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資治通鑑第112卷卷第一百一十二。 【晉紀三十四】起重光赤奮若,盡玄黓攝提格,凡二年。。 安皇帝丁隆安五年(辛丑,公元四零一年)。 春,正月,武威王利鹿孤欲稱帝,群臣皆勸之。 安國將軍瑜勿侖曰:「吾國自上世以來,被發左衽,無冠帶之飾,逐水草遷徙,無城郭室廬,故能雄視沙漠,抗衡中夏。 今舉大號,誠順民心。 然建都立邑,難以避患,儲畜倉庫,啟敵人心。 不如處晉民於城郭,勸課農桑以供資儲,帥國人以習戰射。 鄰國弱則乘之,強則避之,此久長之良策也。 且虛名無實,徒足為世之質的,將安用之!」 利鹿孤曰:「安國之言是也。」 乃更稱河西王,以廣武公辱檀為都督中外諸軍事、涼州牧、錄尚書事。。 二月,丙子,孫恩出浹口,攻句章,不能拔。 劉牢之擊之,恩復走入海。。 秦王興使乞伏乾歸還鎮苑川,盡以其故部眾配之。。 涼王纂嗜酒好獵,太常楊穎諫曰:「陛下應天受命,當以道守之。 今疆宇日蹙,崎嶇二嶺之間,陛下不兢兢夕惕以恢弘先業,而沈湎游畋,不以國家為事,臣竊危之。」 纂遜辭謝之,然猶不悛。 番禾太守呂超擅擊鮮卑思盤,思盤遣其弟乞珍訴於纂,纂命超及思盤皆入朝。 超懼,至姑臧,深自結於殿中監杜尚。 纂見超,責之曰:「卿恃兄弟桓桓,乃敢欺吾。 要當斬卿,天下乃定!」 超頓首謝。 纂本以恐愒超,實無意殺之。 因引超、思盤及群臣同宴於內殿。 超兄中領軍隆數勸纂酒,纂醉,乘步挽車,將超等游禁中。 至琨華堂東閣,車不得過,纂親將竇川、駱騰倚劍於壁,推車過閤。 超取劍擊纂,纂下車禽超,超刺纂洞胸; 川、騰與超格戰,超殺之。 纂後楊氏命禁兵討超,杜尚止之,皆捨仗不戰。 將軍魏益多入,取纂首,楊氏曰:「人已死,如土石,無所復知,何忍復殘其形骸乎!」 益多罵之,遂取纂首以徇,曰:「纂違先帝之命,殺太子而自立,荒淫暴虐。 番禾太守超順人心而除之,以安宗廟。 凡我士庶,同茲休慶!」。 纂叔父巴西公佗、弟隴西公緯皆在北城。 或說緯曰:「超為逆亂,公以介弟之親,仗大義而討之。 姜紀、焦辨在南城,楊桓、田誠在東苑,皆吾黨也,何患不濟!」 緯嚴兵欲與佗共擊超。 佗妻梁氏止之曰:「緯、超俱兄弟之子,何為捨超助緯,自為禍首乎!」 佗乃謂緯曰:「超舉事已成,據武庫,擁精兵,圖之甚難。 且吾老矣,無能為也。」 超弟邈有寵於緯,說緯曰:「纂賊殺兄弟,隆、超順人心而討之,正欲尊立明公耳。 方今明公先帝之長子,當主社稷,人無異望,夫復何疑!」 緯信之,乃與隆、超結盟,單馬入城; 超執而殺之。 讓位與隆,隆有難色。 超曰:「今如乘龍上天,豈可中下!」 隆遂即天王位,大赦,改元神鼎。 尊母衛氏為太后; 妻楊氏為後; 以超為都督中外諸軍事、輔國大將軍、錄尚書書事,封安定公; 謚纂曰靈帝。。 纂後楊氏將出宮,超恐其挾珍寶,命索之。 楊氏曰:「爾兄弟不義,手刃相屠。 我旦夕死人,安用寶為!」 超又問玉璽所在,楊氏曰:「已毀之矣。」 後有美色,超將納之,謂其父右僕射桓曰:「後若自殺,禍及卿宗!」 桓以告楊氏。 楊氏曰:「大人賣女與氐以圖富貴,一之謂甚,其可再乎!」 遂自殺,謚曰穆後。 桓奔河西王利鹿孤,利鹿孤以為左司馬。。 三月,孫恩北趣海鹽,劉裕隨而拒之,築城於海鹽故治。 恩日來攻城,裕屢擊破之,斬其將姚盛。 城中兵少不敵,裕夜偃旗匿眾,明晨開門,使羸疾數人登城。 賊遙問劉裕所在,曰:「夜已走矣。」 賊信之,爭入城。 裕奮擊,大破之。 恩知城不可拔,乃進向滬瀆,裕復棄城追之。。 海鹽令鮑陋遣子嗣之帥吳兵一千,請為前驅。 裕曰:「賊兵甚精,吳人不習戰,若前驅失利,必敗我軍; 可在後為聲勢。」 嗣之不從。 裕乃多伏旗鼓,前驅既交,諸伏皆出。 裕舉旗鳴鼓,賊以為四面有軍,乃退。 嗣之追之,戰沒。 裕且戰且退,所領死傷且盡,至向戰處,令左右脫取死人衣以示閒暇。 賊疑之,不敢逼。 裕大呼更戰,賊懼而退,裕乃引歸。。 河西王利鹿孤伐涼,與涼王隆戰,大破之,徙二千餘戶而歸。。 夏,四月,辛卯,魏人罷鄴行台,以所統六郡置相州,以庾岳為刺史。。 乞伏乾歸至苑川,以邊芮為長名,王松壽為司馬,公卿、將帥皆降為僚佐偏裨。。 北涼王業憚沮渠蒙遜勇略,欲遠之; 蒙遜亦深自晦匿,業以門下侍郎馬權代蒙遜為張掖太守。 權素豪雋,為業所親重,常輕侮蒙遜。 蒙遜譖之於業曰:「天下不足慮,惟當憂馬權耳。」 業遂殺權。。 蒙遜謂沮渠男成曰:「段公無鑒斷之才,非撥亂之主,向所憚者惟索嗣、馬權。 今皆已死,蒙遜欲降之以奉兄,何如?」 男成曰:「業本孤客,為吾家所立,恃吾兄弟,猶魚之有水。 夫人親信我而圖之,不祥。 蒙遜乃求為西安太守。 業喜其出外,許之。。 蒙遜與男成約同祭蘭門山,而陰使司馬許鹹告業曰:「男成欲以取假日為亂。 若求祭蘭門山,臣言驗矣。」 至期,果然。 業收男成,賜死。 男成曰:「蒙遜先與臣謀反,臣以兄弟之故。 隱而不言。 今以臣在,恐部眾不從,故約臣祭山而返誣臣,其意欲王之殺臣也。 乞詐言臣死,暴臣罪惡,蒙遜必反; 臣然後奉王命而討之,無不克矣。」 業不聽,殺之。 蒙遜泣告眾曰:「男成忠於段王,而段王無故枉殺之,諸君能為報仇乎? 且始者共立段王,欲以安眾耳,今州土紛亂,非段王所能濟也。」 男成素得眾心,眾皆憤泣爭奮,比至氐池,眾逾一萬。 鎮軍將軍臧莫孩帥所部降之,羌、胡多起兵應蒙遜者。 蒙遜進壁侯塢。。 業先疑右將軍田昂,囚之; 至是召昂,謝而赦之,使與武衛將軍梁中庸共討蒙遜。 別將王豐孫言於業曰:「西平諸田,世有反者。 昂貌恭而心險,不可信也。」 業曰:「吾疑之久矣,但非昂無可以討蒙遜者。」 昂至侯塢,帥騎五百降於蒙遜,業軍遂潰,中庸亦詣蒙遜降。。 五月,蒙遜至張掖,田昂兄子承愛斬關內之,業左右皆散。 蒙遜至,業謂蒙遜曰:「孤孑然一己,為君家所推,願丐餘命,使得東還與妻子相見。」 蒙遜斬之。。 業,儒素長者,無他權略,威禁不行,群下擅命; 尤信卜筮、巫覡,故至於敗。。 沮渠男成之弟富占、將軍俱儽帥戶五百降於河西王利鹿孤。 儽,石子之子也。。 孫恩陷滬瀆,殺吳國內史袁崧,死者四千人。。 涼王隆多殺豪望以立威名,內外囂然。 人不自保。 魏安人焦朗遣使說秦隴西公碩德曰:「呂氏自武皇棄世,兄弟相攻,政綱不立,競為威虐。 百姓饑饉,死者過半。 今乘其纂奪之際,取之易於返掌,不可失也。」 碩德言於秦王興,帥步騎六萬伐涼,乞伏乾歸帥騎七千從之。。 六月,甲戌,孫恩浮海奄至丹徒,戰士十餘萬,樓船千餘艘,建康震駭。 乙亥,內外戒嚴,百官入居省內。 冠軍將軍高素等守石頭,輔國將軍劉襲柵斷淮口,丹陽尹司馬恢之戍南岸,冠軍將軍桓謙等備白石,左衛將軍王嘏等屯中堂,征豫州刺史譙王尚之入衛京師。。 劉牢之自山陰引兵邀擊恩,未至而恩已過,乃使劉裕自海鹽入援。 裕兵不滿千人,倍道兼行,與恩俱至丹徒。 裕眾既少,加以涉遠疲勞,而丹徒守軍莫有鬥志。 恩帥眾鼓噪,登蒜山,居民皆荷擔而立。 裕帥所領奔擊,大破之,投崖赴水死者甚眾,恩狼狽僅得還船。 然恩猶恃其眾,尋復整兵徑向京師。 後將軍元顯帥兵拒戰,頻不利。 會稽王道子無他謀略,唯日禱蔣侯廟。 恩來漸近,百姓恟懼。 譙王尚之帥精銳馳至,逕屯積弩堂。 恩樓船高大,溯風不得疾行,數日乃至白石。 恩本以諸軍分散,欲掩不備; 既而知尚之在建康,復聞劉牢之已還,至新洲,不敢進而去,浮海北走郁洲。 恩別將攻陷廣陵,殺三千人。 寧朔將軍高雅之擊恩於郁洲,為恩所執。。 桓玄厲兵訓卒,常伺朝廷之隙,聞孫恩逼京師,建牙聚眾,上疏請討之。 元顯大懼。 會恩退,元顯以詔書止之,玄乃解嚴。。 梁中庸等共推沮渠蒙遜為大都督、大將軍、涼州牧、張掖公,赦其境內,改元永安。 蒙遜署從兄伏奴為張掖太守、和平侯,弟挐為建忠將軍、都谷侯,田昂為西郡太守,臧莫孩為輔國將軍,房晷、梁中庸為左、右長史,張騭、謝正禮為左右司馬。 擢任賢才,文武鹹悅。。 河西王利鹿孤命群臣極言得失。 西曹從事史暠曰:「陛下命將出征,往無不捷。 然不以綏寧為先,唯以徙民為務; 民安土重遷,故多離叛,此所以斬將拔城而地不加廣也。」 利鹿孤善之。。 秋,七月,魏兗州刺史長孫肥將步騎二萬南徇許昌,東至彭城,將軍劉該降之。。 秦隴西公碩德自金城濟河,直趣廣武,河西王利鹿孤攝廣武守軍避之。 秦軍至姑臧,涼王隆遣輔國大將軍超、龍驤將軍邈等逆戰,碩德大破之,生擒邈,俘斬萬計。 隆嬰城固守,巴西公佗帥東苑之眾二萬五千降於秦。 西涼公暠、河西王利鹿孤、沮渠蒙遜各遣使奉表入貢於秦。。 初,涼將姜紀降於河西王利鹿孤,廣武公辱檀與論兵略,甚愛重之,坐則連席,出則同車,每談論,以夜繼晝。 利鹿孤謂辱檀曰:「姜紀信有美才,然視候非常,必不久留於此,不如殺之。 紀若入秦,必為人患。」 辱檀曰:「臣以布衣之交待紀,紀必不相負也。」 八月,紀將數十騎奔秦軍,說碩德曰:「呂隆孤城無援,明公以大軍臨之,其勢必請降; 然彼徙文降而已,未肯遂服也。 請給紀步騎三千,與王松匆因焦朗、華純之眾,伺其釁隙,隆不足取也。 不然,今禿髮在南,兵強國富,若兼姑臧而據之,威勢益盛,沮渠蒙遜、李暠不能抗也,必將歸之,如此,則為國家之大敵矣。」 碩德乃表紀為武威太守。 配兵二千,屯據晏然。。 秦王興聞楊桓之賢而征之,利鹿孤不敢留。。 詔以劉裕下邳太守,討孫恩於郁洲,累戰,大破之。 恩由是衰弱,復緣海南走,裕亦隨而邀擊之。。 燕王盛懲其父寶以懦弱失國,務峻威刑,又自矜聰察,多所猜忌,群臣有纖介之嫌,皆先事誅之。 由是宗親、勳舊,人不自保。 丁亥,左將軍慕容國與殿上將軍秦輿、段贊謀帥禁兵襲盛,事發,死者五百餘人。 壬辰夜,前將軍段璣與秦輿之子興、段贊之子泰潛於禁中鼓噪大呼。 盛聞變,帥左右出戰,賊眾逃潰。 璣被創,匿廂屋間。 俄有一賊從暗中擊盛,盛被傷,輦升前殿,申約禁衛,事寧而卒。。 中壘將軍慕容拔、冗從僕射郭仲白太后丁氏,以為國家多難,宜立長君。 時眾望在盛弟司徒、尚書令、平原公元,而河間公熙素得幸於丁氏,丁氏乃廢太子定,密迎熙入宮。 明旦,群臣入朝,始知有變,因上表勸進於熙。 熙以讓元,元不敢當。 癸巳,熙即天王位,捕獲段璣等,皆夷三族。 甲午,大赦。 丙申,平原公元以嫌賜死。 閏月,辛酉,葬盛於興平陵,謚曰昭武皇帝,廟號中宗。 丁氏送葬未還,中領軍慕容提、步軍校尉張佛等謀立故太子定,事覺,伏誅,定亦賜死。 丙寅,大赦,改元光始。。 秦隴西公碩德圍姑臧累月,東方之人在城中者多謀外叛,魏益多復誘扇之,欲殺涼王隆及安定公超,事發,坐死者三百餘家。 碩德撫納夷、夏,分置守宰,節食聚粟。 為持久之計。。 涼之群臣請與秦連和,隆不許。 安守公超曰:「今資儲內竭,上下嗷嗷,雖使張、陳復生,亦無以為策。 陛下當思權變屈伸,何愛尺書、單使為卑辭以退敵! 敵去之後,修德政以息民,若卜世未窮,何憂舊業之不復! 若天命去矣,亦可以保全宗族。 不然,坐守困窮,終將何如!」 隆乃從之,九月,遣使請降於秦。 碩德表隆為鎮西大將軍、涼州刺史、建康公。 隆遣子弟及文武舊臣慕容築、楊穎等五十餘家入質於長安。 碩德軍令嚴整,秋毫不犯,祭先賢,禮名士,西土悅之。。 沮渠蒙遜所部酒泉、涼寧二郡叛降於西涼,又聞呂隆降秦,大懼,遣其弟建忠將軍挐、牧府長史張潛見碩德於姑臧,請帥其眾東遷。 碩德喜,拜潛張掖太守,挐建康太守。 潛勸蒙遜東遷。 挐私謂蒙遜曰:「姑臧未拔,呂氏猶存,碩德糧盡將還,不能久也。 何為自棄土宇,受制於人乎!」 臧莫孩亦以為然。。 蒙遜遣子奚念為質於河西王利鹿孤,利鹿孤不受,曰:「奚念年少,可遣挐也。」 冬,十月,蒙遜復遣使上疏於利鹿孤曰:「臣前遣奚念具披誠款,而聖旨未昭,復征弟挐。 臣竊以為苟有誠信,則子不為輕; 若其不信,則弟不為重。 今寇難未夷,不獲奉詔,願陛下亮之。」 利鹿孤怒,遣張松侯俱延、興城侯文支將騎一萬襲蒙遜,至萬歲臨松,執蒙遜從弟鄯善苟子,虜其民六千餘戶。 蒙遜從叔孔遮入朝於利鹿孤,許以挐為質。 利鹿孤乃歸其所掠,召俱延等還。 文支,利鹿孤之弟也。。 南燕主備德宴群臣於延賢堂,酒酣,謂君臣曰:「朕可方自古何等主?」 青州刺史鞠仲曰:「陛下中興聖主,少康、光武之儔。」 備德顧左右賜仲帛千匹,仲以所賜多,辭之。 備德曰:「卿知調朕,朕不知調卿邪! 卿所以非實,故朕亦以虛言賞卿耳。」 韓范進曰:「天子無戲言。 今日之論,君臣俱失。」 備德大悅,賜范絹五十匹。。 備德母及兄納皆在長安,備德遣平原人杜弘往訪之。 弘曰:「臣至長安,若不奉太后動止,當西如張掖,以死為效。 臣父雄年逾六十,乞本縣之祿以申烏鳥之情。」 中書令張華曰:「杜弘未行而求祿,要君之罪大矣。」 備德曰:「弘為君迎母,為父求祿,忠孝備矣,何罪之有!」 以雄為平原令。 弘至張掖,為盜所殺。。 十一月,劉裕追孫恩至滬瀆、海鹽,又破之,俘斬以萬數,恩遂自浹口遠竄入海。。 十二月,辛亥,魏主珪遣常山王遵、定陵公和跋帥眾五萬襲沒弈干於高平。。 乙卯,魏虎威將軍宿沓干伐燕,攻令支; 乙丑,燕中領軍宇文拔救之。 壬午,宿沓干拔令支而戍之。。 呂超攻姜紀,不克,遂攻焦朗。 朗遣其弟子嵩為質於河西王利鹿孤以請迎,利鹿孤遣車騎將軍辱檀赴之。 比至,超已退,朗閉門拒之。 何檀怒,將攻之,鎮北將軍俱延諫曰:「安土重遷,人之常情。 朗孤城無食,今年不降,後年自服,何必多殺士卒以攻之! 若其不捷,彼必去從他國。 棄州境士民以資鄰敵,非計也; 不如以善言諭之。」 檀乃與朗連和,遂曜兵姑臧,壁於胡阬。。 辱檀知呂超必來斫營,畜火以待之。 超夜遣中{畾土}將軍王集帥精兵二千斫辱檀營,辱檀徐嚴不起。 集入壘中,內外皆舉火,光照如晝; 縱兵擊之,斬集及甲首三百餘級。 呂隆懼,偽與檀通好,請於苑內結盟,辱檀遣俱延入盟,俱延疑其有伏,毀苑牆而入。 超伏兵擊之,俱延失馬步走,水夌江將軍郭祖力戰拒之,俱延乃得免。 辱檀怒,攻其昌松太守孟示韋於顯美。 隆遣廣武將軍荀安國、寧遠將軍石可帥騎五百救之。 安國等憚辱檀之強,遁還。。 桓玄表其兄偉為江州刺史,鎮夏口; 司馬刁暢為輔國將軍、督八郡軍事,鎮襄陽; 遣其將皇甫敷、馮該戍湓口。 移沮、漳蠻二千戶於江南,立武寧郡; 更招集流民,立綏安郡。 詔征廣州刺史刁逵、豫章太守郭昶之,玄皆留不遣。。 玄自謂有晉國三分之二,數使人上己符瑞,欲以惑眾; 又致箋於會稽王道子曰:「賊造近郊,以風不得進,以雨不致火,食盡故去耳,非力屈也。 昔國寶死後,王恭不乘此威入統朝政,足見其心非侮於明公也,而謂之不忠。 今之貴要腹心,有時流清望者誰乎? 豈可雲無佳勝! 直是不能信之耳! 爾來一朝一夕,遂成今日之禍。 在朝君子皆畏禍不言,玄忝任在遠,是以披寫事實。」 元顯見之,大懼。。 張法順謂元顯曰:「桓玄承籍世資,素有豪氣,既並殷、揚,專有荊楚,第下之所控引止三吳耳。 孫恩為亂,東土塗地,公私困竭,玄必乘此縱其奸凶,竊用憂之。」 元顯曰:「為之奈何?」 法順曰:「玄始得荊州,人情未附。 方務綏撫,未暇他圖。 若乘此際使劉牢之為前鋒,而第下以大軍繼進,玄可取也。」 元顯以為然。 會武昌太守庾楷以玄與朝廷構怨,恐事不成,禍及於己,密使人自結於元顯,云:「玄大失人情,眾不為用,若朝廷遣軍,己當為內應。」 元顯大喜,遣張法順至京口,謀於劉牢之; 牢之以為難。 法順還,謂元顯曰:「觀牢之言色,必貳於我,不如召入殺之; 不爾,敗人大事。」 元顯不從。 於是大治水軍,徵兵裝艦,以謀討玄。。 安皇帝丁元興元年(壬寅,公元四零二年)。 春,正月,庚午朔,下詔罪狀桓玄,以尚書令元顯為驃騎大將軍、征討大都督、都督十八州諸軍事,加黃鉞,又以鎮北將軍劉牢之為前鋒都督,前將軍譙王尚之為後部,因大赦,改元,內外戒嚴; 加會稽王道子太傅。。 元顯欲盡誅諸桓。 中護軍桓修,驃騎長史王誕之甥也,誕有寵於元顯,因陳修等與玄志趣不同,元顯乃止。 誕,導之曾孫也。。 張法順言於元顯曰:「桓謙兄弟每為上流耳目,宜斬之以杜奸謀。 且事之濟不,繫在前軍,而牢之反覆,萬一有變,則禍敗立至。 可令牢之殺謙兄弟以示無貳心,若不受命,當逆為其所。」 元顯曰:「今非牢之,無以知玄; 且始事而誅大將,人情不安。」 再三不可。 又以桓氏世為荊土所附,桓沖特有遺惠,而謙,沖之子也,乃自驃騎司馬除都督荊、益、寧、梁四州諸軍事、荊州刺史,欲以結西人之心。。 丁丑,燕慕容拔攻魏令支戍,克之,宿沓干走,執魏遼西太守那頡。 燕以拔為幽州刺史,鎮令支,以中堅將軍遼西陽豪為本郡太守。 丁亥,以章武公淵為尚書令,博陵公虔為尚書左僕射,尚書王騰為右僕射。。 戊子,魏材官將國和突攻黜弗、素古延等諸部,破之。 初,魏主珪遣北部大人賀狄干獻馬千匹求昏於秦,秦王興聞珪已立慕容後,止狄干而絕其昏; 沒弈干、黜弗、素古延,皆秦之屬國也,而魏攻之,由是秦、魏有隙。 庚寅,珪大閱士馬,命并州諸郡積穀於平陽之乾壁,以備秦。。 柔然社侖方睦於秦,遣將救黜弗、素古延; 辛卯,和突逆擊,大破之,社帥侖其部落遠遁漠北,奪高車之地而居之。 斛律部帥倍侯利擊社侖,大為所敗,倍侯利奔魏。 社侖於是西北擊匈奴遺種日拔也雞,大破之,遂吞併諸部,士馬繁盛,雄於北方。 其地西至焉耆,東接朝鮮,南臨大漠,旁側小國皆羈屬焉。 自號豆代可汗。 始立約束,以千人為軍,軍有將; 百人為幢,幢有帥。 攻戰先登者賜以虜獲,畏懦者以石擊其首而殺之。。 禿髮示韋檀克顯美,執孟示韋而責之,以其不早降。 示韋曰:「示韋受呂氏厚恩,分符守土; 若明公大軍甫至,望旗歸附,恐獲罪於執事矣。」 示韋檀釋而禮之,徙二千餘戶而歸,以示韋為左司馬。 示韋辭曰:「呂氏將亡,聖朝必取河右,人無愚智皆知之。 但示韋為人守城不能全,復忝顯任,於心竊所未安。 若蒙明公之惠,使得就戮姑臧,死且不朽。」 示韋檀義而歸之。。 東土遭孫恩之亂,因以饑饉,漕運不繼。 桓玄禁斷江路,商旅俱絕,公私匱乏,以稃、橡給士卒。 玄謂朝廷方多憂虞,必未暇討己,可以蓄力觀釁。 及大軍將發,從兄太傅長史石生密以書報之。 玄大驚,欲完聚保江陵。 長史卞范之曰:「明公英威振於遠近,元顯口尚乳臭,劉牢之大失物情,若兵臨近畿,示以禍福,土崩之勢可翹足而待,何有延敵入境,自取窮蹙者乎!」 玄從之,留桓偉守江陵,抗表傳檄,罪狀元顯,舉兵東下。 檄至,元顯大懼。 二月,丙午,帝餞元顯於西池,元顯下船而不發。。 癸丑,魏常山王遵等至高平,沒弈干棄其部眾,帥數千騎與劉勃勃奔秦州。 魏軍追至瓦亭,不及而還,盡獲其府庫蓄積,馬四萬餘匹,雜畜九萬餘口,徙其民於代都,餘種分迸。 平陽太守貳塵復侵秦河東,長安大震,關中諸城晝閉,秦人簡兵訓卒以謀伐魏。。 秦王興立子泓為太子,大赦。 泓孝友寬和,喜文學,善談詠,而懦弱多病。 興欲以為嗣,而狐疑不決,久乃立之。。 姑臧大饑,米斗直錢五千,人相食,饑死者十餘萬口。 城門晝閉,樵采路絕,民請出城為胡虜奴婢者,日有數百,呂隆惡其沮動眾心,盡坑之,積屍盈路。 沮渠蒙遜引兵攻姑臧,隆遣使求救於河西王利鹿孤,利鹿孤遣廣武公辱檀帥騎一萬救之,未至,隆擊破蒙遜軍,蒙遜請與隆盟,留谷萬餘斛遣之而還。 辱檀至昌松,聞蒙遜已退,乃徙澤段塚民五百餘戶而還。。 中散騎常侍張融言於利鹿孤曰:「焦朗兄弟據魏安,潛通姚氏,數為反覆,今不取,後必為朝廷憂。」 利鹿孤遣辱檀討之,朗面縛出降,辱檀送於西平,徙其民於樂都。。 桓玄發江陵,慮事不捷,常為西還之計。 及過尋陽,不見官軍,意甚喜,將士之氣亦振。 庾楷謀洩,玄囚之。 丁巳,詔遣齊王柔之以騶虞幡宣告荊、江二州,使罷兵; 玄前鋒殺之。 柔之,宗之子也。。 丁卯,玄至姑孰,使共將馮該等攻歷陽,襄城太守司馬休之嬰城固守。 玄軍斷洞浦,焚豫州舟艦。 豫州刺史譙王尚之帥步卒九千陣於浦上,遣武都太守楊秋屯橫江,秋降於玄軍。 尚之眾潰,逃於塗中,玄捕獲之。 司馬休之出戰而敗,棄城走。。 劉牢之素惡驃騎大將軍元顯,恐桓玄既滅,元顯益驕恣,又恐己功名愈盛,不為元顯所容,且自恃材武,擁強兵,欲假玄以除執政,復伺玄之隙而自取之,故不肯討玄。 元顯日夜昏酣,以牢之為前鋒。 牢之驟詣門,不得見,及帝出餞元顯,遇之公坐而已。。 牢之軍溧洲,參軍劉裕請擊玄,牢之不許。 玄使牢之族舅何穆說牢之曰:「自古戴震主之威,挾不賞之功而能自全者,誰邪? 越之文種,秦之白起,漢之韓信,皆事明主,為之盡力,功成之日,猶不免誅夷,況為凶愚者之用乎! 君如今日戰勝則傾宗,戰敗則覆族,欲以此安歸乎! 不若翻然改圖,則可以長保富貴矣。 古人射鉤、斬祛,猶不害為輔佐,況玄與君無宿昔之怨乎!」 時譙王尚之已敗,人情愈恐,牢之頗納穆言,與玄交通。 東海中尉東海何無忌,牢之之甥也,與劉裕極諫,不聽。 其子驃騎從事中郎敬宣諫曰:「今國家衰危,天下之重在大人與玄。 玄藉父、叔之資,據有全楚,割晉國三分之二,一朝縱之使陵朝廷,玄威望既成,恐難圖也,董卓之變,將在今矣。」 牢之怒曰:「吾豈不知! 今日取玄如反覆手耳; 但平玄之後,令我奈驃騎何!」 三月,乙巳朔,牢之遣敬宣詣玄請降。 玄陰欲誅牢之,乃與敬宣宴飲,陳名書畫共觀之,以安悅其意; 敬宣不之覺,玄佐吏莫不相視而筆。 玄板敬宣為咨議參軍。。 元顯將發,聞玄已至新亭,棄船,退屯國子學。 辛未,陳於宣陽門外。 軍中相驚,言玄已至南桁,元顯引兵欲還宮。 玄遣人拔刀隨後大呼曰:「放仗!」 軍人皆崩潰,元顯乘馬走入東府,唯張法順一騎隨之。 元顯問計於道子,道子但對之涕泣。 玄遣太傅從事中郎毛泰收元顯送新亭,縛於舫前而數之。 元顯曰:「為王誕、張法順所誤耳。」。 壬申,復隆安年號,帝遣侍中勞玄於安樂渚。 玄入京師,稱詔解嚴,以玄總百揆、都督中外諸軍事、丞相、錄尚書事、揚州牧、領徐、荊、江三州刺史,假黃鉞。 玄以桓偉為荊州刺史,桓謙為尚書左僕射,桓修為徐、兗二州刺史,桓石生為江州刺史,卞范之為丹陽尹。。 初,玄之舉兵,侍中王謐奉詔詣玄,玄親禮之。 及玄輔政,以謐為中書令。 謐,導之孫也。 新安太守殷仲文,覬之弟也,玄姊為仲文妻。 仲文聞玄克京師,棄郡投玄,玄以為咨議參軍。 劉邁往見玄,玄曰:「汝不畏死,而敢來邪?」 邁曰:「射鉤斬祛,並邁為三。」 玄悅,以為參軍。。 癸酉,有司奏會稽王道子酣縱不孝,當棄市,詔徙安成郡; 斬元顯及東海王彥璋、譙王尚之、庾楷、張法順、毛泰等於建康市。 桓修為王誕固請,得流嶺南。。 玄以劉牢之為會稽內史。 牢之曰:「始爾,便奪我兵,禍其至矣!」 劉敬宣請歸諭牢之,使受命,玄遣之。 敬宣勸牢之襲玄,牢之猶豫不決,移屯班瀆,私告劉裕曰:「今當北就高雅之於廣陵,舉兵以匡社稷,卿能從我去乎?」 裕曰:「將軍以勁卒數萬,望風降服,彼新得志,威震天下,朝野人情皆已去矣,廣陵豈可得至邪! 裕當反服還京口耳。」 何無忌謂裕曰:「我將何之?」 裕曰:「吾觀鎮北必不免,卿可隨我還京口。 桓玄若守臣節,當與卿事之; 不然,當與卿圖之。」。 於是牢之大集僚佐,議據江北以討玄。 參軍劉襲曰:「事之不可者莫大於反。 將軍往年反王兗州,近日反司馬郎君,今復反桓公; 一人三反,何以自立!」 語畢,趨出,佐吏多散走。 牢之懼,使敬宣之京口迎家; 失期不至,牢之以為事已洩,為玄所殺,乃帥部曲北走,至新洲,縊而死。 敬宣至,不暇哭,即渡江奔廣陵。 將吏共殯斂牢之,以其喪歸丹徒。 玄令斫棺斬首,暴屍於市。。 大赦,改元大亨。。 桓玄讓丞相荊、江、徐三州,改授太尉、都督中外諸軍事、揚州牧、領豫州刺史,總百揆; 以琅邪王德文為太宰。。 司馬休之、劉敬宣、高雅之俱奔洛陽,各以子弟為質於秦以求救。 秦王興與之符信,使於關東募兵,得數千人,復還屯彭城間。。 孫恩寇臨海,臨海太守辛景擊破之,恩所虜三吳男女,死亡殆盡。 恩恐為官軍所獲,乃赴海死,其黨及妓妾從死者以百數,謂之「水仙」。 餘眾數千人復推恩妹夫盧循為主。 循,諶之曾孫也,神采清秀,雅有材藝。 少時,沙門惠遠嘗謂之曰:「君雖體涉風素,而志存不軌,如何?」 太尉玄欲撫安東土,乃以循為永嘉太守。 循雖受命,而寇暴不已。 甲戌,燕大赦。。 河西王禿髮利鹿孤寢疾,遣令以國事授弟辱檀。 初,禿髮思復鞬愛重辱檀,謂諸子曰:「辱檀器識,非汝曹所及也。」 故諸兄不以傳子而傳於弟。 利鹿孤在位,垂拱而已,軍國大事皆委於辱檀。 利鹿孤卒,辱檀襲位,更稱涼王,改元弘昌,遷於樂都,謚利鹿孤曰康王。。 夏,四月,太尉玄出屯姑孰,辭錄尚書事,詔許之,而大政皆就咨焉,小事則決於尚書令桓謙及卞范之。。 自隆安以來,中外之人厭於禍亂。 及玄初至,黜奸佞,擢俊賢,京師欣然,冀得少安。 既而玄奢豪縱逸,政令無常,朋黨互起,陵侮朝廷,裁損乘輿供奉之具,帝幾不免饑寒,由是眾心失望。 三吳大饑,戶口減半,會稽減什三、四,臨海、永嘉殆盡,富室皆衣羅紈,懷金玉,閉門相守餓死。。 乞伏熾磐自西平逃歸苑川,南涼王辱檀歸其妻子。 乞伏乾歸使熾磐入朝於秦,秦主興以熾磐為興晉太守。。 五月,盧循自臨海入東陽,太尉玄遣撫軍中兵參軍劉裕將兵擊之,循敗,走永嘉。。 高句麗攻宿軍,燕平州刺史慕容歸棄城走。。 秦主興大發諸軍,遣義陽公平、尚書右僕射狄伯支等將步騎四萬伐魏,興自將大軍繼之,以尚書令姚晃輔太子泓守長安,沒弈干權鎮上邽,廣陵公欽權鎮洛陽。 平攻魏乾壁六十餘日,拔之。 秋,七月,魏主珪遣毘陵王順及豫州刺史長孫肥將六萬騎為前鋒,自將大軍繼發以擊之。。 八月,太尉玄諷朝廷以玄平元顯功封豫章公,平殷、楊功封桂陽公,並本封南郡如故。 玄以豫章封其子昇,桂陽封其兄子俊。。 魏主珪至永安,秦義陽公平遣驍將帥精騎二百覘魏軍,長孫肥逆擊,盡禽之。 平退走,珪追之,乙巳,及於柴壁。 平嬰地固守,魏軍圍之。 秦王興將兵四萬七千救之,將據天渡運糧以饋平。 魏博士李先曰:「兵法:高者為敵所棲,深者為敵所囚。 今秦皆犯之,宜及興未至,遣奇兵先據天渡,柴壁可不戰而取也。」 珪命增築重圍,內以防平之出,外以拒興之入。 廣武將軍安同曰:「汾東有蒙坑,東西三百餘里,蹊徑不通。 興來,必從汾西直臨柴壁; 如此,虜聲勢相接,重圍雖固,不能制也。 不如為浮梁,渡汾西,築圍以拒之。 虜至,無所施其智力矣。」 珪從之。 興至蒲阪,憚魏之強,久乃進兵。 甲子,珪帥步騎三萬逆擊興於蒙坑之南,斬首千餘級,興退走四十餘里,平亦不敢出。 珪乃分兵四據險要,使秦兵不得近柴壁。 興屯汾西,賃壑為壘,束柏村從汾上流縱之,欲以毀浮梁,魏人皆鉤取以為薪蒸。。 冬,十月,平糧竭矢盡,夜,悉眾突西南圍求出; 興列兵汾西,舉烽鼓噪為應。 興欲平力戰突免,平望興攻圍引接,但叫呼相和,莫敢逼圍。 平不得出,計窮,乃帥麾下赴水死,諸將多從平赴水; 珪使善游者鉤捕之,無得免者。 執狄伯支及越騎校尉唐小方等四十餘人,餘眾二萬餘人皆斂手就禽。 興坐視其窮,力不能救。 舉軍慟哭,聲震山谷。 數遣使求和於魏,珪不許,乘勝進攻蒲阪,秦晉公緒固守不戰。 會柔然謀伐魏,珪聞之,戊申,引兵還。。 或告太史令晁崇及弟黃門侍郎懿潛召秦兵,珪至惡陽,賜崇、懿死。。 秦徙河西豪右萬餘戶於長安。。 太尉玄殺吳興太守高素、將軍竺謙之及謙從兄朗之、劉襲並襲弟季武,皆劉牢之北府舊將也。 襲兄冀州刺史軌邀司馬休之、劉敬宣、高雅之等共據山陽,欲起兵攻玄,不克而走,將軍袁虔之、劉壽、高長慶、郭恭等皆往從之。 將奔魏,至陳留南,分為二輩:軌、休之、敬宣奔南燕; 虔之、壽、長慶、恭奔秦。。 魏主珪初聞休之等當來,大喜。 後怪其不至,令兗州求訪,獲,其從者,問其故,皆曰:「魏朝威聲遠被,是以休之等鹹欲歸附; 既而聞崔逞被殺,故奔二國。」 珪深悔之。 自是士人有過,頗見優容。。 南涼王辱檀攻呂隆於姑臧。。 燕王熙納故中山尹苻謨二女,長曰□戎娥,為貴人,幼曰訓英,為貴嬪,貴嬪尤有寵。 丁太后怨恚,與兄子尚書信謀廢熙立章武公淵。 事覺,熙逼丁太后自殺,葬以後禮,謚曰獻幽皇后。 十一月,戊辰,殺淵及信。。 辛未,熙畋於北原,石城令高和與尚方兵於後作亂,殺司隸校尉張顯,入掠宮殿,取庫兵,脅營署,閉門乘城。 熙馳還,城上人皆投仗開門; 盡誅反者,唯和走免。 甲戌,大赦。。 魏以庾岳為司空。。 十二月,辛亥,魏主珪還雲中。。 柔然可汗社侖聞珪伐秦,自參合陂侵魏,至豺山,及善無北澤,魏常山王遵以萬騎追之,不及而還。。 太尉玄使御史杜林防衛會稽文孝王道子至安成,林承玄旨,鴆道子,殺之。。 沮渠蒙遜所署西郡太守梁中庸叛,奔西涼。 蒙遜聞之,笑曰:「吾待中庸,恩如骨肉,而中庸不我信,但自負耳,孤豈在此一人邪!」 乃盡歸其孥。 西涼公暠問中庸曰:「我何如索嗣?」 中庸曰:「未可量也。」 暠曰:「嗣才度若敵我者,我何能於千里之外以長繩絞其頸邪?」 中庸曰:「智有短長,命有成敗。 殿下之與索嗣,得失之理,臣實未之能詳。 若以身死為負,計行為勝,則公孫瓚豈賢於劉虞邪?」 暠默然。。 袁虔之等至長安,秦王興問曰:「桓玄才略何如其父? 卒能成功乎?」 虔之曰:「玄乘晉室衰亂,盜據宰衡,猜忌安忍,刑賞不公。 以臣觀之,不如其父遠矣。 玄今已執大柄,其勢必將篡逆,正可為他人驅除耳。」 興善之,以虔之為廣州刺史。。 是歲,秦王興立昭儀張氏為皇后,封子懿、弼、洸、宣、諶、愔、璞、質、逵、裕、國兒皆為公,遣使拜禿髮辱檀為車騎將軍、廣武公,沮渠蒙遜為鎮西將軍、沙州刺史、西海侯,李暠為安西將軍、高昌候。。 秦鎮遠將軍趙曜帥二萬西屯金城,建節將軍王松匆帥騎助呂隆守姑臧。 松匆至魏安,辱檀弟文真擊而虜之。 辱檀大怒,送松匆還長安,深自陳謝。。」
Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 112, Roll 112. [Jin Annals 34] From Chongguang Chifenruo through Xuanyi Shetige—two years in all. Fifth year of Long'an of Emperor An (xinchou, AD 401). In spring, the first month, Prince of Wuwei Lilugu wished to take the imperial title, and his ministers all urged him on. General of Pacifying the State Yugulun said: "From antiquity our people have gone with loose hair and left-fastened dress, without caps or belts, moving with pasture and water and living without walls or houses—by that we have held the desert and stood against the Central Plains. Taking a grand title now would indeed follow the people's wish. Yet founding a capital and fixed settlements will not keep trouble away, and stockpiling in storehouses only provokes our foes. Better to settle Jin subjects in walled towns, set them to farming and sericulture for supplies, and keep our own people trained in war and archery. Strike when neighbors are weak and withdraw when they are strong—that is the policy that lasts. Besides, an empty title without substance only makes us a mark for the world—what good is that?" Lilugu said, "The Pacifying State is right." He took the title Prince of Hexi instead and made Duke of Guangwu Rutan commander of all armies, Governor of Liang, and overseer of the Masters of Writing. In the second month, on bingzi, Sun En issued from Jiakou and besieged Gouzhang without success. Liu Laozhi attacked him, and En fled back to sea. King Yao Xing of Qin sent Qifu Gangui back to hold Yuanchuan and gave him his entire former following. King Zuan of Liang drank heavily and loved the hunt. Minister of Ceremonies Yang Ying admonished him: "Your Majesty received Heaven's mandate and should uphold it through the Way. Our domain shrinks day by day, hemmed between two mountain chains; yet Your Majesty does not watch and guard night and day to enlarge your fathers' work, but drowns in drink and the chase and neglects the realm—I fear for us all." Zuan apologized humbly but did not change his ways. Lü Chao, governor of Fanhe, attacked the Xianbei leader Sipan without authorization; Sipan sent his brother Qizhen to complain to Zuan, who summoned both Chao and Sipan to court. Chao, in fear, reached Guzang and cultivated a close tie with Palace Attendant Du Shang. Zuan received Chao and rebuked him: "You trust in your brothers' might and dare cheat me. I ought to cut off your head—only then will the realm be at peace!" Chao kowtowed and pleaded for mercy. Zuan had only meant to intimidate Chao and did not truly intend to kill him. He then brought Chao, Sipan, and the ministers to a banquet in the inner palace. Chao's brother Long, central army commander, kept pressing wine on Zuan until he was drunk; Zuan rode a hand-drawn cart and led Chao and the others through the inner palace. At the east wing of Kunhua Hall the cart could not pass; Zuan's bodyguards Dou Chuan and Luo Teng set their swords against the wall and shoved the cart through the doorway. Chao grabbed a sword and struck at Zuan; Zuan leapt down to seize him, and Chao ran Zuan through the chest; Chuan and Teng fought Chao hand to hand, and Chao killed them both. Zuan's queen, Lady Yang, ordered the palace troops against Chao, but Du Shang held them back and all dropped their arms without fighting. General Wei Yiduo came in and took Zuan's head. Lady Yang said, "He is dead as clay and knows nothing—how can you bear to mutilate his body!" Yiduo cursed her, then paraded Zuan's head, proclaiming, "Zuan defied the late emperor, murdered the heir, and seized the throne; he was lewd and tyrannical. Fanhe governor Chao acted with the people's will in removing him to secure the royal house. Let all officers and people share this good fortune!" Zuan's uncle Duke Tuo of Baxi and his brother Duke Wei of Longxi were both in the northern city. Someone told Wei, "Chao has rebelled; as the late king's own brother you should take up righteous arms against him. Jiang Ji and Jiao Bian hold the south city, Yang Huan and Tian Cheng the east park—they are all ours; how can we fail!" Wei gathered troops and prepared to join Tuo in striking Chao. Tuo's wife Lady Liang restrained him: "Wei and Chao are both your brother's sons—why side with Wei against Chao and bring ruin on yourself!" Tuo then told Wei, "Chao has already won; he holds the arsenal and elite troops—moving against him would be very hard. Besides, I am old and powerless to act." Chao's brother Miao, who had Wei's favor, persuaded him: "The villain Zuan murdered his brothers; Long and Chao acted with the people in punishing him—they mean to set you on the throne. You are the late emperor's eldest son and should rule the realm; no one looks elsewhere—what is there to doubt!" Wei believed him, allied with Long and Chao, and rode into the city alone; Chao seized him and put him to death. He offered the throne to Long, who looked uneasy. Chao said, "You are mounting a dragon to the sky—how can you turn back halfway!" Long then took the title Heavenly King, declared a general amnesty, and adopted the era name Shending. He honored his mother Lady Wei as empress dowager; his wife Lady Yang as empress; he made Chao commander of all armies, grand general supporting the state, and overseer of the Masters of Writing, and enfeoffed him as Duke of Anding; and gave Zuan the posthumous name Emperor Ling. When Zuan's queen Lady Yang was to leave the palace, Chao, fearing she would take treasure, ordered her searched. Lady Yang said, "You brothers are wicked, slaughtering one another with your own blades. I shall die any day—what need have I of gems!" Chao asked where the imperial seal was; Lady Yang said, "I have already destroyed it." The queen was beautiful, and Chao meant to take her; he told her father, Vice Director Huan, "If the empress takes her own life, your whole clan will suffer!" Huan relayed this to Lady Yang. Lady Yang said, "Father, you sold your daughter to the Di for riches once—that was already too much; can you do it again!" She took her own life and was posthumously titled Empress Mu. Huan fled to Prince Lilugu of Hexi, who made him left marshal. In the third month Sun En marched north toward Haiyan; Liu Yu pursued to block him and fortified the old Haiyan seat. En attacked the city day after day; Yu beat him back again and again and killed his general Yao Sheng. With too few men in the city to match the rebels, Yu hid his troops and furled the banners by night; at dawn he opened the gates and posted a few sickly men on the wall. The rebels shouted from afar asking where Liu Yu was; they were told, "He slipped away in the night." The rebels believed it and scrambled into the city. Yu charged out and smashed them. Seeing the city could not be taken, En marched on toward Hudu; Yu again left the city to pursue. Bao Lou, magistrate of Haiyan, sent his son Sizhi at the head of a thousand Wu troops and offered to lead the van. Yu said, "The rebels fight well, and Wu men are unused to battle—if the van is beaten, our whole army will fail; keep them in the rear to lend weight." Sizhi refused. Yu laid many ambushes with flags and drums; when the van clashed, every ambush rose. Yu raised banners and drums; the rebels thought they were surrounded and fell back. Sizhi pursued and was killed in the fight. Yu fought as he withdrew until his men were nearly all dead or wounded; at the earlier battlefield he had his attendants strip the dead of clothing to feign ease. The rebels suspected a trap and did not press him. Yu shouted for another round; the rebels, frightened, drew off, and Yu brought his men home. Prince Lilugu of Hexi attacked Liang, defeated King Long in battle, and resettled more than two thousand households on his return. In summer, the fourth month, on xinmao, Wei abolished the Ye regional headquarters, formed Xiang Province from the six commanderies it had governed, and appointed Yu Yue inspector. Qifu Gangui reached Yuanchuan, appointed Bian Rui chief clerk and Wang Songsou marshal, and reduced former nobles and generals to staff and junior officers. King Ye of Northern Liang feared Juqu Mengxun's ability and meant to send him away; Mengxun likewise kept a low profile, and Ye replaced him as Zhangye governor with household attendant Ma Quan. Quan was proud and able, close to Ye, and often slighted Mengxun. Mengxun denounced him to Ye, saying, "The realm is no worry—only Ma Quan should concern you." Ye then had Quan executed. Mengxun told Juqu Nancheng, "Lord Duan cannot judge men and is no ruler for troubled times; the only men we feared were Suo Si and Ma Quan. They are all dead now. Mengxun wants to win him over to put you, brother, on the throne—what say you?" Nancheng said, "Ye was a stranger our clan raised up; he depended on us brothers as fish depend on water. To plot against a man who trusts you is ill-omened. Mengxun then requested the post of Xi'an governor. Ye was glad to see him leave and agreed. Mengxun arranged with Nancheng to worship together at Mount Lanmen, but secretly had Marshal Xu Xian tell Ye, "Nancheng plans to rebel on a holiday. If he asks to worship at Mount Lanmen, you will know I speak truth." When the day came, it happened just as he said. Ye seized Nancheng and ordered him to die. Nancheng said, "Mengxun first plotted rebellion with me; for our brotherhood's sake I kept silent. Now, with me still alive, he fears the men will not follow him, so he set this mountain rite and then slandered me—he means for Your Majesty to kill me. Pretend I am dead and publish my crimes—Mengxun will surely rebel; then I will strike him under your command and be sure to prevail." Ye refused and executed him. Mengxun wept before the troops: "Nancheng was loyal to Lord Duan, yet Duan killed him without cause—will you avenge him? We raised Lord Duan only to calm the people; now the land is in chaos and he cannot save it." Nancheng had always held the men's loyalty; they wept in rage and rushed to follow, and by Dichi the host passed ten thousand. Pacifying-Army General Zang Mohai surrendered with his troops, and many Qiang and Hu took arms for Mengxun. Mengxun marched and encamped at Houwu. Ye had long suspected Right General Tian Ang and held him prisoner; now he released Ang with an apology and sent him with Martial-Guard General Liang Zhongyong against Mengxun. Separate commander Wang Fengsun told Ye, "The Tian of Xiping rebel in every generation. Ang looks humble but is treacherous—do not trust him." Ye said, "I have doubted him for years, yet no one but Ang can fight Mengxun." At Houwu Ang surrendered with five hundred horsemen; Ye's army broke, and Zhongyong submitted to Mengxun as well. In the fifth month Mengxun reached Zhangye; Cheng Ai, nephew of Tian Ang, seized the inner gate, and Ye's attendants fled. When Mengxun came, Ye said, "I am alone; your clan set me up—spare my life so I may go east to my wife and children." Mengxun cut off his head. Ye was a plain scholar and worthy elder, without craft; his authority did not hold and his officers did as they pleased; he trusted diviners and shamans above all, and so came to ruin. Fuzhan, brother of Juqu Nancheng, and General Ju Yi surrendered with five hundred households to Prince Lilugu of Hexi. Yi was a son of Shizi. Sun En captured Hudu and killed Yuan Song, interior minister of Wu; four thousand were killed. King Long of Liang killed many leading families to build a fearsome name, and the realm was in uproar. No one felt safe. Jiao Lang of Wei'an sent envoys to Duke Shide of Longxi in Qin, saying, "Since the Lü Martial Emperor died, his sons have fought one another; law has collapsed and all vie in cruelty. The people starve; more than half are dead. Strike now, while they usurp and seize—it is easier than turning your hand; do not miss it." Shide persuaded King Yao Xing of Qin, who marched sixty thousand foot and horse against Liang, with Qifu Gangui and seven thousand cavalry in support. In the sixth month, on jiaxu, Sun En came by sea to Dantu with more than a hundred thousand fighters and a thousand warships, and Jiankang was terrified. On yihai the capital was placed under martial law and officials moved into the palace offices. Champion General Gao Su held Stone City; Liu Xi of the supporting state barred the Huai; Danyang governor Sima Huizhi held the south bank; Huan Qian prepared at Baishi; Wang Jia camped at Zhongtang; and Prince Shangzhi of Qiao marched in from Yuzhou to defend the capital. Liu Laozhi marched from Shanyin to cut En off but arrived too late and sent Liu Yu from Haiyan to reinforce the capital. Yu had fewer than a thousand men and forced the march day and night, reaching Dantu as En did. Yu was badly outnumbered and his men were exhausted from the long march, while the Dantu garrison had no will to fight. En led his men with drums and shouts up Garlic Mountain, and the townspeople stood ready with bundles on their shoulders. Yu charged and smashed them; many leapt from cliffs or drowned, and En barely escaped back to his ships. Yet En still trusted his numbers, regrouped, and marched straight on the capital. Rear General Yuan Xian met him in battle but lost again and again. Prince Dao Zi of Kuaiji had no plan but daily prayers at the temple of Marquis Jiang. As En drew near, the people panicked. Prince Shangzhi of Qiao raced up with picked troops and camped at the Hall of Accumulated Crossbows. En's tall warships could not make speed against the wind and took days to reach Baishi. En had hoped the imperial forces were scattered and meant to strike by surprise; but learning Shangzhi was in Jiankang and Liu Laozhi had returned, he halted at Xinzhou, dared not advance, and fled north by sea to Yuzhou. A detached force under En took Guangling and killed three thousand. Pacifying-North General Gao Yazhi attacked En at Yuzhou and was captured. Huan Xuan kept his army sharp and watched for court weakness; when Sun En threatened the capital he mobilized and memorialized for permission to attack. Yuan Xian was terrified. When En withdrew, Yuan Xian used an edict to stop him, and Huan stood his troops down. Liang Zhongyong and others made Juqu Mengxun grand commander, grand general, Governor of Liang, and Duke of Zhangye; he pardoned his realm and adopted the era name Yong'an. Mengxun made his cousin Funu Zhangye governor and Marquis of Heping, his brother Na general establishing loyalty and Marquis of Dugu, Tian Ang Xijun governor, Zang Mohai supporting-state general, Fang Gui and Liang Zhongyong chief clerks, and Zhang Yi and Xie Zhengli marshals. He raised able men, and civil and military officers alike rejoiced. Prince Lilugu of Hexi ordered his ministers to speak freely of the state's strengths and failings. Western Bureau attendant Shi Gao said, "Your Majesty sends generals to war and they have never failed. Yet you put relocation ahead of pacification; people cling to their homes and flee resettlement, so though you win battles and take cities your domain does not grow." Lilugu praised his counsel. In autumn, the seventh month, Changsun Fei, Yan inspector of Wei, led twenty thousand foot and horse south against Xuchang and east to Pengcheng; General Liu Gai surrendered. Duke Shide of Longxi in Qin crossed from Jincheng and marched on Guangwu; Prince Lilugu of Hexi withdrew the Guangwu garrison. At Guzang King Long of Liang sent Chao, supporting-state grand general, and Miao, dragon-prancing general, against them; Shide crushed the army, took Miao alive, and killed or captured tens of thousands. Long shut himself in the city; Duke Tuo of Baxi surrendered with twenty-five thousand men from the eastern park. Duke Gao of Western Liang, Prince Lilugu of Hexi, and Juqu Mengxun each sent tribute missions to Qin. Earlier the Liang general Jiang Ji had surrendered to Prince Lilugu of Hexi; Duke Rutan of Guangwu delighted in his military talk, shared mat and carriage with him, and their discussions ran night into day. Lilugu told Rutan, "Jiang Ji is able, but his manner is strange and he will not stay—better kill him. If he goes to Qin he will become a danger." Rutan said, "I have treated him as a friend of the road; he will not betray me." In the eighth month Ji fled with a few dozen horsemen to the Qin army and told Shide, "Lü Long holds a lone city; your great army will force him to sue for peace; but that will be a paper surrender, not true submission. Give me three thousand foot and horse with Wang Songcong, Jiao Lang, and Hua Chunzhi—we will watch for a chance, and Long will be easy to take. Otherwise the Tufa in the south are strong and rich; if they take Guzang their power will grow, Mengxun and Li Gao cannot stand against them, and they will submit—then you will have a great enemy." Shide then recommended Ji as Wuwei governor. He gave him two thousand men and posted him at Yanran. When King Xing of Qin heard of Yang Huan's excellence he summoned him, and Lilugu did not dare keep him. An imperial order appointed Liu Yu governor of Xiapi and sent him against Sun En at Yuzhou; after several engagements he won a crushing victory. Sun En grew weaker and fled south along the coast again; Liu Yu pursued and struck at him. King Sheng of Yan, mindful that his father Bao had lost the realm through timidity, relied on harsh punishments. He prided himself on his sharp judgment, suspected everyone, and executed any minister against whom the faintest suspicion arose—before trouble could even break out. After that, whether kinsman or old companion of the throne, no one could feel secure. On dinghai, Left General Murong Guo, Palace Guard General Qin Yu, and Duan Zan plotted to lead the palace guard against Sheng. The conspiracy was discovered, and more than five hundred people were killed. That night, on renchen, former General Duan Ji, Qin Yu's son Xing, and Duan Zan's son Tai slipped into the inner palace, raised a clamor of drums and shouting. Sheng heard the uproar, took his personal guard out to fight, and the rebels broke and fled. Ji was wounded and hid in the side chambers. Soon a rebel struck Sheng from the shadows. Wounded, he was carried to the front hall, tightened discipline among the guards, and died once order was restored. Central Rampart General Murong Ba and Attendant-in-Ordinary Guo Zhong told Empress Dowager Ding that the realm was in crisis and needed an elder, seasoned ruler. Popular expectation favored Sheng's younger brother Yuan, Prince of Pingyuan, who held the posts of Minister over the Masses and Director of the Imperial Secretariat. But Prince Xi of Hejian had long enjoyed Lady Ding's favor, so she deposed Crown Prince Ding and secretly brought Xi into the palace. At dawn the ministers came to court, learned of the coup for the first time, and submitted memorials urging Xi to take the throne. Xi offered the throne to Yuan, but Yuan dared not accept. On guisi Xi took the throne as Heavenly King. Duan Ji and his fellows were captured, and their clans were exterminated to the third degree. On jiawu he proclaimed a general amnesty. On bingshen Prince Yuan of Pingyuan was forced to take his own life on suspicion. In the intercalary month, on xinyou, Sheng was buried at Xingping Tomb with the posthumous title Emperor Zhaowu and temple name Zhongzong. Before Lady Ding returned from the funeral, Central Army Commander Murong Ti, Infantry Commandant Zhang Fo, and others plotted to restore the former crown prince Ding. The plot was exposed; they were executed, and Ding was forced to die as well. On bingyin a general amnesty was declared and the reign era was changed to Guangshi. Qin's Prince Shide of Longxi had besieged Guzang for months. Many easterners inside the city plotted to defect, and Wei Yiduo again stirred them up, planning to kill King Long of Liang and Prince Chao of Anding. When the plot was uncovered, more than three hundred families were executed. Shide won over both tribal peoples and Chinese, posted officials throughout the territory, rationed food, and stockpiled grain. He was planning for a long siege. Liang's ministers urged an alliance with Qin, but Long refused. Prince Chao of Anding said, "Our reserves are spent and the court and people are desperate. Even if Zhang Liang and Chen Ping rose from the dead, they could offer no plan. Your Majesty must bend when the times require it. Why cling to pride over a short letter or a single envoy and refuse humble words that could send the enemy away! Once the enemy withdraws, govern well and let the people recover. If Heaven has not ended your line, why fear that your former realm cannot be restored! If the Mandate has truly passed, you may at least preserve your clan. Otherwise, to sit here until we are worn down—what end can that have!" Long accepted his counsel. In the ninth month he sent envoys to surrender to Qin. Shide recommended Long as General Who Pacifies the West, governor of Liangzhou, and Duke of Jiankang. Long sent his sons and brothers, together with veteran officials such as Murong Zhu and Yang Ying—more than fifty households in all—as hostages to Chang'an. Shide kept strict discipline and did not harm so much as a blade of grass. He honored past sages and treated eminent men with respect, and the western regions welcomed his rule. Jiuquan and Liangning, the two prefectures under Juqu Mengxun, rebelled and went over to Western Liang. When he also heard that Lü Long had surrendered to Qin he was terrified and sent his younger brother Nuo, the Establishing Loyalty General, and Zhang Qian, chief clerk of the pasturage office, to see Shide at Guzang and ask permission to lead his people east in migration. Shide was delighted and appointed Qian governor of Zhangye and Nuo governor of Jiankang. Qian urged Mengxun to move east. Nuo said privately to Mengxun, "Guzang has not fallen and the Lü are still in power. When Shide runs out of grain he will withdraw and cannot remain long. Why throw away your own lands and submit to someone else's rule!" Zang Mohai agreed. Mengxun sent his son Xinian as a hostage to Western River King Lilugu. Lilugu refused him, saying, "Xinian is too young. Send Nuo instead." In the tenth month of winter Mengxun again sent a memorial to Lilugu: "Your servant earlier sent Xinian to lay my loyalty fully before you, yet your will was unclear and you now demand my younger brother Nuo as well. I believe that where there is sincerity and trust, a son is pledge enough; and where there is no trust, a younger brother counts for nothing. Bandit troubles are not yet settled and I cannot obey your command. I beg Your Majesty to understand." Lilugu was furious. He sent Juyan, Marquis of Song, and Wenzhi, Marquis of Xingcheng, with ten thousand horsemen against Mengxun. At Wansui Lin song they seized Mengxun's cousin Gouzi of Shanshan and carried off more than six thousand of his households. Mengxun's uncle Kong Zhe came to Lilugu's court and promised to send Nuo as a hostage. Lilugu then returned the captives and recalled Juyan and his force. Wenzhi was Lilugu's younger brother. Beide, ruler of Southern Yan, feasted his ministers in the Hall for Advancing the Worthy. When the wine had gone deep he asked them, "To which ruler of old may I be compared?" Qingzhou inspector Ju Zhong said, "Your Majesty is a sage who restored the realm—the equal of Shaokang and Emperor Guangwu." Beide turned to his attendants and had a thousand bolts of silk given to Zhong. Zhong declined, saying the reward was too great. Beide said, "You know how to flatter me—do you think I do not know how to flatter you in return! Because your praise was empty, I reward you with empty words as well." Han Fan stepped forward and said, "A Son of Heaven does not speak in jest. In today's exchange, both ruler and subject were at fault." Beide was delighted and gave Fan fifty bolts of silk. Beide's mother and elder brother Na were both in Chang'an, so Beide sent Du Hong of Pingyuan to visit them. Hong said, "When I reach Chang'an, if I cannot learn how the Empress Dowager fares, I shall go west to Zhangye and offer my life in your service. My father Xiong is past sixty. I beg a stipend in our home county so I may honor him as a son should." Director of the Secretariat Zhang Hua said, "Du Hong seeks a salary before he has even set out. That is the grave offense of coercing one's lord." Beide said, "Hong serves his ruler by fetching his mother and serves his father by asking for a stipend. Loyalty and filial piety are both fulfilled—what crime is there!" He appointed Xiong magistrate of Pingyuan. Hong reached Zhangye and was killed by bandits. In the eleventh month Liu Yu pursued Sun En to Hudu and Haiyan and defeated him again. Captives and slain numbered in the tens of thousands, and En fled from Jiekou far out to sea. In the twelfth month, on xinhai, Wei Emperor Gui sent Prince Changshan Zun and Duke Dingling Heba with fifty thousand men to attack Moyigan at Gaoping. On yimao Wei's Tiger Might General Su Daggan attacked Yan and besieged Lingzhi; on yichou Yan's Central Army Commander Murong Ba marched to relieve the city. On renchen Su Daggan captured Lingzhi and left a garrison. Lü Chao attacked Jiang Ji without success, then turned against Jiao Lang. Lang sent his nephew Song as a hostage to Western River King Lilugu to ask for relief. Lilugu sent Cavalry General Rutan to his aid. By the time Rutan arrived, Chao had already withdrawn, but Lang shut his gates and refused him entry. Rutan was furious and prepared to attack. Defender of the North Juyan remonstrated, "Love of home is human nature. Lang holds a lone city without grain. If he does not yield this year, he will submit the year after. Why spend soldiers' lives to storm him! If you fail, he will flee to another power. To drive away the people of our province and strengthen a rival is poor strategy; better to win him with fair words." Rutan then made peace with Lang, marched his army to Guzang, and encamped at Huyan. Rutan knew Lü Chao would try a night raid and prepared fires to receive him. That night Chao sent Central Rampart General Wang Ji with two thousand elite troops to strike Rutan's camp. Rutan held his men in strict order and did not stir. When Ji entered the stockade, fires blazed inside and out until the night shone like day; then Rutan's men fell upon them and killed Ji along with more than three hundred armored officers and men. Lü Long grew afraid and pretended to make peace with Rutan, proposing an alliance in the royal park. Rutan sent Juyan to the ceremony. Juyan suspected a trap and entered by breaking through the park wall. Chao's ambush struck. Juyan lost his horse and fled on foot. General Guo Zu of the Shui Ling River fought desperately to cover him, and Juyan barely escaped. Enraged, Rutan attacked Changsong governor Meng Shiwei at Xianmei. Long sent General Who Spreads Martial Xun Anguo and General Who Pacifies the Distance Shi Ke with five hundred horsemen to relieve him. Anguo and his men feared Rutan's strength and retreated without fighting. Huan Xuan memorialized to have his elder brother Wei made governor of Jiang province and stationed at Xiakou; He made Sima Diao Chang general who supports the state, superintendent of military affairs for eight commanderies, and stationed him at Xiangyang; and sent his generals Huangfu Fu and Feng Gai to garrison Penkou. He moved two thousand households of the Ju and Zhang tribes south of the Yangtze and established Wuning commandery; then gathered more displaced people and established Suian commandery. The court summoned Guangzhou inspector Diao Kui and Yuzhang administrator Guo Changzhi, but Xuan held them back and refused to let them go. Xuan believed he held two-thirds of the Jin realm and repeatedly sent men to report omens and auspicious signs about himself, hoping to mislead the people; He also wrote to Prince of Kuaiji Sima Daozi: "The rebels reached the suburbs, but wind kept them from advancing and rain kept them from setting fires; they left only because their provisions were exhausted, not because they were beaten. After Guobao died, Wang Gong did not use that moment to seize control of the court—enough to show he did not slight you—yet he was called disloyal. Among the great men at court today, who still enjoys the esteem of the age? Surely you cannot say there are no worthy men! The trouble is simply that they cannot be trusted! Day by day, night by night, the disaster of today has taken shape. The gentlemen at court all fear calamity and keep silent; I, unworthy though I am, hold office far away, and therefore lay bare the truth." When Yuan Xian read it, he was terrified. Zhang Fashun said to Yuan Xian, "Huan Xuan draws on generations of power and has always been bold. Having taken Yin and Yang, he holds Jing and Chu alone, while you command only the Three Wu. Sun En has ravaged the east; public and private resources are spent. Xuan is sure to seize this moment to unleash his villainy. I venture to say I am deeply worried." Yuan Xian said, "What can be done?" Fashun said, "Xuan has only just taken Jing province; the people are not yet loyal to him. He is busy winning them over and has no time for other schemes. If you seize this moment, make Liu Laozhi the vanguard, and follow with your main force, Xuan can be taken." Yuan Xian agreed. Meanwhile Wuchang administrator Yu Kai, fearing that Xuan's quarrel with the court would fail and ruin him, secretly sent a man to Yuan Xian offering alliance: "Xuan has lost the people's hearts; no one will fight for him. If the court sends an army, I will act as your man inside." Yuan Xian was delighted and sent Zhang Fashun to Jingkou to consult Liu Laozhi; Laozhi thought the plan hard to carry out. Fashun returned and told Yuan Xian, "From Laozhi's words and manner he is sure to betray us. Better summon him and kill him; otherwise you will ruin everything." Yuan Xian refused. Thereupon he built up the river fleet, levied troops, and fitted out warships to attack Xuan. First year of Yuanxing of Emperor An (renyin, AD 402). In spring, the first month, on gengwu, the new moon, an edict condemned Huan Xuan. Yuan Xian, director of the secretariat, was made rapid-cavalry grand general, grand commander of the punitive campaign, and superintendent of military affairs for eighteen provinces, with the yellow battle-axe added. Northern pacification general Liu Laozhi was made vanguard commander and forward general Prince Shangzhi of Qiao the rear. A general amnesty followed, the reign title was changed, and the realm was placed on alert; Prince of Kuaiji Sima Daozi was made grand tutor. Yuan Xian wanted to execute every member of the Huan clan. Central protector of the army Huan Xiu was a nephew of rapid-cavalry chief clerk Wang Dan. Dan enjoyed Yuan Xian's favor and argued that Xiu and the others did not share Xuan's designs, so Yuan Xian relented. Dan was a great-grandson of Wang Dao. Zhang Fashun said to Yuan Xian, "The brothers Huan Qian are the eyes and ears of the upper Yangtze. Cut off their heads to forestall treachery. And success or failure hangs on the vanguard—yet Laozhi is unreliable. If anything goes wrong, ruin will come at once. Have Laozhi kill the Qian brothers to prove his loyalty. If he refuses, move against him first." Yuan Xian said, "Without Laozhi we cannot take on Xuan; and to kill a great general at the outset would unsettle the army." Fashun pressed him again and again, but Yuan Xian would not agree. The Huan clan had long been loved in Jing, and Huan Chong in particular had left the people grateful. Qian was Chong's son, so Yuan Xian moved him from rapid-cavalry marshal to superintendent of military affairs for Jing, Yi, Ning, and Liang and governor of Jing province, hoping to win over the west. On dingchou, Murong Ba of Yan attacked Wei's garrison at Lingzhi and took it. Suda Gan fled, and they captured Wei's Liaoxi governor Na Jie. Yan made Ba governor of You province, stationed at Lingzhi, and central stalwart general Yang Hao of Liaoxi administrator of his home commandery. On dinghai, Zhangwu duke Yuan was made director of the secretariat, Boling duke Qian left vice director, and Wang Teng right vice director. On wuzi, Wei corps officer general Guo Hetu attacked the tribes of Chufu, Suguyan, and others and defeated them. Earlier Wei's ruler Gui had sent the northern great man He Digan with a thousand horses to seek marriage with Qin. Qin's ruler Xing, hearing that Gui had already taken Murong Hou as consort, detained Digan and broke off the match; Moyigan, Chufu, and Suguyan were all Qin's dependent tribes, yet Wei attacked them, and from this Qin and Wei fell out. On gengyin, Gui held a great review of troops and horses and ordered the commanderies of Bing to store grain at Ganbi in Pingyang against Qin. Rouran Shelun was then on good terms with Qin and sent generals to rescue Chufu and Suguyan; on xinmao, Hetu counterattacked and routed them. Shelun led his tribes in flight far into the northern desert, seized Gaoche territory, and settled there. Beihouli, chief of the Hulu tribe, attacked Shelun and was badly beaten; Beihouli fled to Wei. Shelun then struck northwest at the Xiongnu remnant Ribayeji and crushed him, swallowed the other tribes, and his warriors and horses flourished until he dominated the north. His domain ran west to Yanqi, east to Korea, south to the great desert, and the lesser states on every side submitted. He styled himself Khaghan Doudai. He first set down laws: a thousand men made an army, and each army had a commander; a hundred men made a banner, and each banner had a chief. In battle those who charged first received the spoils; cowards were killed by having stones hurled at their heads. Tufa Rutan took Xianmei, seized Meng Shiwei, and rebuked him for not surrendering sooner. Shiwei said, "I received deep favor from the Lü clan and held a commission to guard this land; if when your great army had barely arrived I had lowered my banner and submitted, I feared I would be judged guilty by my superiors." Rutan released him with honor, moved more than two thousand households back with him, and made Shiwei left marshal. Shiwei declined: "The Lü are about to fall; the sage court is sure to take the lands west of the River. Everyone knows it. Yet I held a city for another and could not keep it intact, and now you would honor me again—I cannot accept it in good conscience. If you grant me your kindness and let me go to Guzang to die, my death will not be forgotten." Moved by his integrity, Rutan sent him back. The east had been ravaged by Sun En's rebellion and then by famine; grain transport by water ceased. Huan Xuan cut the Yangtze routes; trade stopped; public and private stores ran dry, and the troops were fed on chaff and acorns. Xuan thought the court had too many troubles to attack him and could gather strength while waiting for his chance. When the great army was about to march, his cousin the grand tutor's chief clerk Shi Sheng secretly wrote to warn him. Xuan was alarmed and wanted to mass his forces and hold Jiangling. Chief clerk Bian Fanzhi said, "Your heroic name shakes the realm. Yuan Xian still smells of milk. Liu Laozhi has lost the people's hearts. March on the capital, show them blessing or ruin, and they will collapse before you lift a foot. Why let the enemy in and corner yourself?" Xuan agreed, left Huan Wei to guard Jiangling, memorialized and issued a proclamation condemning Yuan Xian, and marched east with his army. When the proclamation arrived, Yuan Xian was terrified. In the second month, on bingwu, the emperor saw Yuan Xian off at the West Pond. Yuan Xian boarded his ship but would not sail. On guichou, Wei's prince of Changshan Zun and others reached Gaoping. Moyigan abandoned his tribes and fled to Qinzhou with several thousand horsemen and Liu Bobo. The Wei army pursued to Wating, failed to catch them, and returned with all their stores, more than forty thousand horses, and more than ninety thousand head of livestock. The people were moved to the capital of Dai and the remnant tribes scattered. Pingyang administrator Er Chen again invaded Qin's Hedong. Chang'an was shaken; the passes' cities closed by day; and Qin mustered and trained troops to attack Wei. Qin's ruler Xing made his son Hong heir apparent and proclaimed a general amnesty. Hong was filial, friendly, broad-minded, and mild, fond of letters and skilled at talk and song, yet timid and often ill. Xing wanted him as heir but hesitated for a long time before at last naming him. Guzang suffered great famine. A dou of rice cost five thousand cash. People ate one another, and more than a hundred thousand starved. The gates were shut by day and firewood routes cut off. Hundreds each day begged to leave and become barbarian slaves. Lü Long, fearing this would shake morale, buried them alive until corpses filled the roads. Juqu Mengxun attacked Guzang. Long sent for help to Hexi king Lilugu, who sent Duke of Guangwu Rutan with ten thousand horsemen. Before they arrived, Long beat Mengxun's army. Mengxun sued for peace, left more than ten thousand hu of grain, and withdrew. Rutan reached Changsong. Hearing Mengxun had withdrawn, he moved more than five hundred households from the Ze segment tombs and returned. Palace Attendant Zhang Rong said to Lilugu, "The Jiao Lang brothers hold Weian, secretly deal with the Yao, and have turned coat again and again. If we do not seize them now, they will surely trouble the court later. Lilugu sent Rutan against them. Lang came out with bonds on his face and surrendered. Rutan sent him to Xiping and moved the people to Ledu. Huan Xuan marched from Jiangling. Fearing defeat, he kept planning a retreat west. At Xunyang he saw no imperial army and was greatly pleased; his officers and men took heart as well. Yu Kai's plot leaked out, and Xuan had him imprisoned. On dingsi, an edict dispatched Prince of Qi Rouzhi with the Zo Yu peace banner to proclaim to Jing and Jiang that the armies must stand down; Xuan's vanguard killed him. Rouzhi was a son of Zong. On dingmao, Xuan reached Gudu and sent Feng Gai and other joint generals against Liyang. Xiangcheng prefect Sima Xiuzhi barred the gates and held the city. Xuan's army severed Dongpu and burned the boats of Yuzhou. Yuzhou inspector Prince of Qiao Shangzhi drew up nine thousand foot soldiers on the shore and sent Wudu prefect Yang Qiu to hold Hengjiang. Qiu surrendered to Xuan's army. Shangzhi's troops broke and fled along the roads. Xuan captured him. Sima Xiuzhi gave battle and was beaten; he abandoned the city and fled. Liu Laozhi had long hated General of Agile Cavalry Yuan Xian. He feared that if Huan Xuan fell, Yuan Xian would grow still more arrogant, and that his own rising fame would make Yuan Xian unable to bear him. Trusting his martial gifts and strong army, he meant to use Xuan to remove the rulers, then watch for a gap and seize power himself. For that reason he would not fight Xuan. Yuan Xian spent his days and nights in drunken stupor and made Laozhi his vanguard. Laozhi came again and again to the gate but was refused audience. Only when the emperor came out to send Yuan Xian off did he meet him on the open dais—and no more. Laozhi's army was at Lizhou. Staff officer Liu Yu asked to strike Xuan, but Laozhi would not allow it. Xuan sent Laozhi's clan uncle He Mu to persuade him, saying, "Since antiquity, who has worn the terror of overawing his lord, held merit too great to reward, and still kept himself whole? Wen Zhong of Yue, Bai Qi of Qin, Han Xin of Han—all served enlightened rulers and gave their all, yet on the day their work was done they still could not escape execution and the ruin of their clans. How much less when serving a vicious fool! If you win today you overturn your clan; if you lose you destroy your family. Where can you go in safety? Better turn your plans at once, and you may long keep wealth and rank. Men of old who shot the hook or cut the sleeve still became ministers without harm. How much less does Xuan bear an old grudge against you! By then Prince of Qiao Shangzhi had already been defeated and fear spread through the ranks. Laozhi largely took Mu's counsel and opened communications with Xuan. He Wuji of Donghai, overseer of the Eastern Sea and Laozhi's nephew, remonstrated with Liu Yu to the utmost, but Laozhi would not listen. His son Jingxuan, attendant at the secretariat of the General of Agile Cavalry, remonstrated, saying, "The state is failing and in peril. The fate of the realm rests between you, father, and Xuan. Xuan draws on the standing of his father and uncles, holds all Chu, and has carved away two-thirds of Jin. If in a single morning you let him ride over the court, once his prestige is set I fear he will be hard to plot against. The Dong Zhuo disaster will come today. Laozhi said angrily, "Do I not know that! Today to take Xuan is like turning the hand over; but after Xuan is pacified, what am I to do about the General of Agile Cavalry! In the third month, on the first day yisi, Laozhi sent Jingxuan to Xuan to offer surrender. Xuan secretly meant to kill Laozhi. He therefore feasted with Jingxuan and spread out famous writings and paintings for them to admire together, to soothe and please him; Jingxuan noticed nothing, while Xuan's staff exchanged glances and smiled. Xuan appointed Jingxuan consultant staff officer. Yuan Xian was about to march when he heard Xuan had reached Xinting. He abandoned his boats and fell back to the Imperial Academy. On xinwei he drew up his array outside Xuanyang Gate. Panic ran through the army with word that Xuan had reached Nanheng. Yuan Xian led his troops back toward the palace. Xuan sent men with drawn swords who followed close behind shouting, "Lay down your arms! The soldiers broke and fled. Yuan Xian mounted a horse and dashed into the Eastern Residence, with only Zhang Fashun following on a single horse. Yuan Xian asked Daozi for counsel. Daozi could only answer with tears. Xuan sent Grand Tutor attendant Mao Tai to seize Yuan Xian and take him to Xinting, bound him at the prow of the boat, and recited his crimes. Yuan Xian said, "I was misled by Wang Dan and Zhang Fashun, that is all. On renshen the Long'an era name was restored. The emperor sent a palace attendant to congratulate Xuan at Anle Ford. Xuan entered the capital, declared by edict that the emergency was over, and was made overseer of all offices, commander-in-chief at home and abroad, chancellor, recorder of the Secretariat, governor of Yangzhou, and concurrently inspector of Xu, Jing, and Jiang, with the yellow battle-axe on loan. Xuan made Huan Wei governor of Jing, Huan Qian left vice director of the Secretariat, Huan Xiu inspector of Xu and Yan, Huan Shisheng inspector of Jiang, and Bian Fanzhi governor of Danyang. When Xuan first raised troops, palace attendant Wang Mi came to him on imperial orders, and Xuan received him with personal honor. When Xuan took power he made Mi director of the Secretariat. Mi was a grandson of Wang Dao. Xin'an prefect Yin Zhongwen was the younger brother of Yin Qi. Xuan's elder sister was Zhongwen's wife. When Zhongwen heard Xuan had taken the capital, he abandoned his commandery and joined him. Xuan made him consultant staff officer. Liu Mai went to see Xuan. Xuan said, "You do not fear death, yet you dare to come? Mai said, "Shooting the hook and cutting the sleeve—Mai makes the third. Xuan was pleased and made him a staff officer. On guiyou the relevant offices memorialized that Prince of Kuaiji Daozi was drunken, dissolute, and unfilial and should be executed in the market. An edict exiled him to Ancheng commandery instead; Yuan Xian, Prince of the Eastern Sea Yanzhang, Prince of Qiao Shangzhi, Yu Kai, Zhang Fashun, Mao Tai, and others were beheaded in the Jiankang market. Huan Xiu pleaded earnestly for Wang Dan, who was banished to Lingnan. Xuan made Liu Laozhi interior administrator of Kuaiji. Laozhi said, "So soon—and already my troops are taken. Disaster is surely at hand! Liu Jingxuan asked to return and persuade Laozhi to accept the appointment. Xuan sent him. Jingxuan urged Laozhi to strike Xuan. Laozhi hesitated, moved camp to Bandu, and privately told Liu Yu, "I shall now go north to Gao Yazhi at Guangling and raise troops to restore the realm. Will you come with me? Yu said, "General, with tens of thousands of crack troops you surrendered at their approach. They have newly won power and their awe shakes the realm. Court and countryside have already left you. How can you reach Guangling! I shall put on mourning garb and return to Jingkou. He Wuji said to Yu, "Where shall I go? Yu said, "I see that the Northern Pacifier will not escape ruin. You may come back to Jingkou with me. If Huan Xuan keeps to his minister's duty, I shall serve him with you; if not, I shall plot against him with you. Thereupon Laozhi gathered his staff in full council and debated holding the north bank of the Yangzi to attack Xuan. Staff officer Liu Xi said, "Of things that must not be done, none is greater than rebellion. General, in former years you rebelled against Wang of Yanzhou, recently against Master Sima, and now again against Duke Huan; One man rebelling thrice—how can he stand! When he had finished he hurried out, and most of the staff scattered and fled. Laozhi grew afraid and sent Jingxuan to Jingkou to bring up the family; When the deadline passed and they did not come, Laozhi thought the plot had leaked and that Xuan would kill him. He led his personal troops north, reached Xinzhou, and hanged himself. When Jingxuan arrived he had no time to mourn and at once crossed the river and fled to Guangling. His generals and officials together laid out Laozhi's body and brought his coffin back to Dantu. Xuan ordered the coffin opened, the head cut off, and the corpse exposed in the market. A general amnesty was proclaimed and the era name changed to Daxing. Huan Xuan yielded the chancellorship and the inspectorates of Jing, Jiang, and Xu, and was reassigned Grand Marshal, commander-in-chief at home and abroad, governor of Yangzhou, and concurrently inspector of Yuzhou, overseeing all offices; Prince of Langya Dewen was made Grand Mentor. Sima Xiuzhi, Liu Jingxuan, and Gao Yazhi all fled to Luoyang and each sent younger kin as hostages to Qin to seek aid. Qin's ruler Xing gave them credentials and sent them to raise troops east of the passes. They gathered several thousand men and encamped again around Pengcheng. Sun En raided Linhai. Linhai prefect Xin Jing defeated him. Of the men and women of the three Wu regions whom En had taken captive, nearly all perished. Fearing capture by imperial troops, En threw himself into the sea and died. His followers and concubines who died with him numbered in the hundreds; they were called "water immortals." Several thousand survivors again made En's brother-in-law Lu Xun their leader. Xun was a great-grandson of Lu Chen. His bearing was refined and clear, and he had elegant gifts and skill. In his youth the monk Huiyuan once said to him, "Though your person partakes of pure simplicity, your will harbors unrighteous designs. How can that be? Grand Marshal Xuan wished to pacify the eastern lands and therefore made Xun prefect of Yongjia. Though Lu Xun had accepted the appointment, plunder and violence went on unchecked. On the day jiaxu, Yan granted a general amnesty. Lilugu, King of Hexi, fell mortally ill and directed that the affairs of state be entrusted to his younger brother Rutuan. Long before, Tufa Sifujian had favored Rutuan and told his sons: "In talent and judgment Rutuan is beyond any of you." So the elder brothers passed the throne not to their sons but to their younger brother. Lilugu reigned in name only, hands at ease; Rutuan handled every weighty affair of war and government. After Lilugu's death Rutuan took the throne, assumed once more the title King of Liang, adopted the era name Hongchang, relocated to Ledu, and gave Lilugu the posthumous title King Kang. In summer, in the fourth month, Grand Marshal Xuan took up camp at Gushu and relinquished his role overseeing the Masters of Writing; the court assented, but major policy still came to him for counsel, while Huan Qian and Bian Fanzhi decided lesser business. Since the Long'an era, court and countryside alike had grown sick of chaos and ruin. At first Xuan's arrival brought down the corrupt, lifted the able, and the capital brightened with hope of respite. Before long Xuan sank into extravagance and license, his edicts capricious, his cliques warring, the throne openly mocked and the emperor's table so pared that the Son of Heaven nearly went cold and hungry, and the people's faith died. Famine ravaged the Three Wu: half the people gone, Kuaiji stripped of seven or eight households in ten, Linhai and Yongjia all but depopulated, while the rich still dressed in silk and hoarded gold and jade behind barred gates until they starved together. Qifu Chipan escaped from Xiping to Yuanchuan, and Rutuan of Southern Liang sent back his family. Gangui dispatched Chipan to Qin, and Yao Xing appointed him administrator of Xingjin. In the fifth month Lu Xun advanced from Linhai into Dongyang; Xuan sent Liu Yu at the head of the pacification forces; Xun was beaten and fled toward Yongjia. Gaogouli assailed Sujun, and Murong Gui, Yan's governor of Pingzhou, abandoned the city and fled. Yao Xing mobilized on a vast scale, sending Prince Ping of Yiyang and Di Bozhi with forty thousand infantry and cavalry against Wei while he marched behind with the main army; Yao Huang remained in Chang'an with Crown Prince Hong; Moyigan secured Shanggui and Prince Qin of Guangling Luoyang. Ping besieged Ganbi for over sixty days and captured it. In autumn, in the seventh month, Tuoba Gui sent Prince Shun of Pilin and Changsun Fei with sixty thousand cavalry as vanguard, then marched with the main force to meet them. In the eighth month Xuan maneuvered the court to make him Duke of Yuzhang for crushing Yuan Xian and Duke of Guiyang for the Yin and Yang campaigns, retaining his original Nan commandery as well. He gave Yuzhang to his son Sheng and Guiyang to his nephew Jun. At Yong'an, Ping sent two hundred elite horsemen to scout Wei; Changsun Fei met them and took every man. Ping fell back, Gui pursued, and on yisi caught him at Chaibi. Ping dug in at Chaibi while Wei closed the siege. Yao Xing marched with forty-seven thousand to relieve him, planning to seize Tiandu and ferry grain to Ping. Li Xian, doctor of Wei, said: "By the military canon, high ground invites the enemy to roost upon you, and deep ground invites the enemy to cage you. Qin is committing both errors; before Yao Xing arrives, send a striking force to Tiandu, and Chaibi can be yours without a fight." Gui strengthened the ring of fortifications, penning Ping inside and keeping Yao Xing out. An Tong said: "East of the Fen stretches Mengkeng, three hundred li with no track through it. Yao Xing will have to come down the west bank straight to Chaibi; then their armies will link, and our tight siege will no longer hold them in check. Better to span the river, cross to the west bank, and wall them off there. When they come, they will have no room to use their strength or cunning." Gui agreed. Yao Xing reached Puban, hesitated before Wei's power, and advanced only after long delay. On jiazi Gui met Yao Xing south of Mengkeng with thirty thousand men, killed over a thousand, drove him back forty li, and Ping still would not break out. Gui then posted troops on four choke points so Qin could not reach Chaibi. Yao Xing camped on the west bank, piled ravine earth into walls, and sent pine rafts down the Fen to smash the bridge; Wei soldiers simply hooked them out for fuel. In winter, in the tenth month, Ping ran out of food and arrows; by night he hurled his whole army at the southwest of the siege to break out; Yao Xing lined his men on the west bank, raised beacons, drums, and shouts in answer. Yao Xing meant for Ping to fight his way free, but Ping waited for him to storm the Wei lines; they only yelled back and forth, and no one dared close on the breach. Trapped, Ping led his men into the river to die, and many of his officers followed; Gui sent swimmers with grappling hooks; none escaped. They took Di Bozhi, Tang Xiaofang, and forty-odd more; over twenty thousand soldiers surrendered with hands bound. Yao Xing looked on helplessly, powerless to save them. The entire army wept until the valleys rang. Envoys pleaded for peace again and again; Gui refused and drove on to Puban while Xu locked himself in and would not fight. Rouran then planned a strike against Wei; hearing this, on wushen Gui turned his army homeward. Informants accused Astrologer Chao Chong and his brother Yi of secretly calling in Qin forces; at Wuyang Gui had both men put to death. Qin moved more than ten thousand prominent Hexi families to Chang'an. Xuan executed Gao Su, Zhu Qianzhi, Zhu Langzhi, Liu Xi, and Liu Jiwu—veterans of Laozhi's Northern Headquarters army. Liu Gui, governor of Ji and Xi's brother, rallied Sima Xiuzhi, Liu Jingxuan, and Gao Yazhi at Shanyang to strike Xuan; defeated, they fled with Yuan Qianzhi, Liu Shou, Gao Changqing, Guo Gong, and others in their train. Heading for Wei, they reached south of Chenliu and divided: Gui, Xiuzhi, and Jingxuan went to Southern Yan; Qianzhi, Shou, Changqing, and Gong went to Qin. At first word that Xiuzhi's party was coming, Tuoba Gui rejoiced. When they failed to appear, he ordered Yanzhou to hunt for them; captives from their party were questioned, and all said: "Wei's renown reaches far, and Xiuzhi's group all meant to submit; but when they learned Cui Cheng had been executed, they turned instead to the two other realms." Gui was filled with regret. After that, educated men who erred often met with forbearance. Rutuan of Southern Liang besieged Lü Long at Guzang. King Xi of Yan took Fu Mo's two daughters; the elder, □ Rong'e, became honored lady, the younger Xunying honored concubine, and Xunying won his deepest favor. Empress Dowager Ding, furious, conspired with her nephew Xin to depose Xi and set up Prince Yuan of Zhangwu. Discovered, Xi drove Dowager Ding to suicide, buried her with reduced rites, and titled her Empress Xianyou. In the eleventh month, on wuchen, he executed Yuan and Xin. On xinwei Xi hunted the northern plain; Gao He of Shicheng led palace artisans in revolt behind him, killed Zhang Xian, stormed the palace for arms, seized the arsenals, pressed the garrisons, and shut the gates to hold the city. Xi rode back hard; defenders threw down their arms and opened the gates; he executed every rebel but Gao He, who fled. On jiaxu the court granted a general amnesty. Wei appointed Yu Yue Grand Director of Works. In the twelfth month, on xinhai, Tuoba Gui returned to Yunzhong. Shelun of Rouran, learning Gui was away against Qin, raided from Canhepo to Chaishan and the Shanwu marshes; Prince Zun of Changshan pursued with ten thousand cavalry but failed to catch them. Xuan sent Du Lin to escort Prince Daozi of Kuaiji toward Ancheng; following Xuan's orders, Lin poisoned him to death. Liang Zhongyong, Mengxun's governor of Xijun, defected to Western Liang. Mengxun laughed: "I treated Zhongyong like kin, yet he would not trust me—only his pride. Am I ruined by one man?" He sent Zhongyong's entire family after him unharmed. Gao of Western Liang asked Zhongyong: "How do I measure against Suo Si?" Zhongyong answered: "It is not yet possible to tell." Gao said: "If Si were my equal in talent, how could I strangle him with a long rope from a thousand li away?" Zhongyong said, "Talent has its limits, and fortune has its turns. Whether you or Suo Si had the better of it, I cannot truly say. If dying counts as failure and winning by strategy as success, was Gongsun Zan not greater than Liu Yu?" Gao said nothing. When Yuan Qianzhi and his party reached Chang'an, King Yao Xing of Qin asked, "How does Huan Xuan's ability compare with his father's? Can he succeed in the end?" Qianzhi said, "Xuan exploited the Jin court's decay, seized power by theft, and rules with suspicion, cruelty, and unjust rewards and punishments. In my view he is far inferior to his father. He already holds real power and will surely usurp the throne—he is fit only to be removed by another." Xing was pleased and appointed Qianzhi inspector of Guang Province. That year King Yao Xing of Qin made Lady Zhang empress and enfeoffed his sons Yi, Bi, Guang, Xuan, Chen, Yin, Pu, Zhi, Kui, Yu, and Guo'er as dukes; he sent envoys to invest Tufa Rutan as chariots-and-cavalry general and Duke of Guangwu, Juqu Mengxun as pacifying-west general, Shazhou inspector, and Marquis of Xihai, and Li Gao as pacifying-west general and Marquis of Gaochang. Qin's pacifying-distance general Zhao Yao led twenty thousand west to camp at Jincheng, and staff-establishing general Wang Songcong led cavalry to help Lü Long defend Guzang. At Wei'an, Rutan's brother Wenzhen attacked and took Songcong prisoner. Rutan, furious, sent Songcong back to Chang'an with a deep apology.”