1
起屠維大淵獻，盡重光赤奮若，凡三年。
From Tuwu Dayuanxian through Chongguang Chifenruo—three years in all.
2
1冬，十月，漢王追項羽至固陵，與齊王信、魏相國越期會擊楚； 信、越不至，楚擊漢軍，大破之。 漢王復堅壁自守，謂張良曰：「諸侯不從，奈何？」 對曰：「楚兵且破，二人未有分地，其不至固宜。 君王能與共天下，可立致也。 齊王信之立，非君王意，信亦不自堅； 彭越本定梁地，始，君王以魏豹故拜越為相國，今豹死，越亦望王，而君王不早定。 今能取睢陽以北至穀城皆以王彭越，從陳以東傅海與齊王信。 信家在楚，其意欲復得故邑。 能出捐此地以許兩人，使各自為戰，則楚易破也。」 漢王從之。 於是韓信、彭越皆引兵來。
1. In the tenth month of winter the king of Han pursued Xiang Yu to Guling and arranged with King Xin of Qi and Chancellor Yue of Wei a joint strike against Chu; Xin and Yue never came. Chu struck the Han army and broke it utterly. The king of Han again held his walls and kept to camp. He said to Zhang Liang: "The lords will not follow—what now?" He replied: "Chu's army is near breaking, yet those two have no fiefs allotted them—for them not to come is only natural. Share the realm with them, and they will come at once. King Xin of Qi was not raised by your will, and Xin himself stands on uncertain ground; Peng Yue pacified Liang in the first place. You made him chancellor on Wei Bao's account; Bao is dead now, and Yue too looks to you for a kingdom—yet you have not settled it early. Make Peng Yue king of all from north of Suiyang to Gucheng, and give King Xin of Qi everything east from Chen to the sea. Xin's kin are in Chu; his heart is set on recovering his old lands. Pledge these lands to both and let each fight on his own account, and Chu will be easy to break." The king of Han took his advice. Then Han Xin and Peng Yue both brought their armies.
3
十一月，劉賈南渡淮，圍壽春，遣人誘楚大司馬周殷。 殷畔楚，以舒屠六，舉九江兵迎黥布，並行屠城父，隨劉賈皆會。
In the eleventh month Liu Jia crossed the Huai south, besieged Shouchun, and sent men to win over Chu's Grand Marshal Zhou Yin. Yin turned against Chu, took Shu and sacked Liu, raised the armies of Jiujiang to welcome Qing Bu, marched together sacking Chengf, and all joined Liu Jia.
4
十二月，項王至垓下，兵少，食盡，與漢戰不勝，入壁； 漢軍及諸侯兵圍之數重。 項王夜聞漢軍四面皆楚歌，乃大驚曰：「漢皆已得楚乎？ 是何楚人之多也？」 則夜起，飲帳中，悲歌慷慨，泣數行下； 左右皆泣，莫能仰視。 於是項王乘其駿馬名騅，麾下壯士騎從者八百餘人，直夜，潰圍南出馳走。 平明，漢軍乃覺之，令騎將灌嬰以五千騎追之。 項王渡淮，騎能屬者才百餘人。 至陰陵，迷失道，問一田父，田父紿曰「左」。 左，乃陷大澤中，以故漢追及之。
In the twelfth month the Overlord of Xiang reached Gaixia. His troops were few, his grain gone; he fought Han and could not win, and withdrew into camp; Han troops and the allied armies ringed him round and round. By night the Overlord heard Chu songs on every side of the Han camp. He started in alarm: "Has Han taken all of Chu? How can there be so many men of Chu?" He rose in the night, drank in his tent, and sang—a song fierce with sorrow—while tears streamed down his face; Those about him wept; none could raise his eyes to look. Then the Overlord mounted his swift steed Zhui, with more than eight hundred picked riders at his command. At midnight he broke the encirclement and fled south at a gallop. At dawn the Han army only then took notice and sent the cavalry general Guan Ying with five thousand riders in pursuit. The Overlord crossed the Huai; scarcely a hundred riders could still keep with him. At Yingling he lost the road and asked a farmer, who lied and said, "Go left." He went left and sank into a great marsh—and so Han caught up.
5
項王乃復引兵而東，至東城，乃有二十八騎。 漢騎追者數千人，項王自度不得脫，謂其騎曰：「吾起兵至今，八歲矣； 身七十餘戰，未嘗敗北，遂霸有天下。 然今卒困於此，此天之亡我，非戰之罪也。 今日固決死，願為諸君快戰，必潰圍，斬將，刈旗，三勝之，令諸君知天亡我，非戰之罪也。」 乃分其騎以為四隊，四鄉。 漢軍圍之數重。 項王謂其騎曰：「吾為公取彼一將。」 令四面騎馳下，期山東為三處。 於是項王大呼馳下，漢軍皆披靡，遂斬漢一將。 是時，郎中騎楊喜追項王，項王瞋目而叱之，喜人馬俱驚，辟易數里。 項王與其騎會為三處，漢軍不知項王所在，乃分軍為三，復圍之。 項王乃馳，復斬漢一都尉，殺數十百人。 復聚其騎，亡其兩騎耳。 乃謂其騎曰：「何如？」 騎皆伏曰：「如大王言！」
The Overlord turned east again. At Dongcheng he had only twenty-eight riders left. Thousands of Han riders pressed behind him. The Overlord knew he could not escape and said to his men: "From the day I raised arms, eight years have passed; I have fought more than seventy battles and never once been turned back—until I held the realm. Yet now I am trapped here. Heaven is destroying me—not the fault of war. Today I am resolved to die. I will fight one swift battle for you—I shall break the ring, behead their generals, cut down their banners, win three victories, and show you that Heaven is destroying me, not the fault of war." He divided his riders into four companies facing the four directions. The Han army ringed them round and round. The Overlord said to his riders: "I will take that general for you." He ordered his riders on every side to charge down and rally east of the hill in three groups. The Overlord shouted and charged down. The Han ranks scattered before him, and he cut down one Han general. Then attendant-rider Yang Xi gave chase. The Overlord glared and roared at him; Xi's horse and rider both recoiled and fell back several li. The Overlord and his riders rallied in three groups. Not knowing where he was, the Han army split in three and surrounded them again. The Overlord charged again, cut down one Han commandant, and killed scores of men. He gathered his riders again—only two were lost. He said to his riders: "How was that?" The riders all bowed low. "As my lord said!"
6
於是項王欲東渡烏江，烏江亭長艤船待，謂項王曰：「江東雖小，地方千里，眾數十萬人，亦足王也。 願大王急渡！ 今獨臣有船，漢軍至，無以渡。」 項王笑曰：「天之亡我，我何渡為！ 且籍與江東子弟八千人渡江而西，今無一人還； 縱江東父兄憐而王我，我何面目見之！ 縱彼不言，籍獨不愧於心乎！」 乃以所乘騅馬賜亭長，令騎皆下馬步行，持短兵接戰。 獨籍所殺漢軍數百人，身亦被十餘創。 顧見漢騎司馬呂馬童，曰：「若非吾故人乎？」 馬童面之，指示中郎騎王翳曰：「此項王也！」 項王乃曰：「吾聞漢購我頭千金，邑萬戶，吾為若德。」 乃刎而死。 王翳取其頭，餘騎相蹂踐爭項王，相殺者數十人。 最其後，楊喜、呂馬童及郎中呂勝、楊武各得其一體； 五人共會其體，皆是，故分其戶，封五人皆為列侯。
Then the Overlord meant to cross the Wu River east. The river station-chief moored his boat and waited. He said: "Jiangdong is small, but a thousand li across and hundreds of thousands strong—enough to make you king still. Cross now, my lord—at once! I alone have a boat. When the Han army comes, there will be no crossing." The Overlord laughed. "Heaven is destroying me—why should I cross? Ji led eight thousand youths of Jiangdong west across the river, and not one returns; even if the fathers and elders of Jiangdong pitied me and made me king—what face have I to meet them! Even if they said nothing—would Ji not be ashamed in his own heart!" He gave his steed Zhui to the station-chief, ordered every rider to dismount and fight on foot with short weapons. Ji alone killed hundreds of Han soldiers and took more than ten wounds. He glanced back and saw Han cavalry marshal Lü Matong. "Are you not an old friend of mine?" Matong turned toward him and pointed him out to attendant-cavalry Wang Yi: "This is the Overlord of Xiang!" The Overlord said: "I hear Han offers a thousand in gold for my head and a fief of ten thousand households. I do you this kindness." He cut his throat and died. Wang Yi took his head. The other riders trampled one another fighting over the body, and dozens killed one another in the scramble. In the end Yang Xi, Lü Matong, and attendants Lü Sheng and Yang Wu each seized a piece of the body; the five fitted the pieces together—it was all him—so they divided his reward and enfeoffed all five as marquises.
7
楚地悉定，獨魯不下； 漢王引天下兵欲屠之。 至其城下，猶聞弦誦之聲，為其守禮義之國，為主死節，乃持項王頭以示魯父兄，魯乃降。 漢王以魯公禮葬項王於穀城，親為發哀，哭之而去。 諸項氏枝屬皆不誅。 封項伯等四人皆為列侯，賜姓劉氏； 諸民略在楚者皆歸之。
All Chu was pacified; only Lu held out; and the king of Han led the armies of the realm intending to slaughter it. Beneath its walls he still heard the sound of strings and recitation. Because Lu was a state of ritual and righteousness that died for its lord, he showed the Overlord's head to Lu's elders—and Lu submitted. The king of Han buried the Overlord at Gucheng with the rites due a lord of Lu, personally led the mourning, wept, and departed. No branch of the Xiang clan was put to death. He enfeoffed Xiang Bo and four others as marquises and granted them the surname Liu; and every commoner seized in Chu was sent home.
8
::太史公曰：羽起隴晦之中，三年，遂將五諸侯滅秦，分裂天下而封王侯，政由羽出； 位雖不終，近古以來未嘗有也！ 及羽背關懷楚，放逐義帝而自立； 怨王侯叛己，難矣！ 自矜功伐，奮其私智而不師古，謂霸王之業，欲以力征經營天下。 五年，卒亡其國，身死東城，尚不覺寤而不自責，乃引「天亡我，非用兵之罪也，」豈不謬哉！
:: The Grand Scribe writes: Yu rose from the fields and marshes; in three years he led the five lords to destroy Qin, divided the realm and enfeoffed kings and marquises, and government flowed from his hand; his throne did not last—but since near antiquity there had never been his like! When Yu turned his back on the passes for love of Chu, banished the Righteous Emperor, and set himself up— to resent every lord who turned from him—then the end was already written. Proud of his victories, trusting his own wit and scorning the ancients, he thought the hegemon's work could be done by force alone. Five years later he lost his kingdom and died at Dongcheng—yet he never woke, never blamed himself, but quoted, "Heaven is destroying me; it is not the fault of war." Can anything be more absurd?
9
::揚子《法言》：或問：「楚敗垓下，方死，曰『天也！』 諒乎？」 曰：「漢屈群策，群策屈群力； 楚敦群策而自屈其力。 屈人者克，自屈者負。 天曷故焉！」----
:: Yang Xiong's Fa Yan: Someone asked: "Chu was broken at Gaixia. Facing death Xiang Yu said, 'It is Heaven! Is that to be believed?" He answered: "Han bent every stratagem to its will, and every stratagem bent every strength; Chu hoarded stratagems yet bent its own strength. He who bends others conquers; he who bends himself is defeated. What has Heaven to do with it?"
10
2漢王還，至定陶，馳入齊王信壁，奪其軍。----
2. The king of Han returned to Dingtao, galloped into King Xin of Qi's camp, and seized his army.
11
3臨江王共尉不降，遣盧綰、劉賈擊虜之。----
3. King Gong Wei of Linjiang would not submit. He sent Lu Wan and Liu Jia to strike and capture him.
12
4春，正月，更立齊王信為楚王，王淮北，都下邳。 封魏相國建城侯彭越為梁王，王魏故地，都定陶。----
4. In spring, the first month, he made King Xin of Qi king of Chu over Huaibei, with his capital at Xiapi. He made Chancellor Peng Yue of Wei, Marquis of Jiancheng, king of Liang over Wei's former lands, with his capital at Dingtao.
13
5令曰：「兵不得休八年，萬民與苦甚。 今天下事畢，其赦天下殊死以下。」----
5. An edict ran: "Arms have not rested for eight years, and the people have suffered greatly. Now that the realm is settled, let there be amnesty throughout the land for all crimes short of death."
14
6諸侯王皆上疏請尊漢王為皇帝。 二月甲午，王即皇帝位於汜水之陽。 更王后曰皇后，太子曰皇太子； 追尊先媼曰昭靈夫人。
6. The feudal kings all submitted memorials asking that the king of Han be honored as emperor. On jiawu of the second month the king took the throne as emperor south of the Si River. He renamed the queen-consort empress and the heir crown prince; and posthumously honored his late mother as Lady Zhaoling.
15
詔曰：「故衡山王吳芮，從百粵之兵，佐諸侯，誅暴秦，有大功； 諸侯立以為王，項羽侵奪之地，謂之番君。 其以芮為長沙王。」 又曰：「故粵王無諸，世奉粵祀； 秦侵奪其地，使其社稷不得血食。 諸侯伐秦，無諸身率閩中兵以佐滅秦，項羽廢而弗立。 今以為閩粵王，王閩中地。」----
An edict stated: "The former king of Hengshan, Wu Rui, led the armies of the Hundred Yue to aid the lords in punishing tyrannical Qin and won great merit; the lords made him king, but Xiang Yu seized his lands and called him Lord Fan. Let Rui be king of Changsha." It also stated: "The former king of Yue, Wu Zhu, offered Yue sacrifices generation after generation; yet Qin seized his lands so that his altars could receive no offerings. When the lords attacked Qin, Wu Zhu personally led the armies of Minzhong to help destroy Qin, but Xiang Yu deposed him and would not restore him. Now let him be king of Minyue over the lands of Minzhong."
16
7帝西都洛陽。----
7. The emperor made Luoyang his western capital.
17
8夏，五月，兵皆罷歸家。----
8. In summer, the fifth month, all troops were dismissed to return home.
18
9詔：「民前或相聚保山澤，不書名數。 今天下已定，令各歸其縣，復故爵、田宅； 吏以文法教訓辨告，勿笞辱軍吏卒； 爵及七大夫以上，皆令食邑，非七大夫已下，皆復其身及戶，勿事。」----
9. An edict: "Commoners who formerly gathered in the hills and marshes for refuge, not entered in the registers— now that the realm is settled, let each return to his county and restore his former rank, fields, and dwelling; let clerks instruct them by statute and explanation; do not lash or insult soldiers; those of rank seventh grandee and above shall receive sustenance from their fiefs; those below seventh grandee shall have their persons and households restored and be exempt from levies."
19
10帝置酒洛陽南宮，上曰：「徹侯、諸將毋敢隱朕，皆言其情。 吾所以有天下者何？ 項氏之所以失天下者何？」 高起、王陵對曰：「陛下使人攻城略地，因以與之，與天下同其利； 項羽不然，有功者害之，賢者疑之，此其所以失天下也。」 上曰：「公知其一，未知其二。 夫運籌帷幄之中，決勝千里之外，吾不如子房； 填國家，撫百姓，給餉饋，不絕糧道，吾不如蕭何； 連百萬之眾，戰必勝，攻必取，吾不如韓信。 三者皆人傑，吾能用之，此吾所以取天下者也。 項羽有一范增而不能用，此所以為我禽也。」 群臣說服。
10. The Emperor set out wine at the Southern Palace in Luoyang. He said: "Marquises and generals, do not hide anything from me—each speak plainly. Why do I possess all under Heaven? Why did the house of Xiang lose all under Heaven?" Gao Qi and Wang Ling replied: "Your Majesty sends men to attack cities and seize lands and then gives them away, sharing the profit with all under Heaven; Xiang Yu did not. He harmed men of merit and suspected the worthy—that is why he lost all under Heaven." The Emperor said: "You know one part and not the second. To plot within the command tent and decide victory a thousand li away—I am not the equal of Zifang; to fill the state, comfort the people, supply rations, and keep the grain routes unbroken—I am not the equal of Xiao He; to command hosts of a million, win every battle, and take every assault—I am not the equal of Han Xin. All three are heroes among men, and I was able to use them—that is why I took all under Heaven. Xiang Yu had one Fan Zeng and could not use him—that is why he became my captive." The assembled ministers were persuaded and convinced.
20
韓信至楚，召漂母，賜千金。 召辱己少年令出胯下者，以為中尉，告諸將相曰：「此壯士也。 方辱我時，我寧不能殺之邪？ 殺之無名，故忍而就此。」----
When Han Xin reached Chu he summoned the washerwoman and bestowed a thousand in gold. He summoned the youth who had shamed him by making him crawl between his legs and made him Commandant of the Palace Guards, telling the generals and chancellors: "This was a brave man. When he shamed me, could I not have killed him? To kill him would have brought no renown, so I bore it and rose to this."
21
11彭越既受漢封，田橫懼誅，與其徒屬五百餘人入海，居島中。 帝以田橫兄弟本定齊地，齊賢者多附焉； 今在海中，不取，後恐為亂。 乃使使赦橫罪，召之。 橫謝曰：「臣烹陛下之使酈生，今聞其弟商為漢將； 臣恐懼，不敢奉詔，請為庶人，守海島中。」 使還報，帝乃詔衛尉酈商曰：「齊王田橫即至，人馬從者敢動搖者，致族夷！」 乃復使使持節具告以詔商狀，曰：「田橫來，大者王，小者乃侯耳； 不來，且舉兵加誅焉！」
11. Peng Yue having already received Han enfeoffment, Tian Heng feared execution. With more than five hundred followers he went to sea and dwelt on an island. The Emperor considered that Tian Heng and his brothers had originally settled Qi and that many worthy men of Qi still adhered to them; now that they were at sea, he thought that if they were not taken in, they might later stir rebellion. He sent an envoy to pardon Heng's crimes and summon him. Heng declined: "Your servant boiled Your Majesty's envoy Li Yiji; now I hear that his younger brother Shang is a Han general; I am afraid and dare not obey the summons. I beg to remain a commoner and guard my island in the sea." The envoy returned and reported. The Emperor then issued an edict the Commandant of the Guards Li Shang: "When the king of Qi Tian Heng arrives, whoever among men, horses, or followers dares to stir trouble—exterminate his entire clan!" He again sent an envoy bearing credentials to inform Heng fully of Shang's situation: "If Tian Heng comes, at most he will be a king, at least a marquis; if he does not come, I shall shortly raise troops to punish him!"
22
橫乃與其客二人乘傳詣洛陽。 未至三十里，至屍鄉廄置。 橫謝使者曰：「人臣見天子，當洗沐。」 因此留，謂其客曰：「橫始與漢王俱南面稱孤； 今漢王為天子，而橫乃為亡虜，北面事之，其恥固已甚矣。 且吾烹人之兄，與其弟並肩而事主，縱彼畏天子之詔不敢動，我獨不愧於心乎?且陛下所以欲見我者，不過欲一見吾面貌耳。 今斬吾頭，馳三十里間，形容尚未能敗，猶可觀也。」 遂自剄，令客奉其頭，從使者馳奏之。 帝曰：「嗟乎！ 起自布衣，兄弟三人更王，豈不賢哉?」為之流涕，而拜其二客為都尉； 發卒二千人，以王者禮葬之。 既葬，二客穿其塚傍孔，皆自剄，下從之。 帝聞之，大驚。 以橫客皆賢，餘五百人尚在海中，使使召之； 至，則聞田死，亦皆自殺。----
Heng then rode post-horses with two retainers and set out for Luoyang. Thirty li short of the city he reached the Yixiang stable post. Heng told the envoy: "When a subject is to see the Son of Heaven, he should bathe and wash." He therefore stayed and said to his retainers: "Heng at first faced south with the King of Han, each calling himself a lone ruler; now the King of Han is Son of Heaven while Heng is a captive in flight, serving him facing north—the shame is already extreme. Moreover, I boiled a man's elder brother and would now serve his master shoulder to shoulder with the younger—even if he, fearing the Son of Heaven's edict, dared not stir, would I alone feel no shame? And what Your Majesty wishes in seeing me is only to behold my face once. Cut off my head now and gallop the thirty li—my features will not yet have spoiled. It may still be viewed." He cut his own throat, had a retainer bear his head, and galloped with the envoy to report. The Emperor said: "Alas! Rising from common cloth, three brothers in succession became kings—is that not worthy?" He wept for him and appointed his two retainers Commandants; he dispatched two thousand soldiers to bury him with the rites of a king. After the burial the two retainers bored holes beside the tomb, cut their throats, and went down to follow him. The Emperor heard of it and was greatly alarmed. Considering Heng's retainers all worthy, and that more than five hundred men still remained at sea, he sent envoys to summon them; when they arrived and heard that Tian was dead, they too all killed themselves.
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12初，楚人季布為項籍將，數窘辱帝。 項籍滅，帝購求布千金； 敢有舍匿，罪三族。 布乃髡鉗為奴，自賣於朱家。 朱家心知其季布也，買置田舍，身之洛陽見籐公，說曰：「季布何罪？ 臣各為其主用，職耳； 項氏臣豈可盡誅邪？ 今上始得天下，而以私怨求一人，何示不廣也。 且以季布之賢，漢求之急，此不北走胡，南走越耳。 夫忌壯士以資敵國，此伍子胥所以鞭荊平之墓也。 君何不從容為上言之！」 滕公待間言於上，如朱家指。 上乃赦布，召拜郎中，朱家遂不復見之。
12. Earlier, Ji Bu of Chu had been a general of Xiang Yu and several times cornered and shamed the Emperor. When Xiang Yu perished, the Emperor offered a thousand in gold for Bu; whoever dared shelter or hide him would suffer extinction of three clans. Bu had his head shaved, wore a cangue as a slave, and sold himself to Zhu Jia. Zhu Jia knew in his heart that this was Ji Bu. He bought him and placed him on a farm, then went in person to Luoyang to see the Duke of Teng and urged: "What crime has Ji Bu committed? Each man serves his own lord—that is duty alone; can all the subjects of the house of Xiang be executed? Your Majesty has just won all under Heaven yet seeks one man from private enmity—what narrowness does this display? Moreover, given Ji Bu's worth, if Han seeks him urgently, will he not flee north to the Hu or south to Yue? To grudge a brave man and thereby strengthen an enemy state—that is why Wu Zixu flogged the tomb of King Ping of Chu. Why do you not speak of this at leisure to Your Majesty?" The Duke of Teng waited for an opening and spoke to the Emperor as Zhu Jia had indicated. The Emperor pardoned Bu, summoned him, and appointed him Gentleman of the Palace; Zhu Jia never saw him again.
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布母弟丁公，亦為項羽將，逐窘帝彭城西。 短兵接，帝急，顧謂丁公曰：「兩賢相厄哉！」 丁公引兵而還。 及項王滅，丁公謁見。 帝以丁公徇軍中，曰：「丁公為項王臣不忠，使項王失天下者也。」 遂斬之，曰：「使後為人臣無效丁公也。」
Bu's mother's younger brother Lord Ding had also been a general of Xiang Yu and had pursued and cornered the Emperor west of Pengcheng. With close weapons engaged, the Emperor was in peril and turned to Lord Ding: "Two worthy men corner each other!" Lord Ding led his troops back. When Xiang Yu perished, Lord Ding came to audience. The Emperor displayed Lord Ding before the army: "Lord Ding, as Xiang Yu's subject, was disloyal and caused Xiang Yu to lose all under Heaven." He beheaded him, saying: "Let later subjects not imitate Lord Ding."
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::臣光曰：高祖起豐、沛以來，罔羅豪桀，招亡納叛，亦已多矣。 及即帝位，而丁公獨以不忠受戮，何哉？ 夫進取之與守成，其勢不同。 當群雄角逐之際，民無定主，來者受之，固其宜也。 及貴為天子，四海之內，無不為臣； 苟不明禮義以示之，使為臣者，人懷貳心以徼大利，則國家其能久安乎？ 是故斷以大義，使天下曉然皆知為臣不忠者無所自容； 而懷私結恩者，雖至於活己，猶以義不與也。 戮一人而千萬人懼，其慮事豈不深且遠哉？ 子孫享有天祿四百餘年，宜矣！----
:: Your servant Guang says: From the time the High Ancestor rose in Feng and Pei, he had netted heroes and received fugitives and rebels—already very many indeed. Yet when he took the throne, Lord Ding alone was put to death for disloyalty—why? Seizing power and preserving what is won—their circumstances differ. When many heroes contended, the people had no fixed lord; to receive whoever came was indeed fitting. When one is exalted as Son of Heaven, within the four seas none is not a subject; if one does not make ritual and righteousness clear, so that every subject harbors a divided heart to seek great gain, how can the state long endure? Therefore he judged by great righteousness, so that all under Heaven clearly knew disloyal subjects had nowhere to hide; and those who cherished private favor and bound personal kindness, though it saved their lives, still found righteousness would not accept them. To punish one man and make ten thousand fear—was his consideration not deep and far-reaching? That his descendants enjoyed Heaven's blessing for more than four hundred years was fitting indeed!
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13齊人婁敬戍隴西，過洛陽，脫輓輅，衣羊裘，因齊人虞將軍求見上。 虞將軍欲與之鮮衣，婁敬曰：「臣衣帛，衣帛見； 衣褐，衣褐見，終不敢易衣。」 於是虞將軍入言上，上召見，問之。 婁敬曰：「陛下都洛陽，豈欲與周室比隆哉？」 上曰：「然。」 婁敬曰：「陛下取天下與周異。 周之先，自後稷封邰，積德累善，十有餘世，至於太王、王季、文王、武王而諸侯自歸之，遂滅殷為天子。 及成王即位，周公相焉，乃營洛邑，以為此天下之中也，諸侯四方納貢職，道里均矣。 有德則易以王，無德則易以亡。 故周之盛時，天下和洽，諸侯、四夷莫不賓服，效其貢職。 及其衰也，天下莫朝，周不能制也； 非唯其德薄也，形勢弱也。 今陛下起豐、沛，卷蜀、漢，定三秦，與項羽戰滎陽、成皋之間，大戰七十，小戰四十； 使天下之民，肝腦塗地，父子暴骨中野，不可勝數，哭泣之聲未絕，傷夷者未起； 而欲比隆於成、康之時，臣竊以為不侔也。 且夫秦地被山帶河，四塞以為固，卒然有急，百萬之眾可立具也。 因秦之故，資甚美膏腴之地，此所謂天府者也。 陛下入關而都之，山東雖亂，秦之故地可全而有也。 夫與人斗，不搤其亢，拊其背，未能全其勝也。 今陛下案秦之故地，此亦扼天下之亢而拊其背也。」 帝問群臣，群臣皆山東人，爭言：「周王數百年，秦二世即亡。 洛陽東有成皋，西有殽、澠，倍河，鄉伊、洛，其固亦足恃也。」 上問張良。 良曰：「洛陽雖有此固，其中小不過數百里，田地薄，四面受敵，此非用武之國也。 關中左殽、函，右隴、蜀，沃野千里。 南有巴、蜀之饒，北有胡苑之利。 阻三面而守，獨以一面東制諸侯； 諸侯安定，河、渭漕輓天下，西給京師； 諸侯有變，順流而下，足以委輸。 此所謂金城千里，天府之國也。 婁敬說是也。」 上即日車駕西，都長安。 拜婁敬為郎中，號曰奉春君，賜姓劉氏。----
13. Lou Jing of Qi, garrisoning Longxi, passed through Luoyang, cast off his cart-pole and traces, wore a sheepskin coat, and through General Yu of Qi sought audience with the Emperor. General Yu wished to give him fine clothes. Lou Jing said: "Your servant in silk goes clothed in silk to audience; in coarse cloth, in coarse cloth to audience—I dare not change clothes at the end." Thereupon General Yu entered and spoke to the Emperor; the Emperor summoned him to audience and questioned him. Lou Jing said: "Your Majesty is establishing the capital at Luoyang—do you wish to rival the Zhou in splendor?" The Emperor said: "Indeed." Lou Jing said: "Your Majesty won all under Heaven differently from Zhou. Zhou's forebears, from the time Hou Ji was enfeoffed at Tai, accumulated virtue for more than ten generations, until Kings Tai, Ji, Wen, and Wu, when the feudal lords came of themselves, and they destroyed Yin and became Sons of Heaven. When King Cheng took the throne, the Duke of Zhou assisted him and built Luoyang, taking it as the center of all under Heaven, so that feudal lords from the four quarters brought tribute and the roads and distances were equal. With virtue it was easy to become king; without virtue it was easy to perish. Therefore in Zhou's age of splendor all under Heaven was harmonious; feudal lords and the four barbarians all attended in submission and presented tribute. When it declined, none in all under Heaven came to court, and Zhou could not control them; it was not only that its virtue was thin—its strategic position was weak. Now Your Majesty rose in Feng and Pei, rolled up Shu and Han, settled the Three Qins, and fought Xiang Yu between Yingyang and Chenggao—seventy great battles and forty lesser ones; causing the people to smear liver and brain on the ground, fathers and sons left bones in the wilds beyond counting, weeping not yet ended, the wounded not yet risen; yet you wish to rival the age of Cheng and Kang—I venture to think this does not match. Moreover, Qin's territory is girded by mountains and rivers, fortified on four sides; if urgency comes suddenly, a host of a million can be raised at once. Relying on Qin's old foundations, it enjoys very fine fertile lands—this is what men call the Storehouse of Heaven. If Your Majesty enters the passes and makes it your capital, though the lands east of the mountains be in disorder, Qin's old territory can be held whole. In fighting a man, if one does not seize his throat and strike his back, one cannot fully secure victory. Now if Your Majesty settles in Qin's old territory, this too is seizing the throat of all under Heaven and striking its back." The Emperor questioned the assembled ministers. They were all men from east of the mountains and contended: "The house of Zhou reigned for several hundred years; Qin perished in the second generation. East of Luoyang there is Chenggao; west are Xiao and Mian; it backs the river and faces Yi and Luo—its defenses too are sufficient to rely upon." The Emperor asked Zhang Liang. Liang said: "Though Luoyang has these defenses, within it is small—no more than several hundred li; the fields are thin; it receives enemies on four sides—this is not a state for wielding arms. Within the passes, to the left are Xiao and Han, to the right Long and Shu—a thousand li of rich fields. South are the riches of Ba and Shu; north the profit of the Hu pastures. It blocks three sides and holds them; with one side alone it controls the feudal lords to the east; when the feudal lords are settled, the Yellow and Wei transport grain from all under Heaven west to supply the capital; when the feudal lords rebel, going downstream with the current suffices to pour forth supplies. This is what men call a metal wall for a thousand li, the Storehouse of Heaven. The Emperor accepted Lou Jing's counsel." That very day the Emperor drove west and established his capital at Chang'an. He appointed Lou Jing gentleman-of-the-palace, titled him Lord Fengchun, and gave him the Liu surname.
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14張良素多病，從上入關，即道引，不食穀，杜門不出，曰：「家世相韓，及韓滅，不愛萬金之資，為韓報讎強秦，天下振動。 今以三寸舌為帝者師，封萬戶侯，此布衣之極，於良足矣。 願棄人間事，欲從赤松子游耳。」
14. Zhang Liang had long been ill; following the Emperor into the passes, he then practiced the Way, ate no grain, shut his gate and did not go out, saying: "My family for generations had served Han as ministers; when Han was destroyed I did not begrudge ten thousand in gold, but sought vengeance for Han against mighty Qin, and the realm was shaken. Now with a three-inch tongue I have become the emperor's teacher and been enfeoffed marquis of ten thousand households—this is the utmost for a commoner; for Liang it is enough. I wish to leave human affairs behind and wander with Master Red Pine."
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::臣光曰：夫生之有死，譬猶夜旦之必然； 自古及今，固未嘗有超然而獨存者也。 以子房之明辨達理，足以知神仙之為虛詭矣； 然其欲從赤松子游者，其智可知也。 夫功名之際，人臣之所難處。 如高帝所稱者，三傑而已。 淮陰誅夷，蕭何繫獄，非以履盛滿而不止耶！ 故子房托於神仙，遺棄人間，等功名於外物，置榮利而不顧，所謂明哲保身者，子房有焉。----
:: Your servant Guang says: Life and death are as certain as night giving way to dawn; from antiquity to the present, none has ever transcended death and endured alone. By Zifang's insight, he was fully able to see that talk of immortals is empty fraud; yet that he professed to roam with Master Red Pine shows his wisdom. At the height of merit and fame, ministers find it hardest to stand firm. Only the three heroes whom the High Sovereign named. Huaiyin was executed to extinction and Xiao He was thrown into prison—is it not because they kept their cups full and would not stop? Therefore Zifang entrusted himself to immortals, abandoned human affairs, treated merit and fame as external things, and set glory and profit aside—the so-called preserving one's wisdom and body; Zifang had it.
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15六月，壬辰，大赦天下。----
15. In the sixth month, on renchen, a general amnesty was proclaimed for the realm.
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16秋，七月，燕王臧荼反； 上自將征之。----
16. In autumn, the seventh month, King Zang Tu of Yan rebelled; the Emperor personally led troops against him.
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17趙景王耳、長沙文王芮皆薨。----
17. King Jing of Zhao, Er, and King Wen of Changsha, Rui, both passed away.
32
18九月，虜藏荼。 壬子，立太尉長安侯盧綰為燕王。 綰家與上同里，綰生又與上同日； 上寵幸綰，群臣莫敢望，故特王之。----
18. In the ninth month, Zang Tu was taken prisoner. On renzi, Grand Marshal Lu Wan, Marquis of Chang'an, was made King of Yan. Wan's family had lived in the same neighborhood as the Emperor's, and Wan was born on the same day; the Emperor favored Wan beyond what any minister dared expect, so he was made king as a special mark of favor.
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19項羽故將利幾反，上自擊破之。----
19. Li Ji, a former general of Xiang Yu, rebelled; the Emperor himself attacked and defeated him.
34
20後九月，治長樂宮。----
20. In the intercalary ninth month, work began on the Everlasting Joy Palace.
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21項王將鐘離昧，素與楚王信善。 項王死後，亡歸信。 漢王怨昧，聞其在楚，詔楚捕昧。 信初之國，行縣邑，陳兵出入。
21. Zhonglimo, a general of the King of Xiang, had long been close to King Xin of Chu. After the King of Xiang died, he went into hiding and rejoined Xin. The sovereign bore a grudge against Mo; hearing he was in Chu, he ordered Chu to arrest him. When Xin first went to his kingdom, he toured the counties with armed escorts at every coming and going.
36
1冬，十月，人有上書告楚王信反者。 帝以問諸將，皆曰：「亟發兵，坑豎子耳！」 帝默然。 又問陳平。 陳平曰：「人上書言信反，信知之乎？」 曰：「不知。」 陳平曰：「陛下精兵孰與楚？」 上曰：「不能過。」 平曰：「陛下諸將，用兵有能過韓信者乎？」 上曰：「莫及也。」 平曰：「今兵不如楚精而將不及，舉兵攻之，是趣之戰也，竊為陛下危之。」 上曰：「為之奈何？」 平曰：「古者天子有巡狩，會諸侯。 陛下第出，偽游雲夢，會諸侯於陳。 陳，楚之西界； 信聞天子以好出遊，其勢必無事而郊迎謁； 謁而陛下因禽之，此特一力士之事耳。」 帝以為然，乃發使告諸侯會陳，「吾將南遊雲夢。」 上因隨以行。
1. In winter, the tenth month, someone submitted a memorial accusing King Xin of Chu of rebellion. The Emperor asked the generals; all said: "Send troops at once and bury the brat alive!" The Emperor said nothing. He turned and asked Chen Ping. Chen Ping said: "Someone has accused Xin of rebellion—does Xin know of it?" He said: "He does not." Chen Ping asked: "Which are finer, Your Majesty's elite troops or Chu's?" The Emperor said: "They do not." Ping said: "Among Your Majesty's generals, is there any who surpasses Han Xin in command?" The Emperor said: "None." Ping said: "Your troops are not as elite as Chu's and your generals do not compare—if you attack, you force a fight on his terms; I consider this perilous for Your Majesty." The Emperor said: "What is to be done?" Ping said: "In antiquity the Son of Heaven toured the realm and summoned the feudal lords. Your Majesty need only go out, feign a tour of Yunmeng, and assemble the feudal lords at Chen. Chen lies on Chu's western frontier; Xin, hearing the Son of Heaven loves to tour, is sure to go out to the suburbs to greet him; when he pays respects Your Majesty can seize him—this is but the work of one strong man." The Emperor agreed and sent envoys to summon the feudal lords to Chen: "I shall tour Yunmeng to the south." The Emperor thereupon set out on the expedition.
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楚王信聞之，自疑懼，不知所為。 或說信曰：「斬鐘離昧以謁上，上必喜，無患。」 信從之。 十二月，上會諸侯於陳，信持昧首謁上； 上令武士縛信，載後車。 信曰：「果若人言：『狡兔死，走狗烹； 飛鳥盡，良弓藏； 敵國破，謀臣亡。』 天下已定，我固當烹！」 上曰：「人告公反。」 遂械系信以歸，因赦天下。
King Xin of Chu, hearing this, grew suspicious and afraid, not knowing what to do. Someone urged Xin: "Behead Zhonglimo and present yourself to the Emperor—he is sure to be pleased and you will be safe." Xin did as he was told. In the twelfth month the Emperor assembled the feudal lords at Chen; Xin came holding Mo's head to pay respects; the Emperor ordered warriors to bind Xin and load him on the rear chariot. Xin said: "So the proverb runs: 'When the cunning hare is dead, the running dog is cooked; when the birds are gone, the fine bow is put away; when the foe is broken, the plotting minister perishes." The realm is settled—I ought to be cooked!" The Emperor said: "A man denounced you for rebellion." Thereupon he bound Xin and took him back, and meanwhile proclaimed a general amnesty.
38
田肯賀上曰：「陛下得韓信，又治秦中。 秦，形勝之國也，帶河阻山，地勢便利； 其以下兵於諸侯，譬猶居高屋之上建瓴水也。 夫齊，東有琅邪、即墨之饒，南有泰山之固，西有濁河之限，北有勃海之利； 地方二千里，持戟百萬，此東西秦也，非親子弟，莫可使王齊者。」 上曰：「善！」 賜金五百斤。
Tian Ken congratulated the Emperor: "Your Majesty has taken Han Xin and now holds Qin territory. Qin is a terrain-dominant state, belted by rivers and blocked by mountains, its ground advantageous; to send troops down upon the feudal lords from it is like pouring water from a rooftop. As for Qi, east are the riches of Langye and Jimo, south the security of Mount Tai, west the barrier of the muddy river, north the profit of the Bohai; two thousand li of territory, a million men bearing halberds—this is Qin in the east; unless he is a near kinsman, no one should be made king of Qi." The Emperor said: "Excellent!" He rewarded him with five hundred jin of gold.
39
上還，至洛陽，赦韓信，封為淮陰侯。 信知漢王畏惡其能，多稱病，不朝從； 居常鞅鞅，羞與絳、灌等列。 嘗過樊將軍噲，噲跪拜送迎，言稱臣，曰：「大王乃肯臨臣！」 信出門，笑曰：「生乃與噲等為伍！」
On the return, reaching Luoyang, he pardoned Han Xin and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Huaiyin. Xin knew the sovereign feared and hated his ability; he often pleaded illness and would not attend court; he lived day to day discontent, ashamed to be ranked with Jiang and Guan and the like. Once, passing General Fan Kuai's residence, Kuai knelt in worship coming and going and said as a subject: "The great king would deign to visit your servant!" Xin went out the gate and laughed: "Truly I am made of a piece with Kuai and such!"
40
上嘗從容與信言諸將能將兵多少。 上問曰：「如我能將幾何？」 信曰：「陛下不過能將十萬。」 上曰：「於君何如？」 曰：「臣多多而益善耳。」 上笑曰：「多多益善，何為為我禽？」 信曰：「陛下不能將兵而善將將，此乃信之所以為陛下禽也。 且陛下，所謂天授，非人力也。」
The Emperor once at ease asked Xin how many troops each general could command. The Emperor asked: "How many could I command?" Xin said: "Your Majesty, no more than a hundred thousand." The Emperor said: "And you?" He said: "I—the more the better." The Emperor laughed: "The more the better—why then were you seized for me?" Xin said: "Your Majesty cannot command troops but excels at commanding generals—that is why I was seized for you. Moreover Your Majesty is what men call Heaven-bestowed—it is not human effort."
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----2甲申，始剖符封諸功臣為徹侯。 蕭何封酇侯，所食邑獨多。 功臣皆曰：「臣等身被堅執銳，多者百餘戰，小者數十合。 今蕭何未嘗有汗馬之勞，徒持文墨議論，顧反居臣等上，何也？」 帝曰：「諸君知獵乎？ 夫獵，追殺獸兔者，狗也； 而發縱指示獸處者，人也。 今諸君徒能得走獸耳，功狗也； 至如蕭何，發縱指示，功人也。」 群臣皆不敢言。 張良為謀臣，亦無戰鬥功； 帝使自擇齊三萬戶。 良曰：「始，臣起下邳，與上會留，此天以臣授陛下。 陛下用臣計，幸而時中。 臣願封留足矣，不敢當三萬戶。」 乃封張良為留侯。 封陳平為戶牖侯。 平辭曰：「此非臣之功也。」 上曰：「吾用先生謀計，戰勝克敵，非功而何？」 平曰：「非魏無知，臣安得進？」 上曰：「若子，可謂不背本矣！」 乃復賞魏無知。
----2 On jiashen, the sovereign first split tallies and enfeoffed the meritorious ministers as full marquises. Xiao He was enfeoffed Marquis of Zan with a fief larger than any other. The meritorious ministers all said: "We wore armor and wielded sharp weapons—some of us over a hundred battles, the few dozens of engagements. Now Xiao He never toiled in the saddle but merely held ink and brush—yet he ranks above us. Why?" The Emperor said: "Do you know hunting? In the hunt, those who chase and kill the game are the dogs; but those who slip the hounds and show where the game lies—the man. Now you can only catch running beasts—your merit is that of the dogs; as for Xiao He, who slipped the hounds and showed the way—the man's merit." The assembled ministers fell silent. Zhang Liang as strategist also had no battle merit; the Emperor let him choose thirty thousand households in Qi for himself. Liang said: "At the beginning I rose from Xiapi and met Your Majesty at Liu—Heaven presented me to you. Your Majesty used my plans, and fortunately they hit the moment. I ask only to be enfeoffed at Liu; I dare not receive thirty thousand households." Thereupon he enfeoffed Zhang Liang as Marquis of Liu. Chen Ping was made Marquis of Huyu. Ping declined: "This is not my merit." The Emperor said: "I used your plans and won battles—if not merit, what?" Ping said: "Without Wei Wuzhi, how could I have advanced?" The Emperor said: "A man like you may be called one who does not betray his roots!" Thereupon he rewarded Wei Wuzhi again.
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----3帝以天下初定，子幼，昆弟少，懲秦孤立而亡，欲大封同姓以填撫天下。
----3 The Emperor, seeing the realm newly settled, his sons young and his brothers few, took warning from Qin's fall through isolation and wished to enfeoff many men of his own surname to hold and pacify the realm.
43
春，正月，丙午，分楚王信地為二國，以淮東五十三縣立從兄將軍賈為荊王，以薛郡、東海、彭城三十六縣立弟文信君交為楚王。 壬子，以雲中、雁門、代郡五十三縣立兄宜信侯喜為代王； 以膠東、膠西、臨淄、濟北、博陽、城陽郡七十三縣立微時外婦之子肥為齊王，諸民能齊言者皆以與齊。
In spring, the first month, on bingwu, King Xin of Chu's domain was split in two: fifty-three counties east of the Huai made his elder cousin General Jia King of Jing, and thirty-six counties of Xue, Donghai, and Pengcheng made his younger brother Lord Wenxin, Jiao, King of Chu. On renzi, fifty-three counties of Yunzhong, Yanmen, and Dai made his elder brother Marquis Yixin, Xi, King of Dai; seventy-three counties of Jiaodong, Jiaoxi, Linzi, Jibei, Boyang, and Chengyang made Fei, son of a concubine from his humble days, King of Qi, and every man who could speak Qi was assigned to Qi.
44
----4上以韓王信材武，所王北近鞏、洛，南迫宛、葉，東有淮陽，皆天下勁兵處； 乃以太原郡三十一縣為韓國，徙韓王信王太原以北，備御胡，都晉陽。 信上書曰：「國被邊，匈奴數入寇； 晉陽去塞遠，請治馬邑。」 上許之。
----4 The Emperor judged King Xin of Han talented and martial, and his realm on the north lay near Gong and Luo, on the south pressed Wan and Ye, and on the east held Huaiyang—all seats of the realm's strongest armies; so he made thirty-one Taiyuan counties the state of Han, moved King Xin to rule north of Taiyuan to guard against the barbarians, and set his capital at Jinyang. Xin memorialized: “The state borders the frontier and the Xiongnu raid again and again; Jinyang is far from the frontier; I ask to hold Mayi instead.” The Emperor agreed.
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----5上已封大功臣二十餘人，其餘日夜爭功不決，未得行封。 上在洛陽南宮，從覆道望見諸將，往往相與坐沙中語。 上曰：「此何語？」 留侯曰：「陛下不知乎？ 此謀反耳！」 上曰：「天下屬安定，何故反乎？」 留侯曰：「陛下起布衣，以此屬取天下。 今陛下為天子，而所封皆故人所親愛，所誅皆平生所仇怨。 今軍吏計功，以天下不足遍封； 此屬畏陛下不能盡封，恐又見疑平生過失及誅，故即相聚謀反耳。」 上乃憂曰：「為之奈何？」 留侯曰：「上平生所憎、群臣所共知，誰最甚者？」 上曰：「雍齒與我有故怨，數嘗窘辱我； 我欲殺之，為其功多，故不忍。」 留侯曰：「今急先封雍齒，則群臣人人自堅矣。」 於是上乃置酒，封雍齒為什方侯； 而急趨丞相、御史定功行封。 群臣罷酒，皆喜，曰：「雍齒尚為侯，我屬無患矣！」
----5 The Emperor had already enfeoffed more than twenty great merit-holders; the rest wrangled over merit day and night without end, and the remaining enfeoffments could not proceed. At the Southern Palace in Luoyang, from the covered walk he saw the generals often sitting together in the sand and talking. The Emperor said, “What are they saying?” The Marquis of Liu said, “Does Your Majesty not know? They are plotting rebellion!” The Emperor said, “The realm is nearly at peace—why would they rebel?” The Marquis of Liu said, “Your Majesty rose from common cloth and with these men won the realm. Now you are Son of Heaven, yet you enfeoff only old friends you favor and execute only lifelong enemies. Officers reckon merit, yet the realm is not large enough to enfeoff them all; these men fear you cannot enfeoff them all, dread being seized on some past fault and killed, and so they gather at once to plot rebellion.” The Emperor said in distress, “What is to be done?” The Marquis of Liu said, “Of those you have hated all your life and every minister knows it, who is hated most?” The Emperor said, “Yong Chi and I have an old grudge; he has often shamed me; I wanted to kill him, but his merit was great and I could not bear to.” The Marquis of Liu said, “Enfeoff Yong Chi at once and every minister will feel secure.” The Emperor then held a feast and made Yong Chi Marquis of Shifang; and urgently ordered the chancellor and censor to fix merit and complete the enfeoffments. When the ministers left the feast they rejoiced and said, “Even Yong Chi is a marquis—we have nothing to fear!"
46
::臣光曰：張良為高帝謀臣，委以心腹，宜其知無不言； 安有聞諸將謀反，必待高帝目見偶語，然後乃言之邪？ 蓋以高帝初得天下，數用愛憎行誅賞，或時害至公，群臣往往有觖望自危之心，故良因事納忠以變移帝意，使上無阿私之失，下無猜懼之謀，國家無虞，利及後世。 若良者，可謂善諫矣。
:: Minister Guang said: Zhang Liang was the High Emperor's strategist and trusted confidant; it was fitting that he should speak without reserve; could he really have heard the generals plotting rebellion yet waited until the High Emperor saw them whispering in the sand before he spoke? Surely because the High Emperor had just won the realm and often punished and rewarded by personal liking, sometimes harming the public good, the ministers often felt resentful and afraid—so Liang seized the occasion to offer loyal counsel and shift the emperor's mind, so that above there was no favoritism and below no plotting born of fear, the state was secure, and posterity benefited. A man like Liang may truly be called skilled at remonstrance.
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----6列侯畢已受封，詔定元功十八人位次。 皆曰：「平陽侯曹參，身被七十創，攻城略地，功最多，宜第一。」 謁者、關內侯鄂千秋進曰：「群臣議皆誤。 夫曹參雖有野戰略地之功，此特一時之事耳。 上與楚相距五歲，失軍亡眾，跳身遁者數矣，然蕭何常從關中遣軍補其處，非上所詔令召，而數萬眾會。 上之乏絕者數矣。 又軍無見糧，蕭何轉漕關中，給食不乏。 陛下雖數亡山東，蕭何常全關中以待陛下。 此萬世之功也。 今雖無曹參等百數，何缺於漢； 漢得之，不必待以全。 奈何欲以一旦之功而加萬世之功哉！ 蕭何第一，曹參次之。」 上曰：「善！」 於是乃賜蕭何帶劍履上殿，入朝不趨。 上曰：「吾聞進賢受上賞。 蕭何功雖高，得鄂君乃益明。」 於是因鄂千秋故所食邑，封為安平侯。 是日，悉封何父子兄弟十餘人，皆有食邑； 益封何二千戶。
----6 When the marquises had all received their fiefs, an edict fixed the order of rank among the eighteen chief merit-holders. All said, “Marquis of Pingyang Cao Shen bore seventy wounds, stormed cities and seized lands, and his merit was greatest—he should rank first.” Usher and Interior Marquis E Qianqiu advanced and said, “The ministers are all wrong. Cao Shen's merit in field battle and seizing land is only a matter of one season. Your Majesty faced Chu for five years, lost armies and shed troops, and several times barely escaped—yet Xiao He constantly sent armies from Guanzhong to fill the gaps; without your summons, tens of thousands would appear. Your Majesty was brought to want again and again. Again, when the army had no grain in sight, Xiao He shipped grain from Guanzhong and kept food from failing. Though Your Majesty several times lost the east, Xiao He constantly held Guanzhong intact awaiting your return. This is merit for ten thousand generations. Now without a hundred men like Cao Shen, what would Han lack? Han could win the realm without them. How can you set a moment's merit above merit for ten thousand generations! Xiao He first, Cao Shen second.” The Emperor said, “Good!” Thereupon he granted Xiao He sword and shoes in the hall and exemption from hurrying in audience. The Emperor said, “I have heard that advancing the worthy wins the highest reward. Xiao He's merit was high, but with Lord E it became still clearer.” Thereupon, on the basis of E Qianqiu's former fief, he was made Marquis of Anping. That day he enfeoffed more than ten of He's fathers, sons, and brothers, each with a fief; and added two thousand households to He's fief.
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----7上歸櫟陽。
----7 The Emperor returned to Liyang.
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----8夏，五月，丙午，尊太公為太上皇。
----8 In summer, the fifth month, on bingwu, the Grand Duke was honored as Grand Imperial Father.
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----9初，匈奴畏秦，北徙十餘年。 及秦滅，匈奴復稍南渡河。 單于頭曼有太子曰冒頓。 後有所愛閼氏，生少子，頭曼欲立之。 是時，東胡強而月氏盛，乃使冒頓質於月氏。 既而頭曼急擊月氏，月氏欲殺冒頓。 冒頓盜其善馬騎之，亡歸； 頭曼以為壯，令將萬騎。
----9 At first the Xiongnu feared Qin and moved north for more than ten years. When Qin fell, the Xiongnu gradually moved south across the river again. Shanyu Touman had a crown prince named Maodun. Later he favored a consort who bore a younger son, and Touman wished to make him heir. At that time the Eastern Hu were strong and the Yuezhi powerful, so he sent Maodun as hostage to the Yuezhi. Soon after Touman launched a swift attack on the Yuezhi, the Yuezhi meant to kill Maodun. Maodun stole their best horses, rode off, and fled home; Touman judged him stalwart and gave him command of ten thousand horsemen.
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冒頓乃作鳴鏑，習勒其騎射。 令曰：「鳴鏑所射而不悉射者，斬之！」 冒頓乃以鳴鏑自射其善馬，既又射其愛妻； 左右或不敢射者，皆斬之。 最後以鳴鏑射單于善馬，左右皆射之。 於是冒頓知其可用。 從頭曼獵，以鳴鏑射頭曼，其左右亦皆隨鳴鏑而射。 遂殺頭曼，盡誅其後母與弟及大臣不聽從者。 冒頓自立為單于。
Maodun then made whistling arrows and drilled his horsemen in shooting. He ordered, “Whoever does not shoot whatever the whistling arrow strikes shall be beheaded!” Maodun shot his own best horse with the whistling arrow, then his beloved wife; any at his side who dared not shoot were beheaded. At last he shot the shanyu's best horse with the whistling arrow, and all at his side shot. Then Maodun knew they would obey. On a hunt with Touman he shot Touman with the whistling arrow, and his men shot with him. He killed Touman and put to death his stepmother, younger brothers, and every minister who would not obey. Maodun made himself shanyu.
52
東胡聞冒頓立，乃使使謂冒頓：「欲得頭曼時千里馬。」 冒頓問群臣，群臣皆曰：「此匈奴寶馬也，勿與！」 冒頓日； 「奈何與人鄰國而愛一馬乎！」 遂與之。 居頃之，東胡又使使謂冒頓：「欲得單于一閼氏。」 冒頓復問左右，左右皆怒曰：「東胡無道，乃求閼氏！ 請擊之！」 冒頓曰：「奈何與人鄰國愛一女子乎！」 遂取所愛閼氏予東胡。 東胡王愈益驕。 東胡與匈奴中間有棄地莫居，千餘里，各居其邊，為甌脫。 東胡使使謂冒頓：「此棄地，欲有之。」 冒頓問群臣，群臣或曰：「此棄地，予之亦乎，勿與亦可！」 於是冒頓大怒曰：「地者，國之本也，奈何予之！」 諸言予之者，皆斬之。 冒頓上馬，令：「國中有後出者斬！」 遂襲擊東胡。 東胡初輕冒頓，不為備； 冒頓遂滅東胡。
The Eastern Hu, hearing Maodun had made himself shanyu, sent envoys saying, “We want Touman's thousand-li horse.” Maodun asked his ministers; they all said, “This is a Xiongnu treasure horse—do not give it!” Maodun said; “How can one border a state and cling to one horse!” He gave it. Before long the Eastern Hu again sent envoys saying, “We want one of the shanyu's consorts.” Maodun again asked his men; they said in anger, “The Eastern Hu are lawless—to ask for a consort! Let us attack them!” Maodun said, “How can one border a state and cling to one woman!” He gave the consort he loved to the Eastern Hu. The king of the Eastern Hu grew still more arrogant. Between the Eastern Hu and the Xiongnu lay more than a thousand li of abandoned land no one inhabited; each held the border as ou tuo. The Eastern Hu sent envoys saying, “This abandoned land—we want it.” Maodun asked his ministers; some said, “It is abandoned land—give it or withhold it, either is fine!” Maodun flew into a rage and said, “Land is the root of a state—how can it be given away!” All who spoke of giving it were beheaded. Maodun mounted and ordered, “Whoever leaves the realm last shall be beheaded!” He then struck the Eastern Hu by surprise. At first the Eastern Hu despised Maodun and made no preparations; Maodun destroyed the Eastern Hu.
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既歸，又西擊走月氏，南並樓煩、白羊河南王，遂侵燕、代，悉收蒙恬所奪匈奴故地與漢關故河南塞至朝那、膚施。 是時，漢兵方與項羽相距，中國罷於兵革，以故冒頓得自強，控弦之士三十餘萬，威服諸國。
On his return he drove the Yuezhi west, annexed the Loufan and White Sheep kings south of the river, invaded Yan and Dai, and recovered all the former Xiongnu lands Meng Tian had taken and the old Henan barrier of the Han passes as far as Chaona and Fushi. At that time Han was still facing Xiang Yu and the central lands were exhausted by war; Maodun therefore grew strong, mustered more than three hundred thousand bowmen, and awed the states into submission.
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秋，匈奴圍韓王信於馬邑。 信數使使胡，求和解。 漢發兵救之。 疑信數間使，有二心，使人責讓信。 信恐誅，九月，以馬邑降匈奴。 匈奴冒頓因引兵南逾句注，攻太原，至晉陽。
In autumn the Xiongnu besieged King Xin of Han at Mayi. Xin repeatedly sent envoys to the Xiongnu seeking peace. Han sent troops to rescue him. Suspecting repeated secret missions and divided loyalty, Han sent men to rebuke him. Fearing execution, in the ninth month he surrendered Mayi to the Xiongnu. Shanyu Maodun of the Xiongnu led his army south across Juzhu, attacked Taiyuan, and reached Jinyang.
55
----10帝悉去秦苛儀法，為簡易。 群臣飲酒爭功，醉，或妄呼，拔劍擊柱，帝益厭之。 叔孫通說上曰：「夫儒者難與進取，可與守成。 臣願征魯諸生，與臣弟子共起朝儀。」 帝曰：「得無難乎？」 叔孫通曰：「五帝異樂，三王不同禮，禮者，因時世、人情為之節文者也。 臣願頗采古禮，與秦儀雜就之。」 上曰：「可試為之，令易知，度吾所能行者為之。」
----10 The Emperor abolished Qin's harsh rites and laws and made them simple and easy. Ministers drank and wrangled over merit; drunk, some shouted wildly and drew swords to strike the pillars—the Emperor grew still more weary of it. Shusun Tong advised the Emperor, saying, “Confucians are hard to use for bold advance, but excellent for preserving what is won. Your servant wishes to summon the scholars of Lu and, with my disciples, establish court ceremony.” The Emperor said, “Won't that be difficult?” Shusun Tong said, “The Five Emperors had different music; the Three Kings had different rites. Rites are patterned forms shaped to the times and human feeling. Your servant wishes to draw on ancient rites and blend them with Qin ceremony to complete the system.” The Emperor said, “Try it—make it easy to understand, and shape it to what I can actually perform."
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於是叔孫通使徵魯諸生三十餘人。 魯有兩生不肯行，曰：「公所事者且十主，皆面諛以得親貴。 今天下初定，死者未葬，傷者未起，又欲起禮、樂。 禮、樂所由起，積德百年而後可興也。 吾不忍為公所為。 公去矣，無污我！」 叔孫通笑曰：「若真鄙儒也，不知時變。」 遂與所徵三十人西，及上左右為學者與其弟子百餘人，為綿蕞，野外習之。 月餘，言於上曰：「可試觀矣。」 上使行禮，曰：「吾能為此。」 乃令群臣習肄。
Thereupon Shusun Tong sent to summon more than thirty scholars of Lu. In Lu two scholars refused to go, saying, “You have served nearly ten lords, flattering each to your face to win favor and rank. The realm is newly settled; the dead are unburied, the wounded unrestored—and you wish to raise rites and music again. Rites and music arise only after a hundred years of accumulated virtue. We cannot bear to do as you do. Go, sir—do not defile us!” Shusun Tong laughed and said, “You are truly petty pedants, ignorant of changing times.” He then went west with the thirty he had summoned, together with more than a hundred court scholars and his own disciples; they set up a felt enclosure and drilled in the open country. After more than a month he told the Emperor, “You may try to observe.” The Emperor had the rites performed and said, “I can do this.” He then ordered the ministers to practice.
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1冬，十月，長樂宮成，諸侯群臣皆朝賀。 先平明，謁者治禮，以次引入殿門，陳東、西鄉。 衛官俠陛及羅立廷中，皆執兵，張旗幟。 於是皇帝傳警，輦出房； 引諸侯王以下至吏六百石以次奉賀，莫不振恐肅敬。 至禮畢，復置法酒。 諸侍坐殿上，皆伏，抑首； 以尊卑次起上壽。 觴九行，謁者言「置酒」，御史執法舉不如儀者，輒引去。 竟朝置酒，無敢讙嘩失禮者。 於是帝曰：「吾乃今日知為皇帝之貴也！」 乃拜叔孫通為太常，賜金五百斤。
1 In winter, the tenth month, the Changle Palace was completed, and feudal lords and ministers all came to court to congratulate. Before dawn the ushers arranged the rites and led them in order through the hall gates, arrayed in east and west ranks. Guards lined the steps and stood in ranks in the courtyard, all armed and displaying banners. The Emperor sounded the alarm and the carriage came out from the side chamber; kings and below down to officials of six hundred piculs were led in order to offer congratulations; none failed to tremble in awe and stand in reverence. When the rites were finished, regulated wine was set out again. All who sat in attendance in the hall crouched low and bowed their heads; and by rank of honor rose in order to offer the toast of longevity. After nine rounds the usher announced “Set out wine”; the censor reported anyone not conforming to the rites, who was at once led away. Through the whole audience with wine, none dared shout, clamor, or breach ritual. The Emperor said, “Only today do I know the honor of being emperor!” He appointed Shusun Tong Grand Master of Ceremonies and granted him five hundred jin of gold.
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初，秦有天下，悉內六國禮儀，采擇其尊君、抑臣者存之。 及通制禮，頗有所增損，大抵皆襲秦故，自天子稱號下至佐僚及宮室、官名，少所變改。 其書，後與律、令同錄，藏於理官。 法家又復不傳，民臣莫有言者焉。
At first, when Qin held the realm, it absorbed the rites of the six states and kept those that honored the ruler and humbled the minister. When Tong fixed the rites he made some changes, but on the whole followed Qin precedent; from the Son of Heaven's titles down to assistants, palace chambers, and official names, little was altered. His book was later copied together with statutes and ordinances and stored in the chief judge's office. The Legalists did not transmit it again, and among the people and ministers none spoke of it.
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::臣光曰：禮之為物大矣！ 用之於身，則動靜有法而百行備焉； 用之於家，則內外有別而九族睦焉； 用之於鄉，則長幼有倫而俗化美焉； 用之於國，則君臣有敘而政治成焉； 用之於天下，則諸侯順服而紀綱正焉； 豈直幾席之上、戶庭之間得之而不亂哉！ 夫以高祖之明達，聞陸賈之言而稱善，睹叔孫通之儀而歎息； 然所以不能比肩於三代之王者，病於不學而已。 當是之時，得大儒而佐之，與之以禮為天下，其功烈豈若是而止哉！ 惜夫，叔孫生之為器小也！ 徒竊禮之糠枇，以依世、諧俗、取寵而已，遂使先王之禮淪沒而不振，以迄於今，豈不痛甚矣哉！ 是以揚子譏之曰：「昔者魯有大臣，史失其名，曰：『何如其大也！』 曰：『叔孫通欲制君臣之儀，召先生於魯，所不能致者二人。』 曰：『若是，則仲尼之開跡諸侯也非邪？』 曰：『仲尼開跡，將以自用也。 如委己而從人，雖有規矩、準繩，焉得而用之！』 善乎揚子之言也！ 夫大儒者，惡肯毀其規矩、準繩以趨一時之功哉！----
:: Minister Guang said: Ritual as a thing is great indeed! Applied to the person, movement and stillness have law and the hundred conduct-lines are complete; applied to the household, inner and outer have distinction and the nine kindreds are harmonious; applied to the district, elder and younger have order and custom is transformed and beautified; applied to the state, ruler and minister have order and governance is accomplished; applied to all under Heaven, the feudal lords submit and the cords and net are set right; could it be only on mats and seats, within doors and courtyards, that one gains it and is not disordered! The High Emperor was so clear-sighted—he heard Lu Jia's words and praised them, beheld Shusun Tong's ceremony and sighed; yet he could not stand shoulder to shoulder with the kings of the Three Dynasties—the fault lay only in not studying. At that time, had he obtained a great Confucian to assist him and entrusted the realm to ritual, would his achievements have stopped at only this! Alas! Master Shusun's capacity was small! He merely stole the chaff of ritual to conform to the age, harmonize with custom, and win favor—and thereby caused the former kings' ritual to sink away unre revived, down to the present. How grievously painful! Therefore Yangzi mocked him, saying, “Of old in Lu there was a great minister whose name the histories have lost. It was said, ‘How great he was! ’ It was said, ‘Shusun Tong wished to fix ceremony between ruler and minister and summoned the masters from Lu; two he could not bring.’ ’ It was said, ‘If so, was not Confucius's opening his traces among the feudal lords also wrong?” It was said, ‘Confucius opened his traces intending to use them himself. If one abandons oneself and follows others, though there be compass, square, plumb line, and marking-cord—how could one apply them!" ’” How excellent are Yangzi's words! Would a great Confucian destroy his compass, square, plumb line, and marking-cord to rush after momentary merit!
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2上自將擊韓王信，破其軍於銅鞮，斬其將王喜。 信亡走匈奴； 白土人曼丘臣、王黃等立趙苗裔趙利為王，復收信敗散兵，與信及匈奴謀攻漢。 匈奴使左、右賢王將萬餘騎，與王黃等屯廣武以南，至晉陽，漢兵擊之，匈奴輒敗走，已復屯聚，漢兵乘勝追之。 會天大寒，雨雪，士卒墮指者什二三。
2 The Emperor personally led troops against King Xin of Han, broke his army at Tongdi, and beheaded his general Wang Xi. Xin fled to the Xiongnu; men of Baitu, Manqiu Chen, Wang Huang, and others made Zhao scion Zhao Li king, gathered Xin's defeated and scattered troops, and with Xin and the Xiongnu plotted to attack Han. The Xiongnu sent the Left and Right Wise Kings with more than ten thousand horsemen; with Wang Huang and others they encamped south of Guangwu as far as Jinyang. Han struck them; the Xiongnu fled, regrouped, and Han pursued in victory. Heaven turned bitterly cold with rain and snow; two or three soldiers in ten lost fingers to frost.
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上居晉陽，聞冒頓居代谷，欲擊之。 使人覘匈奴，冒頓匿其壯士、肥牛馬，但見老弱及羸畜。 使者十輩來，皆言匈奴可擊。 上復使劉敬往使匈奴，未還； 漢悉兵三十二萬北逐之，逾句注。 劉敬還，報曰：「兩國相擊，此宜誇矜，見所長。 今臣往，徒見羸瘠、老弱，此必欲見短，伏奇兵以爭利。 愚以為匈奴不可擊也。」 是時，漢兵已業行，上怒，罵劉敬曰：「齊虜以口舌得官，今乃妄言沮吾軍！」 械系敬廣武。
The Emperor was at Jinyang and heard Maodun was at Daigu; he wished to attack. He sent men to reconnoiter the Xiongnu; Maodun hid his warriors and fat cattle and horses—only the old, weak, and emaciated livestock were seen. Ten rounds of envoys returned, all saying the Xiongnu could be attacked. The Emperor again sent Liu Jing as envoy to the Xiongnu; he had not yet returned; Han mobilized all troops—three hundred twenty thousand—to drive north in pursuit, crossing Juzhu. Liu Jing returned and reported, “When two states fight, each should boast and display its strengths. When I went I saw only the emaciated, old, and weak—this must mean they wish to display weakness while ambush troops lie in wait for advantage. In my view the Xiongnu cannot be attacked.” Han troops had already marched. The Emperor raged and cursed Liu Jing: “This Qi barbarian won office by talk—now he dares reckless words to thwart my army!” He had Jing fettered and imprisoned at Guangwu.
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帝先至平城，兵未盡到； 冒頓縱精兵四十萬騎，圍帝於白登七日，漢兵中外不得相救餉。 帝用陳平秘計，使使間厚遺閼氏。 閼氏謂冒頓曰：「兩主不相困。 今得漢地，而單于終非能居之也。 且漢主亦有神靈，單于察之！」 冒頓與王黃、趙利期，而黃、利兵不來，疑其與漢有謀，乃解圍之一角。 會天大霧，漢使人往來，匈奴不覺。 陳平請令強弩傅兩矢，外鄉，從解角直出。 帝出圍，欲驅； 太僕滕公固徐行。 至平城，漢大軍亦到，胡騎遂解去。 漢亦罷兵歸，令樊噲止定代地。
The Emperor reached Pingcheng first; the troops had not all arrived; Maodun released four hundred thousand picked horsemen and besieged the Emperor at Baideng for seven days; Han forces within and without could not rescue or supply one another. The Emperor used Chen Ping's secret plan and sent envoys to present rich gifts to the yanzhi through intermediaries. The yanzhi said to Maodun, “Two rulers should not distress each other. Even if you gain Han territory now, the shanyu could not dwell in it in the end. Moreover the Han ruler also has spiritual power—shanyu, consider it!” Maodun had an appointment with Wang Huang and Zhao Li, but their troops did not come; suspecting collusion with Han, he opened one corner of the encirclement. Heavy fog fell; Han messengers went back and forth and the Xiongnu did not notice. Chen Ping asked that strong crossbows be fitted with two arrows each, facing outward, and that they go straight out through the opened corner. The Emperor left the encirclement and wished to gallop; the Grand Master of the Stables, the Duke of Teng, firmly made him go slowly. At Pingcheng Han's main army also arrived, and the barbarian horsemen broke off and left. Han also withdrew, ordering Fan Kuai to halt and settle the Dai region.
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上至廣武，赦劉敬，曰：「吾不用公言，以困平城； 吾皆已斬前使十輩矣。」 乃封敬二千戶為關內侯，號為建信侯。 帝南過曲逆，曰：「壯哉縣！ 吾行天下，獨見洛陽與是耳。」 乃更封陳平為曲逆侯，盡食之。 平從帝征伐，凡六出奇計，輒益封邑焉。----
At Guangwu the Emperor pardoned Liu Jing and said, “I did not heed you and was trapped at Pingcheng; I have already beheaded the ten rounds of envoys who came before.” He enfeoffed Jing with two thousand households as Interior Marquis, styled Marquis Jianxin. Passing south through Quyu the Emperor said, “What a magnificent district! I have traveled all under Heaven and seen only Luoyang and this.” He then made Chen Ping Marquis of Quyu and granted him the full revenue. Ping followed the Emperor on campaign; six times he produced extraordinary stratagems, and each time his fief was increased.
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3十二月，上還，過趙。 趙王敖執子婿禮甚卑，上箕倨慢罵之。 趙相貫高、趙午等皆怒，曰：「吾王，孱王也！」 乃說王曰：「天下豪桀並起，能者先立。 今王事帝甚恭，而帝無禮； 請為王殺之！」 張敖嚙其指出血，曰：「君何言之誤！ 先人亡國，賴帝得復，德流子孫； 秋豪皆帝力也。 願君無復出口！」 貫高、趙午等皆相謂曰：「乃吾等非也。 吾王長者，不倍德； 且吾等義不辱。 今帝辱我王，故欲殺之，何洿王為！ 事成歸王，事敗獨身坐耳！」----
3 In the twelfth month the Emperor returned and passed through Zhao. King Ao of Zhao performed the son-in-law's rites with great humility; the Emperor sat with legs spread, insolent and slow, and reviled him. Zhao chancellor Guan Gao, Zhao Wu, and others were angry and said, “Our king is a weakling!” They urged the king: “Heroes rise together all under Heaven; the able are established first. Your Majesty serves the Emperor with great respect, yet the Emperor shows no courtesy; let us kill him for Your Majesty!” Zhang Ao bit his finger until it bled and said, “My lords, how wrong your words! Our forebears lost their state; relying on the Emperor we were restored—his virtue flows to our sons and grandsons; even the slightest gain is the Emperor's gift. Speak no more of this!” Guan Gao, Zhao Wu, and the others said to one another, “We are in the wrong. Our king is a man of stature and will not betray virtue; moreover in righteousness we cannot suffer disgrace. Now the Emperor has insulted our king, so we mean to kill him ourselves—why involve the king and defile him! If we succeed, the credit goes to the king; if we fail, we alone bear the penalty!"
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4匈奴攻代。 代王喜棄國自歸，赦為郃陽侯。 辛卯，立皇子如意為代王。----
4. The Xiongnu attacked Dai. King Xi of Dai abandoned his kingdom and came in of his own accord; he was pardoned and made Marquis of Heyang. On xinmao, the imperial son Ruyi was made King of Dai.
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5春，二月，上至長安。 蕭何治未央宮，上見其壯麗，甚怒，謂何曰：「天下匈匈，苦戰數歲，成敗未可知，是何治宮室過度也！」 何曰：「天下方未定，故可因以就宮室。 且夫天子以四海為家，非壯麗無以重威，且無令後世有以加也。」 上說。
5. In spring, the second month, the Emperor reached Chang'an. Xiao He was building Weiyang Palace; when the Emperor saw how grand it was he flew into a rage and said to He, “The realm is in turmoil; we have fought bitterly for years and success or defeat are still uncertain—why are you building palaces to excess!” He said, “The realm is not yet settled, so this is the time to finish the palace. Moreover, the Son of Heaven takes the four seas as his home; without grandeur there is no way to lend weight to his authority, and do not let posterity have anything with which to surpass it.” The Emperor was pleased.
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::臣光曰：王者以仁義為麗，道德為威，未聞其以宮室填服天下也。 天下未定，當克己節用以趨民之急； 而顧以宮室為先，豈可謂之知所務哉！ 昔禹卑宮室而桀為傾宮。 創業垂統之君，躬行節儉以示子孫，其末流猶入於淫靡，況示之以侈乎！ 乃雲「無令後世有以加」，豈不謬哉！ 至於孝武，卒以宮室罷敝天下，未必不由酇侯啟之也！----
:: Minister Guang said: A true king takes benevolence and righteousness as his splendor and virtue and the Way as his majesty; one has never heard of pacifying the realm with palaces. When the realm is unsettled, one ought to restrain oneself and practice economy to meet the people's urgent needs; yet he puts palaces first—can this be called knowing one's proper business! In antiquity Yu kept his palaces humble while Jie built the Overturning Palace. Founding sovereigns who bequeath their line personally practice frugality to teach their descendants; even their last heirs still sink into extravagance—how much more if they display extravagance to them! Yet he said, “Do not let posterity surpass it”—is this not absurd! As for Emperor Wu, he finally wore out and impoverished the realm with palaces—perhaps it was indeed the Marquis of Zan who set him on that path!
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6上自櫟陽徙都長安。----
6. The Emperor moved his capital from Liyang to Chang'an.
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7初置宗正官，以序九族。----
7. For the first time the Director of the Imperial Clan was established to order the nine degrees of kin.
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8夏，四月，帝行如洛陽。
8. In summer, the fourth month, the Emperor went to Luoyang.