Volume 18 Han Records 10

起著雍灘，盡柔兆執徐，凡九年。

From Juyong Tan through Rouzhao Zhixu—nine years in all.

1冬，十月，上行幸雍，祠五畤。 ----2李少君以祠灶卻老方見上，上尊之。少君者，故深澤侯舍人，匿其年及其生長，其游以方遍諸侯，無妻子。人聞其能使物及不死，更饋遺之，常餘金錢、衣食。人皆以為不治生業而饒給，又不知其何所人，愈信，爭事之。少君善為巧發奇中。嘗從武安侯飲，坐中有九十餘老人，少君乃言與其大父游射處；老人為兒時從其大父，識其處，一坐盡驚。少君言上曰：「祠灶則致物，致物而丹沙可化為黃金，壽可益，蓬萊仙者可見；見之，以封禪則不死，黃帝是也。臣嘗游海上，見安期生，食臣棗，大如瓜。安期生仙者，通蓬萊中，合則見人，不合則隱。」於是天子始親祠灶，遣方士入海求蓬萊安期生之屬，而事化丹沙諸藥齊為黃金矣。居久之，李少君病死，天子以為化去，不死；而海上燕、齊怪迂之方士多更來言神事矣。 ----3亳人謬忌奏祠太一。方曰：「天神貴者太一，太一佐曰五帝。」於是天子立其祠長安東南郊。 ----4鴈門馬邑豪聶壹，因大行王恢言：「匈奴初和親，親信邊，可誘以利致之，伏兵襲擊，必破之道也。」上召問公卿。王恢曰：「臣聞全代之時，北有強胡之敵，內連中國之兵，然尚得養老、長幼，種樹以時，倉廩常實，匈奴不輕侵也。今以陛下之威，海內為一，然匈奴侵盜不已者，無他，以不恐之故耳。臣竊以為擊之便。」韓安國曰：「臣聞高皇帝嘗圍於平城，七日不食；及解圍反位，而無忿怒之心。夫聖人以天下為度者也，不以己私怒傷天下之公，故遣劉敬結和親，至今為五世利。臣竊以為勿擊便。」恢曰：「不然。高帝身被堅執銳，行幾十年，所以不報平城之怨者，非力不能，所以休天下之心也。今邊境數驚，士卒傷死，中國槥車相望，此仁人之所隱也。故曰擊之便。」安國曰：「不然。臣聞用兵者以飽待饑，正治以待其亂，定捨以待其勞；故接兵覆眾，伐國墮城，常坐而役敵國，此聖人之兵也。今將卷甲輕舉，深入長驅，難以為功；從行則迫脅，衡行則中絕，疾則糧乏，徐則後利，不至千里，人馬乏食。《兵法》曰：『遺人，獲也』，臣故曰勿擊便。」恢曰：「不然。臣今言擊之者，固非發而深入也。將順因單于之欲，誘而致之邊，吾選梟騎、壯士陰伏而處以為之備，審遮險阻以為其戒。吾勢已定，或營其左，或營其右，或當其前，或絕其後，單于可禽，百全必取。」上從恢議。

1. In winter, the tenth month, the emperor went in person to Yong and sacrificed at the Five Altars. ----2 Li Shaojun presented the emperor with a formula for sacrificing to the stove to ward off old age; the emperor honored him. Shaojun had once been a retainer of Marquis Shenze. He concealed his age and birthplace, traveled among the feudal states trading in formulas, and had neither wife nor children. When people heard he could transform things and cheat death, they showered him with gifts, and he always had money, food, and clothing to spare. People marveled that he lived in plenty without any visible livelihood, and since no one knew where he came from, they believed him all the more and vied to attend him. Shaojun had a gift for clever remarks that struck uncannily true. Once, drinking with the Marquis of Wu'an, he found more than ninety old men at the table and began describing places where he had hunted and shot with their grandfathers; the old men, as boys, had followed those grandfathers and recognized every place he named—the whole table sat astonished. Shaojun told the emperor: "Sacrifice to the stove and you summon things; summon things and cinnabar can become gold, your life can lengthen, and the immortals of Penglai can be seen; see them, perform the feng and shan rites, and you will not die—so did the Yellow Emperor. I once roamed the sea and met Anqi Sheng; he fed me jujubes as large as melons. Anqi Sheng is an immortal who moves through Penglai; when fate aligns he appears, when it does not he vanishes." Thereupon the emperor sacrificed to the stove in person, sent masters of the Way to sea in search of Anqi Sheng and his kind, and set himself to transforming cinnabar and sundry elixirs into gold. After a long while Li Shaojun fell ill and died, but the emperor believed he had transformed and departed—that he was not dead; and many eccentric masters of the Way from Yan and Qi along the coast came again to speak of divine matters. ----3 Miu Ji of Bo memorialized that the Grand One should be sacrificed to. His formula said: "Among heavenly spirits the most honored is the Grand One; the Grand One's assistants are the Five Emperors." Thereupon the emperor established its altar in the southeastern suburbs of Chang'an. ----4 Nie Yi, a powerful man of Mayi in Yanmen, spoke through the Grand Herald Wang Hui: "The Xiongnu have just sealed a marriage peace and trust the border. Lure them with profit, ambush them, and you will surely break them." The emperor summoned the high ministers and asked their counsel. Wang Hui said: "I have heard that in the age when Zhao held sway, though the Hu pressed from the north and wars wracked the central states within, people still supported the old and raised the young, planted trees in season, and granaries stayed full—the Xiongnu did not lightly invade. Now under Your Majesty's majesty the realm is one, yet the Xiongnu raid without cease—for no other reason than that they do not fear us. I humbly believe it is expedient to strike them." Han Anguo said: "I have heard that the High Emperor was once besieged at Pingcheng and for seven days ate nothing; when the siege lifted and he returned to the throne, he nursed no angry resentment. A sage measures all things by the good of the realm; he does not let private anger wound the public good. That is why he sent Liu Jing to conclude marriage peace—a benefit for five generations even now. I humbly believe it is expedient not to strike." Hui said: "Not so. The High Emperor wore hard armor and grasped sharp weapons, campaigning for nearly ten years. He did not repay the grievance of Pingcheng not because his strength failed, but because he wished to rest the heart of the realm. Now the borderlands are repeatedly alarmed, soldiers fall wounded and dead, and within the central states coffin carts line the roads—this is what a humane man must grieve in silence. Hence I say it is expedient to strike." Anguo said: "Not so. I have heard that the one who uses troops waits full-fed for the enemy's hunger, waits in good order for their disorder, waits in settled quarters for their exhaustion; and so when armies meet, multitudes are overturned; when states are attacked, cities fall—yet the sage commonly sits still and makes the enemy state serve him. That is the army of a sage. Now to roll up armor, march lightly, drive deep and race far will be hard to turn to merit; march in column and we are pressed and constrained; march crosswise and we are cut off; hurry and grain runs out; linger and the rear loses advantage—before a thousand li, men and horses go hungry. The Art of War says: 'Leave an enemy behind and gain nothing, and you are the one captured'—I therefore say it is expedient not to strike." Hui said: "Not so. When I speak of striking, I certainly do not mean to set out and drive deep. We will follow the chanyu's own desire, lure him to the border, choose fierce horsemen and stalwart warriors to lie hidden in ambush, and carefully block the dangerous passes against escape. Once our disposition is set, we may encamp on his left or right, stand before him or cut off his rear—the chanyu can be captured, and success is certain." The emperor followed Hui's plan.

夏，六月，以御史大夫韓安國為護軍將軍，衛尉李廣為驍騎將軍，太僕公孫賀為輕車將軍，大行王恢為將屯將軍，太中大夫李息為材官將軍，將車騎、材官三十餘萬匿馬邑旁谷中，約單于入馬邑縱兵。陰使聶壹為間，亡入匈奴，謂單于曰：「吾能斬馬邑令、丞，以城降，財物可盡得。」單于愛信，以為然而許之。聶壹乃詐斬死罪囚，縣其頭馬邑城下，示單于使者為信，曰：「馬邑長吏已死，可急來！」於是單于穿塞，將十萬騎入武州塞。未至馬邑百餘里，見畜布野而無人牧者，怪之。乃攻亭，得雁門尉史，欲殺之，尉史乃告單于漢兵所居。單于大驚曰：「吾固疑之。」乃引兵還，出曰：「吾得尉史，天也！」以尉史為天王。塞下傳言單于已去，漢兵追至塞，度弗及，乃皆罷兵。王恢主別從代出擊胡輜重，聞單于還，兵多，亦不敢出。

In summer, the sixth month, Grand Counselor Han Anguo was made Protector-General of the Army, Commandant of the Guard Li Guang Fierce Cavalry General, Grand Master of the Stud Gongsun He Light Chariot General, Grand Herald Wang Hui General of Garrisoned Troops, and Grand Master of Palace Counsel Li Xi Materiel General. They led more than three hundred thousand chariot, cavalry, and materiel troops hidden in the valleys beside Mayi, agreeing that when the chanyu entered Mayi they would unleash their forces. Secretly they made Nie Yi a spy. He fled into the Xiongnu and told the chanyu: "I can behead the magistrate and assistant of Mayi and surrender the city—all its goods can be yours." The chanyu took a liking to him, trusted him, believed it, and agreed. Nie Yi then falsely beheaded a prisoner under sentence of death, hung the head below the wall of Mayi, and showed the chanyu's envoy as proof, saying: "The chief officers of Mayi are dead—come quickly!" Thereupon the chanyu passed through the frontier pass and led a hundred thousand horsemen into Wuzhou Pass. When he was still more than a hundred li from Mayi, he saw livestock spread across the wild with no herdsmen and thought it strange. He attacked a signal tower, captured a Yanmen adjutant, and was about to kill him; the adjutant then told the chanyu where the Han troops lay. The chanyu cried out in alarm: "I had long suspected it." He then led his troops back and, as he departed, said: "To obtain this adjutant—that was Heaven!" He made the adjutant Heavenly King. Word spread below the pass that the chanyu had gone. Han troops pursued to the pass, judged they could not overtake him, and all stood down. Wang Hui, on a separate command, was to sally from Dai against the Xiongnu baggage train; hearing the chanyu had returned with a great host, he too did not dare go out.

上怒恢。恢曰：「始，約為入馬邑城，兵與單于接，而臣擊其輜重，可得利。今單于不至而還，臣以三萬人眾不敵，只取辱。固知還而斬，然完陛下士三萬人。」於是下恢廷尉。廷尉當「恢逗橈，當斬。」恢行千金丞相蚡，蚡不敢言上，而言於太后曰：「王恢首為馬邑事，今不成而誅恢，是為匈奴報仇也。」上朝太后，太后以蚡言告上。上曰：「首為馬邑事者恢，故發天下兵數十萬，從其言為此。且縱單于不可得，恢所部擊其輜重，猶頗可得以慰士大夫心。今不誅恢，無以謝天下。」於是恢聞，乃自殺。自是之後，匈奴絕和親，攻當路塞，往往入盜於漢邊，不可勝數；然尚貪樂關市，嗜漢財物；漢亦關市不絕，以中其意。----

The emperor was furious with Hui. Hui said: "At the outset we agreed that when he entered Mayi and our troops engaged the chanyu, I would strike his baggage train and gain profit. Now the chanyu never came but turned back; with thirty thousand men I could not match him and would only earn disgrace. I knew well that if I returned I would be beheaded, yet I preserved Your Majesty's thirty thousand soldiers intact." Thereupon Hui was handed down to the court commandant. The court commandant judged: "Hui dallied and turned aside—death is the sentence." Hui sent a thousand in gold to Chancellor Fen; Fen did not dare speak to the emperor but told the empress dowager: "Wang Hui was first to propose the Mayi affair; now that it has failed, to execute Hui is to avenge the Xiongnu." The emperor attended the empress dowager at court, and she repeated Fen's words to him. The emperor said: "Hui was first to propose the Mayi affair—that is why I raised several hundred thousand troops from across the realm and followed his counsel. Even if we could not take the chanyu, Hui's command could still have struck the baggage train and brought considerable gain to comfort the hearts of officers and gentlemen. If I do not execute Hui now, I have no way to answer the realm." Thereupon, when Hui heard this, he killed himself. From this time forward the Xiongnu broke off marriage peace, attacked the passes on the main routes, and raided the Han border again and again beyond counting; yet they still greedily delighted in border markets and craved Han goods; and Han also kept the border markets open, thereby winning their hearts.

1春，河水徙，從頓丘東南流。夏，五月，丙子，復決濮陽瓠子，注巨野，通淮、泗，泛郡十六。天子使汲黯、鄭當時發卒十萬塞之，輒復壞。是時，田蚡奉邑食鄃，鄃居河北，河決而南，則鄃無水災，邑收多。蚡言於上曰：「江、河之決皆天事，未易以人力強塞，塞之未必應天。」而望氣用數者亦以為然。於是天子久之不復事塞也。 ----2初，孝景時，魏其侯竇嬰為大將軍，武安侯田蚡乃為諸郎，侍酒跪起如子侄。已而蚡日益貴幸，為丞相。魏其失勢，賓客益衰，獨故燕相穎陰灌夫不去。嬰乃厚遇夫，相為引重，其游如父子然。夫為人剛直，使酒，諸有勢在己之右者必陵之；數因酒忤丞相。丞相乃奏案：「灌夫家屬橫穎川，民苦之。」收系夫及支屬，皆得棄市罪。魏其上書論救灌夫，上令與武安東朝廷辨之。魏其、武安因互相詆訐。上問朝臣：「兩人孰是？」唯汲黯是魏其，韓安國兩以為是；鄭當時是魏其，後不敢堅。上怒當時曰：「吾並斬若屬矣。」即罷。起，入。上食太后，太后怒不食，曰：「今我在也，而人皆藉吾弟；令我百歲後，皆魚肉之乎！」上不得已，遂族灌夫；使有司案治魏其，得棄市罪。 ----1冬，十二月晦，論殺魏其於渭城。春，三月，乙卯，武安侯蚡亦薨。及淮南王安敗，上聞蚡受安金，有不順語，曰：「使武安侯在者，族矣！」 ----2夏，四月，隕霜殺草。 ----3御史大夫安國行丞相事，引，墮車，蹇。五月，丁巳，以平棘侯薛澤為丞相，安國病免。 ----4地震。赦天下。 ----5九月，以中尉張歐為御史大夫。韓安國疾愈，復為中尉。 ----6河間王德，修學好古，實事求是，以金帛招求四方善書，得書多，與漢朝等。是時，淮南王安亦好書，所招致率多浮辯。獻王所得書，皆古文、先秦舊書，采禮樂古事，稍稍增輯至五百餘篇，被服、造次必於儒者，山東諸儒多從之遊。----

1. In spring, the Yellow River shifted course and flowed southeast from Dunqiu. In summer, the fifth month, on bingzi, it burst again at Huzi in Puyang, poured into Juye, linked with the Huai and Si, and flooded sixteen commanderies. The emperor sent Ji An and Zheng Dangshi to raise a hundred thousand laborers to block it, but the dikes repeatedly gave way. At that time Tian Fen's sustenance fief was fed from Ju, which lay north of the river—when the river burst and turned south, Ju suffered no flood and the fief's receipts swelled. Fen told the emperor: "The bursting of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are Heaven's affairs; it is not easy to force them shut by human strength—blocking them may not accord with Heaven." Those who read the vapors of heaven and practiced numerology agreed. Thereupon for a long time the emperor did not again attend to blocking the river. ----2 At the outset, in Emperor Xiaojing's time, Marquis of Weiqi Dou Ying was Grand General, and Marquis of Wu'an Tian Fen was among the palace gentlemen, attending at wine and kneeling and rising like a son or nephew. Before long Fen grew daily more honored and favored and became Chancellor. Weiqi lost power, his retainers dwindled, and only Guan Fu of Yingyin, former chancellor of Yan, did not leave him. Ying treated Fu generously; they drew one another up in mutual esteem, and their bond was like father and son. Fu was stern and upright, given to wine, and bullied anyone with power above him; again and again he offended the Chancellor in his cups. The Chancellor then memorialized for investigation: "Guan Fu's household tyrannizes Yingchuan; the people suffer bitterly." Fu and his collateral kin were arrested and imprisoned, and all received the death penalty of public execution. Weiqi submitted a memorial arguing to save Guan Fu; the emperor ordered him and Wu'an to debate it east of the court hall. Weiqi and Wu'an therefore slandered and accused one another. The emperor asked the court ministers: "Which of the two is right?" Only Ji An sided with Weiqi; Han Anguo said both were right; Zheng Dangshi sided with Weiqi, but afterward did not dare stand firm. The emperor snapped at Dangshi: "I will execute the lot of you together." He immediately dismissed court. He rose and went in. The emperor went to dine with the empress dowager; she angrily refused to eat and said: "While I still live, everyone tramples on my younger brother; when I am gone, will you all cut him up like fish on the block!" The emperor, having no choice, then exterminated Guan Fu's clan; he sent the responsible offices to try Weiqi, who received the death penalty of public execution. ----1 In winter, on the last day of the twelfth month, Weiqi was sentenced and executed at Weicheng. In spring, the third month, on yimao, Marquis of Wu'an Fen also died. When Huainan King Liu An fell, the emperor heard that Fen had taken gold from An and spoken disloyal words, and said: "Had the Marquis of Wu'an still been alive, his clan would have been exterminated!" ----2 In summer, the fourth month, falling frost killed the grass. ----3 Grand Secretary Han An Guo was acting as Chancellor; while leading the carriage he fell from it and was lame. In the fifth month, on dingsi, Marquis of Pingji Xue Ze was made Chancellor, and An Guo was dismissed on account of illness. ----4 An earthquake. An amnesty was proclaimed for all under Heaven. ----5 In the ninth month, Commandant of the Guards Zhang Ou was made Grand Secretary. Han An Guo recovered from illness and again became Commandant of the Guards. ----6 King De of Hejian studied the classics and loved antiquity, sought truth from facts, and used gold and silk to recruit good books from all quarters; the books he obtained were as many as the Han court's. At that time King An of Huainan also loved books, but those he recruited were mostly empty disputations. The books Prince Xian obtained were all ancient script and pre-Qin old books; he gathered ancient matters of ritual and music and gradually compiled more than five hundred chapters; in dress and bearing he always conformed to Confucians, and the Confucians of Shandong mostly followed him to study.

1冬，十月，河間王來朝，獻雅樂，對三雍宮及詔策所問三十餘事。其對，推道術而言，得事之中，文約指明。天子下太樂官常存肄河間王所獻雅聲，歲時以備數，然不常御也。春，正月，河間王薨，中尉常麗以聞，曰：「王身端行治，溫仁恭儉，篤敬愛下，明知深察，惠於鰥寡。」大行令奏：「謚法：『聰明睿知曰獻，』謚曰獻王。」

1 In winter, the tenth month, the King of Hejian came to court, presented elegant music, and answered more than thirty items at the Three Yong Palace and in the imperial questions and policy. His answers, expounding the Way and its techniques, hit the middle of affairs; the text was spare yet pointed clearly. The emperor ordered the Director of Imperial Music always to keep and practice the elegant tones the King of Hejian had presented, each year for the full complement of performances, yet they were not regularly performed at court. In spring, the first month, the King of Hejian died; Commandant of the Guards Chang Li reported, saying, "The king's person was upright in conduct and governance, warm, benevolent, respectful and frugal, sincerely respectful and loving to subordinates, clearly perceptive and deeply observant, and kind to widows and orphans." The Grand Herald submitted, "Posthumous standards: 'Intelligent and perspicacious is called Xian,'" and the posthumous title was King Xian."

::班固贊曰：昔魯哀公有言：「寡人生於深宮之中，長於婦人之手，未嘗知憂，未嘗知懼。」信哉斯言也，雖欲不危亡，不可得已！是故古人以宴安為鴆毒，無德而富貴謂之不幸。漢興，至於孝平，諸侯王以百數，率多驕淫失道。何則？沈溺放恣之中，居勢使然也。自凡人猶繫於習俗，而況哀公之倫乎！「夫唯大雅，卓爾不群」，河間獻王近之矣。 ----2初，王恢之討東越也，使番陽令唐蒙風曉南越。南越食蒙以蜀枸醬，蒙問所從來。曰：「道西北牂柯江。牂柯江廣數里，出番禺城下。」蒙歸至長安，問蜀賈人。賈人曰：「獨蜀出枸醬，多持竊出市夜郎。夜郎者，臨牂柯江，江廣百餘步，足以行船。南越以財物役屬夜郎，西至桐師，然亦不能臣使也。」蒙乃上書說上曰：「南越王黃屋左纛，地東西萬餘里，名為外臣，實一州主也。今以長沙、豫章往，水道多絕，難行。竊聞夜郎所有精兵可得十餘萬，浮船牂柯江，出其不意，此制越一奇也。誠以漢之強，巴、蜀之饒，通夜郎道為置吏，甚易。」上許之。

:: Ban Gu's praise says: Formerly Duke Ai of Lu had a saying, "I was born in the deep palace, raised in women's hands, never knew worry, never knew fear." Truly that saying! Though one wishes not to perish, it cannot be obtained! Therefore the ancients took ease and peace as poisoned wine, and wealth and honor without virtue they called misfortune. From Han's rise down to Emperor Ping, feudal kings numbered in the hundreds, and most were arrogant, licentious, and lost the Way. Why? Drowned in indulgence and license—their position made it so. Even ordinary men are bound by custom and habit—how much more the class of Duke Ai! "Only the great elegant, outstanding and not of the crowd"—Prince Xian of Hejian approached this. ----2 At the outset, when Wang Hui attacked Eastern Yue, he sent the magistrate of Poyang, Tang Meng, to inform Southern Yue by letter. Southern Yue fed Meng with Shu zha sauce; Meng asked where it came from. They said, "The route is northwest via the Zangke River. The Zangke River is several li wide and emerges below Panyu city." Meng returned to Chang'an and questioned Shu merchants. The merchants said, "Only Shu produces zha sauce; many secretly carry it out to sell at Yelang. Yelang borders the Zangke River; the river is over a hundred paces wide, enough for boats to travel. Southern Yue used goods to subordinate Yelang, west to Tongshi, yet also could not make them subjects and servants." Meng then memorialized persuading the emperor, saying, "The King of Southern Yue has a yellow canopy and left banner, territory east and west over ten thousand li, named an outer subject but in truth master of a whole province. Now going from Changsha and Yuzhang, the waterways are mostly cut off and hard to travel. I have heard that Yelang has crack troops numbering over a hundred thousand; float boats on the Zangke River and take them by surprise—this is one wondrous stratagem for controlling Yue. Truly with Han's strength and Ba-Shu's abundance, opening the road to Yelang and placing officials is very easy." The emperor approved.

乃拜蒙為中郎將，將千人，食重萬餘人，從巴、蜀筰關入，遂見夜郎侯多同。蒙厚賜，喻以威德，約為置吏，使其子為令。夜郎旁小邑皆貪漢繒帛，以為漢道險，終不能有也，乃且聽蒙約。還報，上以為犍為郡，發巴、蜀卒治道，自僰道指牂柯江，作者數萬人，士卒多物故，有逃亡者。用軍興法誅其渠率，巴、蜀民大驚恐。上聞之，使司馬相如責唐蒙等，因諭告巴、蜀民以非上意；相如還報。

He thereupon appointed Meng as General of the Gentlemen of the Palace, leading a thousand men and provisions for over ten thousand, entering from the Zam Pass of Ba-Shu, and then met the Marquis of Yelang, Duotong. Meng richly rewarded him, instructed him with prestige and virtue, agreed to place officials, and made his son a magistrate. The small towns beside Yelang all coveted Han silk; they thought the Han road was dangerous and that Han ultimately could not possess them, and for the time being listened to Meng's agreement. On returning to report, the emperor made it the commandery of Qianwei and sent Ba-Shu soldiers to build the road from Bo finger to the Zangke River; workers numbered tens of thousands, soldiers suffered many casualties, and there were deserters. Using the war-levies law, he executed the ringleaders, and the people of Ba-Shu were greatly terrified. The emperor heard of it and sent Sima Xiangru to reproach Tang Meng and the rest, and thereby instruct and announce to the people of Ba-Shu that this was not the emperor's intent; Xiangru returned and reported.

是時，邛、筰之君長，聞南夷與漢通，得賞賜多，多欲願為內臣妾，請吏比南夷。天子問相如，相如曰：「邛、筰、冉駹者近蜀，道亦易通。秦時嘗通，為郡縣，至漢興而罷。今誠復通，為置郡縣，愈於南夷。」天子以為然，乃拜相如為中郎將，建節往使，及副使-{王然于}-等乘傳，因巴、蜀吏幣物以賂西夷。邛、筰、冉駹、斯榆之君皆請為內臣。除邊關；關益斥，西至沬、若水，南至牂柯為徼，通零關道，橋孫水以通邛都，為置一都尉、十餘縣，屬蜀。天子大說。 ----3詔發卒萬人治鴈門阻險。 ----4秋，七月，大風拔木。 ----5女巫楚服等教陳皇后祠祭厭勝，挾婦人媚道；事覺，上使御史張湯窮治之。湯深竟黨與，相連及誅者三百餘人，楚服梟首於市。乙巳，賜皇后冊，收其璽綬，罷退，居長門宮。竇太主慚懼，稽顙謝上。上曰：「皇后所為不軌於大義，不得不廢。主當信道以自慰，勿受妄言以生嫌懼。 -{后雖廢}-，供奉如法，長門無異上宮也。」 ----6初，上嘗置酒竇太主家，主見所幸賣珠兒董偃，上賜之衣冠，尊而不名，稱為「主人翁」，使之侍飲；由是董君貴寵，天下莫不聞。常從遊戲北宮，馳逐平樂，觀雞、鞠之會，角狗、馬之足，上大歡樂之。上為竇太主置酒宣室，使謁者引內董君。是時，中郎東方朔陛戟殿下，辟戟而前曰：「董偃有斬罪三，安得入乎！」上曰：「何謂也？」朔曰：「偃以人臣私侍公主，其罪一也。敗男女之化，而亂婚姻之禮，傷王制，其罪二也。陛下富於春秋，方積思於《六經》，偃不遵經勸學，反以靡麗為右，奢侈為務，盡狗馬之樂，極耳目之欲，是乃國家之大賊，人主之大蜮，其罪三也。」上默然不應，良久曰：「吾業已設飲，後而自改。」朔曰：「夫宣室者，先帝之正處也，非法度之政不得入焉。故淫亂之漸，其變為篡。是以豎貂為淫而易牙作患，慶父死而魯國全。」上曰：「善！」有詔止，更置酒北宮，引董君從東司馬門入；賜朔黃金三十斤。董君之寵由是日衰。是後，公主、貴人多逾禮制矣。 ----7上以張湯為太中大夫，與趙禹共定諸律令，務在深文。拘守職之吏，作見知法，吏傳相監司。用法益刻自此始。 ----8八月，螟。 ----9是歲，徵吏民有明當世之務、習先聖之術者，縣次續食，令與計偕。

At that time the chieftains of Qiong and Zuo, hearing that the southern Yi had connected with Han and received many rewards, mostly wished to become inner subjects and requested officials like the southern Yi. The emperor asked Xiangru; Xiangru said, "Qiong, Zuo, and Ranmang are near Shu, and the road is also easy to open. In Qin times they were once connected and made commanderies and counties; when Han arose this was abandoned. If now they are truly reconnected and commanderies and counties are established, it is better than with the southern Yi." The emperor thought this correct and thereupon appointed Xiangru as General of the Gentlemen of the Palace with credentials to go as envoy, and the deputy envoys -{the cited text}- and others rode post relays, using Ba-Shu officials' gifts to bribe the western Yi. The lords of Qiong, Zuo, Ranmang, and Siyu all requested to become inner subjects. Border passes were abolished; the passes were further pushed out, west to the Mei and Ruoshui rivers, south to Zangke as the frontier, the Ling Pass road was opened, the Sun River was bridged to reach Qiongdu, and one commandant and more than ten counties were established, subordinate to Shu. The emperor was greatly pleased. ----3 An edict ordered ten thousand soldiers mobilized to repair the dangerous passes of Yanmen. ----4 In autumn, the seventh month, a great wind uprooted trees. ----5 The witch Chu Fu and others taught Empress Chen to perform exorcistic sacrifices, relying on women's arts of enticement; the matter was discovered, and the emperor sent Censor Zhang Tang to investigate to the end. Tang deeply pursued the cliques and associates; those connected and executed numbered more than three hundred, and Chu Fu was beheaded and displayed in the market. On yisi, the empress was granted the dismissal document, her seal and sash were taken back, she was removed and retired, and dwelt at the Changmen Palace. Grand Princess Dou was ashamed and afraid, and knocked her forehead to the ground in apology to the emperor. The emperor said, "The empress's conduct was not in accord with great righteousness; she had to be deposed. Your Highness should hold to the Way to console yourself; do not accept reckless words and breed suspicion and fear. -{the cited text}-, her provisions follow the law; Changmen is no different from the upper palace." ----6 At the outset, the emperor once set out wine at Grand Princess Dou's house; the princess saw her favorite, the pearl-selling boy Dong Yan; the emperor bestowed clothes and cap on him, honored him without calling his name, and styled him "Lord and Master," having him attend the drinking; From this Lord Dong was favored and exalted, and all under Heaven heard of it. He constantly followed in sport at the Northern Palace, galloping and chasing at Pingle, watching cock and cuju matches, and matching dogs and horses in speed; the emperor greatly delighted in it. The emperor set out wine for Grand Princess Dou in the Hall of Illumination and had the usher lead Lord Dong inside. At that time Palace Gentleman Dongfang Shuo stood with halberd at the hall steps; he pushed the halberd aside and advanced, saying, "Dong Yan has three capital crimes—how may he enter!" The emperor said, "What do you mean?" Shuo said, "Yan as a subject privately attended the princess—crime one. He ruined the transformation of men and women and disrupted the ritual of marriage, injuring the royal system—crime two. Your Majesty is in the prime of life and is just accumulating thought in the Six Classics; Yan does not follow the classics to encourage learning but instead takes ornate display as foremost and extravagance as his task, exhausting the pleasures of dogs and horses and reaching the limit of the ears and eyes—this is the great thief of the state and the great bane of the ruler—crime three." The emperor was silent and did not respond; after a long while he said, "I have already set out the wine; I will reform myself afterward." Shuo said, "The Hall of Illumination is the former emperor's proper seat; governance not according to law and measure may not enter it. Therefore the first steps of licentious disorder change into usurpation. Thus because Shu Diao was licentious, Yi Ya brought disaster; when Qingfu died, the state of Lu was made whole." The emperor said, "Good!" There was an edict to stop; wine was set out again at the Northern Palace, and Lord Dong was led in through the Eastern Sima Gate; Shuo was granted thirty jin of gold. Lord Dong's favor from this daily declined. After this, princesses and nobles mostly exceeded ritual regulations. ----7 The emperor appointed Zhang Tang Grand Master of the Palace and, together with Zhao Yu, fixed all laws and ordinances, striving for severe wording. He constrained officials who held to their duties, made the law of witnessing and knowing, and had officials pass along mutual supervision. The use of law grew ever more harsh from this point. ----8 In the eighth month, there were armyworm caterpillars. ----9 That year, officials and commoners who were clear about affairs of the present age and practiced the techniques of former sages were summoned; counties supplied food in succession and ordered them to go with the annual tribute accounting.

菑川人公孫弘對策曰：

Gongsun Hong of Zichuan answered in the policy examination, saying:

:「臣聞上古堯、舜之時，不貴爵賞而民勸善，不重刑罰而民不犯，躬率以正則遇民信也；末世貴爵厚賞而民不勸，深刑重罰而奸不止，其上不正，遇民不信也。夫厚賞重刑，未足以勸善而禁非，必信而已矣。是故因能任官，則分職治；去無用之言，則事情得；不作無用之器，則賦斂省；不奪民時，不妨民力，則百姓富；有德者進，無德者退，則朝廷尊；有功者上，無功者下，則群臣逡；罰當罪，則奸邪止；賞當賢，則臣下勸。凡此八者，治之本也。故民者，業之則不爭，理得則不怨，有禮則不暴，愛之則親上，此有天下之急者也。禮義者，民之所服也；而賞罰順之，則民不犯禁矣。

: "Your servant has heard that in high antiquity in the time of Yao and Shun, they did not value ranks and rewards yet the people were encouraged to goodness, did not emphasize punishments yet the people did not offend; personally leading with rectitude, they met with the people's trust; in the degenerate age they valued ranks and thick rewards yet the people were not encouraged, used deep punishments and heavy penalties yet wickedness did not stop; those above were not upright, and they met with the people's distrust. Thick rewards and heavy punishments are not enough to encourage goodness and forbid wrongdoing—trust alone suffices. Therefore, appointing offices according to ability, then duties are divided and governed; removing useless words, then affairs are obtained; not making useless implements, then levies and collections are reduced; not seizing the people's seasons, not obstructing the people's strength, then the hundred surnames are rich; the virtuous advance, the without-virtue retreat, then the court is honored; the meritorious rise, the without-merit descend, then the ministers shrink back; punishments match crimes, then wickedness stops; rewards match worthiness, then subordinates are encouraged. All these eight are the root of governance. Therefore the people, given occupations then do not contend, when principle is obtained then do not resent, when there is ritual then are not violent, when loved then are close to superiors—this is what those who possess all under Heaven urgently need. Ritual and righteousness are what the people submit to; And when rewards and punishments accord with it, the people will not violate prohibitions.

:「臣聞之：氣同則從，聲比則應。今人主和德於上，百姓和合於下，故心和則氣和，氣和則形和，形和則聲和，聲和則天地之和應矣。故陰陽和，風雨時，甘露降，五穀登，六畜蕃，嘉禾興，朱草生，山不童，澤不涸，此和之至也。」

: "Your servant has heard: when qi is the same, they follow; when sounds match, they respond. Now when the ruler harmonizes virtue above and the people unite in harmony below, therefore when the heart is harmonious then qi is harmonious, when qi is harmonious then form is harmonious, when form is harmonious then sound is harmonious, when sound is harmonious then Heaven and Earth's harmony responds. Therefore yin and yang harmonize, wind and rain are timely, sweet dew descends, the five grains ripen, livestock multiply, fine grain flourishes, cinnabar grass grows, mountains are not stripped bare, marshes do not dry up—this is harmony at its utmost."

時對者百餘人，太常奏弘第居下。策奏，天子擢弘對為第一，拜為博士，待詔金馬門。

Over a hundred men answered at the examination; the Chamberlain for Ceremonies reported that Hong ranked last. When the examination responses were presented, the Son of Heaven elevated Hong's answer to first place, appointed him Erudite, and made him await edicts at the Golden Horse Gate.

齊人轅固，年九十餘，亦以賢良徵。公孫弘仄目而事固，固曰：「公孫子，務正學以言，無曲學以阿世。」諸儒多疾毀固者，固遂以老罷歸。

Yuan Gu of Qi, over ninety years old, was also summoned as a Worthy and Good. Gongsun Hong attended to Gu with sidelong glances; Gu said, "Master Gongsun, strive to speak with orthodox learning; do not speak with crooked learning to flatter the age." Many scholars mostly slandered and attacked Gu; Gu thereupon, on account of age, was dismissed and returned home.

是時，巴、蜀四郡鑿山通西南夷，千餘里戍轉相餉。數歲，道不通，士罷餓、離暑濕死者甚眾；西南夷又數反，發兵興擊，費以巨萬計而無功。上患之，詔使公孫弘視焉。還奏事，盛毀西南夷無所用，上不聽。弘每朝會，開陳其端，使人主自擇，不肯面折廷爭。於是上察其行慎厚，辯論有餘，習文法吏事，緣飾以儒術，大說之，一歲中遷至左內史。

At this time the four commanderies of Ba and Shu cut through mountains to open passage to the Southwest Yi; garrisons over a thousand li relayed supplies to one another. Several years passed and the road did not open; soldiers exhausted and starving, and dying from heat and damp, were very numerous; The Southwest Yi also repeatedly rebelled; troops were raised to attack them; expenses reckoned in tens of millions yet without success. The emperor was troubled by it and ordered Gongsun Hong to inspect the matter. On his return he reported on affairs, vehemently denouncing the Southwest Yi as useless; the emperor did not heed him. At every court assembly Hong would open and set forth the issue, letting the ruler choose for himself; he was unwilling to confront and dispute openly in court. Thereupon the emperor observed his conduct was cautious and solid, his disputation ample, he was skilled in legal documents and clerk affairs and adorned them with Confucian arts—the emperor was greatly pleased and within one year promoted him to Left Metropolitan Superintendent.

弘奏事，有不可，不廷辨。常與汲黯請間，黯先發之，弘推其後，天子常說，所言皆聽，以此日益親貴。弘嘗與公卿約議，至上前，皆倍其約以順上旨。汲黯廷詰弘曰：「齊人多詐而無情實。始與臣等建此議，今皆倍之，不忠！」上問弘。弘謝曰：「夫知臣者，以臣為忠；不知臣者，以臣為不忠。」上然弘言。左右幸臣每毀弘，上益厚遇之。----

When Hong submitted affairs, if something could not be done, he did not dispute it in court. He often with Ji An requested a private audience; Ji An spoke first and Hong followed after; the Son of Heaven was often pleased, and what they said was all heeded—by this he daily grew intimate and honored. Hong once made agreements with the highest ministers; when they came before the emperor, all went back on their agreements to accord with the emperor's intent. Ji An interrogated Hong in court, saying, "Men of Qi are mostly deceitful and without genuine feeling. At first you made this proposal with us ministers; now you all go back on it—disloyal!" The emperor asked Hong. Hong apologized, saying, "He who knows a minister takes the minister as loyal; he who does not know a minister takes the minister as disloyal." The emperor approved Hong's words. Attendant favorites repeatedly slandered Hong; the emperor all the more generously treated him.

1冬，初算商車。 ----2大司農鄭當時言：「穿渭為渠，下至河，漕關東粟徑易，又可以溉渠下民田萬餘頃。」春，詔發卒數萬人穿渠，如當時策；三歲而通，人以為便。 ----3匈奴入上谷，殺略吏民。遣車騎將軍衛青出上谷，騎將軍公孫敖出代，輕車將軍公孫賀出雲中，驍騎將軍李廣出雁門，各萬騎，擊胡關市下。衛青至龍城，得胡首虜七百人；公孫賀無所得；公孫敖為胡所敗，亡七千騎；李廣亦為胡所敗。胡生得廣，置兩馬間，絡而盛臥，行十餘里；廣佯死，暫騰而上胡兒馬上，奪其弓，鞭馬南馳，遂得脫歸。漢下敖、廣吏，當斬，贖為庶人；唯青賜爵關內侯。青雖出於奴虜，然善騎射，材力絕人；遇士大夫以禮，與士卒有恩，眾樂為用，有將帥材，故每出輒有功。天下由此服上之知人。 ----4夏，大旱，蝗。 ----5六月，上行幸雍。 ----6秋，匈奴數盜邊，漁陽尤甚。以衛尉韓安國為材官將軍，屯漁陽。 ----1冬，十一月，詔曰：「朕深詔執事，興廉舉孝，庶幾成風，紹休聖緒。夫十室之邑，必有忠信；三人並行，厥有我師。今或至闔郡而不薦一人，是化不下究，而積行之君子壅於上聞也。且進賢受上賞，蔽賢蒙顯戮，古之道也。其議二千石不舉者罪。」有司奏：「不舉孝，不奉詔，當以不敬論；不察廉，不勝任也，當免。」奏可。 ----2十二月，江都易王非薨。 ----3皇子據生，衛夫人之子也。三月，甲子，立衛夫人為皇后，赦天下。 ----4秋，匈奴二萬騎入漢，殺遼西太守，略二千餘人，圍韓安國壁；又入漁陽、鴈門，各殺略千餘人。安國益東徙，屯北平；數月，病死。天子乃復召李廣，拜為右北平太守。匈奴號曰「漢之飛將軍」，避之，數歲不敢入右北平。 ----5車騎將軍衛青將三萬騎出鴈門，將軍李息出代；青斬首虜數千人。 ----6東夷薉君南閭等共二十八萬人降，為蒼海郡；人徒之費，擬於南夷，燕、齊之間，靡然騷動。 ----7是歲，魯共王餘、長沙定王發皆薨。 ----8臨菑人主父偃、嚴安，無終人徐樂，皆上書言事。

1 In winter, commercial carts were first levied by calculation. ----2 Grand Minister of Agriculture Zheng Dangshi said, "Cut through the Wei to make a canal, reaching down to the river; transporting grain from east of the Pass by water would be direct and easy, and it could also irrigate over ten thousand qing of the people's fields below the canal." In spring an edict dispatched several tens of thousands of corvée laborers to cut the canal, as Dangshi had proposed; in three years it opened; people considered it convenient. ----3 The Xiongnu entered Shanggu, killing and plundering officials and people. He dispatched General of Chariots and Cavalry Wei Qing out from Shanggu, General of Cavalry Gongsun Ao out from Dai, General of Light Chariots Gongsun He out from Yunzhong, and General of Valiant Cavalry Li Guang out from Yanmen—each with ten thousand horsemen—to strike the Hu below the passes and markets. Wei Qing reached Longcheng and obtained seven hundred Xiongnu heads and captives; Gongsun He obtained nothing; Gongsun Ao was defeated by the Xiongnu and lost seven thousand horsemen; Li Guang was also defeated by the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu captured Guang alive, placed him between two horses, netted him and laid him across, and traveled more than ten li; Guang feigned death, suddenly leaped onto a young Xiongnu's horse, seized his bow, whipped the horse south in flight, and thereby escaped and returned. The court handed Ao and Guang to judicial officers; the punishment was decapitation; they ransomed their lives and became commoners; only Qing was enfeoffed as Marquis Within the Pass. Though Qing came from slave captives, yet he was skilled at riding and shooting and his talent and strength surpassed other men; he treated scholar-officials with ritual and had grace toward soldiers; the troops gladly served him; he had the makings of a commander; therefore whenever he went out he always achieved success. All under Heaven thereby submitted to the emperor's knowing men. ----4 In summer there was a great drought and locusts. ----5 In the sixth month the emperor traveled in person to Yong. ----6 In autumn the Xiongnu repeatedly raided the border; Yuyang especially suffered. He made Commandant of Guards Han Anguo General of Material Works and stationed him at Yuyang. ----1 In winter, the eleventh month, an edict said, "We deeply charge those in charge to promote integrity and recommend filial piety, hoping it may become custom and continue the sage's line. In a hamlet of ten houses there must be loyalty and trustworthiness; when three men walk together, among them there is my teacher. Now sometimes even an entire commandery does not recommend a single person—this is transformation not reaching to the bottom, and gentlemen of accumulated conduct blocked from reaching the ruler's hearing. Moreover promoting the worthy receives the highest reward; concealing the worthy suffers conspicuous punishment—the ancient way. Let them deliberate the crime of two-thousand-bushel officials who do not recommend." The responsible offices reported, "Not recommending filial piety, not obeying the edict—should be judged as irreverence; not investigating integrity, not able to bear the office—should be dismissed." The memorial was approved. ----2 In the twelfth month King Yi of Jiangdu Fei died. ----3 The prince Ju was born, son of Lady Wei. In the third month, on jiazi, Lady Wei was established as empress and there was an amnesty for all under Heaven. ----4 In autumn twenty thousand Xiongnu horsemen entered Han, killed the Administrator of Liaoxi, plundered over two thousand men, and besieged Han Anguo's fort; they also entered Yuyang and Yanmen, each killing and plundering over a thousand men. Anguo moved further east and encamped at Beiping; several months later he died of illness. The Son of Heaven thereupon again summoned Li Guang and appointed him Administrator of Right Beiping. The Xiongnu called him "Han's Flying General," avoided him, and for several years did not dare enter Right Beiping. ----5 General of Chariots and Cavalry Wei Qing led thirty thousand horsemen out from Yanmen, and General Li Xi out from Dai; Qing beheaded and captured several thousand. ----6 Eastern Yi Lord Hui Jun Nanlü and others totaling 280,000 surrendered and were made Cangha Province; the cost of relocating people rivaled that of the Southern Yi; between Yan and Qi there was widespread unrest. ----7 That year King Gong of Lu Yu and King Ding of Changsha Fa both died. ----8 Zhufu Yan of Linzi, Yan An, and Xu Le of Wuzhong—all submitted memorials on affairs.

始，偃游齊、燕、趙，皆莫能厚遇，諸生相與排擯不容；家貧，假貸無所得，乃西入關上書闕下，朝奏，暮召入。所言九事，其八事為律令；一事諫伐匈奴，其辭曰：

At first Yan traveled through Qi, Yan, and Zhao; none could richly treat him; the students together pushed him aside and would not accommodate him; Poor at home, he borrowed but obtained nothing; then he went west, entered the Pass, and submitted a memorial below the gate tower; he memorialized in the morning and was summoned in at evening. Of the nine matters he spoke, eight became statutes and ordinances; one matter remonstrated against attacking the Xiongnu; its words said:

:「《司馬法》曰：『國雖大，好戰必亡；天下雖平，忘戰必危。』夫怒者逆德也，兵者凶器也，爭者末節也。夫務戰勝，窮武事者，未有不悔者也。

: "The Marshal's Methods says: 'Though a state is great, if it loves war it must perish; though all under Heaven is peaceful, if war is forgotten there must be peril.' Anger is conduct against virtue; arms are ill-omened tools; contention is the last resort. Those who strive for victory in battle and exhaust military affairs have never failed to regret it.

:「昔秦皇帝併吞戰國，務勝不休，欲攻匈奴。李斯諫曰：『不可。夫匈奴，無城郭之居，委積之守，遷徙鳥舉，難得而制也。輕兵深入，糧食必絕；踵糧以行，重不及事。得其地，不足以為利也；得其民，不可調而守也；勝必殺之，非民父母也；靡敝中國，快心匈奴，非長策也。』秦皇帝不聽，遂使蒙恬將兵攻胡，闢地千里，以河為境。地固沮澤、鹹鹵，不生五穀。然後發天下丁男以守北河，暴兵露師十有餘年，死者不可勝數，終不能逾河而北，是豈人眾不足，兵革不備哉？其勢不可也。又使天下蜚芻、輓粟，起於東陲、琅邪負海之郡，轉輸北河，率三十鐘而致一石。男子疾耕，不足於糧餉，女子紡績，不足於帷幕，百姓靡敝，孤寡老弱不能相養，道路死者相望，蓋天下始畔秦也。

: "In the past the First Emperor of Qin annexed the warring states, strove for victory without cease, and wished to attack the Xiongnu. Li Si remonstrated, saying, 'It cannot be done. The Xiongnu have no walled settlements for dwelling and no stored accumulations for defense; they migrate like birds rising—hard to obtain and control. Light troops going deep in—food supplies must be cut off; following with grain to march—the burden does not reach the affair. Gaining their lands is not enough to be profitable; gaining their people—they cannot be harmonized and kept; victory must kill them—not parents to the people; exhausting China to please the heart toward the Xiongnu—not a long-term plan.' The First Emperor did not listen and thereupon sent Meng Tian to lead troops to attack the Hu, opening land for a thousand li and taking the river as the border. The land was solidly marshy and saline-alkaline and did not produce the five grains. Then he conscripted all under Heaven's adult males to guard the Northern River; exposed armies in the field for more than ten years; the dead were countless; in the end they could not cross the river north—is this because the population was insufficient or arms and armor were not prepared? Its momentum made it impossible. Moreover he made all under Heaven transport fodder and haul grain, starting from the eastern border and Langye, a sea-backed commandery, relaying to the Northern River—on average thirty zhong sent to deliver one shi. Men hurried at plowing yet were insufficient for provisions; women spun and wove yet were insufficient for curtains and tents; the people were exhausted; orphans, widows, old and weak could not support one another; dead on the roads looked at one another—probably all under Heaven first turned against Qin.

:「及至高皇帝，定天下，略地於邊，聞匈奴聚於代谷之外而欲擊之。御史成進諫曰：『不可。夫匈奴之性，獸聚而鳥散，從之如搏影。今以陛下盛德攻匈奴，臣竊危之。』高帝不聽，遂北至於代谷，果有平城之圍。高皇帝蓋悔之甚，乃使劉敬往結和親之約，然後天下忘干戈之事。

: "Reaching the time of the High Emperor, settling all under Heaven, seizing borderlands, hearing the Xiongnu gathered beyond Daigu Valley and wishing to strike them. Censor Cheng Jin remonstrated, saying, 'It cannot be done. The nature of the Xiongnu—beasts gather and birds scatter; pursuing them is like striking a shadow. Now to attack the Xiongnu with Your Majesty's flourishing virtue—your servant privately finds it perilous.' The High Emperor did not listen and went north to Daigu Valley; indeed there was the encirclement at Pingcheng. The High Emperor probably regretted it deeply and then sent Liu Jing to go and conclude the marriage-alliance treaty; after that all under Heaven forgot affairs of spear and shield.

:「夫匈奴難得而制，非一世也；行盜侵驅，所以為業也，天性固然。上及虞、夏、殷、周，固弗程督，禽獸畜之，不屬為人。夫上不觀虞、夏、殷、周之流，而下循近世之失，此臣之所大憂，百姓之所疾苦也。」

: "The Xiongnu are hard to seize and control, and this has been so for generations; raiding, plundering, and harrying are their trade; it is so by their nature. Through Yu, Xia, Yin, and Zhou, rulers did not regulate them by law but kept them like birds and beasts, not as subjects. To ignore the example of Yu, Xia, Yin, and Zhou yet below follow the mistakes of recent times—this is what your servant greatly fears and what afflicts the common people."

嚴安上書曰：

Yan An submitted a memorial, saying:

:「今天下人民，用財侈靡，車馬、衣裘、宮室，皆競修飾，調五聲使有節族，雜五色使有文章，重五味方丈於前，以觀欲天下。彼民之情，見美則願之，是教民以侈也；侈而無節，則不可贍，民離本而徼末矣。末不可徒得，故縉紳者不憚為詐，帶劍者誇殺人以矯奪，而世不知愧，是以犯法者眾。臣願為民制度以防其淫，使貧富不相燿以和其心；心志定，則盜賊消，刑罰少，陰陽和，萬物蕃也。昔秦王意廣心逸，欲威海外，使蒙恬將兵以北攻胡，又使尉屠睢將樓船之士以攻越。當是時，秦禍北構於胡，南掛於越，宿兵於無用之地，進而不得退。行十餘年，丁男被甲，丁女轉輸，苦不聊生；自經於道樹，死者相望。及秦皇帝崩，天下大畔，滅世絕祀，窮兵之禍也。故周失之弱，秦失之強，不變之患也。今徇西夷，朝夜郎，降羌、僰，略薉州，建城邑，深入匈奴，燔其龍城，議者美之。此人臣之利，非天下之長策也。」

: "Now the people of the realm spend wealth with extravagant excess; chariots and horses, fur robes, and palaces all vie in ornament; the five tones are tuned to measured cadence, the five colors blended into patterned display, the five flavors heaped a full table's breadth before one—to parade desire before all under Heaven. When the people see beauty they desire it—this is teaching the people extravagance; extravagance without restraint cannot be sustained; the people leave the root and grasp at the branch tips. the branch tips cannot be had for nothing; therefore gentry do not fear fraud, sword-bearing men boast of killing to seize by force, yet the age feels no shame—thus lawbreakers are many. Your servant wishes to set institutions for the people to guard against excess, so that poor and rich do not dazzle one another and their hearts may be harmonized; when hearts and wills are settled, bandits vanish, punishments grow few, yin and yang harmonize, and the ten thousand things flourish. Formerly the King of Qin's ambitions were broad and his heart restless; he wished to awe the lands beyond the sea, sent Meng Tian with troops north against the Hu, and also sent Commandant Tu Sui with tower-ship troops against Yue. At that time Qin's calamity was built in the north with the Hu and hung in the south on Yue; troops were quartered in useless places, advanced yet could not retreat. For more than ten years adult males donned armor and adult females hauled supplies, suffering beyond endurance; men hanged themselves on roadside trees; the dead lined the roads. When the First Emperor of Qin died, all under Heaven rose in revolt; dynasties were extinguished and sacrifices ended—the calamity of exhausting arms. Zhou failed through weakness, Qin through strength—the affliction of failing to change course. Now we drive the western Yi, have Yelang attend court, subdue the Qiang and Bo, overrun Mizhou, build cities and towns, penetrate deep into the Xiongnu, and burn their Dragon City—counselors praise this. This is profit for ministers and subjects, not the long-term policy of the realm."

徐樂上書曰：

Xu Le submitted a memorial, saying:

:「臣聞天下之患，在於土崩，不在瓦解，古今一也。

: "Your servant hears that the affliction of all under Heaven lies in earthen collapse, not in tile disintegration—the same in antiquity and today.

:「何謂土崩？秦之末世是也。陳涉無千乘之尊、疆土之地，身非王公、大人、名族之後，鄉曲之譽，非有孔、曾、墨子之賢，陶朱、猗頓之富也；然起窮巷，奮棘矜，偏袒大呼，天下從風。此其故何也？由民困而主不恤，下怨而上不知，俗已亂而政不修。此三者，陳涉之所以為資也，此之謂土崩。故曰天下之患在乎土崩。

: "What is earthen collapse? The last age of Qin was such. Chen She had neither the honor of a thousand chariots nor a thousand li of territory; he was no descendant of kings, dukes, great men, or famous clans, nor had he village renown; he lacked the worth of Confucius, Zengzi, or Mozi, or the wealth of Tao Zhu or Yi Dun; yet he rose from a poor lane, seized a thorn staff, bared his shoulder and shouted, and all under Heaven followed like wind. Why was this so? Because the people were distressed yet the ruler did not comfort them; below there was resentment yet above there was no knowledge; custom was already in disorder yet government was not repaired. These three were what Chen She drew upon—this is what is called earthen collapse. Therefore it is said the affliction of all under Heaven lies in earthen collapse.

:「何謂瓦解？吳、楚、齊、趙之兵是也。七國謀為大逆，號皆稱萬乘之君，帶甲數十萬，威足以嚴其境內，財足以勸其士民；然不能西攘尺寸之地，而身為禽於中原者，此其故何也？非權輕於匹夫而兵弱於陳涉也。當是之時，先帝之德未衰而安土樂俗之民眾，故諸侯無竟外之助，此之謂瓦解。故曰天下之患不在瓦解。

: "What is tile disintegration? The troops of Wu, Chu, Qi, and Zhao were such. The seven states plotted great treason; all styled themselves rulers of ten thousand chariots, bore armor in the hundreds of thousands, had authority enough to enforce order within their borders and wealth enough to encourage their knights and people; yet they could not seize even an inch of ground westward, and their persons were taken captive in the central plains—why was this? It was not that their authority was lighter than a commoner's or their troops weaker than Chen She's. At that time the former emperor's virtue had not declined and the people who loved their soil and custom were numerous; therefore the feudal lords had no aid from beyond their borders—this is what is called tile disintegration. Therefore it is said the affliction of all under Heaven is not in tile disintegration.

:「此二體者，安危之明要，賢主之一留意而深察也。

: "These two forms are the clear essentials of security and peril; a worthy ruler should heed them and examine them deeply.

:「間者，關東五穀數不登，年歲未復，民多窮困，重之以邊境之事，推數循理而觀之，民宜有不安其處者矣。不安，故易動；易動者，土崩之勢也。故賢主獨觀萬化之原，明於安危之機，修之廟堂之上而銷未形之患也，其要期使天下無土崩之勢而已矣。」

: "Recently east of the passes the five grains have several times failed, the years have not recovered, the people are mostly poor and distressed, and on top of this come border affairs—reasoning from the numbers, the people ought already to have those who cannot rest secure in their places. Not secure, therefore easy to stir; easy to stir—that is the momentum of earthen collapse. Therefore a worthy ruler alone observes the source of the ten thousand transformations, is clear on the pivot of security and peril, repairs policy in the ancestral temple and dissolves misfortune not yet formed; the essential is simply to keep all under Heaven from the momentum of earthen collapse."

書奏，天子召見三人，謂曰：「公等皆安在，何相見之晚也！」皆拜為郎中。主父偃尤親幸，一歲中凡四遷，為中大夫。大臣畏其口，賂遺累千金。或謂偃曰：「太橫矣！」偃曰：「吾生不五鼎食，死即五鼎烹耳！」----

When the memorials were submitted, the emperor summoned the three men and said to them, "Where have you gentlemen been—why did we meet so late!" All were appointed Gentlemen of the Palace. Zhu Fu Yan was especially favored; within one year he was promoted four times in all and made Palace Grandee. Great ministers feared his tongue; bribes and gifts piled to a thousand jin of gold. Someone said to Yan, "You are too overbearing!" Yan said, "In life I did not dine from five tripods; in death let me be boiled in five tripods!"

1冬，賜淮南王-{几}-杖，毋朝。 ----2主父偃說上曰：「古者諸侯不過百里，強弱之形易制。今諸侯或連城數十，地方千里，緩則驕奢，易為淫亂，急則阻其強而合從以逆京師。以法割削之，則逆節萌起，前日晁錯是也。今諸侯子弟或十數，而適嗣代立，餘雖骨肉，無尺地之封，則仁孝之道不宣。願陛下令諸侯得推恩分子弟，以地侯之，彼人人喜得所願。上以德施，實分其國，不削而稍弱矣。」上從之。春，正月，詔曰：「諸侯王或欲推私恩分子弟邑者，令各條上，朕且臨定其號名。」於是籓國始分，而子弟畢侯矣。 ----3匈奴入上谷、漁陽，殺略吏民千餘人。遣衛青、李息出雲中以西至隴西，擊胡之樓煩、白羊王於河南，得胡首虜數千，牛羊百餘萬，走白羊、樓煩王，遂取河南地。詔封青為長平侯，青校尉蘇建、張次公皆有功，封建為平陵侯，次公為岸頭侯。

1 In winter, the Prince of Huainan was granted the staff of office and exemption from court attendance and told not to attend court. ----2 Zhu Fu Yan persuaded the emperor, saying, "In antiquity feudal lords did not exceed a hundred li; the balance of strong and weak was easy to control. Now feudal lords sometimes link dozens of cities and hold a thousand li of territory; when relaxed they grow arrogant and extravagant and easily fall into disorder; when pressed they use their strength to form alliances against the capital. Cut them by law and rebellious nodes sprout—Chao Cuo the other day was the example. Now a feudal lord's sons and younger brothers may number a dozen or more, yet only the legitimate heir succeeds; the rest, though kin, receive not a foot of land—then the Way of benevolence and filial piety is not displayed. Your servant wishes Your Majesty to order that feudal lords may extend grace and divide land among sons and younger brothers, enfeoffing them as marquises—each will delight in obtaining his wish. Above, grace is applied by virtue; in fact their states are divided—without direct cutting they are gradually weakened." The emperor followed this. In spring, the first month, an edict said, "Feudal kings who wish to extend private grace and divide fiefs among sons and younger brothers—let each submit a list; We shall presently settle their titles and names." Thereupon feudal states were first divided, and sons and younger brothers were all enfeoffed as marquises. ----3 The Xiongnu entered Shanggu and Yuyang, killing and carrying off officials and people—more than a thousand. He dispatched Wei Qing and Li Xi from Yunzhong west to Longxi, striking the Xiongnu's Loufan and Baiyang kings south of the river, taking several thousand heads and captives and more than a million cattle and sheep; the Baiyang and Loufan kings fled, and they then took the Henan lands. An edict enfeoffed Qing as Marquis of Changping; Qing's aides Su Jian and Zhang Cigong all had merit—Su Jian was enfeoffed as Marquis of Pingling, Cigong as Marquis of Antou.

主父偃言：「河南地肥饒，外阻河，蒙恬城之以逐匈奴，內省轉輸戍漕，廣中國，滅胡之本也。」上下公卿議，皆言不便。上竟用偃計，立朔方郡，使蘇建興十餘萬人築朔方城，復繕故秦時蒙恬所為塞，因河為固。轉漕甚遠，自山東咸被其勞，費數十百巨萬，府庫並虛；漢亦棄上谷之斗辟縣造陽地以予胡。 ----4三月，乙亥晦，日有食之。 ----5夏，募民徙朔方十萬口。 ----6主父偃說上曰：「茂陵初立，天下豪桀，並兼之家，亂眾之民，皆可徙茂陵；內實京師，外銷奸猾，此所謂不誅而害除。」上從之，徙郡國豪傑及訾三百萬以上於茂陵。

Zhu Fu Yan said, "The Henan lands are rich and fertile, outwardly blocked by the river; Meng Tian walled them to drive off the Xiongnu, inwardly economizing relay transport and garrison supply, broadening the central lands—the root of extinguishing the Hu." The court deliberated above and below; all said it was impracticable. The emperor in the end used Yan's plan, established Shuofang commandery, had Su Jian raise more than a hundred thousand men to build Shuofang city, repair the barrier Meng Tian had made in Qin times, and take the river as fortification. Grain transport ran very far; from the lands east of the mountains all suffered the labor; costs ran to tens and hundreds of millions; the treasuries were emptied together; Han also abandoned Shanggu's narrow frontier counties and the Zaoyang region to give to the Hu. ----4 In the third month, on yihai, the last day of the month, there was a solar eclipse. ----5 In summer, the people were recruited to move a hundred thousand mouths to Shuofang. ----6 Zhu Fu Yan persuaded the emperor, saying, "Maoling was newly established; the realm's powerful heroes, households that merged estates, and people who stirred the masses—all may be moved to Maoling; inwardly filling the capital region, outwardly dissolving the treacherous and slippery—this is what is called removing harm without executing." The emperor followed this and moved powerful heroes of the commanderies and kingdoms and those with property of three million or more to Maoling.

軹人郭解，關東大俠也，亦在徙中。衛將軍為言：「郭解家貧，不中徙。」上曰：「解，布衣，權至使將軍為言，此其家不貧。」卒徙解家。解平生睚眥殺人甚眾，上聞之，下吏捕治解，所殺皆在赦前。軹有儒生侍使者坐，客譽郭解，生曰：「解專以奸犯公法，何謂賢！」解客聞，殺此生，斷其舌。吏以此責解，解實不知殺者，殺者亦竟絕，莫知為誰。吏奏解無罪，公孫弘議曰：「解，布衣，為任俠行權，以睚眥殺人。解雖弗知，此罪甚於解殺之。當大逆無道。」遂族郭解。

Guo Jie of Zhi, a great knight-errant east of the passes, was also among those to be moved. The General-in-Chief spoke for him: "Guo Jie's family is poor—not fit for relocation." The emperor said, "Jie is a commoner, yet his authority reaches the point of making a general speak for him—his family is not poor." In the end Jie's family was moved. Jie in his life had killed many over petty grudges; the emperor heard and sent officials to seize and try him—the killings were all before amnesties. In Zhi a Confucian scholar sat with the envoy; a guest praised Guo Jie; the scholar said, "Jie specializes in wickedness that violates public law—how is he called worthy!" Jie's guest heard, killed the scholar, and cut off his tongue. Officials for this held Jie responsible; Jie truly did not know the killer; the killer also vanished entirely—none knew who it was. Officials reported Jie without crime; Gongsun Hong argued, "Jie, a commoner, practiced chivalry and exercised authority, killing people over petty grudges. Though Jie did not know, this crime is greater than if Jie had killed. He should be guilty of great treason and impiety." Thereupon Jie's clan was exterminated.

:班固曰：::古者天子建國，諸侯立家，自卿大夫以至於庶人，各有等差，是以民服事其上而下無覬覦。周室既微，禮樂、征伐自諸侯出。桓、文之後，大夫世權，陪臣執命。陵夷至於戰國，合從連衡，繇是列國公子，魏人信陵，趙有平原，齊有孟嘗，楚有春申，皆藉王公之勢，競為遊俠，雞鳴狗盜，無不賓禮。而趙相虞卿，棄國捐君，以周窮交魏齊之厄；信陵無忌，竊符矯命，戮將專師，以赴平原之急；皆以取重諸侯，顯名天下，扼腕而游談者，以四豪為稱首。於是背公死黨之議成，守職奉上之義廢矣。及至漢興，禁網疏闊，未知匡改也。是故代相陳豨從車千乘，而吳濞、淮南皆招客以千數。外戚大臣魏其、武安之屬競逐於京師，布衣遊俠劇孟、郭解之徒馳騖於閻閭、權行州域。力折公侯，眾庶榮其名跡，覬而慕之。雖其陷於刑辟，自與殺身成名，若季路、仇牧，死而不悔。故曾子曰：「上失其道，民散久矣。」非明王在上，示之以好惡，齊之以禮法，民曷由知禁而反正乎！古之正法：五伯，三王之罪人也；而六國，五伯之罪人也。夫四豪者，又六國之罪人也。況於郭解之倫，以匹夫之細，竊殺生之權，其罪已不容於誅矣。觀其溫良泛愛，振窮周急，謙退不伐，亦皆有絕異之姿。惜乎，不入於道德，苟放縱於末流，殺身亡宗，非不幸也。

: Ban Gu said: :: In antiquity the Son of Heaven established states and feudal lords established households; from ministers and grandees down to commoners each had grades and differences—thus the people served those above and below had no coveting gaze. When the house of Zhou had declined, ritual and music and campaigns and punishments issued from the feudal lords. After Huan and Wen, grandees held hereditary power and attendant ministers grasped commands. Decline stretched down to the Warring States; horizontal and vertical alliances arose—thereupon the princes of the ranked states: Xinling of Wei, Pingyuan in Zhao, Lord Mengchang in Qi, Lord Chunshen in Chu—all borrowed royal and ducal power, vied as roaming knights, and whether cock-crow trick or dog-steal, none went without honored guest treatment. Yet Zhao's chancellor Lord Yu, abandoning state and casting off his ruler, to relieve the straits of his friend Lord Weiqi; Xinling Wuji stole the tally and forged orders, killed a general and took sole command of the army, to rush to Pingyuan's urgency; all by these means gained weight among feudal lords and displayed fame under Heaven; those who clenched wrists and roamed in talk took the Four Heroes as their chief title. Thereupon discourse of turning the back on the public and dying for factions took shape, and the righteousness of keeping office and serving above was abandoned. When Han arose, the prohibitory net was loose and wide, and correction was not yet known. Therefore the Chancellor of Dai Chen Xi had a following of a thousand chariots, while Liu Pi of Wu and Huainan all recruited guests by the thousands. Affinal great ministers like Dou Ying and Tian Fen vied at the capital; plain-clothed roaming knights like Ju Meng and Guo Jie raced through lanes and alleys, their authority running through commandery domains. By force they bent down marquises and earls; the masses gloried their names and deeds, coveting and admiring them. Though they fell under penal law, they themselves paired death with completed fame, like Zilu and Qiu Mu—dying without regret. Therefore Zengzi said, "When above loses the Way, the people have been scattered long." Without a bright king above to show them likes and dislikes and align them with ritual and law, how could the people know prohibition and return to the correct! The correct law of antiquity: the Five Hegemons were criminals of the Three Kings; and the six states were criminals of the Five Hegemons. The Four Heroes, moreover, were also criminals of the six states. How much more so for men like Guo Jie—mere commoners who stealthily usurped the power of life and death; their crimes already exceeded what execution could contain. Yet observing their gentleness and broad compassion, their relief of the poor and aid to the distressed, their humility without boasting—they all had qualities of surpassing distinction. Alas, they did not enter the Way of virtue but recklessly indulged the lower current; death and the extinction of their clans were not misfortune.

:荀悅論曰：::世有三游，德之賊也：一曰遊俠，二曰遊說，三曰遊行。立氣勢，作威福，結私交以立強於世者，謂之遊俠；飾辯辭，設詐謀，馳逐於天下以要時勢者，謂之遊說；色取仁以合時好，連黨類，立虛譽以為權利者，謂之遊行。此三者，亂之所由生也；傷道害德，敗法惑世，先王之所慎也。國有四民，各修其業。不由四民之業者，謂之奸民。奸民不生，王道乃成。

: Xun Yue remarked: :: In the world there are three wanderings, thieves of virtue: first, roaming knights; second, roaming persuaders; third, roaming conduct. those who build up vital momentum, wield authority and favor, and knot private ties to stand strong in the world are called roaming knights; those who adorn disputatious words, set deceitful schemes, and race through all under Heaven to seize the timely momentum are called roaming persuaders; those who take on the color of benevolence to match the age's tastes, link factions, and establish empty fame for authority and profit are called roaming conduct. these three are what disorder is born from; they injure the Way and harm virtue, defeat law and bewilder the age—what former kings were cautious of. The state has four peoples, each cultivating his calling. Those who do not follow the callings of the four peoples are called treacherous people. When treacherous people do not arise, the kingly Way is accomplished.

::凡此三游之作，生於季世，周、秦之末尤甚焉。上不明，下不正，制度不立，綱紀馳廢；以毀譽為榮辱，不核其真；以愛憎為利害，不論其實；以喜怒為賞罰，不察其理。上下相冒，萬事乖錯，是以言論者計薄厚而吐辭，選舉者度親疏而舉筆，善惡謬於眾聲，功罪亂於王法。然則利不可以義求，害不可以道避也。是以君子犯禮，小人犯法，奔走馳騁，越職僭度，飾華廢實，競趣時利。簡父兄之尊而崇賓客之禮，薄骨肉之恩而篤朋友之愛，忘修身之道而求眾人之譽，割衣食之業以供饗宴之好，苞苴盈於門庭，聘問交於道路，書記繁於公文，私務眾於官事，於是流俗成而正道壞矣。

:: All these three wanderings arose in the late age; at the ends of Zhou and Qin they were especially severe. above was not bright, below was not correct, institutions were not established, and discipline was slack and abandoned; slander and praise were taken as honor and disgrace without examining their truth; love and hate were taken as benefit and harm without deliberating the facts; joy and anger were taken as reward and punishment without discerning principle. above and below encroached on one another; the ten thousand affairs went awry—thus speakers weighed gain in their words, selectors measured kinship in their choices; good and evil were mistaken by public clamor, merit and crime confused in royal law. Then profit could not be sought by righteousness, nor harm avoided by the Way. Therefore gentlemen violated ritual and petty men violated law; all raced about, overstepping office and transgressing bounds, adorning show and abandoning substance, competing for timely profit. They slighted the honor due fathers and elder brothers yet exalted guests' ritual, made thin the kindness owed kin yet made thick friends' love, forgot self-cultivation yet sought public praise, cut off livelihoods to supply feasting delights; bribes filled gate and court, courtesy visits crossed the roads, written records multiplied on public documents, private affairs outnumbered official business—thereupon vulgar custom formed and the correct Way was ruined.

::是以聖王在上，經國序民，正其制度；善惡要於功罪而不淫於毀譽，聽其言而責其事，舉其名而指其實。故實不應其聲者謂之虛，情不覆其貌者謂之偽，毀譽失其真者謂之誣，言事失其類者謂之罔。虛偽之行不得設，誣罔之辭不得行，有罪惡者無僥倖，無罪過者不憂懼，請謁無所行，貨賂無所用，息華文，去浮辭，禁偽辯，絕淫智，放百家之紛亂，壹聖人之至道，養之以仁惠，文之以禮樂，則風俗定而大化成矣。 ----7燕王定國與父康王姬奸，奪弟妻為姬，殺肥如令郢人。郢人兄弟上書告之，主父偃從中發其事。公卿請誅定國，上許之。定國自殺，國除。

:: Therefore when a sage king is above, he governs the state and orders the people, rectifying institutions; good and evil hinge on merit and crime and do not overflow into slander and praise; he hears their words and holds them to their deeds, lifts their names and points to their reality. Therefore reality that does not answer its sound is called empty; feeling that does not match appearance is called false; slander and praise that lose truth are called deceit; words and affairs that miss their kind are called confusion. Empty and false conduct cannot stand; deceitful words cannot prevail; the guilty have no lucky escape, the innocent have no fear; private requests go nowhere, bribes avail nothing; florid writing is stilled, floating words removed, false disputation forbidden, excessive cleverness cut off; the hundred schools' confusion is set aside and the sage's utmost Way made one; nourished by benevolence and grace, patterned by ritual and music—then custom is settled and great transformation is accomplished. ----7 The Prince of Yan Dingguo committed incest with his father King Kang's concubine, seized his younger brother's wife as a concubine, and killed Feiru magistrate Ying Ren. Ying Ren's brothers submitted a memorial accusing him; Zhu Fu Yan exposed the affair from within. Dukes and ministers requested that Dingguo be executed; the emperor assented. Dingguo killed himself; the state was abolished.

齊厲王次昌亦與其姊紀翁主通。主父偃欲納其女於齊王，齊紀太后不許。偃因言於上曰：「齊臨菑十萬戶，市租千金，人眾殷富，巨於長安，非天子親弟、愛子，不得王此。今齊王於親屬益疏，又聞與其姊亂，請治之！」於是帝拜偃為齊相，且正其事。偃至齊，急治王后宮宦者，辭及王；王懼，飲藥自殺。偃少時游齊及燕、趙，及貴，連敗燕、齊。趙王彭祖懼，上書告主父偃受諸侯金，以故諸侯子弟多以得封者。及齊王自殺，上聞，大怒，以為偃劫其王令自殺，乃征下吏。偃服受諸侯金，實不劫王令自殺。上欲勿誅，公孫弘曰：「齊王自殺，無後，國除為郡入漢，主父偃本首惡。陛下不誅偃，無以謝天下。」乃遂族主父偃。 ----8張歐免，上欲以蓼侯孔臧為御史大夫。臧辭曰：「臣世以經學為業，乞為太常，典臣家業，與從弟侍中安國綱紀古訓，使永垂來嗣。」上乃以臧為太常，其禮賜如三公。----

Qi Licheng King Cichang also had relations with his elder sister Princess Ji Wengzhu. Zhu Fu Yan wished to marry his daughter to the King of Qi; the Qi Ji Empress Dowager did not permit it. Yan therefore said to the emperor, "Qi at Linzi has a hundred thousand households; market rents are a thousand jin of gold; the people are numerous, prosperous, and rich—greater than Chang'an. Only the emperor's close younger brother or beloved son should be king here. Now the King of Qi grows ever more distant among kin, and I have also heard of incest with his elder sister—please try him!" Thereupon the emperor appointed Yan as Chancellor of Qi and also to rectify the affair. When Yan arrived in Qi, he urgently tried the queen's palace eunuchs; their testimony implicated the king; the king feared and drank poison, killing himself. Yan in his youth had wandered in Qi and also Yan and Zhao; when he rose to power, he in succession brought down Yan and Qi. The King of Zhao Pengzu feared and submitted a memorial accusing Zhu Fu Yan of receiving gold from feudal lords—on that account many feudal lords' sons and younger brothers had obtained enfeoffments. When the King of Qi killed himself, the emperor heard and was greatly angry, thinking Yan had coerced the king into suicide; he then summoned him and sent him down to the officials. Yan confessed receiving feudal lords' gold; in fact he had not coerced the king into suicide. The emperor wished not to execute him; Gongsun Hong said, "The King of Qi killed himself without posterity; the state was abolished and made a commandery of Han—Zhu Fu Yan was originally the chief culprit. If Your Majesty does not execute Yan, there is no way to answer to all under Heaven." Thereupon he exterminated Zhu Fu Yan's clan. ----8 Zhang Ou was dismissed; the emperor wished to make Marquis of Liao Kong Zang Grand Censor. Zang declined, saying, "Your servant's family for generations has taken classical learning as its calling; I beg to be Grand Master of Ceremonies, overseeing my family's calling, together with my younger cousin from the father's clan, Palace Attendant Anguo, to preserve ancient instruction so that it may forever endure for coming heirs." The emperor then made Zang Grand Master of Ceremonies; his ritual gifts were like those of the Three Excellencies.

1冬，匈奴軍臣單于死，其弟左谷蠡王伊稚斜自立為單于，攻破軍臣單于太子於單，於單亡降漢。 ----2以公孫弘為御史大夫。是時，方通西南夷，東置蒼海，北築朔方之郡。公孫弘數諫，以為罷敝中國以奉無用之地，願罷之。天子使朱買臣等難以置朔方之便；發十策，弘不得一。弘乃謝曰：「山東鄙人，不知其便若是，願罷西南夷、蒼海而專奉朔方。」上乃許之，春，罷蒼海郡。

1 In winter, the Xiongnu Chanyu Junchen died; his younger brother, the Left Guli King Yizhixie, installed himself as Chanyu, defeated Chanyu Junchen's heir Yu Shan at Yu Shan, and Yu Shan fled and surrendered to Han. ----2 Gongsun Hong was made Grand Censor. At this time they were opening communications with the southwestern Yi, establishing Canghai in the east, and building the Shuofang commandery in the north. Gongsun Hong several times remonstrated, holding that they were exhausting the central lands to supply useless territory, and wished to abandon these projects. The emperor had Zhu Maichen and others dispute the convenience of establishing Shuofang; they posed ten questions; Hong could not answer one. Hong then apologized, saying, "A rustic fellow east of the mountains—I did not know its convenience was like this; I wish to abandon the southwestern Yi and Canghai and devote support solely to Shuofang." The emperor then assented; in spring, Canghai commandery was abolished.

弘為布被，食不重肉。汲黯曰：「弘位在三公，奉祿甚多；然為布被，此詐也。」上問弘，弘謝曰：「有之。夫九卿臣善者無過黯，然今日廷詰弘，誠中弘之病。夫以三公為布被，與小吏無差，誠飾詐，欲以釣名，如汲黯言。且無汲黯忠，陛下安得聞此言！」天子以為謙讓，愈益厚之。 ----3三月，赦天下。 ----4夏，四月，丙子，封匈奴太子於單為涉安侯，數月而卒。 ----5初，匈奴降者言：「月氏故居敦煌、祁連間，為強國，匈奴冒頓攻破之。老上單于殺月氏王，以其頭為飲器。餘眾遁逃遠去，怨匈奴，無與共擊之。」上募能通使月氏者，漢中張騫以郎應募，出隴西，逕匈奴中；單于得之，留騫十餘歲。騫得間亡，嚮月氏西走，數十日，至大宛。大宛聞漢之饒財，欲通不得，見騫，喜，為發導譯抵康居，傳致大月氏。大月氏太子為王，既擊大夏，分其地而居之，地肥饒，少寇，殊無報胡之心。騫留歲餘，竟不能得月氏要領，乃還；並南山，欲從羌中歸，復為匈奴所得，留歲餘。會伊稚斜逐於單，匈奴國內亂，騫乃與堂邑氏奴甘父逃歸。上拜騫為太中大夫，甘父為奉使君。騫初行時百餘人，去十三歲，唯二人得還。 ----6匈奴數萬騎入塞，殺代郡太守恭，及略千餘人。 ----7六月，庚午，皇太后崩。 ----8秋，罷西夷，獨置南夷、夜郎兩縣、一都尉，稍令犍為自葆就，專力城朔方。 ----9匈奴又入鴈門，殺略千餘人。 ----10是歲，中大夫張湯為廷尉。湯為人多詐，舞智以御人。時上方嚮文學，湯陽浮慕，事董仲舒、公孫弘等。以千乘兒寬為奏讞掾，以古法義決疑獄。所治，即上意所欲罪，與監、史深禍者；即上意所欲釋，與監、史輕平者；上由是悅之。湯於故人子弟調護之尤厚；其造請諸公，不避寒暑。是以湯雖文深、意忌、不專平，然得此聲譽。汲黯數質責湯於上前曰：「公為正卿，上不能褒先帝之功業，下不能抑天下之邪心，安國富民，使囹圄空虛，何空取高皇帝約束紛更之為！而公以此無種矣。」黯時與湯論議，湯辯常在文深小苛；黯伉厲守高，不能屈，忿發，罵曰：「天下謂刀筆吏不可以為公卿，果然！必湯也，令天下重足而立，側目而視矣！」----

Hong used a hempen quilt and did not eat two kinds of meat at one meal. Ji An said, "Hong's position is among the Three Excellencies; his salary and emoluments are very great; yet he uses a hempen quilt—this is fraud." The emperor questioned Hong; Hong apologized, saying, "It is so. Of the Nine Ministers' subjects who are good, none surpasses An; yet today in court he interrogated Hong—truly he struck Hong's fault. For one of the Three Excellencies to use a hempen quilt, no different from petty clerks—truly adorning fraud, wishing thereby to fish for fame, as Ji An said. Moreover, without Ji An's loyalty, how would Your Majesty have heard these words!" The emperor considered this modest yielding and all the more treated him generously. ----3 In the third month, there was an amnesty for all under Heaven. ----4 In summer, the fourth month, on bingzi, the Xiongnu heir Yu Shan was enfeoffed as Marquis of She'an; after several months he died. ----5 Initially, a Xiongnu who had surrendered said, "The Yuezhi formerly dwelt between Dunhuang and Qilian as a strong state; the Xiongnu Modun broke and defeated them. The Laoshang Chanyu killed the King of Yue, using his head as a drinking vessel. The remnant multitude fled far away, resenting the Xiongnu, and would not join in striking them." The emperor recruited one able to go as envoy to the Yuezhi; Zhang Qian of Hanzhong, as a Gentleman, answered the recruitment, went out from Longxi, and went straight through the Xiongnu lands; the Chanyu seized him and detained Qian for more than ten years. Qian found an opening and fled, turning west toward the Yuezhi; after several tens of days he reached Great Fergana. Great Fergana had heard that Han was rich in wealth and wished to communicate but could not; seeing Qian, they rejoiced, sent guides and interpreters to reach Kangju, and relayed him to Great Yuezhi. The Great Yuezhi heir had become king; having already struck Great Bactria, they divided its lands and dwelt there; the land was rich and fertile, with few raids, and utterly without a mind to repay the Hu. Qian remained more than a year; in the end he could not obtain the Yuezhi's essential point, and then returned; along the southern mountains he wished to return through the Qiang lands, but was again seized by the Xiongnu and detained more than a year. It happened that Yizhixie drove out Yu Shan; within the Xiongnu state there was disorder, and Qian then fled back with the Tangyi clan slave Ganfu. The emperor appointed Qian Palace Grandee in Attendance and Ganfu Envoy Lord. When Qian first set out there were more than a hundred men; he was gone thirteen years, and only two men returned. ----6 The Xiongnu with several tens of thousands of horsemen entered the passes, killed Dai commandery governor Gong, and carried off more than a thousand. ----7 In the sixth month, on gengwu, the Empress Dowager died. ----8 In autumn, the western Yi were abandoned; only two counties of the southern Yi and Yelang and one commandant were kept; gradually Jian was ordered to protect itself and settle, concentrating effort on walling Shuofang. ----9 The Xiongnu again entered Yanmen, killing and carrying off more than a thousand. ----10 This year, Palace Grandee Zhang Tang was made Commandant of Justice. Tang as a man was much given to fraud, brandishing cleverness to control others. At that time the emperor was turning toward literary studies; Tang outwardly feigned admiration and cultivated Dong Zhongshu, Gongsun Hong, and others. He made Ni Kuan of Qiansheng his memorial-recommendation aide and used ancient law and righteousness to decide doubtful cases. What he tried—if it matched what the emperor wished to punish, he joined with supervisors and clerks who deepened calamity; if it matched what the emperor wished to release, he joined with supervisors and clerks who were lenient and even; the emperor thereby was pleased with him. Tang toward old friends' sons and younger brothers was especially generous in care and protection; when he went to call on the great lords, he did not avoid cold or heat. Therefore although Tang was literary in depth, jealous in intent, and not solely even-handed, yet he obtained this fame and praise. Ji An several times directly reproached Tang before the emperor, saying, "Sir, as chief minister, above you cannot praise the former emperor's achievements, below you cannot restrain the world's wicked hearts, settle the state and enrich the people, and make the prisons empty—why vainly take the High Emperor's covenants and change them in confusion! Yet you will thereby have no posterity." When An at times debated with Tang, Tang's disputation was always literary in depth and petty in harshness; An was stern and lofty, holding high and could not be bent; anger burst forth and he cursed, saying, "All under Heaven says clerk-scribes cannot be made chief ministers—truly so! It must be Tang—he will make all under Heaven stand with both feet heavy and look with sidelong eyes!"

1冬，上行幸甘泉。 ----2夏，匈奴入代郡、定襄、上郡，各三萬騎，殺略數千人。----」」」」」」」」

1 In winter, the emperor traveled in person to Ganquan. ----2 In summer, the Xiongnu entered Dai commandery, Dingxiang, and Shang commandery, each with thirty thousand horsemen, killing and carrying off several thousands.””””””””

Cite this Chapter