. Wei further demoted its ruler's title to lord.

4

2〔齊威王薨，子宣王辟疆立〕。

.¹

5

1秦伐魏，取鄢。

1. Qin attacked Wei and seized Yan.

6

2魏惠王薨，子襄王〔嗣〕立。孟子入見而出，語人曰：「望之不似人君，就之而不見所畏焉。卒然問曰：『天下惡乎定？』吾對曰：『定于一。』『孰能一之？』對曰：『不嗜殺人者能一之。』『孰能與之？』對曰：『天下莫不與也。王知夫苗乎？七八月之間旱，則苗槁矣。天油然作雲，沛然下雨，則苗浡然興之矣。其如是，孰能禦之？』」

.² Mencius went in to see him and came out, telling others: "At a distance he does not look like a ruler; up close one finds nothing to inspire awe. Suddenly he asked: 'How may the realm be settled?' I answered: 'It is settled by unification.' 'Who can unify it?' I answered: 'One who does not delight in killing can unify it.' 'Who can give it to him?' I answered: 'There is no one under Heaven who would not give it to him. Do you know about seedlings? If drought comes in the seventh or eighth month, the seedlings wither. When Heaven gathers clouds and sends down soaking rain, the seedlings suddenly spring up again. When it is like that, who can withstand it?'

7

1楚、趙、魏、韓、燕同伐秦，攻函谷關。秦人出兵逆之，五國之師皆敗走。

1. Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, and Yan jointly attacked Qin and assaulted Hangu Pass. Qin sent troops to meet them; the armies of all five states were routed and fled.

8

2宋初稱王。

2. Song first took the title of king.

9

1秦敗韓師於修魚，斬首八萬級，虜其將䱸、申差于濁澤。諸侯振恐。

1. Qin defeated the Han army at Xiuyu, took eighty thousand heads, and captured generals E and Shen Chai at Zhuoze. The feudal lords were shaken with fear.

10

2齊大夫與蘇秦爭寵，使人刺秦，殺之。

2. A Qi grandee, contending with Su Qin for favor, sent an assassin who killed him.

11

3張儀說魏襄王曰：「梁地方不至千里，卒不過三十萬，地四平，無名山大川之限，卒戍楚、韓、齊、趙之境，寧亭、障者不〔下〕( 過) 十萬過) 十萬章校「十二行本『過』作『下』；乙十一行本同；孔本同；張校同。」《史記·張儀列傳》正作「下」，據改。，梁之地勢固戰場也。夫諸侯之約從，盟洹水之上，結為兄弟以相堅也。今親兄弟同父母，尚有爭錢財相殺傷，而欲恃反覆蘇秦之餘謀，其不可成亦明矣。大王不事秦，秦下兵攻河外，據卷衍、酸棗，劫衛，取陽晉，則趙不南，趙不南而梁不北，梁不北則從道絕，從道絕則大王之國欲毋危，不可得也。故願大王審定計議，且賜骸骨。」魏王乃倍從約，而因儀以請成於秦。張儀歸，復相秦。

3. Zhang Yi urged King Xiang of Wei: "Liang's territory is under a thousand li, its soldiers under three hundred thousand; the land is flat on every side, with no great mountains or rivers to defend it; troops garrison the borders of Chu, Han, Qi, and Zhao; men in forts and barrier posts are not [fewer than] ( pass) pass)³ one hundred thousand—Zhang's collation: in the twelve-line edition "pass" reads "fewer"; the Y eleven-line edition agrees; Kong's edition agrees; Zhang's collation agrees." The "Biography of Zhang Yi" in Records of the Grand Historian has "fewer"; emended accordingly. ; Liang's terrain is in truth a battlefield. When the lords ally vertically, they swear brotherhood above the Huan River to strengthen one another. Even full brothers of the same parents fight over money and wound one another—yet you would rely on the leftover schemes of the fickle Su Qin; that this cannot succeed is obvious. If you do not serve Qin, Qin will march on Hewai, seize Juanyan and Suanzao, threaten Wei, and take Yangjin—Zhao cannot advance south; without Zhao in the south, Liang cannot advance north; without Liang in the north, the vertical alliance is severed; with that route cut, your state cannot hope to escape danger. So I beg Your Majesty to weigh your plans carefully and let me take my leave." King Xiang of Wei then broke the vertical alliance and, through Zhang Yi, sued for peace with Qin. Zhang Yi returned and again became chancellor of Qin.

12

1巴、蜀相攻擊，俱告急於秦。秦惠王欲伐蜀。以為道險狹難至，而韓又來侵，猶豫未能決。司馬錯請伐蜀。張儀曰：「不如伐韓。」王曰：「請聞其說。」儀曰：「親魏，善楚，下兵三川，攻新城、宜陽，以臨二周之郊，據九鼎，按圖籍，挾天子以令於天下，天下莫敢不聽，此王業也。臣聞爭名者於朝，爭利者於市。今三川、周室，天下之朝、市也，而王不爭焉，顧爭於戎翟，去王業遠矣！」司馬錯曰：「不然，臣聞之，欲富國者務廣其地，欲強兵者務富其民，欲王者務博其德，三資者備而王隨之矣。今王地小民貧，故臣願先從事於易。夫蜀，西僻之國而戎翟之長也，有桀、紂之亂，以秦攻之，譬如使豺狼逐群羊。得其地足以廣國，取其財足以富民，繕兵不傷眾而彼已服焉。拔一國而天下不以為暴，利盡〔西〕( 四) 海而天下不以為貪四) 海而天下不以為貪章校「十二行本『四』作『西』；乙十一行本同。」《史記·張儀列傳》正作「西」，據改。，是我一舉而名實附也，而又有禁暴止亂之名。今攻韓，劫天子，惡名也，而未必利也，又有不義之名，而攻天下所不欲，危矣！臣請論其故。周，天下之宗室也；齊，韓之與國也。周自知失九鼎，韓自知亡三川，將二國並力合謀，以因乎齊、趙而求解乎楚、魏。以鼎與楚，以地與魏，王弗能止也。此臣之所謂危也。不如伐蜀完。」王從錯計，起兵伐蜀。十月取之。貶蜀王，更號為侯，而使陳莊相蜀。蜀既屬秦，秦以益強，富厚，輕諸侯。

1. Ba and Shu attacked each other; both urgently appealed to Qin. King Hui of Qin wished to attack Shu. He thought the road perilous, narrow, and hard to reach, while Han raided again; he hesitated and could not decide. Sima Cuo urged an attack on Shu. Zhang Yi said: "Better to attack Han." The king said: "Let me hear your reasoning." Zhang Yi said: "Befriend Wei, court Chu, march on the Three Rivers, attack Xincheng and Yiyang, threaten the Two Zhou, seize the Nine Cauldrons, hold the maps and registers, take the Son of Heaven hostage to command the realm—none under Heaven would dare disobey; that is true kingship. I have heard that men contend for fame at court and for profit in the market. The Three Rivers and the Zhou court are the realm's court and market—yet you do not fight for them, but turn to fight barbarians; you are far from kingship!" Sima Cuo said: "Not so. I have heard: to enrich the state, broaden its lands; to strengthen the army, enrich its people; to become king, spread your virtue—when these three are in place, kingship follows. Your territory is small and your people poor; so I wish to begin with what is easy. Shu is a remote western state, chief among the barbarians; it has chaos like that of Jie and Zhou—if Qin attacks it, it is like setting wolves on a flock of sheep. Its land would widen your realm, its wealth would enrich your people; you could ready your army without heavy losses, and they would already submit. You would overthrow one state yet the realm would not call you violent; profits reaching to the [west] ( four) four)⁴ seas yet the realm would not call you greedy—Zhang's collation: in the twelve-line edition "four" reads "west"; the Y eleven-line edition agrees." The "Biography of Zhang Yi" in Records of the Grand Historian has "west"; emended accordingly. ; in one stroke we gain both fame and substance, and the name of ending violence and chaos. To attack Han now, seize the Son of Heaven—that wins an evil name without sure profit, adds the name of injustice, and strikes where the realm does not wish—perilous! Let me explain why. Zhou is the ancestral house of the realm; Qi is Han's ally. Zhou knows it has lost the Nine Cauldrons; Han knows it has lost the Three Rivers; the two will join forces, lean on Qi and Zhao, and seek aid from Chu and Wei. They will give the cauldrons to Chu and land to Wei—and you cannot stop it. That is what I call peril. Better to finish the conquest of Shu." The king followed Sima Cuo's plan and marched on Shu. In the tenth month he conquered it. He demoted the Shu king to marquis and sent Chen Zhuang to govern Shu. Once Shu belonged to Qin, Qin grew stronger and richer and held the feudal lords in contempt.

13

2蘇秦既死，秦弟代、厲亦以遊說顯於諸侯。燕相子之與蘇代婚，欲得燕權。蘇代使於齊而還，燕王噲問曰：「齊王其霸乎？」對曰：「不能。」王曰：「何故？」對曰：「不信其臣。」於是燕王專任子之。鹿毛壽謂燕王曰：「人之謂堯賢者，以其能讓天下也。今王以國讓子之，是王與堯同名也。」燕王因屬國於子之，子之大重。或曰：「禹薦益而以啟人為吏，及老而以啟為不足任天下，傳之於益。啟與交黨攻益，奪之，天下謂禹名傳天下於益而實令啟自取之。今王言屬國於子之而吏無非太子人者，是名屬子之而實太子用事也。」王因收印綬，自三百石吏已上而效之子之。子之南面行王事，而噲老，不聽政，顧為臣，國事皆決於子之。

2. After Su Qin died, his younger brothers Dai and Li also won fame among the lords through persuasion. Yan's chancellor Zhi was married into Su Dai's family and sought power in Yan. Su Dai served as envoy to Qi and returned; King Kuai of Yan asked: "Will the king of Qi become hegemon?" He answered: "He cannot." The king said: "Why not?" He answered: "He does not trust his ministers." Thereupon King Kuai entrusted all power to Zhi. Lumaoshou told the king of Yan: "People call Yao worthy because he could yield the realm. If you yield the state to Zhi, you will share Yao's renown." King Kuai entrusted the state to Zhi, and Zhi grew immensely powerful. Someone said: "Yu recommended Yi but appointed Qi's men as officials; when old he judged Qi unfit to rule the realm and passed the throne to Yi. Qi and his allies attacked Yi and seized power; the world said Yu had named Yi successor but in truth let Qi take the realm himself. You say you entrust the state to Zhi, yet every official is the crown prince's man—this names Zhi as ruler while the crown prince holds real power." The king gathered seals of office from every official ranked at three hundred piculs and above and handed them to Zhi. Zhi faced south and acted as king; Kuai retired from rule and became a minister—all affairs were decided by Zhi.

14

1王崩，子赧王延立。

1. The king died; King Nan Yan succeeded.

15

1秦人侵義渠，得二十五城。

1. Qin invaded Yiqu and took twenty-five cities.

16

2魏人叛秦。秦人伐魏，取曲沃而歸其人。又敗韓於岸門，韓太子倉入質于秦以和。

2. Wei rebelled against Qin. Qin attacked Wei, took Quwo, and returned its people. Qin again defeated Han at Anmen; Han crown prince Cang went to Qin as hostage to make peace.

17

3燕子之為王三年，國內大亂。將軍市被與太子平謀攻子之。齊王令人謂燕太子曰：「寡人聞太子將飭君臣之義，明父子之位，寡人之國〔雖小〕乙十一行本同；孔本同；退齋校同。」《史記·燕世家》作「寡人之國小」，今依章校補二字。，唯太子所以令之。太子因要黨聚眾，使市被攻子之，不克。市被反攻太子。構難數月，死者數萬人，百姓恫恐。齊王令章子將五都之兵，因北地之眾以伐燕。燕士卒不戰，城門不閉。齊人取子之，醢之，遂殺燕王噲。

3. Three years after Zhi of Yan became king, the state fell into great disorder. General Shibei and Crown Prince Ping plotted to attack Zhi. “the Y eleven-line edition agrees;⁵ Kong's edition agrees; Tui Zhai's collation agrees.” In the Records of the Grand Historian, “House of Yan,” the text reads “my state is small”; the two characters are restored here per Zhang’s collation. , and shall follow only what the Crown Prince commands.” The Crown Prince rallied factions, raised troops, and sent Shi Bei against Zi Zhi, but failed. Shi Bei turned and attacked the Crown Prince. Fighting dragged on for months; tens of thousands died, and the people were terrified. The king of Qi sent Tian Ji at the head of the Five Capitals armies, reinforced by the northern levies, to invade Yan. Yan’s troops would not fight, and the gates were left open. The Qi army seized Zi Zhi, executed him by dismemberment and salting, and then killed King Kuai of Yan.

18

齊王問孟子曰：「或謂寡人勿取燕，或謂寡人取之。以萬乘之國伐萬乘之國，五旬而舉之，人力不至於此；不取，必有天殃。取之何如？」孟子對曰：「取之而燕民悅由取之，古之人有行之者，武王是也；取之而燕民不悅則勿取，古之人有行之者，文王是也。以萬乘之國伐萬乘之國，簞食壺漿以迎王師，豈有他哉？避水火也。如水益深，如火益熱，亦運而已矣！」

The king of Qi asked Mencius: “Some counsel me not to take Yan, others to take it. For one ten-thousand-chariot state to conquer another in fifty days—human strength alone cannot explain it; if I do not take it, Heaven will surely send calamity. What if I take it?” Mencius answered: “If you take it and the people of Yan are glad, then take it. Men of old who did so include King Wu; if you take it and the people of Yan are not glad, do not take it. Men of old who did so include King Wen. When a ten-thousand-chariot state attacks another of equal rank, yet the people bring rice in baskets and drink in jars to welcome your army—can there be any other reason? They were fleeing flood and fire. If the water grows deeper and the fire hotter, they will only move on!"

19

諸侯將謀救燕。齊王謂孟子曰：「諸侯多謀伐寡人者，何以待之？」對曰：「臣聞七十里為政於天下者，湯是也。未聞以千里畏人者也。《書》曰：『徯我后，後來其蘇。』今燕虐其民，王往而征之，民以為將拯己於水火之中也，簞食壺漿以迎王師。若殺其父兄，系累其子弟，毀其宗廟，遷其重器，如之何其可也！天下固畏齊之強也，今又倍地而不行仁政，是動天下之兵也。王速出令，反其旄倪，止其重器，謀於燕眾，置君而後去之，則猶可及止也。」齊王不聽。

The feudal lords were preparing to rally to Yan’s rescue. The king of Qi said to Mencius: “Many lords are plotting to attack me. How should I meet them?” He answered: “I have heard of one who ruled the realm from seventy li—Tang was such a man. I have never heard of one who held a thousand li yet feared others. The Book of Documents says: ‘Wait for our lord; when he comes we shall be revived. ’ Yan now oppresses its people. If Your Majesty marches to punish it, they will think you mean to save them from flood and fire, and will bring rice in baskets and drink in jars to welcome your army. If you kill their fathers and elders, bind their sons and younger kin, destroy their ancestral temples, and carry off their treasures—how can that be allowed! The world already fears Qi’s might; now you double your lands without benevolent rule—you will stir every army under Heaven. Issue orders at once: send back their old and young, stop removing treasures, take counsel with the people of Yan, install a ruler, and then withdraw—there is still time to halt the disaster.” The king of Qi would not listen.

20

已而燕人叛。齊王曰：「吾甚慚於孟子。」陳賈曰：「王無患焉。」乃見孟子，問曰：「周公何人也？」曰：「古聖人也。」陳賈曰：「周公使管叔監商，管叔以商畔也。周公知其將畔而使之與？」曰：「不知也。」陳賈曰：「然則聖人亦有過與？」曰：「周公，弟也；管叔，兄也，周公之過不亦宜乎！且古之君子，過則改之；今之君子，過則順之。古之君子，其過也如日月之食，民皆見之。及其更也，民皆仰之。今之君子，豈徒順之，又從為之辭！」

Soon the people of Yan rebelled. The king of Qi said: “I am deeply ashamed before Mencius.” Chen Jia said: “Your Majesty need not worry.” He then visited Mencius and asked: “What sort of man was the Duke of Zhou?” He said: “A sage of antiquity.” Chen Jia said: “The Duke of Zhou sent Guan Shu to oversee Shang, and Guan Shu rebelled with Shang’s forces. Did the Duke of Zhou know he would rebel and still appoint him?” He said: “He did not know.” Chen Jia said: “Then even sages err?” He said: “The Duke of Zhou was the younger brother; Guan Shu was the elder—was the Duke of Zhou’s mistake not understandable! Moreover, gentlemen of old, when they erred, corrected it; gentlemen today, when they err, persist in it. When gentlemen of old erred, it was like an eclipse of sun or moon—everyone saw it. When they corrected it, everyone looked up to them. Gentlemen today not only persist in error but go on making excuses for it!"

21

1秦右更疾伐趙。拔藺，虜其將莊豹。

1. Ji, Qin’s right assistant minister, attacked Zhao. He seized Lin and captured the general Zhuang Bao.

22

2秦王欲伐齊，患齊、楚之從親，乃使張儀至楚，說楚王曰：「大王誠能聽臣，閉關絕約於齊，臣請獻商於之地六百里，使秦女得為大王箕帚之妾，秦、楚娶婦嫁女，長為兄弟之國。」楚王說而許之。君臣皆賀，陳軫獨吊。王怒曰：「寡人不興師而得六百里地，何吊也？」對曰：「不然。以臣觀之，商於之地不可得而齊、秦合。齊、秦合則患必至矣！」王曰：「有說乎？」對曰：「夫秦之所以重楚者，以其有齊也。今閉關絕約於齊，則楚孤，秦奚貪夫孤國，而與之商於之地六百里？張儀至秦，必負王。是王北絕齊交，西生患於秦也。兩國之兵必俱至。為王計者，不若陰合而陽絕於齊，使人隨張儀。苟與吾地，絕齊未晚也。」王曰「願陳子閉口，毋復言，以待寡人得地！」乃以相印授張儀，厚賜之。遂閉關絕約於齊，使一將軍隨張儀至秦。

2. The king of Qin planned to attack Qi but feared the Qi–Chu alliance, so he sent Zhang Yi to Chu. Zhang Yi told the king: “If Your Majesty will heed me, close the passes and break with Qi—I will give you six hundred li in Shangyu, provide a Qin bride to serve in your household, and bind Qin and Chu in marriage so we remain brother states forever.” The king of Chu was delighted and agreed. Court and king rejoiced; only Chen Zhen mourned. The king said angrily: “I gain six hundred li without raising troops—why mourn?” He replied: “Not so. In my view you will not get Shangyu, and Qi and Qin will join. When Qi and Qin unite, disaster is certain!” The king said: “Explain.” He said: “Qin values Chu because you have Qi as ally. Close the passes and break with Qi, and Chu stands alone—why should Qin favor a lonely state with six hundred li of Shangyu? When Zhang Yi returns to Qin he will surely betray you. You will cut off Qi in the north and breed trouble with Qin in the west. Armies from both states will surely come against you. Better secretly stay aligned with Qi while openly breaking off, and send someone to follow Zhang Yi. If he gives the land, breaking with Qi will not be too late.” The king said, “Counselor Chen, be silent until I have the land!” He gave Zhang Yi the chancellor’s seal and rich gifts. He closed the passes, broke with Qi, and sent a general to accompany Zhang Yi to Qin.

23

張儀佯墮車，不朝三月。楚王聞之，曰：「儀以寡人絕齊未甚邪？」乃使勇士宋遺借宋之符，北罵齊王。齊王大怒，折節而事秦，齊、秦之交合。張儀乃朝，見楚使者曰：「子何不受地？從某至某，廣袤六里。」使者怒，還報楚王。楚王大怒，欲發兵而攻秦。陳軫曰：「軫可發口言乎？攻之不如因賂以一名都，與之并〔兵〕( 力) 而攻齊力) 而攻齊章校「十二行本『力』作『兵』；乙十一行本同；孔本同。」作「力」可，作「兵」意較長，據改。，是我亡地於秦，取償於齊也。今王已絕於齊而責欺於秦，是吾合秦、齊之交而來天下之兵也，國必大傷矣！」楚王不聽，使屈匄帥師伐秦。秦亦發兵使庶長章擊之。

Zhang Yi pretended to fall from his carriage and stayed away from court for three months. The king of Chu heard this and said: “Does Zhang Yi think I have not broken with Qi thoroughly enough?” He sent the warrior Song Yi, using Song’s credentials, north to insult the king of Qi. The king of Qi was furious, humbled himself to court Qin, and Qi and Qin allied. Zhang Yi then appeared at court and asked the Chu envoy: “Why do you not take your land? From here to here—six li square.” The envoy was furious and returned to report to the king of Chu. The king of Chu was furious and wanted to march against Qin. Chen Zhen said: “May I speak? Better than attacking: offer a great city in tribute and join [forces] ( strength) strength)⁶ to attack Qi—Zhang’s collation: in the twelve-line edition “strength” reads “troops”; the Yi eleven-line edition agrees; Kong’s edition agrees.” Either “strength” or “troops” will do; “troops” yields the fuller sense—adopted here. —thus we lose land to Qin but gain compensation from Qi. You have already broken with Qi yet blame Qin for deceit—you unite Qin and Qi and invite every army under Heaven; the state will be gravely wounded!” The king would not listen and sent Qu Gai to command the attack on Qin. Qin also mobilized and sent Chief Assistant Zhang against him.

24

1春，秦師及楚戰于丹陽，楚師大敗，斬甲士八萬，虜屈匄及列侯、執珪七十餘人，遂取漢中郡。楚王悉發國內兵以復襲秦，戰於藍田，楚師大敗。韓、魏聞楚之困，南襲楚，至鄧。楚人聞之，乃引兵歸，割兩城以請平于秦。

1. In spring Qin and Chu fought at Danyang; Chu was routed—eighty thousand armored men were slain, Qu Gai and more than seventy nobles were taken prisoner, and Qin seized Hanzhong commandery. The king of Chu mobilized every man in the realm for a second strike; at Lantian the Chu army was routed again. Hearing of Chu’s plight, Han and Wei struck south into Chu as far as Deng. When Chu learned of this, its armies turned back and ceded two cities to sue for peace with Qin.

25

2燕人共立太子平燕）公子職於韓，立以為燕王，使樂池送之」，而今人錢穆、楊寬等學者皆認為太子平於子之之亂時被殺。此「太子平」當是「公子職」之誤。，是為昭王，昭王於破燕之後〔即位〕乙十一行本同；孔本同；張校同。《史記·燕世家》同，據補。，吊死問孤，與百姓同甘苦，卑身厚幣以招賢者。謂郭隗曰：「齊因孤之國亂而襲破燕，孤極知燕小力少，不足以報。然誠得賢士與共國，以雪先王之恥，孤之願也。先生視可者，得身事之！」郭隗曰：「古之人君有以千金使涓人求千里馬者，馬已死，買其首五百金而返。君大怒，涓人曰：『死馬且買之，況生者乎？馬今至矣。』不期年，千里之馬至者三。今王必欲致士，先從隗始。況賢於隗者，豈遠千里哉？」於是昭王為隗改築宮而師事之。於是士爭趣燕。樂毅自魏往，劇辛自趙往。昭王以樂毅為亞卿，任以國政。

Yan)⁷ Lord Zhi from Han, made him king of Yan, and sent Yue Chi to escort him”—yet scholars such as Qian Mu and Yang Kuan hold that Crown Prince Ping was killed in Zi Zhi’s rebellion. “Crown Prince Ping” here should read “Lord Zhi.” —this is King Zhao; King Zhao after Yan’s ruin [took the throne] the Yi eleven-line edition agrees; Kong’s edition agrees; Zhang’s collation agrees. , mourned the dead and comforted the orphaned, shared the people’s hardships, and humbled himself with rich gifts to summon men of talent.⁸ He said to Guo Wei: “Qi exploited our disorder to smash Yan; I know well that Yan is small and weak, too slight for revenge. Yet if I could find worthy men to share the realm and wipe away our kings’ shame—that is my heart’s wish. Sir, whom you judge worthy, I will serve in person!” Guo Wei said, “Long ago a ruler sent a petty attendant with a thousand in gold to buy a horse of a thousand li. The horse was dead; he bought its head for five hundred in gold and came back. The lord raged. The attendant said, ‘If you will buy a dead horse, how much more a live one? The horses will come soon. ’ Before a year was out, three horses of a thousand li had come. If Your Majesty truly means to draw talent, begin with me. As for men greater than I, would they shrink from a thousand li?” King Zhao rebuilt a palace for Wei and served him as his teacher. Then scholars rushed to Yan. Yue Yi came from Wei, Ju Xin from Zhao. King Zhao made Yue Yi deputy minister and entrusted him with the government.

26

3韓宣惠王薨，子襄王倉立。

3 King Xuanhui of Han died; his son King Xiang, Cang, succeeded.

27

1蜀相殺蜀侯。

1 The chancellor of Shu killed the lord of Shu.

28

2秦惠王使人告楚懷王，請以武關之外易黔中地。楚王曰：「不願易地，願得張儀而獻黔中地。」張儀聞之，請行。王曰：「楚將甘心於子，奈何行？」張儀曰：「秦強楚弱，大王在，楚不宜敢取臣。且臣善其嬖臣靳尚，靳尚得事幸姬鄭袖，袖之言，王無不聽者。」遂往。楚王囚，將殺之。靳尚謂鄭袖曰：「秦王甚愛張儀，將以上庸六縣及美女贖之。王重地尊秦，秦女必貴而夫人斥矣。」於是鄭袖日夜泣於楚王曰：「臣各為其主耳。今殺張儀，秦必大怒。妾請子母俱遷江南，毋為秦所魚肉也！」王乃赦張儀而厚禮之。張儀因說楚王曰：「夫為從者無以異於驅群羊而攻猛虎，不格明矣。今王不事秦，秦劫韓驅梁而攻楚，則楚危矣。秦西有巴、蜀，治船積粟，浮岷江而下，一日行五百餘里，不至十日而拒扞關，扞關驚則從境以東盡城守矣，黔中、巫郡非王之有。秦舉甲出武關，則北地絕。秦兵之攻楚也，危難在三月之內，而楚待諸侯之救在半歲之外。夫待弱國之救，忘強秦之禍，此臣所為大王患也。大王誠能聽臣，臣請令秦、楚長為兄弟之國乙十一行本同；孔本同。」案《史記·張儀列傳》有重「臣」字，今不刪。，無相攻伐。楚王已得張儀而重出黔中地，乃許之。

2 King Hui of Qin sent an envoy to King Huai of Chu, offering to trade the territory beyond Wu Pass for Qianzhong. The king of Chu said, “I do not want a land swap. Give me Zhang Yi and I will yield Qianzhong.” Zhang Yi heard and asked leave to go. The king said, “Chu will have your life—how can you go?” Zhang Yi said, “Qin is strong and Chu weak. While Your Majesty lives, Chu will not dare touch me. Besides, I am close to his favorite Jin Shang, who serves the favored consort Zheng Xiu. Whatever she says, the king hears.” And he went. The king of Chu seized him and meant to kill him. Jin Shang told Zheng Xiu, “The king of Qin loves Zhang Yi and will ransom him with the six counties of Shangyong and fair women. The king prizes land and defers to Qin. A Qin woman will rise high, and my lady will be cast aside.” Zheng Xiu wept before the king day and night: “Every minister serves his own lord. Kill Zhang Yi now and Qin will rage. Let me take our son and move south of the Yangtze, lest Qin cut us like fish on a board!” The king pardoned Zhang Yi and treated him with great honor. Zhang Yi then urged the king of Chu: “A horizontal alliance is no different from driving sheep against a tiger. The folly is plain. If Your Majesty will not serve Qin, Qin will seize Han, drive Liang, and strike Chu—and Chu will be lost. West of Qin lie Ba and Shu. They build ships and hoard grain, float down the Min—five hundred li a day. In ten days they reach Hanguan. When Hanguan stirs, every city east of the border will shut its gates. Qianzhong and Wujun will no longer be yours. Qin marches from Wu Pass and your northern lands are severed. Qin can bring Chu to ruin in three months, while Chu must wait half a year for the lords’ aid. To wait on weak allies and forget the threat of mighty Qin—that is what I fear for Your Majesty. the Yi eleven-line edition agrees;⁹ Kong’s edition agrees.” Shiji “Biography of Zhang Yi” repeats “your servant”; it is retained here. , never to attack each other.” The king of Chu, having Zhang Yi, still tried to keep Qianzhong, but at last agreed.

29

張儀遂之韓，說韓王曰：「韓地險惡山居，五穀所生，非菽而麥，國無二歲之食，見卒不過二十萬。秦被甲百餘萬。山東之士被甲蒙冑而會戰，秦人捐甲徒裼以趨敵，左挈人頭，右挾生虜。夫戰孟賁、烏獲之士以攻不服之弱國，無異垂千鈞之重於鳥卵之上，必無幸矣。大王不事秦，秦下甲據宜陽，塞成皋，則王之國分矣。鴻臺之宮，桑林之宛，非王之有也。為大王計，莫如事秦而攻楚，以轉禍而悅秦，計無便於此者。」韓王許之。

Zhang Yi went on to Han and told the king: “Han is rugged and mountainous. Its fields yield little but beans and wheat. The state has less than two years’ grain. Its troops number at most two hundred thousand. Qin fields more than a million armored men. The lords east of the mountains arm and helm for battle; Qin’s men cast off mail and rush in bare skin, a head in the left hand, a captive in the right. To pit men like Meng Bo and Wu Huo against a weak state that will not yield is to hang a thousand jun on a bird’s egg—there is no hope. If Your Majesty will not serve Qin, Qin will march down, seize Yiyang, and choke Chenggao—and your realm will be cut in two. The palace at Hongtai, the park at Sanglin—they will no longer be yours. For Your Majesty, nothing is wiser than to serve Qin and strike Chu—turn disaster to gain, please Qin. No plan is better.” The king of Han agreed.

30

張儀歸報，秦王封以六邑，號武信君。復使東說齊王曰：「從人說大王者必曰：『齊蔽於三晉，地廣民眾，兵強士勇，雖有百秦，將無奈齊何。』大王賢其說而不計其實。今秦、楚嫁女娶婦，為昆弟之國；韓獻宜陽；梁效河外；趙王入朝，割河間以事秦。大王不事秦，秦驅韓、梁攻齊之南地，悉趙兵，渡清河，指博關，臨菑、即墨非王之有也！國一日見攻，雖欲事秦，不可得也！」齊王許張儀。

Zhang Yi returned and reported. The king of Qin gave him six towns and the title Lord Martial Faith. He was sent east again to the king of Qi: “The alliance men will tell Your Majesty, ‘Qi is shielded by the Three Jin. Your lands are broad, your people many, your arms strong, your warriors brave. Even a hundred Qins cannot touch Qi. ’ Your Majesty admires the words and ignores the fact. Now Qin and Chu exchange brides and are brother states; Han has yielded Yiyang; Liang has surrendered the lands beyond the River; the king of Zhao has come to court and ceded Hejian to serve Qin. If Your Majesty will not serve Qin, Qin will drive Han and Liang against Qi’s south, muster Zhao, cross the Clear River, take Bomen—Linzi and Jimo will no longer be yours! Once your state is struck, you may wish to serve Qin—but it will be too late!” The king of Qi agreed.

31

張儀去，西說趙王曰：「大王收率天下以擯秦，秦兵不敢出函谷關十五年。大王之威行於山東，敝邑恐懼，繕甲厲兵，力田積粟，愁居懾處，不敢動搖，唯大王有意督過之也。今以大王之力，舉巴、蜀，並漢中，包兩周，守白馬之津。秦雖僻遠，然而心忿含怒之日久矣。今秦有敝甲凋兵軍於澠池，願渡河，逾漳，據番吾，會邯鄲之下，願以甲子合戰，正殷紂之事。謹使使臣先聞左右。今楚與秦為昆弟之國，而韓、梁稱東籓之臣，齊獻魚鹽之地，此斷趙之右肩也。夫斷右肩而與人鬥，失其黨而孤居，求欲毋危，得乎？今秦發三將軍，其一軍塞午道，告齊使渡清河，軍於邯鄲之東；一軍軍成皋，驅韓、梁軍於河外；一軍軍於澠池，約四國為一以攻趙，趙服必四分其地。臣竊為大王計，莫如與秦王面相約而口相結，常為兄弟之國也。」趙王許之。

Zhang Yi went west to the king of Zhao: “Your Majesty rallied the world against Qin. For fifteen years Qin’s armies did not pass Hangu Pass. Your Majesty’s power filled the east. Our poor state feared, repaired arms, tilled fields, hoarded grain, lived in dread, and dared not move—only hoping Your Majesty might yet reprove us. Now, by Your Majesty’s power, we have taken Ba and Shu, joined Hanzhong, enclosed the Two Zhou, and hold the ford of White Horse. Qin is far away, yet our hearts have nursed wrath a long time. Now we have battered armor and weary troops at Mianchi. We mean to cross the River, pass Zhang, hold Fanwu, and meet you below Handan. We ask battle on jiazi day—to settle what King Zhou of Yin left undone. I send this envoy first to inform Your Majesty. Chu and Qin are brothers. Han and Liang are your eastern vassals. Qi has yielded its coast. This cuts off Zhao’s right arm. Cut off your right arm and fight—lose your allies and stand alone. Can you hope to be safe? Qin now sends three generals. One blocks Wudao and tells Qi to cross the Clear River and camp east of Handan; one camps at Chenggao and drives Han and Liang beyond the River; one camps at Mianchi and binds four states to strike Zhao. When Zhao yields, its land will be carved four ways. I urge Your Majesty: meet the king of Qin face to face, swear brotherhood, and stand as brothers forever.” The king of Zhao agreed.

32

張儀乃北之燕，說燕王曰：「今趙王已入朝，效河間以事秦。大王不事秦，秦下甲雲中、九原，驅趙而攻燕，則易水、長城非大王之有也。且今時齊、趙之於秦，猶郡縣也，不敢妄舉師以攻伐。今王事秦，長無齊、趙之患矣。」燕王請獻常山之尾五城以和。

Zhang Yi went north to Yan and told the king: “The king of Zhao has come to court and yielded Hejian to serve Qin. If Your Majesty will not serve Qin, Qin will march through Yunzhong and Jiuyuan, drive Zhao against Yan—and the Yi River and the Long Wall will no longer be yours. Qi and Zhao toward Qin are now like commanderies. They dare not raise armies against you. Serve Qin, and you will be free of Qi and Zhao forever.” The king of Yan offered five towns at the foot of Mount Chang to make peace.

33

張儀歸報，未至咸陽，秦惠王薨，子武王立。武王自為太子時，不悅張儀，及即位，群臣多毀短之。諸侯聞儀與秦王有隙，皆畔衡，復合從。

Zhang Yi turned homeward to report. Before he reached Xianyang, King Hui of Qin died and his son King Wu succeeded. As crown prince, King Wu had disliked Zhang Yi. When he took the throne, many ministers slandered him. The lords heard that Yi and Qin were estranged. All left the vertical alliance and joined the horizontal again.

34

1張儀說秦武王曰：「為王計者，東方有變，然後王可以多割得地也。臣聞齊王甚憎臣，臣之所在，齊必伐之。臣願乞其不肖之身以之梁，齊必伐梁，齊、梁交兵而不能相去，王以其間伐韓，入三川，挾天子，案圖籍，此王業也。」王許之。齊王果伐梁，梁王恐。張儀曰：「王勿患也。請令齊罷兵。」乃使其舍人之楚，借使謂齊王曰：「甚矣，王之托儀於秦也！」齊王曰：「何故？」楚使者曰：「張儀之去秦也，固與秦王謀矣，欲齊、梁相攻而令秦取三川也。今王果伐梁，是王內罷國而外伐與國，以信儀於秦王也。」齊王乃解兵還。張儀相魏一歲，〔夏，五月，儀〕卒。

1 Zhang Yi told King Wu of Qin: “For Your Majesty’s sake, when the east is in turmoil, you may win more land. I hear the king of Qi hates me. Wherever I am, Qi will attack. Let me take my worthless self to Liang. Qi will strike Liang. While Qi and Liang fight and cannot break off, Your Majesty may attack Han, enter the Three Rivers, hold the Son of Heaven, and read the maps and registers—that is the royal enterprise.” The king agreed. Qi did attack Liang, and the king of Liang was afraid. Zhang Yi said, “Do not fear. I will make Qi withdraw.” He sent a retainer to Chu, borrowed an envoy, and told the king of Qi: “How deeply Your Majesty has trusted Yi to Qin!” The king of Qi asked, “Why?” The Chu envoy said, “When Zhang Yi left Qin he plotted with the king: he meant Qi and Liang to fight so Qin could take the Three Rivers. Now you have attacked Liang—you wear out your state within, strike an ally without, and prove Yi true to the king of Qin.” Qi withdrew its army. .¹⁰

35

儀與蘇秦皆以縱橫之術游諸侯，致位富貴，天下爭慕效之。又有魏人公孫衍者，號曰犀首，亦以談說顯名。其餘蘇代、蘇厲、周最、樓緩之徒，紛紜遍於天下，務以辯詐相高，不可勝紀。而儀、秦、衍最著。

Yi and Su Qin both won rank and riches by the arts of alliance and defiance among the lords; the world rushed to imitate them. There was also Gongsun Yan of Wei, called Rhino’s Head, who won fame by talk alone. Su Dai, Su Li, Zhou Zui, Lou Huan, and the rest swarmed the world, each trying to outtalk the other—too many to count. Yet Yi, Qin, and Yan stood foremost.

36

《孟子》論之曰：或謂：「張儀、公孫衍，豈不大丈夫哉！一怒而諸侯懼，安居而天下熄。」孟子曰：「是惡足以為大丈夫哉？君子立天下之正位，行天下之正道，得志則與民由之，不得志則獨行其道，富貴不能淫，貧賤不能移，威武不能詘，是之謂大丈夫。」

Mencius wrote: Some say, “Zhang Yi and Gongsun Yan—were they not true men! One burst of wrath and the lords trembled; one year of peace and the world went still.” Mencius said, “How could such men be called true men? A gentleman stands in the right place and walks the right path. When his will is done he shares it with the people; when it is not he walks alone. Wealth cannot seduce him, poverty cannot move him, power cannot bend him—that is a true man.”

37

揚子《法言》曰：或問：「儀、秦學乎鬼谷術而習乎縱橫言，安中國者各十餘年，是夫？」曰：「詐人也。聖人惡諸。」曰：「孔子讀而儀、秦行，何如也？」曰：「甚矣鳳鳴而鷙翰也！」「然則子貢不為歟？」曰：「亂而不解，子貢恥諸。說而不富貴，儀、秦恥諸。」或曰：「儀、秦其才矣乎，跡不蹈已？」曰：「昔在任人，帝而難之，不以才矣。才乎才，非吾徒之才也。」

Master Yang’s Fayan says: Someone asked, “Zhang Yi and Su Qin studied under Guiguzi and mastered coalition rhetoric; each held the Central States at peace for more than ten years—is that true?” He answered, “Frauds. The sages despised men like that.” He said, “Suppose Confucius read the classics while Zhang Yi and Su Qin carried on as they did—what then?” He replied, “As absurd as a phoenix singing while a hawk strikes!” “Then did not Zi Gong do likewise?” He said, “To stir disorder and not set it right—Zi Gong would be ashamed. To persuade without winning wealth and rank—Zhang Yi and Su Qin would be ashamed.” Someone asked, “Were Zhang Yi and Su Qin truly talented—walking where no one had walked?” He said, “Long ago there was a man of ability; the Emperor found him hard to use and did not keep him for talent alone. Talent? Talent—that is not the talent of our kind.”

38

2秦王使甘茂誅蜀相莊。

2 The king of Qin sent Gan Mao to execute Zhuang, chancellor of Shu.

39

3秦王、魏王會于臨晉。

3 The kings of Qin and Wei met at Linjin.

40

4趙武靈王納吳廣之女孟姚，有寵，是為惠后。生子何。

4 King Wuling of Zhao took Meng Yao, daughter of Wu Guang, as a favorite; she became Consort Hui. She bore a son named He.

41

1秦初置丞相，以樗里疾為右丞相。

1 Qin first created the chancellorship and made Chulizi right chancellor.

42

1秦、魏會于應。

1 Qin and Wei met at Ying.

43

2秦王使甘茂約魏以伐韓，而令向壽輔行。甘茂〔至魏〕，令向壽還乙十一行本同；孔本同；張校同；退齋校同。據補。，謂王曰：「魏聽臣矣，然願王勿伐！」王迎甘茂於息壤而問其故。對曰：「宜陽大縣，其實郡也。今王倍數險，行千里，攻之難。魯人有與曾參同姓名者殺人，人告其母，其母織自若也。及三人告之，其母投杼下機，逾牆而走。臣之賢不若曾參，王之信臣又不如其母，疑臣者非特三人，臣恐大王之投杼也。魏文侯令樂羊將而攻中山，三年而拔之。反而論功，文侯示之謗書一篋。樂羊再拜稽首曰：『此非臣之功，君之力也。』今臣，羈旅之臣也，樗里子、公孫奭挾韓而議之，王必聽之，是王欺魏王而臣受公仲侈之怨也。」王曰：「寡人弗聽也，請與子盟。」乃盟於息壤。秋，甘茂、長封帥師伐宜陽。

2 The king of Qin sent Gan Mao to ally with Wei against Han and appointed Xiang Shou to assist him. the Yi eleven-line edition agrees;¹¹ Kong’s edition agrees; Zhang’s collation agrees; Tuizhai’s collation agrees.” Supplied accordingly. , and told the king, “Wei will follow my word, but I beg Your Majesty not to attack!” The king received Gan Mao at Xitu and asked why. He answered, “Yiyang is a large district—in effect a commandery. Your Majesty doubles the hazards and marches a thousand li—the attack will be hard. In Lu a man who shared Zeng Shen’s name killed someone; when people told his mother, she kept weaving as before. When three told her, his mother threw down the shuttle, left the loom, and fled over the wall. I am no Zeng Shen, and Your Majesty trusts me less than his mother did; more than three doubt me—I fear Your Majesty will cast down the shuttle. Marquis Wen of Wei sent Yue Yang to attack Zhongshan; in three years he took it. When he returned to report his merit, Marquis Wen showed him a basket of denunciations. Yue Yang bowed twice and touched his forehead to the ground: ‘This is not my merit but my lord’s power. ’ I am only a guest minister; Chulizi and Gongsun Shi, with Han in their grip, will argue against me, and Your Majesty will surely listen—then Your Majesty deceives the king of Wei while I incur Gongzhong Chi’s hatred.” The king said, “I will not heed them. Let us pledge together.” They pledged at Xitu. In autumn Gan Mao and Zhang Feng marched against Yiyang.

44

1甘茂攻宜陽，五月而不拔。樗里子、公孫奭果爭之。秦王召甘茂，欲罷兵。甘茂曰：「息壤在彼。」王曰：「有之。」因大悉起兵以佐甘茂。斬首六萬，遂拔宜陽。韓公仲侈入謝於秦以請平。

1 Gan Mao besieged Yiyang; after five months it had not fallen. Chulizi and Gongsun Shi did dispute it as he had feared. The king of Qin recalled Gan Mao, meaning to withdraw the army. Gan Mao said, “Remember Xitu.” The king said, “Yes.” He then raised the full host to support Gan Mao. Sixty thousand heads were taken, and Yiyang fell. Gongzhong Chi of Han came to Qin to apologize and sue for peace.

45

2秦武王好以力戲，力士任鄙、烏獲、孟說皆至大官。〔秋〕，八月，王與孟說舉鼎，絕脈而薨「脈」，《史記·秦本紀》作「臏」，意為脛骨。。族孟說。武王無子，異母弟稷為質於燕。國人逆而立之，是為昭襄王。昭襄王母羋八子，楚女也，實宣太后。

2 King Wu of Qin loved feats of strength; the bruisers Ren Bi, Wu Huo, and Meng Shuo all rose to high rank. “Sinews” in Shiji “Basic Annals of Qin” reads “shins,” meaning the leg bones.¹² Meng Shuo’s clan was wiped out. King Wu had no son; his half-brother Ji was a hostage in Yan. The people went out to receive him and made him king—King Zhaoxiang. King Zhaoxiang’s mother was Lady Mi Bazi of Chu—she was Queen Dowager Xuan.

46

3趙武靈王北略中山之地，至房子，遂〔之〕( 至) 代至) 代章校「十二行本『至』作『之』；乙十一行本同；孔本同；張校同；退齋校同。」《史記·趙世家》同，據改。，北至無窮，西至河，登黃華之上。與肥義謀胡服騎射以教百姓，曰：「愚者所笑，賢者察焉。雖驅世以笑我，胡地、中山，吾必有之！」遂胡服。國人皆不欲，公子成稱疾不朝。王使人請之曰：「家聽於親，國聽於君。今寡人作教易服而公叔不服，吾恐天下議〔之〕( 己) 也己) 也章校「十二行本『己』作『之』；乙十一行本同；孔本同；張校同；退齋校同。」《史記·趙世家》同，據改。。制國有常，利民為本；從政有經，令行為上。明德先論於賤，而從政先信於貴，故願慕公叔之義以成胡服之功也。」公子成再拜稽首曰：「臣聞中國者，聖賢之所教也，禮樂之所用也，遠方之所觀赴也，蠻夷之所則效也。今王舍此而襲遠方之服，變古之道，逆人之心，臣願王熟圖之也！」使者以報。王自往請之，曰：「吾國東有齊、中山，北有燕、東胡，西有樓煩、秦、韓之邊。今無騎射之備，則何以守之哉？先時中山負齊之強兵，侵暴吾地，系累吾民，引水圍鄗；微社稷之神靈，則鄗幾於不守也，先君丑之。故寡人變服騎射，欲以備四境之難，報中山之怨。而叔順中國之俗，惡變服之名，以忘鄗事之丑，非寡人之所望也。」公子成聽命，乃賜胡服，明日服而朝。於是始出胡服令，而招騎射焉。

3 King Wuling of Zhao campaigned north into Zhongshan as far as Fangzi, then [went on to]( reach) reach)¹³ Dai—collation: the twelve-line edition reads “went on to” for “reach”; the Yi eleven-line edition agrees; Kong’s edition agrees; Zhang’s collation agrees; Tuizhai’s collation agrees.” Shiji “House of Zhao” agrees; emended accordingly. , north to Wujiong, west to the Yellow River, and climbed Mount Huanghua. With Fei Yi he planned nomad dress and mounted archery to train the people, saying, “Fools mock what the wise examine. Let the whole world laugh—I will have the Hu lands and Zhongshan!” He adopted nomad dress. The people resisted; Prince Cheng pleaded illness and stayed away from court. The king sent to summon him: “The home obeys the parent; the state obeys the ruler. I have ordered a change of dress, yet my uncle will not comply—I fear the realm will discuss [it as]( self) self)¹⁴ )—collation: the twelve-line edition reads “it” for “self”; the Yi eleven-line edition agrees; Kong’s edition agrees; Zhang’s collation agrees; Tuizhai’s collation agrees.” Shiji “House of Zhao” agrees; emended accordingly. . Statecraft has fixed principles; benefiting the people is the root; government has its norms; enforcing orders comes first. To clarify virtue, persuade the humble first; in rule, win the nobles first—so I wish to follow my uncle’s example and complete the reform of dress.” Prince Cheng bowed twice and touched his forehead to the ground: “I have heard that the Central States are where sages teach, where ritual and music rule, where distant lands look and come, and where barbarians take their pattern. Now Your Majesty casts this aside for distant dress, changing the way of old and turning men’s hearts—I beg Your Majesty to think this through!” The messenger reported back. The king went himself and said, “East we have Qi and Zhongshan; north, Yan and the Eastern Hu; west, the marches of Loufan, Qin, and Han. Without mounted archery, how can we hold it? Once Zhongshan, backed by Qi’s strength, raided our lands, seized our people, and dammed water against Hao; but for the spirits of state, Hao would almost have fallen—our forefathers were shamed. So I change dress and train mounted archery to guard the four marches and repay Zhongshan. Yet my uncle clings to Central States custom, hates the very name of the reform, and would forget the shame of Hao—that is not what I want.” Prince Cheng obeyed; he was given nomad dress and attended court in it the next day. Then he issued the order for nomad dress and recruited mounted archers.

47

1秦昭王使向壽平宜陽，而使樗里子、甘茂伐魏。甘茂言於王，以武遂復歸之韓。向壽、公孫奭爭之，不能得，由此怨讒甘茂。茂懼，輟伐魏蒲阪，亡去。樗里子與魏講而罷兵。甘茂奔齊。

1 King Zhaoxiang sent Xiang Shou to settle Yiyang and Chulizi and Gan Mao against Wei. Gan Mao urged the king to give Wusui back to Han. Xiang Shou and Gongsun Shi opposed him in vain and from this bore grudges and slandered Gan Mao. Gan Mao in fear halted the assault on Puban and fled. Chulizi made peace with Wei and disbanded the army. Gan Mao fled to Qi.

48

2趙王略中山地，至寧葭；西略胡地，至榆中。林胡王獻馬。歸，使樓緩之秦，仇液之韓，王賁之楚，富丁之魏，趙爵之齊。代相趙固主胡，致其兵。

2 The king of Zhao campaigned into Zhongshan as far as Ningjia; west into the Hu lands as far as Yuzhong. The king of Linhu presented horses. Returning, he sent Lou Huan to Qin, Qiu Ye to Han, Wang Ben to Chu, Fu Ding to Wei, and Zhao Jue to Qi. Zhao Gu, chancellor of Dai, governed the Hu and raised their levies.

49

1楚王與齊、韓合從。

1 The king of Chu allied with Qi and Han in a horizontal coalition.

50

1彗星見。

1 A comet appeared.

51

2趙王伐中山，取丹丘、爽陽、鴻之塞，又取鄗、石邑、封龍、東垣。中山獻四邑以和。

2 The king of Zhao attacked Zhongshan and took Danqiu, Shuangyang, and the Hong passes, then Hao, Shiyi, Fenglong, and Dongyuan. Zhongshan ceded four towns to sue for peace.

52

3秦宣太后異父弟曰穰侯魏冉，同父弟曰華陽君羋戎；王之同母弟曰高陵君、涇陽君。魏冉最賢，自惠王、武王時，任職用事。武王薨，諸弟爭立，唯魏冉力能立昭王。昭王即位，以冉為將軍，衛咸陽。是歲，庶長壯及大臣、諸公子謀作亂，魏冉誅之；及惠文后皆不得良死，悼武王后出〔歸〕( 居) 于魏居) 于魏章校「十二行本『居』作『歸』；乙十一行本同；孔本同；退齋校同。」《史記·穰侯列傳》作「出之」，意同，據改。，王兄弟不善者，魏冉皆滅之。王少，宣太后自治事，任魏冉為政，威震秦國。

3 Queen Dowager Xuan of Qin’s half-brother was Marquis Wei of Rang, Wei Ran; her full brother was Lord Huayang, Mi Rong; the king’s uterine brothers were the Lord of Gaoling and the Lord of Jingyang. Wei Ran was the ablest; from Kings Hui and Wu he had held office and ruled affairs. When King Wu died the princes fought for the throne; only Wei Ran had the power to set up King Zhaoxiang. King Zhaoxiang made Ran general to guard Xianyang. That year Chief Steward Zhuang, the great ministers, and the royal sons plotted revolt; Wei Ran put them to death; and Consort Huiwen died no good death; Queen Wu’s consort was sent out [to return]( to dwell) to dwell)¹⁵ to Wei—collation: the twelve-line edition reads “return” for “dwell”; the Yi eleven-line edition agrees; Kong’s edition agrees; Tuizhai’s collation agrees.” Shiji “Marquis Wei of Rang” reads “sent her out,” the same sense; emended accordingly. , and every royal brother who was ill-disposed—Wei Ran destroyed them all. The king was young; Queen Dowager Xuan ruled in person, put Wei Ran in charge of government, and his power shook all Qin.

53

1秦王、楚王盟于黃棘。秦復與楚上庸。

1 The kings of Qin and Chu allied at Huangji. Qin restored Shangyong to Chu.

54

1彗星見。

1 A comet appeared.

55

2秦取魏蒲阪、晉陽、封陵，又取韓武遂。

2 Qin took Puban, Jinyang, and Fengling from Wei, and Wusui from Han.

56

3齊、韓、魏以楚負其從親，合兵伐楚。楚王使太子橫為質於秦而請救。秦客卿通將兵救楚，三國引兵去。

3 Qi, Han, and Wei, holding that Chu had betrayed the coalition, joined forces against Chu. The king of Chu sent Crown Prince Heng to Qin as hostage and begged for aid. The Qin guest minister Tong marched to relieve Chu; the three states drew off.

57

4〔魯平公薨，子湣公賈立〕。

.¹⁶

58

1秦王、魏王、韓太子嬰會于臨晉，韓太子至咸陽而歸；秦復與魏蒲阪。

1 The kings of Qin and Wei and Han’s crown prince Ying met at Linjin; Han’s crown prince came to Xianyang and went home; Qin restored Puban to Wei.

59

2秦大夫有私與楚太子鬬者，太子殺之，亡歸。

2 A Qin minister quarreled privately with Chu’s crown prince; the prince killed him and fled home.

60

1日有食之，既惟秦昭王七年即赧王十五年有全食經長江流域，秦都約見七分以上。六國表既云晝晦，必係全食，足証六年必為七年之誤。據此，在明年7月26日8時43.9分日有全食，合中國周曆為五月初一戊子日。。

Only in Qin Zhaoxiang year 7—King Nan year 15—was there a total eclipse across the Yangzi valley; the Qin capital would have seen over seven-tenths.¹⁷ Since the Six States table says daylight darkened, it must have been total—proof enough that year six should read year seven.” On this basis the total eclipse falls on 26 July next year at 08:43.9, matching the first of the fifth month, day wuzi, in the Zhou calendar. .

61

2秦人取韓穰。蜀寧煇叛秦，秦司馬錯往誅之。

2 Qin took Rang from Han. Ning Hui of Shu rebelled; Sima Cuo of Qin went and put him to death.

62

3秦庶長奐會韓、魏、齊兵伐楚，敗其師於重丘，殺其將唐昧；遂取重丘。

3 Qin Chief Steward Huan joined Han, Wei, and Qi against Chu, routed them at Zhongqiu, and killed their general Tang Mo; then took Zhongqiu.

63

4趙王伐中山，中山君奔齊。

4 The king of Zhao attacked Zhongshan; the lord of Zhongshan fled to Qi.

64

5〔齊宣王薨，子湣王地立〕。

.¹⁸

65

1秦涇陽君為質於齊。

1 The Lord of Jingyang of Qin went to Qi as hostage.

66

2秦華陽君伐楚，大破楚師，斬首三萬，殺其將景缺，取楚襄城。楚王恐，使太子為質於齊以請平。

2 Lord Huayang of Qin attacked Chu, crushed the Chu host, took thirty thousand heads, killed their general Jing Que, and seized Xiangcheng. The king of Chu in terror sent the crown prince to Qi as hostage to sue for peace.

67

3秦樗里疾卒，以趙人樓緩為丞相。

3 Chulizi of Qin died; Lou Huan of Zhao was made chancellor.

68

4趙武靈王愛少子何，欲及其生而立之。

4 King Wuling of Zhao loved his younger son He and wished to enthrone him in his own lifetime.

69

1〔夏〕，五月，戊申案：據饒尚寬《春秋戰國秦漢朔閏表》，此年夏曆五月癸丑朔，無戊申日。而明年夏曆五月丁未朔，戊申為初二。，大朝東宮，傳國於何。王廟見禮畢，出臨朝，大夫悉為臣。肥義為相國，並傅王。武靈王自號「主父」。主父欲使子治國，身胡服，將士大夫西北略胡地。將自雲中、九原南襲咸陽，於是詐自為使者，入秦，欲以觀秦地形及秦王之為人。秦王不知，已而怪其狀甚偉，非人臣之度，使人逐之，主父行已脫關矣。審問之，乃主父也。秦人大驚。

Note: Rao Shangkuan’s month tables show this year’s summer fifth month began on guichou; there was no wushen.¹⁹ Next year’s summer fifth month began on dingwei; wushen was the second. , he held grand court at the Eastern Palace and handed the realm to He. When temple rites were done he took the throne; every grandee became his subject. Fei Yi was made chancellor and tutor to the king. King Wuling took the title “Chief Father.” The Chief Father meant his son to rule while he wore nomad dress and led the court northwest against the Hu. He meant to strike south from Yunzhong and Jiuyuan at Xianyang; so he disguised himself as an envoy, entered Qin, and meant to spy out the land and the king of Qin. The king of Qin knew nothing; then he wondered at the man’s towering presence—not a subject’s measure—and sent men after him; the Chief Father was already through the pass. Close inquiry showed it was the Chief Father. Qin was deeply shaken.

70

2齊王、魏王會于韓。

2 The kings of Qi and Wei met in Han.

71

3秦人伐楚，取八城。秦王遺楚王書曰：「始寡人與王約為兄弟，盟于黃棘，太子入質，至歡也。太子陵殺寡人之重臣，不謝而亡去。寡人誠不勝怒，使兵侵君王之邊。今聞君王乃令太子質於齊以求平。寡人與楚接境，婚姻相親。而今秦、楚不歡，則無以令諸侯。寡人願與君王會武關，面相約，結盟而去，寡人之願也！」楚王患之，欲往，恐見欺，欲不往，恐秦益怒。昭睢曰：「毋行而發兵自守耳！秦，虎狼也，有並諸侯之心，不可信也！」懷王之子〔子〕蘭勸王行乙十一行本同；孔本同。《史記·楚世家》同，據補。，王乃入秦。秦王令一將軍詐為王，伏兵武關，楚王至則閉關劫之，與俱西，至咸陽，朝章台，如籓臣禮，要以割巫、黔中郡。楚王欲盟，秦王欲先得地。楚王怒曰：「秦詐我，而又強要我以地！」因不復許，秦人留之。楚大臣患之，乃相與謀曰：「吾王在秦不得還，要以割地，而太子為質於齊。齊、秦合謀，則楚無國矣。」欲立王子之在國者。昭睢曰：「王與太子俱困於諸侯，而今又倍王命而立其庶子，不宜！」乃詐赴於齊。齊湣王召群臣謀之，或曰：「不若留太子以求楚之淮北。」齊相曰：「不可。郢中立王，是吾抱空質而行不義於天下也。」其人曰：「不然。郢中立王，因與其新王市曰：『予我下東國，吾為王殺太子。不然，將與三國共立之。』」齊王卒用其相計而歸楚太子。楚人立之。

3 Qin attacked Chu and took eight cities. The king of Qin wrote the king of Chu: “At first you and I pledged brotherhood at Huangji; your crown prince came as hostage—we were close as kin. Your crown prince killed my great minister without apology and fled. I could not master my wrath and sent troops against your borders. Now I hear you have sent the crown prince to Qi as hostage to sue for peace. Qin and Chu share a border; we are kin by marriage. If Qin and Chu are not at peace, I cannot command the feudal lords. I wish to meet you at Wu Pass, covenant face to face, ally, and part—that is my wish!” The king of Chu was torn: go and he might be tricked; stay away and Qin would rage the more. Zhao Ju said, “Do not go—raise troops and hold your ground! Qin is tiger and wolf; it means to swallow the feudal lords—you cannot trust it!” the Yi eleven-line edition agrees;²⁰ Kong’s edition agrees. Shiji “House of Chu” agrees; supplied accordingly. , and the king went into Qin. The king of Qin had a general impersonate him and lay ambush at Wu Pass; when the king of Chu came they shut the pass and seized him, marched him west to Xianyang, and at Zhang Terrace he attended like a vassal while Qin demanded Wu and Qianzhong. The king of Chu wanted a covenant; the king of Qin wanted the land first. The king of Chu raged: “Qin tricked me and now bullies me for land!” He refused; Qin held him. Chu’s ministers in distress plotted together: “Our king is held in Qin and cannot return; they want land for him, while the crown prince is hostage in Qi. If Qi and Qin join against us, Chu is finished.” They meant to enthrone whichever prince was at home. Zhao Ju said, “King and crown prince are both prisoners abroad; to defy the king’s order and set up a lesser son is wrong!” They sent a false report of death to Qi. King Min of Qi called his ministers; some said, “Better keep the crown prince and demand Chu’s Huai north.” The Qi chancellor said, “No. If Ying sets up a new king, we hold an empty hostage and do wrong before the world.” Another said, “Not so. If Ying enthrones a king, bargain with the new king: ‘Give me the lower eastern marches and I will kill the crown prince for you. Otherwise I will join the three states in enthroning him.’” ’” The king of Qi finally took his chancellor’s counsel and sent the Chu crown prince home. The Chu installed him as king.

72

4秦王聞孟嘗君之賢，使涇陽君為質於齊以請。孟嘗君來入秦，秦王以為丞相。

4 The king of Qin, hearing of Lord Mengchang’s worth, sent Lord Jingyang to Qi as a hostage to ask for him. Lord Mengchang came to Qin, and the king of Qin made him chancellor.

73

1或謂秦王曰：「孟嘗君相秦，必先齊而後秦。秦其危哉！」秦王乃以樓緩為相，囚孟嘗君，欲殺之。孟嘗君使人求解於秦王幸姬，姬曰：「願得君狐白裘。」孟嘗君有狐白裘，已獻之秦王，無以應姬求。客有善為狗盜者，入秦藏中，盜狐白裘以獻姬。姬乃為之言於王而遣之。王後悔，使追之。孟嘗君至關。關法：雞鳴而出客。時尚蚤，追者將至，客有善為雞鳴者，野雞聞之皆鳴。孟嘗君乃得脫歸。

1 Someone told the king of Qin, “If Lord Mengchang is chancellor of Qin, he will favor Qi before Qin. Qin will be in peril!” The king then made Lou Huan chancellor, imprisoned Lord Mengchang, and meant to kill him. Lord Mengchang sent to the king’s favorite concubine to plead for his life. She said, “I want your white fox-fur robe.” He had such a robe but had already given it to the king of Qin and had nothing to satisfy her. A retainer skilled as a thief crept into the Qin treasury, stole the white fox-fur robe, and gave it to the concubine. She spoke for him to the king, and the king let him go. The king repented and sent pursuers after him. Lord Mengchang reached the frontier pass. Pass law allowed travelers out only at cockcrow. It was still early and the pursuers were closing in. A retainer who could mimic a cock crowed; wild birds heard him and all crowed. Lord Mengchang escaped and made it home.

74

2楚人告于秦曰：「賴社稷神靈，國有王矣！」秦王怒，發兵出武關擊楚，斬首五萬，取十六城。

2 The Chu reported to Qin, “By the grace of the state spirits, we have a king again!” The king of Qin in fury marched through Wu Pass against Chu, took fifty thousand heads, and seized sixteen cities.

75

3趙王封其弟〔勝〕為平原君乙十一行本同。據補。。平原君好士，食客〔常〕( 嘗) 數千人嘗) 數千人章校「十二行本『嘗』作『常』；乙十一行本同。」《史記·平原君列傳》作「蓋至」，意近同，據改。。有公孫龍者，善為堅白同異之辯，平原君客之。孔穿自魯適趙，與公孫龍論臧三耳，龍甚辯析。子高弗應，俄而辭出，明日復見平原君。平原君曰：「疇昔公孫之言信辯也，先生以為何如？」對曰：「然。幾能令臧三耳矣。雖然，實難！僕願得又問於君：今謂三耳甚難而實非也，謂兩耳甚易而實是也，不知君將從易而是者乎，其亦從難而非者乎？」平原君無以應。明日，謂公孫龍曰：「公無復與孔子高辯事也！其人理勝於辭，公辭勝於理。辭勝於理，終必受詘。」

the Yi eleven-line edition agrees;”²¹ Supplied accordingly. . Lord Pingyuan loved men of worth; his retainers [regularly]( once) once)²² numbered in the thousands—collation: the twelve-line edition reads “regularly” for “once”; the Yi eleven-line edition agrees;” Shiji “Biography of Lord Pingyuan” reads “reaching to,” nearly the same in sense; emended accordingly. . There was Gongsun Long, master of the “hard and white” and sameness-difference debates; Lord Pingyuan kept him as a retainer. Kong Chuan came from Lu to Zhao and debated Gongsun Long on “Zang has three ears”; Long argued with great subtlety. Zi Gao did not answer; soon he bowed out, and the next day came again to see Lord Pingyuan. Lord Pingyuan said, “Yesterday Gongsun spoke with real subtlety—what do you think, sir?” He answered, “Yes. He almost made ‘Zang has three ears’ sound true. Still, in truth it is impossible! Let me ask again: to argue ‘three ears’ is hard and false; to say ‘two ears’ is easy and true—will you follow what is easy and true, or what is hard and false?” Lord Pingyuan had nothing to say. The next day he told Gongsun Long, “Do not debate Kong Zi Gao again! His reason beats his words; your words beat your reason. When words beat reason, you will lose in the end.”

76

齊鄒衍過趙，平原君使與公孫龍論白馬非馬之說。鄒子曰：「不可。夫辯者，別殊類使不相害，序異端使不相亂。抒意通指，明其所謂，使人與知焉，不務相迷也。故勝者不失其所守，不勝者得其所求。若是，故辯可為也。及至煩文以相假，飾辭以相惇，巧譬以相移，引人使不得及其意，如此害大道。夫繳〔紛〕( 紉) 爭言而競後息紉) 爭言而競後息章校「十二行本『紉』作『紛』；乙十一行本同；孔本同；熊校同。」當以「紛爭」為是，據改。，不能無害君子，衍不為也。」座皆稱善。公孫龍由是遂絀。

Zou Yan of Qi was passing through Zhao; Lord Pingyuan had him debate Gongsun Long on “a white horse is not a horse.” Zou Yan said, “No. Debate separates kinds so they do not injure each other and orders divergent points so they do not tangle. It states the intent, reaches the point, clarifies what is meant, and lets others understand—it does not aim to entangle. The winner keeps his ground; the loser gets what he came for. That is debate worth having. But when men heap words on each other, dress up rhetoric to crush one another, and twist clever analogies so hearers never reach the point—that harms the great Way. Those who tie each other up and [wrangle]( thread) thread)²³ in words, competing to be the last to fall silent—collation: the twelve-line edition reads “wrangle” for “thread”; the Yi eleven-line edition agrees; Kong’s edition agrees; Xiong’s collation agrees.” “Wrangle” is correct; emended accordingly. , must harm gentlemen. I will have no part of it.” Everyone present applauded. From that day Gongsun Long was put to shame.

卷3 周紀三

Volume 3 Zhou Records 3

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