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資治通鑑第111卷卷第一百一十一。 【】◎晉紀三十三起屠維大淵獻,盡上章困敦,凡二年。。 安皇帝丙隆安三年(己亥,公元三九九年)。 春,正月,辛酉,大赦。。 戊辰,燕昌黎尹留忠謀反,誅,事連尚書令東陽公根、尚書段成,皆坐死; 遣中衛將軍衛雙就誅忠弟幽州刺史志於凡城。 以衛將軍平原公元為司徒、尚書令。。 庚午,魏主珪北巡,分命大將軍常山王遵等三軍東道出長川,鎮北將軍高涼王樂真等七軍從西道出牛川,珪自將大軍從中道出駮髯水以襲高車。。 壬午,燕右將軍張真、城門校尉和翰坐謀反誅。。 癸未,燕大赦,改元長樂。 燕主盛每十日一自決獄,不加拷掠,多得其情。。 武威王烏孤徙治樂都,以其弟西平公利鹿孤鎮安夷,廣武公辱檀鎮西平,叔父素渥鎮湟河,若留鎮澆河,從弟替引鎮嶺南,洛回鎮廉川,從叔吐若留鎮浩亹; 夷、夏俊傑,隨才授任,內居顯位,外典郡縣,鹹得其宜。。 烏孤謂群臣曰:「隴右、河西,本數郡之地,遭亂分裂至十餘國,呂氏、乞伏氏、段氏最強。 今欲取之,三者何先?」 楊統曰:「乞伏氏本吾之部落,終當服從。 段氏書生,無能為患,且結好於我,攻之不義。 呂光衰耄,嗣子微弱,纂、弘雖有才而內相猜忌,若使浩亹、廉川乘虛迭出,彼必疲於奔命,不過二年,兵勞民困,則姑臧可圖也。 姑臧舉,則二寇不待攻而服矣。」 烏孤曰:「善。」。 二月,丁亥朔,魏軍大破高車二十餘部,獲七萬餘口,馬三十餘萬匹,牛羊百四十餘萬頭。 衛王儀別將三萬騎絕漠千餘里,破其七部,獲二萬餘口,馬五萬餘匹,牛羊二萬餘頭。 高車諸部大震。。 林邑王范達陷日南、九真,遂寇交趾,太守杜瑗擊破之。。 庚戌,魏徵虜將軍庾岳破張超於勃海,斬之。。 段業即涼王位,改元天璽。 以沮渠蒙遜為尚書左丞,梁中庸為右丞。。 魏主珪大獵於牛川之南,以高車人為圍,周七百餘里; 因驅其禽獸,南抵平城,使高車築鹿苑,廣數十里。 三月,己未,珪還平城。。 甲子,珪分尚書三十六曹及外署,凡置三百六十曹,令八部大夫主之。 吏部尚書崔宏通署三十六曹,如令、僕統事。 置五經博士,增國子太學生員合三千人。。 珪問博士李先曰:「天下何物最善,可以益人神智?」 對曰:「莫若書籍。」 珪曰:「書籍凡有幾何,如何可集?」 對曰:「自書契以來,世有滋益,以至於今,不可勝計。 苟人主所好,何憂不集!」 珪從之,命郡縣大索書籍,悉送平城。。 初,秦王登之弟廣帥眾三千依南燕王德,德以為冠軍將軍,處之乞活堡。 會熒惑守東井,或言秦當復興,廣乃自稱為秦王,擊南燕北地王鐘,破之。 是時,滑台孤弱,土無十城,眾不過一萬,鐘既敗,附德者多去德而附廣。 德乃留魯陽王和守滑台,自帥眾討廣,斬之。。 燕主寶之至黎陽也,魯陽王和長史李辨勸和納之,和不從。 辨懼,故潛引晉軍至管城,欲因德出戰而作亂。 既而德不出,辨愈不自安。 及德討苻廣,辨復勸和反。 和不從,辨乃殺和,以滑台降魏。 魏行台尚書和跋在鄴,帥輕騎自鄴赴之。 既至,辨悔之,閉門拒守。 跋使尚書郎鄧暉說之,辨乃開門內跋,跋悉收德宮人府庫。 德遣兵擊跋,跋逆擊,破之,又破德將桂陽王鎮,俘獲千餘人。 陳、穎之民多附於魏。。 南燕右衛將軍慕容雲斬李辨,帥將士家屬二萬餘口出滑台赴德。 德欲攻滑台,韓范曰; 「向也魏為客,吾為主人; 今也吾為客,魏為主人。 人心危懼,不可復戰,不如先據一方,自立基本,乃圖進取。」 張華曰:「彭城,楚之舊都,可攻而據之。」 北地王鐘等皆勸德攻滑台。 尚書潘聰曰:「滑台四通八達之地,北有魏,南有晉,西有秦,居之未嘗一日安也。 彭城土曠人稀,平夷無險,且晉之舊鎮,未易可取。 又密邇江、淮,夏秋多水。 乘舟而戰者,吳之所長,我之所短也。 青州沃野二千里,精兵十餘萬,左有負海之饒,右有山河之固,廣固城曹嶷所築,地形阻峻,足為帝王之都。 三齊英傑,思得明主以立功於世久矣。 辟閭渾昔為燕臣,今宜遣辨士馳說於前,大兵繼踵於後,若其不服,取之如拾芥耳。 既得其地,然後閉關養銳,伺隙而動,此乃陛下之關中、河內也。」 德猶豫未決。 沙門竺朗素善占候,德使牙門蘇撫問之,朗曰:「敬覽三策,潘尚書之議,興邦之言也。 且今歲之初,彗星起奎、婁,掃虛、危; 彗者,除舊布新之象,奎、婁為魯,虛、危為齊。 宜先取兗州,巡撫琅邪,至秋乃北徇齊地,此天道也。」 撫又密問以年世,朗以《周易》筮之曰:「燕衰庚戌,年則一紀,世則及子。」 撫還報德,德乃引師而南,兗州北鄙諸郡縣皆降之。 德置守宰以撫之,禁軍士無得虜掠。 百姓大悅,牛酒屬路。。 丙子,魏主珪遣建義將軍庾真、越騎校尉奚斤擊庫狄、宥連、侯莫陳三部,皆破之,追奔至大峨谷,置戍而還。。 己卯,追尊帝所生母陳夫人為德皇太后。。 夏,四月,鮮卑疊掘河內帥戶五千降於西秦。 西秦王乾歸以河內為疊掘都統,以宗女妻之。。 甲午,燕大赦。。 會稽王道子有疾,且無日不醉。 世子元顯知朝望去之,乃諷朝廷解道子司徒、揚州刺史。 乙未,以元顯為揚州刺史。 道子醒而後知之,大怒,無如之何。 元顯以廬江太守會稽張法順為謀主,多引樹親黨,朝貴皆畏事之。。 燕散騎常侍餘超、左將軍高和等坐謀反誅。。 涼太子紹、太原公纂將兵伐北涼,北涼王業求救於武威王烏孤,烏孤遣驃騎大將軍利鹿孤及楊軌救之。 業將戰,沮渠蒙遜諫曰:「楊軌恃鮮卑之強,有窺窬之志,紹、纂深入,置兵死地,不可敵也。 今不戰則有泰山之安,戰則有累卵之危。」 業從之,案兵不戰。 紹、纂引兵歸。。 六月,烏孤以利鹿孤為涼州牧,鎮西平,召車騎大將軍辱檀入錄府國事。。 會稽世子元顯自以少年,不欲頓居重任; 戊子,以琅邪王德文為司徒。。 魏前河間太守范陽盧溥帥其部曲數千家,就食漁陽,遂據有數郡。 秋,七月,己未,燕主盛遣使拜溥幽州刺史。。 辛酉,燕主盛下詔曰:「法例律,公侯有罪,得以金帛贖,此不足以懲惡而利於王府,甚無謂也。 自今皆令立功以自贖。 勿復輸金帛。。 西秦丞相南川宣公出連乞都卒。。 秦齊公崇、鎮東將軍楊佛嵩寇洛陽,河南太守隴西辛恭靖嬰城固守。 雍州刺史楊佺期遣使求救於魏常山王遵,魏主珪以散騎侍郎西河張濟為遵從事中郎以報之。 佺期問於濟曰:「魏之伐中山,戎士幾何?」 濟曰:「四十餘萬」。 佺期曰:「以魏之強,小羌不足滅也。 且晉之與魏,本為一家,今既結好,義無所隱。 此間兵弱糧寡,洛陽之救,恃魏而已。 若其保全,必有厚報; 若其不守,與其使羌得之,不若使魏得之。」 濟還報。 八月,珪遣太尉穆崇將六萬騎往救之。。 燕遼西太守李朗在郡十年,威行境內,恐燕主盛疑之,累征不赴。 以其家在龍城,未敢顯叛,陰召魏兵,許以郡降魏; 遣使馳詣龍城,廣張寇勢。 盛曰:「此必詐也。」 召使者詰問,果無事實。 盛盡滅朗族,丁酉,遣輔國將軍李旱討之。。 初,魏奮武將軍張袞以才謀為魏主珪所信重,委以腹心。 珪問中州士人於袞,袞薦盧溥及崔逞,珪皆用之。。 珪圍中山,久未下,軍食乏,問計於群臣。 逞為御史中丞,對曰:「桑椹可以佐糧。 飛鴞食椹而改音,詩人所稱也。」 珪雖用其言,聽民以椹當租,然以逞為侮慢,心銜之。 秦人寇襄陽,雍州刺史郗恢以書求救於魏常山王遵曰:「覽兄虎步中原。」 珪以恢無君臣之禮,命袞及逞為復書,必貶其主。 兗、逞謂帝為貴主,珪怒曰:「命汝貶之,而謂之『貴主』,何如『賢兄』也!」 逞之降魏也,以天下方亂,恐我復遺種,使其妻張氏與四子留冀州,逞獨與幼子賾詣平城,所留妻子遂奔南燕。 珪並以是責逞,賜逞死。 盧溥受燕爵命,侵掠魏郡縣,殺魏幽州刺史封沓干。 珪謂袞所舉皆非其人,黜袞為尚書令史。 袞乃闔門不通人事,惟手校經籍,歲餘而終。。 燕主寶之敗也,中書令、民部尚書封懿降於魏。 珪以懿為給事黃門侍郎、都坐大官。 珪問懿以燕氏舊事,懿應對疏慢,亦坐廢於家。。 武威王禿髮烏孤醉,走馬傷脅而卒,遺令立長君。 國人立其弟利鹿孤,謚烏孤曰武王,廟號列祖。 利鹿孤大赦,徙治西平。。 南燕王德遣使說幽州刺史辟閭渾,欲下之,渾不從。 德遣北地王鐘帥步騎二萬擊之,德進據琅邪,徐、兗之民歸附者十餘萬。 德自琅邪引兵而北,以南海王法為兗州刺史,鎮梁父。 進攻莒城,守將任安委城走。 德以潘聰為徐州刺史,鎮莒城。 蘭汗之亂,燕吏部尚書封孚南奔辟閭渾,渾表為勃海太守; 及德至,孚出降,德大喜曰:「孤得青州不為喜,喜得卿耳!」 遂委以機密。 北地王鐘傳檄青州諸郡,諭以禍福,辟閭渾徙八千餘家入守廣固,遣司馬崔誕戊薄荀固,平原太守張豁戌柳泉; 誕、豁承檄皆降於德。 渾懼,攜妻子奔魏,德遣射聲校尉劉綱追之,及於莒城,斬之。 渾子道秀自詣德,請與父俱死。 德曰:「父雖不忠,而子能孝。」 特赦之。 渾參軍張瑛為渾作檄,辭多不遜,德執而讓之。 瑛神色自若,徐曰:「渾之有臣,猶韓信之有蒯通。 通遇漢祖而生,臣遭陛下而死。 比之古人,竊為不幸耳!」 德殺之。 遂定都廣固。。 燕李旱行至建安,燕主盛急召之,君臣莫測其故。 九月,辛未,復遣之。 李朗聞其家被誅,擁二千餘戶以自固; 及聞旱還,謂有內變,不復設備,留其子養守令支,自迎魏師於北平。 壬子,旱襲令支,克之,遣廣威將軍孟廣平追及朗於無終,斬之。。 秦主興以災異屢見,降號稱王,下詔令群公、卿士、將牧、守宰各降一等; 大赦,改元弘始。 存問孤貧,舉拔賢俊,簡省法令,清察獄訟,守令之有政跡者賞之,貪殘者誅之,遠近肅然。。 冬,十月,甲午,燕中衛將軍衛雙有罪,賜死。 李旱還,聞雙死,懼,棄軍而亡,至板陘,復還歸罪。 燕主盛復其爵位,謂侍中孫勍曰:「旱為將而棄軍,罪在不赦。 然昔先帝蒙塵,骨肉離心,公卿失節,惟旱以宦者忠勤不懈,始終如一,故吾念其功而赦之耳。。 辛恭靖固守百餘日,魏救未至,秦兵拔洛陽,獲恭靖。 恭靖見秦王興,不拜,曰:「吾不為羌賊臣!」 興囚之,恭靖逃歸。 自淮、漢以北,諸城多請降,送任於秦。。 魏主珪以穆崇為豫州刺史,鎮野王。。 會稽世子元顯,性苛刻,生殺任意; 發東土諸郡免奴為客者,號曰樂屬,移置京師,以充兵役,東土囂然苦之。。 孫恩因民心騷動,自海島帥其黨殺上虞令,遂攻會稽。 會稽內史王凝之,羲之之子也,世奉天師道,不出兵,亦不設備,日於道室稽顙跪咒。 官屬請出兵討恩,凝之曰:「我已請大道,借鬼兵守諸津要,各數萬,賊不足憂也。」 及恩漸近,乃聽出兵,恩已至郡下。 甲寅,恩陷會稽,凝之出走,恩執而殺之,並其諸子。 凝之妻謝道韫,奕之女也,聞寇至,舉措自若,命婢肩輿,抽刀出門,手殺數人,乃被執。 吳國內史桓謙、臨海太守新秦王崇、義興太守魏隱皆棄郡走。 於是會稽謝金鹹,吳郡陸瑰、吳興丘尪、義興許充之、臨海周冑、永嘉張永等及東陽、新安凡八郡人,一時起兵,殺長吏以應恩,旬日之中,眾數十萬。 吳興太守謝邈、永嘉太守司馬逸、嘉興公顧胤、南康公謝明慧、黃門郎謝沖、張琨、中書郎孔道等皆為恩黨所殺。 邈、沖,皆安之弟子也。 時三吳承平日久,民不習戰,故郡縣兵皆望風奔潰。 恩據會稽,自稱征東將軍,逼人士為官屬,號其黨曰「長生人」,民有不與之同者,戮及嬰孩,死者什七、八。 醢諸縣令以食其妻子,不肯食者,輒支解之。 所過掠財物,燒邑屋,焚倉廩,刊木,堙井,相帥聚於會稽; 婦人有嬰兒不能去者,投於水中,曰:「賀汝先登仙堂,我當尋後就汝。」 恩表會稽王道子及世子元顯之罪,請誅之。。 自帝即位以來,內外乖異,石頭以南皆為荊、江所據,以西皆豫州所專,京口及江北皆劉牢之及廣陵相同雅之所制,朝廷所行,惟三吳而已。 及孫恩作亂,八郡皆為恩有,畿內諸縣,盜賊處處蜂起,恩黨亦有潛伏在建康者,人情危懼。 常慮竊發,於是內外戒嚴。 加道子黃鉞,元為領中軍將軍,命徐州刺史謝琰兼督吳興、義興軍事以討恩; 劉牢之亦發兵討恩,拜表輒行。。 西秦以金城太守辛靜為右丞相。。 十二月,甲午,燕燕郡太守高湖帥戶三千降魏。 湖,泰之子也。。 丙午,燕主盛封弟淵為章武公,虔為博陵公,子定為遼西公。。 丁未,燕太后段氏卒,謚曰惠德皇后。。 謝琰擊斬許允之,迎魏隱還郡,進擊丘尪,破之,與劉牢之轉斗而前,所向輒克。 琰留屯烏程,遣司馬高素助牢之,進臨浙江。 詔以牢之都督吳都諸軍事。。 初,彭城劉裕,生而母死,父翹僑居京口,家貧,將棄之。 同郡劉懷敬之母,裕之從母也,生懷敬未期,走往救之,斷懷敬乳而乳之。 及長,勇健有大志。 僅識文字,以賣履為業,好樗蒲,為鄉閭所賤。 劉牢之擊孫恩,引裕參軍事,使將數十人覘賊。 遇賊數千人,即迎擊之,從者皆死,裕墜岸下。 賊臨岸欲下,裕奮長刀仰斫殺數人,乃得登岸,仍大呼逐之,賊皆走,裕所殺傷甚眾。 劉敬宣怪裕久不返,引兵尋之,見裕獨驅數千人,鹹共歎息。 因進擊賊,大破之,斬獲千餘人。。 初,恩聞八郡響應,謂其屬曰:「天下無復事矣,當與諸君朝服至建康。」 既而聞牢之臨江,曰:「我割浙江以東,不失作句踐!」 戊申,牢之引兵濟江,恩聞之,曰:「孤不羞走。」 遂驅男女二十餘萬口東走,多棄寶物、子女於道,官軍競取之,恩由是得脫,復逃入海島。 高素破恩黨於山陰,斬恩所署吳郡太守陸瑰、吳興太守丘尪、餘姚令吳興沈穆夫。。 東土遭亂,企望官軍之至,既而牢之等縱軍士暴掠,士民失望,郡縣城中無復人跡,月餘乃稍有還者。 朝廷憂恩復至,以謝琰為會稽太守、都督五郡軍事,帥徐州文武戍海浦。。 以元顯錄尚書事。 時人謂道子為東錄,元顯為西錄; 西府車騎填湊,東第門可張羅矣。 元顯無良師友,所親信者率皆佞諛之人,或以為一時英傑,或以為風流名士。 由是元顯日益驕侈,諷禮官立議,以己德隆望重,既錄百揆,百揆皆應盡敬。 於是公卿以下,見元顯皆拜。 時軍旅數起,國用虛竭,自司徒以下,日廩七升,而元顯聚斂不已,富逾帝室。。 殷仲堪恐桓玄跋扈,乃與楊佺期結昏為援。 佺期屢欲攻玄,仲堪每抑止之。 玄恐終為殷、楊所滅,乃告執政,求廣其所統; 執政亦欲交構,使之乖離,乃加玄都督荊州四郡軍事,又以玄兄偉代佺期兄廣為南蠻校尉。 佺期忿懼。 楊廣欲拒桓偉,仲堪不聽,出廣為宜都、建平二郡太守。 楊孜敬先為江夏相,玄以兵襲而劫之,以為咨議參軍。。 佺期勒兵建牙,聲雲援洛,欲與仲堪共襲玄。 仲堪雖外結佺期而內疑其心,苦止之; 猶虎弗能禁,遣從弟遹屯於北境,以遏佺期。 佺期既不能獨舉,又不測仲堪本意,乃解兵。。 仲堪多疑少決,咨議參軍羅企生謂其弟遵生曰:「殷侯仁而無斷,必及於難。 吾蒙知遇,義不可去,必將死之。」。 是歲,荊州大水,平地三丈,仲堪竭倉廩以賑饑民。 桓玄欲乘其虛而伐之,乃發兵西上,亦聲言救洛,與仲堪書曰:「佺期受國恩而棄山陵,宜共罪之。 今當入沔討除佺期,已頓兵江口。 若見與無貳,可收楊廣殺之; 如其不爾,便當帥兵入江。」 時巴陵有積穀,玄先遣兵襲取之。 梁州刺史郭銓當之官,路經夏口,玄詐稱朝廷遣銓為己前鋒,乃授以江夏之眾,使督軍諸軍並進,密報兄偉令為內應。 偉遑遽不知所為,自繼疏示仲堪。 仲堪執偉為質,令與玄書,辭甚苦至。 玄曰:「仲堪為人無決,常懷成敗之計,為兒子作慮,我兄必無憂也。。 仲堪遣殷遹帥水軍七千至西江口,玄使郭銓、苻宏擊之,遹等敗走。 玄頓巴陵,食其谷; 仲堪遣楊廣及弟子道護等拒之,皆為玄所敗。 江陵震駭。 城中乏食,以胡麻廩軍士。 玄乘勝至零口,去江陵二十里,仲堪急召楊佺期以自救。 佺期曰:「江陵無食,何以待敵! 可來見就,共守襄陽。」 仲堪志在全軍保境,不欲棄州逆走,乃紿之曰:「比來收集,已有儲矣。」 佺期信之,帥步騎八千,精甲耀日,至江陵,仲堪唯以飯餉其軍。 佺期大怒曰:「今茲敗矣!」 不見仲堪,與其兄廣共擊玄。 玄畏其銳,退軍馬頭。 明日,佺期引兵急擊郭銓,幾獲之。 會玄兵至,佺期大敗,單騎奔襄陽。 仲堪出奔酇城。 玄遣將軍馮該追佺期及廣,皆獲而殺之,傳首建康。 佺期弟思平、從弟尚保、孜敬逃入蠻中。 仲堪聞佺期死,將數百人將奔長安,至冠軍城,該追獲之,還至柞溪,逼令自殺,並殺殷道護。 仲堪奉天師道,禱請鬼神,不吝財賄,而嗇於周急。 好為小惠以悅人,病者自為診脈分藥,用計倚伏煩密,而短於鑒略,故至於敗。。 仲堪之走也,文武無送者,惟羅企生從之。 路經家門,弟遵生曰:「作如此分離,何可不一執手!」 企生旋馬授手,遵生有力,因牽下之,曰; 「家有老母,去將何之?」 企生揮淚曰:「今日之事,我必死之,汝等奉養,不失子道。 一門之中,有忠與孝,亦復何恨!」 遵生抱之愈急,仲堪於路待之,見企生無脫理,策馬而去。 及玄至,荊州人士無不詣玄者,企生獨不往,而營理仲堪家事。 或曰:「如此,禍必至矣!」 企生曰:「殷侯遇我以國土,為弟所制,不得隨之共殄丑逆,復何面目就桓求生乎!」 玄聞之,怒,然待企生素厚,先遣人謂曰:「若謝我,當釋汝。」 企生曰:「吾為殷荊州吏,荊州敗,不能救,尚何謝為!」 玄乃收之,復遣人問企生欲何言。 企生曰; 「文帝殺嵇康,嵇紹為晉忠臣。 從公乞一弟以養老母!」; 玄乃殺企生而赦其弟。。 涼王光疾甚,立太子紹為天王,自號太上皇帝,以太原公纂為太尉,常山公弘為司徒,謂紹曰; 「今國家多難,三鄰伺隙,吾沒之後,使纂統六軍,弘管朝政,汝恭己無為,委重二兄,庶幾可濟。 若內相猜忌,則蕭牆之變,旦夕至矣。」 又謂纂、弘曰:「永業才非撥亂,直以立嫡有常,猥居元首。 今外有強寇,人心未寧,汝兄弟緝睦,則祚流萬世; 若內自相圖,則禍不旋踵矣。」 纂、弘泣曰:「不敢。」 又執纂手戒之曰:「汝性粗暴,深為吾憂。 善輔永業,勿聽讒言!」 是日,光卒。 紹秘不發喪,纂排閣入器,盡哀而出。 紹懼,以位讓之,曰:「兄功高年長,宜承大統。」 纂曰:「陛下國之塚嫡,臣敢奸之?」 紹固讓,纂不許。 驃騎將軍呂超謂紹曰:「纂為將積年,威震內外,臨喪不安,步高視遠,必有異志,宜早除之。」 紹曰:「先帝言猶在耳,奈何棄之! 吾以弱年負荷大任,方賴二兄以寧家國,縱其圖我,我視死如歸,終不忍有些意也。 卿勿復言!」 纂見紹於湛露堂; 超執刀侍側,目纂請收之,紹弗許,超,光弟寶之子也。。 弘密遣尚書姜紀謂纂曰:「主上闇弱,未堪多難。 兄威恩素著,宜為社稷計,不可徇小節也。」 纂於是夜帥壯士數百逾北城,攻廣夏門,弘帥東苑之眾斧洪範門。 左衛將軍齊從守融明觀,逆問之曰:「誰也?」 眾曰:「太原公。」 從曰:「國有大故,主上新立,太原公行不由道,夜入禁城,將為亂邪?」」 因抽劍直前斫纂,中額,纂左右禽之。 纂曰:「義士也,勿殺!」; 紹遣虎賁中郎將呂開帥禁兵拒戰於端門,呂超帥卒二千赴之; 眾素憚纂,皆不戰而潰。 纂入自青角門,升謙光殿。 紹登紫閣自殺。 呂超奔廣武。。 纂憚弘兵強,以位讓弘。 弘曰:「弘以紹弟也,而承大統,眾心不順,是以違先帝遺命而廢之,慚負黃泉! 今復逾兄而立,豈弘之本志乎!」 纂乃使弘出告眾曰:「先帝臨終,受詔如此。」 群臣皆曰:「苟社稷有主,誰敢違者!」 纂遂即天王位。 大赦,改元咸寧,謚光曰懿武皇帝,廟號太祖; 謚紹曰隱王。 以弘為大都督、督中外諸軍事、大司馬、車騎大將軍、司隸校尉、錄尚書事,改封番禾郡公。。 纂謂齊從曰:「卿前斫我,一何甚也!」 從泣曰:「隱王,先帝所立; 陛下雖應天順人,而微心未達,唯恐陛下不死,何謂甚也!」 纂賞其忠,善遇之。。 纂叔父征東將軍方鎮廣武,纂遣使謂方曰:「超實忠臣,義勇可嘉,但不識國家大體,權變之宜。 方賴其用,以濟世難,可以此意諭之。」 超上疏陳謝,纂復其爵位。。 是歲,燕主盛以河間公熙為都督中外諸軍事、尚書左僕射,領中領軍。。 劉衛辰子文陳降魏; 魏主珪妻以宗女,拜上將軍,賜姓宿氏。。 安皇帝丙隆安四年(庚子,公元四零零年)。 春,正月,壬子朔,燕主盛大赦,自貶號為庶人天王。。 魏材官將軍和跋襲盧溥於遼西,戊午,克之,禽溥及其子煥,送平城,車裂之。 燕主盛遣廣威將軍孟廣平救溥,不及,斬魏遼西守宰而還。。 乙亥,大赦。。 西秦王乾歸遷都苑川。。 禿髮利鹿孤大赦,改元建和。。 高句麗王安事燕禮慢; 二月,丙申,燕王盛自將兵三萬襲之,以驃騎大將國熙為前鋒,拔新城、南蘇二城,開境七百餘里,徙五千餘戶而還。 熙勇冠諸將,盛曰:「叔父雄果,有世祖之風,但弘略不如耳!」。 初,魏主珪納劉頭眷之女,寵冠後庭,生子嗣。 及克中山,獲燕主寶之幼女。 將立皇后,用其國故事,鑄金人以卜之,劉氏所鑄不成,慕容氏成,三月,戊午,立慕容氏為皇后。。 桓玄既克荊、雍,表求領荊、江二州。 詔以玄為都督荊、司、雍、秦、染、益、寧七州諸軍事、荊州刺史,以中護軍桓修為江州刺史。 玄上疏固求江州,於是進玄督八州及揚、豫八部諸軍事,復領江州刺史。 玄輒以兄偉為雍州刺史,朝廷不能違。 又以從子振為淮南太守。。 涼王纂以大司馬弘功高地逼,忌之。 弘亦自疑,遂以東苑之兵作亂,攻纂。 纂遣其將焦辨擊之,弘眾潰,出走。 纂縱兵大掠,悉以東苑婦女賞軍,弘之妻子亦在中。 纂笑謂群臣曰:「今日之戰何如?」 侍中房晷對曰:「天禍涼室,憂患仍臻。 先帝始崩,隱王廢黜; 山陵甫訖,大司馬稱兵; 京師流血,昆弟接刃。 雖弘自取夷滅,亦由陛下無棠棣之恩,當省己責躬謝百姓。 乃更縱兵大掠,囚辱士女,釁自弘起,百姓何罪! 且弘妻,陛下之弟婦,弘女,陛下之侄也,奈何使無賴小人辱為婢妾! 天地神明,豈忍見此!」 遂歔欷流涕。 纂改容謝之,召弘妻子寘於東宮,厚撫之。。 弘將奔禿髮利鹿孤,道過廣武,詣呂方。 方見之,大哭曰:「天下甚寬,汝何為至此!」 乃執弘送獄,纂遣力士康龍就拉殺之。。 纂立妃楊氏為後,以後父桓為尚書左僕射、涼都尹。。 辛卯,燕襄平令段登等謀反,誅。。 涼王纂將伐武威王利鹿孤,中書令楊穎諫曰:「利鹿孤上下用命,國未有釁,不可伐也。」 不從。 利鹿孤使其弟佺檁拒之,夏,四月,辱檁敗涼兵於三堆,斬首二千餘級。。 初,隴西李暠好文學,有令名。 嘗與郭□及同母弟敦煌宋繇同宿,□起謂繇曰:「君當位極人臣,李君終當有國家; 有騍馬生白額駒。 此其時也。」 及孟繁為沙州刺史,以暠為效谷令; 宋繇事北涼王業,為中散常侍。 孟敏卒,敦煌護軍馮翊郭謙、沙州治中敦煌索仙等以暠溫毅有惠政,推為敦煌太守。 暠初難之,會宋繇自張掖告歸,謂暠曰:「段王無遠略,終必無成。 兄忘郭暠之言邪? 白額駒今已生矣。」 暠乃從之,遣使請命於業; 業因以暠為敦煌太守。 右衛將軍敦煌索嗣言一業曰:「李暠不可使處敦煌。」 業以嗣代日++高為敦煌太守,使帥五百騎之官。 嗣未至二十里,移暠犯己; 暠驚疑,將出迎之。 效谷令張邈及宋繇止之曰:「段王闇弱,正是英豪有為之日; 將軍據一國成資,奈何拱手授人! 嗣自恃本郡,謂人情附己,不意將軍猝能拒之,可一戰擒也。」 暠從之。 無遣繇見嗣,啖以甘言。 繇還,謂暠曰:「嗣志驕兵弱,易取也。」 暠乃遣邈、繇與其二子歆、讓逆擊之,嗣敗走,還張掖。 暠素與嗣善,尤恨之,表業請誅嗣。 沮渠男成亦惡嗣,勸業除之; 業乃殺嗣,遣使謝暠,進暠都督涼興已西諸軍事、鎮西將軍。。 吐谷渾視羆卒,世子樹洛干方九歲,弟烏紇堤立。 妻樹洛干之母念氏,生慕瑰、慕延。 烏紇堤懦弱荒淫,不能治國; 念氏專制國事,有膽智,國人畏服之。。 燕前將軍段璣,太后段氏之兄子也,為段登辭所連及,五月,壬子,逃奔遼西。。 丙寅,衛將軍東亭獻侯王珣卒。。 己巳,魏主珪東如涿鹿,西如馬邑,觀□源。。 戊寅,燕段璣復還歸罪; 燕王盛赦之,賜號曰思悔侯,使尚公主,入直殿內。。 謝琰以資望鎮會稽,不能綏懷,又不為武備。 諸將鹹諫曰:「賊近在海浦,伺人形便,宜開其自新之路。」 琰不從,曰:「苻堅之眾百萬,尚送死淮南; 孫恩小賊,敗死入海,何能復出! 若其果出,是天欲殺之也。」 既而恩寇浹口,入餘姚,破上虞。 進及邢浦,琰遣參軍劉宣之擊破之,恩退走。 少日,復寇邢浦,官軍失利,恩乘勝徑進。 己卯,至會稽。 琰尚未食,曰:「要當先滅此賊而後食。」 因跨馬出戰,兵敗,為帳下都督張猛所殺。 吳興太守庾桓恐郡民復應恩,殺男女數千人。 恩轉寇臨海。 朝廷大震,遣冠軍將軍桓不才、輔國將軍孫無終、寧朔將軍高雅之拒之。。 秦征西大將軍隴西公碩德將兵五千伐西秦,入自南安峽。 西秦王乾歸帥諸將拒之,軍於隴西。。 楊軌、田玄明謀殺武威王利鹿孤,利鹿孤殺之。。 六月,庚辰朔,日有食之。。 以琅邪王師何澄為尚書左僕射。 澄,准之子也。。 甲子,燕大赦。。 涼王纂將襲北涼,姜紀諫曰:「盛夏農事方殷,且宜息兵。 今遠出嶺西,禿髮氏乘虛襲京師,將若之何!」 不從。 進圍張掖,西掠建康。 禿髮辱檁聞之,將萬騎襲姑臧,纂弟隴西公緯賃北城以自固。 辱檀置酒朱明門上,鳴鐘鼓,饗將士,曜兵於青陽門,掠八千餘戶而去。 纂聞之,引兵還。。 秋,七月,壬子,太皇太后李氏崩。。 丁卯,大赦。。 西秦王乾歸使武衛將軍慕兀等屯守,秦軍樵采路絕,秦王興潛引兵救之。 乾歸聞之,使慕兀帥中軍二萬屯柏楊,鎮軍將軍羅敦帥外軍四萬屯侯辰谷,乾歸自將輕騎數千前候秦兵。 會大風昏霧,與中軍相失,為追騎所逼,入於外軍。 旦,與秦戰,大敗,走歸苑川,其部眾三萬六千皆降於秦。 興進軍枹罕。。 乾歸奔金城,謂諸豪帥曰; 「吾不才,叨竊名號,已逾一紀,今敗散如此,無以待敵,欲西保允吾。 若舉國而去,必不得免; 卿等留此,各以其眾降秦。 以全宗族,勿吾隨也。」 皆曰:「死生願從陛下。」 乾歸曰:「吾今將寄食於人,若天未亡我,庶幾異日克復舊業,復與卿等相見。 今相隨而死,無益也。」 乃大哭而別。 乾歸獨引數百騎奔允吾,乞降於武威王利鹿孤,利鹿孤遣廣武公辱檀迎之。 置於晉興,待以上賓之禮。 鎮北將軍禿髮俱延言於利鹿孤曰:「乾歸本吾之屬國,因亂自尊,今勢窮歸命,非其誠款,若逃歸姚氏,必為國患,不如徙置乙弗之間,使不得去。」 利鹿孤曰:「彼窮來歸我,而逆疑其心,何以勸來者!」 俱延,利鹿孤之弟也。。 秦兵既退,南羌梁戈等密招乾歸,乾歸將應之。 其臣屋引阿洛以告晉興太守陰暢,暢馳白利鹿孤,利鹿孤遣其弟吐雷帥騎三千屯捫天嶺。 乾歸懼為利鹿孤所殺,謂其太子熾盤曰:「吾父子居此,必不為利鹿孤所容。 今姚氏方強,吾將歸之,若盡室俱行,必為追騎所及,吾以汝兄弟及汝母為質,彼必不疑,吾在長安,彼終不敢害汝也。」 乃送熾盤等於西平。 八月,乾歸南奔枹罕,遂降於秦。。 丁亥,尚書左僕射王雅卒。。 九月,癸丑,地震。。 涼呂方降於秦,廣武民三千餘戶奔武威王利鹿孤。。 冬,十一月,高雅之與孫恩戰於餘姚,雅之敗,走山陰,死者什七、八。 詔以劉牢之都督會稽等五郡,帥眾擊恩,恩走入海。 牢之東屯上虞,使劉裕戍句章。 吳國內史袁崧築滬瀆壘以備恩。 崧,喬之孫也。。 會稽世子無顯求領徐州,詔以元顯為開府儀同三司、都督揚、豫、徐、兗、青、幽、冀、並、荊、江、司、雍、梁、益、交、廣十六州諸軍事、領徐州刺史,封其子彥瑋為東海王。。 乞伏乾歸至長安,秦王興以為都督河南諸軍事、河州刺史、歸義侯。。 久之,乞仗熾盤欲逃詣乾歸,武威王利鹿孤追獲之。 利鹿孤將殺熾盤,廣武公辱檀曰:「子而歸父,無足深責,宜宥之以求大度。」 利鹿孤從之。。 秦王興遣晉將劉嵩等二百餘人來歸。。 北涼晉昌太守唐瑤叛,移檄六郡,推李暠為冠軍大將軍、沙州刺史、涼公、領敦煌太守。 暠赦其境內,改元庚子。 以瑤為征東將軍,郭謙為軍諮祭酒,索仙為左長史,張邈為右長史,尹建興為左司馬,張體順為右司馬。 遣從事中郎宋繇東伐涼興,並擊玉門已西諸城,皆下之。。 酒泉太守王德亦叛北涼,自稱河州刺史。 北涼王業使沮渠蒙遜討之。 德焚城,將中曲奔唐瑤,蒙遜追至沙頭,大破之,虜其妻子、部落而還。。 十二月,戊寅,有星孛於天津。 會稽世子元顯以星變解錄尚書事,復加尚書令。 吏部尚書車胤以元顯驕恣,白會稽王道子,請禁抑之。 元顯聞而未察,以問道子曰:「車武子屏人言及何事?」 道子弗答。 固問之,道子怒曰:「爾欲幽我,不令我與朝士語耶!」 元顯出,謂其徒曰; 「車胤間我父子。」 密遣人責之。 胤懼,自殺。。 壬辰,燕主盛立燕台,統諸部雜夷。。 魏太史屢奏天文乖亂。 魏主珪自覽占書,多雲改王易政,乃下詔風勵群下,以帝王繼統,皆有天命,不可妄干。 又數變易官名,欲以厭塞災異。 儀曹郎董謐獻《服餌仙經》,珪置仙人博士,立仙坊,煮煉百藥,封西山以供薪蒸。 藥成,令死罪者試服之,多死,不驗; 而珪猶信之,訪求不已。。 珪常以燕主垂諸子分據勢要,使權柄下移,遂至敗亡,深非之。 博士公孫表希旨,上《韓非》書,勸珪以法制御下。 左將軍李粟性簡慢,常對珪舒放不肅,咳唾任情; 珪積其宿過,遂誅之,群下震慄。。 丁酉,燕王盛尊獻莊後丁氏為皇太后,立遼西公定為皇太子。 大赦。。 是歲,南燕王德即皇帝位於廣固,大赦,改元建平。 更名備德,欲使吏民易避。 追謚燕主□曰幽皇帝。 以北地王鐘為司徒,慕輿拔為司空,封孚為左僕射,慕輿護為右僕射。 立妃段氏為皇后。。」」
Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance, Volume 111. 【Jin Records 33】 From the year Tuyi Dayuanxian through Shangzhang Kundun—two years in all. Year 3 of Longan under Emperor An of Jin (jihai, AD 399). In spring, in the first month, on xinyou day, the court proclaimed a general amnesty. On wuchen day, Liu Zhong, the Yan governor of Changli, was executed for plotting rebellion. The case implicated Gen, Duke of Dongyang and Director of the Masters of Writing, and Duan Cheng, a Master of Writing—both were put to death as accomplices. The court sent Central Guard General Wei Shuang to Fancheng to execute Zhong's younger brother Zhi, who was Inspector of Youzhou. Yuan, Duke of Pingyuan and Guardian General, was appointed Grand Minister over the Masses and Director of the Masters of Writing. On gengwu day, the Wei ruler Tuoba Gui toured the north. He sent three armies east along Changchuan under Grand General Prince Changshan Zun; seven armies west through Niuchuan under Pacifier of the North Prince Gaoliang Lezhen; and led the main force himself on a central route along the Bojian River to attack the Gaoche. On renwu day, Zhang Zhen, Right General of Yan, and He Han, Colonel of the City Gates, were executed for treason. On guiwei day, Yan granted a general amnesty and adopted the reign title Changle. The Yan ruler Murong Sheng personally heard cases every ten days, forbore torture, and in most instances arrived at the truth. Wugu, Prince of Wuwei, moved his seat to Ledu. He posted his younger brother Lilugu, Duke of Xiping, at Anyi; Rutan, Duke of Guangwu, at Xiping; his uncle Suwo on the Huang River; Ruoliu on the Jiao River; his cousin Tiyin in Lingnan; Luohui in Lianchuan; and his uncle Turuoliu at Hao'ai; Able men from both the tribal and Chinese populations were assigned posts according to talent—some to high office at court, others to govern counties and commanderies—and all were well matched to their roles. Wugu told his ministers, "Longyou and Hexi were once a few commanderies, but turmoil has split them into more than a dozen states. The Lü, Qifu, and Duan clans are the strongest. If we mean to seize them, which should we attack first?" Yang Tong replied, "The Qifu were once our own tribe—they will submit in time. The Duan are bookish men who pose no real danger, and they are already friendly with us—an attack would be unjust. Lü Guang is senile and his heir feeble. Zuan and Hong may be capable, but they distrust each other. If we launch repeated raids from Hao'ai and Lianchuan while their defenses are thin, they will wear themselves out rushing to respond. In no more than two years, with their armies exhausted and their people strained, Guzang will be within our grasp. Once Guzang falls, the other two rivals will yield without a fight." Wugu said, "Well said." In the second month, on dinghai, the first day of the month, the Wei army crushed more than twenty Gaoche tribes, taking over seventy thousand captives, more than three hundred thousand horses, and over 1.4 million head of cattle and sheep. Prince Wei Yi led thirty thousand horsemen on a separate route more than a thousand li across the desert, defeated seven tribes, and captured over twenty thousand people, fifty thousand horses, and twenty thousand cattle and sheep. The Gaoche tribes were thrown into great alarm. Fan Da, king of Linyi, captured Rinan and Jiuzhen and then invaded Jiaozhi, but Prefect Du Yuan routed his forces. On gengxu day, Yu Yue, Wei's General Who Pacifies the Barbarians, defeated Zhang Chao at Bohai and executed him. Duan Ye took the throne of Liang and proclaimed the reign title Tianxi. Juqu Mengxun was made Left Director of the Masters of Writing and Liang Zhongyong Right Director. The Wei ruler Gui held a great hunt south of Niuchuan, using Gaoche tribesmen to form a seven-hundred-li drive; then drove the game south to Pingcheng and set the Gaoche to building a deer park several tens of li wide. In the third month, on jiwei day, Gui returned to Pingcheng. On jiazi day, Gui reorganized the thirty-six bureaus of the Masters of Writing and the outer offices into three hundred sixty bureaus, each placed under one of the eight great chieftains. Cui Hong, Minister of Personnel, oversaw all thirty-six bureaus in the manner of a chief minister coordinating the administration. He appointed Erudites for the Five Classics and raised enrollment at the Imperial University to three thousand students. Gui asked Erudite Li Xian, "What in the world best sharpens the mind and spirit? Li Xian answered, "Nothing surpasses books. Gui asked, "How many books exist, and how could we collect them all? Li Xian replied, "Since writing began, each generation has added to the store until today—they are beyond counting. But if the sovereign wills it, what is there to fear—they will be gathered." Gui took his advice and ordered every commandery and district to scour for books and send them to Pingcheng. Earlier, Fu Guang, younger brother of Former Qin ruler Fu Deng, had brought three thousand followers to serve Murong De of Southern Yan, who made him Champion General and stationed him at Qihuo Fort. When Mars stood in the Well mansion, some said Former Qin would rise again. Guang proclaimed himself King of Qin, attacked Murong Zhong, Prince of Northern Yan, and routed him. Huatai was then isolated and weak—fewer than ten walled towns and barely ten thousand men. After Zhong's defeat, many of De's adherents deserted him for Guang. De left Prince Luyang He to hold Huatai and marched in person against Guang, whom he killed. When Murong Bao of Yan reached Liyang, Prince Luyang He and his chief clerk Li Bian urged He to receive him; He refused. Fearing for himself, Bian secretly guided Jin troops to Guancheng, planning to rebel while De was away campaigning. When De never marched out, Bian grew only more anxious. When De set out against Fu Guang, Bian again pressed He to rebel. He again refused, so Bian killed him and surrendered Huatai to Wei. He Ba, Director of the Masters of Writing on Wei's field staff at Ye, rode with light cavalry from Ye to take possession. When He Ba arrived, Bian regretted his decision and shut the gates to resist. Ba sent Master of Writing Attendant Deng Hui to negotiate; Bian opened the gates and admitted him. He Ba then seized De's palace women and treasury. De sent troops against He Ba, who met them in counterattack and routed them, then defeated De's general Prince Guiyang Zhen and took more than a thousand prisoners. Many people in Chen and Ying districts went over to Wei. Murong Yun, Southern Yan's Right Guard General, killed Li Bian and led more than twenty thousand soldiers and dependents out of Huatai to rejoin De. De wanted to retake Huatai. Han Fan said, "Before, Wei was the guest and we the host; now we are the guest and Wei the host. Our men are frightened and in no state to fight again. We should secure a territory, build a foundation, and only then plan our next move." Zhang Hua said, "Pengcheng is the ancient capital of Chu—we can seize and hold it. Prince Northern Yan Zhong and others all urged De to retake Huatai. Master of Writing Pan Cong said, "Huatai sits at a crossroads—Wei to the north, Jin to the south, Qin to the west. No one who holds it has known a day of peace. Pengcheng is broad and thinly peopled, flat and without natural defenses—and as a former Jin stronghold, it will not be easy to take. It also lies close to the Yangzi and Huai, which flood in summer and autumn. River warfare is Wu's strength and our weakness. Qingzhou offers two thousand li of rich land and more than a hundred thousand seasoned troops. To the east lies the wealth of the coast; to the west, mountain barriers. Guanggu, built by Cao Yi, is steep and defensible—fit for an imperial capital. The able men of the Three Qi have long yearned for a worthy ruler under whom they could win glory. Pilü Hun once served Yan. Send eloquent envoys ahead and follow with a great army. If he refuses, taking his territory will be as easy as picking up a mustard seed. Once we hold that land, shut the passes, rest our forces, and strike when opportunity appears—that will be Your Majesty's Guanzhong and Henei." De remained undecided. The monk Zhu Lang was skilled in divination. De sent gate officer Su Fu to consult him. Zhu Lang said, "I have weighed all three plans. Master of Writing Pan's is the counsel that would found a kingdom. Moreover, early this year a comet rose in Kui and Lou and swept through Xu and Wei. A comet means clearing away the old to make way for the new. Kui and Lou signify Lu; Xu and Wei signify Qi. You should first take Yanzhou and secure Langye, then in autumn march north into Qi—this is Heaven's course." Su Fu also asked privately about the dynasty's span. Zhu Lang divined with the Book of Changes and said, "Yan will decline in the year gengxu—twelve years in all, and the succession will reach the son's generation. Su Fu reported back, and De marched south. Every commandery and district on the northern fringe of Yanzhou submitted. De appointed officials to govern them and forbade his soldiers from looting. The people rejoiced, and the roads were lined with offerings of cattle and wine. On bingzi day, Tuoba Gui sent General Who Establishes Righteousness Yu Zhen and Colonel of Agile Cavalry Xi Jin against the Kudi, Youlian, and Houmochen tribes. All were defeated; the pursuit reached Great E Valley, where garrisons were posted before the army withdrew. On jimao day, the emperor's birth mother, Lady Chen, was posthumously honored as Empress Dowager De. In summer, in the fourth month, five thousand households under the Xianbei leader Dieju of Henei surrendered to Western Qin. Western Qin ruler Qifu Gangui appointed Dieju chief commander in Henei and gave him a clan daughter in marriage. On jiawu day, Yan proclaimed a general amnesty. The Prince of Kuaiji, Sima Daozi, was ill and drank himself drunk every day without fail. The heir Sima Yuanxian, knowing the court despised his father, prompted the court to strip Daozi of the posts of Minister over the Masses and Inspector of Yangzhou. On yiwei day, Yuanxian was appointed Inspector of Yangzhou. Daozi learned of it only after he sobered up. He was furious but could do nothing. Yuanxian made Zhang Fashun of Kuaiji, Administrator of Lujiang, his chief strategist, brought in many relatives and allies, and all the great officials at court feared and deferred to him. Yu Chao, Palace Attendant of Yan, Left General Gao He, and others were executed for plotting rebellion. Liang crown prince Shao and Prince of Taiyuan Zuan led troops against Northern Liang. Northern Liang ruler Duan Ye sought help from Tufa Wugu, Prince of Wuwei, who sent Flying Cavalry General Lilugu and Yang Gui to the rescue. Ye was about to fight when Juqu Mengxun remonstrated: "Yang Gui relies on Xianbei strength and harbors aggressive designs. Shao and Zuan have marched deep and put their army in a death trap—we cannot stand against them. If we do not fight, we have the security of Mount Tai; if we fight, we face peril as fragile as a pile of eggs." Ye took his advice and held his army back without giving battle. Shao and Zuan withdrew their armies. In the sixth month, Wugu made Lilugu Governor of Liangzhou and stationed him at Xiping, then summoned Chariots and Cavalry General Rutan to the capital to manage state affairs. The Kuaiji heir Yuanxian, considering himself too young, did not wish to remain long in so heavy a post; On wuzi day, Prince Langya Dewen was appointed Minister over the Masses. Lu Pu of Fanyang, former Administrator of Henei under Wei, led several thousand households of his followers to Yuyang for provisions and then seized several commanderies. In autumn, in the seventh month, on jiwei day, Yan ruler Murong Sheng sent envoys to appoint Lu Pu Governor of Youzhou. On xinyou day, Murong Sheng issued an edict: "Under the statutes, dukes and marquises guilty of crimes could redeem themselves with gold and silk. That is not enough to punish wrongdoing and only enriches the royal treasury—it is utterly pointless. From now on all must earn merit to redeem their offenses. No more payments in gold and silk. Chilian Qidu, Duke of Chuannan Xuan and Chancellor of Western Qin, died. Later Qin Duke of Qi Chong and General Who Pacifies the East Yang Fosong attacked Luoyang. Xin Gongjing of Longxi, Administrator of Henan, shut the city gates and held out. Yongzhou Inspector Yang Xianqi sent envoys to seek help from Tuoba Zun, Prince of Changshan. Wei ruler Tuoba Gui sent Palace Attendant Zhang Ji of Xihe as Attendant Master of Writing under Zun to reply. Xianqi asked Ji: "When Wei attacked Zhongshan, how many fighting men did you have? Ji replied: "More than four hundred thousand." Xianqi said: "With Wei's might, these petty Qiang are nothing you cannot crush. Jin and Wei were originally one house, and now that we are allied there is no reason to hide anything. Our army here is weak and supplies are scarce. Luoyang's rescue depends entirely on Wei. If the city is saved, you will surely receive rich reward; if it cannot be held, better that Wei take it than that the Qiang do. Ji returned and reported this. In the eighth month, Tuoba Gui sent Grand Commandant Mu Chong with sixty thousand horsemen to the rescue. Li Lang, Administrator of Liaoxi under Yan, had governed the commandery for ten years and his authority ran throughout it. Fearing Murong Sheng would suspect him, he ignored repeated summons. Because his family was in Longcheng he did not dare rebel openly, but secretly summoned Wei troops and promised to surrender the commandery; he sent envoys racing to Longcheng with greatly exaggerated reports of enemy pressure. Sheng said: "This must be a ruse. He summoned the envoys and questioned them closely, and there proved to be no truth in it. Sheng exterminated Lang's entire clan. On dingyou day he sent General Who Supports the State Li Han to campaign against him. Earlier, Zhang Gun, General Who Bestirs Martial Might, had been trusted and valued by Tuoba Gui for his talent and counsel, and was treated as a confidant. Gui asked Gun about men of the Central Plains. Gun recommended Lu Pu and Cui Cheng, and Gui employed them both. Gui besieged Zhongshan for a long time without taking it. Army provisions ran short, and he asked his ministers for advice. Cui Cheng, serving as Censor-in-Chief, replied: "Mulberries can supplement grain. The flying crow eats mulberries and changes its cry—that is what the poets praise. Gui took his advice and allowed the people to pay taxes in mulberries, but he considered Cheng insolent and nursed a grudge against him. Qin forces raided Xiangyang. Yongzhou Inspector Xi Huai sent a letter to Tuoba Zun, Prince of Changshan, seeking rescue: "Your brother marches like a tiger across the Central Plains. Gui considered Xi Huai's letter a breach of proper etiquette between ruler and subject and ordered Gun and Cheng to draft a reply that must demean the Jin emperor. Gun and Cheng called the emperor "honored sovereign." Gui raged: "I ordered you to demean him, yet you call him 'honored sovereign'—how is that different from calling him 'worthy elder brother'! When Cui Cheng had surrendered to Wei, fearing in the chaos that Wei might exterminate his line, he left his wife Lady Zhang and four sons in Jizhou and went alone with his youngest son Ze to Pingcheng. The family he left behind then fled to Southern Yan. Gui also held this against Cheng and sentenced him to death. Lu Pu accepted a title from Yan, raided Wei commanderies and districts, and killed Wei's Inspector of Youzhou Feng Tagen. Gui declared that none of Gun's recommendations had been suitable and demoted him to Clerk of the Masters of Writing. Gun then shut his doors to the world, devoting himself only to collating the classics by hand, and died a little over a year later. When Murong Bao of Yan was defeated, Chief Secretary and Minister of the People Feng Yi surrendered to Wei. Tuoba Gui made him Attendant in the Yellow Gate Office and Director of the Grand Commissary. Gui questioned him about old affairs of the Murong house. Feng Yi's answers were careless and disrespectful, and he too was dismissed to live at home. Tufa Wugu, Prince of Wuwei, while drunk rode a horse, injured his side, and died. His final orders were to establish the eldest son. The people established his younger brother Lilugu instead. Wugu was given the posthumous title Wu Wang and the temple name Liezu. Lilugu proclaimed a general amnesty and moved the capital to Xiping. Murong De of Southern Yan sent envoys to persuade Youzhou Inspector Pilü Hun to submit, but Hun refused. De sent Prince of Northern Yan Murong Zhong with twenty thousand infantry and cavalry to attack him, then advanced and occupied Langya. More than one hundred thousand people of Xu and Yan provinces came over to him. De himself marched north from Langya, made Prince of Nanhai Murong Fa Inspector of Yanzhou, and stationed him at Liangfu. He attacked Jucheng. The defending general Ren An abandoned the city and fled. De made Pan Cong Inspector of Xuzhou and stationed him at Jucheng. During the turmoil of Lan Han, Yan Minister of the Masters of Writing Feng Fu fled south to Pilü Hun, who memorialized to make him Administrator of Bohai; When De arrived, Feng Fu came out and surrendered. De said joyfully: "I am not happy to have gained Qingzhou—I am happy to have gained you! He then entrusted him with confidential state affairs. Prince of Northern Yan Murong Zhong issued proclamations to the commanderies of Qingzhou, explaining the consequences of submission or resistance. Pilü Hun moved more than eight thousand households into Guanggu to defend it, sent Sima Cui Yan to garrison Bo and Xun Gu, and Pingyuan Administrator Zhang Huo to garrison Liuquan; Cui Yan and Zhang Huo both surrendered to De upon receiving the proclamation. Hun was terrified and fled with his wife and children to Wei. De sent Commandant of the Archers Liu Gang in pursuit, caught up with him at Jucheng, and executed him. Hun's son Daoxiu came to De of his own accord and asked to die with his father. De said: "Though the father was disloyal, the son can be filial. He specially pardoned him. Hun's aide Zhang Ying had drafted a proclamation for him in language mostly insolent. De seized him and rebuked him. Ying's expression remained calm. He said slowly: "Hun had his minister, just as Han Xin had Kuai Tong. Kuai Tong met the founder of Han and lived; I meet Your Majesty and die. Compared with men of old, I consider myself rather unfortunate! De had him executed. He then established his capital at Guanggu. Li Han of Yan had marched as far as Jian'an when Murong Sheng urgently recalled him. Neither ruler nor ministers could fathom why. In the ninth month, on xinwei day, he was sent out again. Li Lang heard his family had been executed and gathered more than two thousand households to fortify himself; when he heard Li Han had returned, he assumed there was internal turmoil and stopped making preparations. He left his son Yang to hold Lingzhi and went himself to meet Wei troops at Beiping. On renzi day, Li Han stormed Lingzhi and captured it. He sent General of Expansive Might Meng Guangping in pursuit; Meng caught Li Lang at Wuzhong and executed him. Because calamities and portents kept appearing, the Qin ruler Yao Xing lowered his title to king and issued an edict that dukes, ministers, generals, governors, and local officials should each demote themselves one rank; he proclaimed a general amnesty and changed the era name to Hongshi. He sent relief to orphans and the poor, promoted talented men, streamlined the laws, and reviewed court cases. Officials with good records were rewarded and the greedy and cruel were executed. Order was restored near and far. In winter, the tenth month, on jiawu day, Wei Shuang, Central Guard General of Yan, was found guilty and ordered to take his own life. Li Han was on his way back when he learned of Shuang's death. In fear he abandoned his army and fled. At Banshi he turned back and surrendered himself to judgment. Murong Sheng restored his rank and title and said to Attendant-in-Ordinary Sun Qing, "As a general Han abandoned his army. That is an unpardonable crime. Yet when the former emperor suffered exile, kin turned against kin and ministers betrayed their posts. Only Han, though a eunuch, served with unwavering loyalty from first to last. I pardon him in remembrance of that service. Xin Gongjing held out for more than a hundred days, but Wei relief never came. Qin forces took Luoyang and captured him. When brought before King Yao Xing of Qin, Gongjing refused to bow. "I will never serve Di bandits!" he declared. Xing had him imprisoned, but Gongjing escaped and made his way back. North of the Huai and Han rivers, city after city offered surrender and sent hostages to Qin. Emperor Tuoba Gui of Wei appointed Mu Chong Governor of Yuzhou and posted him at Yewang. Sima Yuanxian, heir of Kuaiji, was harsh by nature and killed or spared as he pleased; he conscripted freed slaves who had become tenant clients from the eastern commanderies, called them "Music Retainers," and relocated them to the capital for military service. The eastern provinces erupted in outrage. Sun En seized on the unrest. Leading his followers from their island base, he killed the magistrate of Shangyu and marched on Kuaiji. Wang Ningzhi, Internal Grandee of Kuaiji and son of Wang Xizhi, came from a family devoted to the Celestial Masters faith. He sent out no troops and made no defense, spending his days kowtowing and chanting in the ritual hall. When his staff urged him to march against En, Ningzhi said, "I have already invoked the Great Way and borrowed ghost soldiers to hold every pass—tens of thousands at each. The rebels are nothing to fear. Only when En drew near did he allow troops to march out—by then En was already at the gates of the city. On jiayin day En captured Kuaiji. Ningzhi fled but was seized and executed, together with all his sons. Ningzhi's wife Xie Daoyun, daughter of Xie Yi, heard the enemy was coming and showed no panic. She had a maid carry her in a sedan chair, drew a blade, went out the gate, and killed several men herself before she was captured. Huan Qian, Internal Grandee of Wu; Wang Chong, Prince of Xin and Administrator of Linhai; and Wei Yin, Administrator of Yixing—all abandoned their posts and fled. Then Xie Jin of Kuaiji, Lu Gui of Wu, Qiu Kuang of Wuxing, Xu Chongzhi of Yixing, Zhou Zhou of Linhai, Zhang Yong of Yongjia, and others across eight commanderies including Dongyang and Xin'an rose at once, killed their local officials, and joined En. Within ten days their forces numbered in the hundreds of thousands. Xie Miao, Administrator of Wuxing; Sima Yi, Administrator of Yongjia; Gu Yin, Duke of Jiaxing; Xie Minghui, Duke of Nankang; Gentlemen of the Yellow Gate Xie Chong and Zhang Kun; Secretariat Officer Kong Dao; and others were all killed by En's partisans. Miao and Chong were both disciples of Xie An. The Three Wu region had known peace for so long that the people were unused to war. Commandery and county troops fled at the first sight of the enemy. En seized Kuaiji, styled himself General Who Conquers the East, and forced local notables into office. He called his followers "Long-lived Men." Those who refused to join were slaughtered down to infants; seven or eight out of ten perished. He had magistrates minced and forced their wives and children to eat the flesh. Those who refused were dismembered on the spot. Wherever they marched they looted, burned towns and granaries, felled trees, and filled in wells, driving the population to gather at Kuaiji; women who could not flee with their infants were thrown into the water with the words, "Congratulations on reaching the immortal halls first—I will follow soon. En submitted a memorial listing the crimes of Prince Sima Daozi of Kuaiji and his heir Yuanxian and calling for their execution. Since the emperor's accession, court and provinces had fallen out of step. South of Shitou was held by the Jing and Jiang regions; westward lay Yuzhou's domain; Jingkou and the lands north of the Yangzi were controlled by Liu Laozhi and Xiang Ya, Inspector of Guangling. The court's authority reached no farther than the Three Wu. When Sun En rebelled, eight commanderies fell to him. Bandits rose everywhere in the capital region, and his agents were known to be hiding in Jiankang itself. Fear spread through the population. Fearing a sudden uprising, the court put the capital and its environs under strict guard. Daozi was granted the yellow battle-axe; Yuanxian was made General Who Leads the Army of the Center; and Xie Yan, Governor of Xuzhou, was ordered to take command of Wuxing and Yixing and march against En; Liu Laozhi also mobilized against En, submitting his memorial and marching at once. Western Qin appointed Xin Jing, Administrator of Jincheng, as Right Chancellor. In the twelfth month, on jiawu day, Gao Hu, Administrator of Yan Commandery under Yan, surrendered to Wei with three thousand households. Gao Hu was the son of Gao Tai. On bingwu day Murong Sheng enfeoffed his younger brother Murong Yuan as Duke of Zhangwu, Murong Qian as Duke of Boling, and his son Murong Ding as Duke of Liaoxi. On dingwei day Empress Dowager Duan of Yan died. She was posthumously titled Empress Hui and Virtuous. Xie Yan attacked and killed Xu Chongzhi, restored Wei Yin to his commandery, and advanced against Qiu Kuang and routed him. He and Liu Laozhi fought their way forward, conquering wherever they turned. Xie Yan held at Wucheng and sent Marshal Gao Su to reinforce Laozhi, advancing as far as the Zhe River. An edict appointed Liu Laozhi overall commander of military affairs in the Wu region. Earlier, Liu Yu of Pengcheng lost his mother at birth. His father Liu Qiao, an émigré living at Jingkou, was so poor that he was about to abandon the infant. The mother of Liu Huaijing of the same commandery—Yu's aunt—had just given birth to Huaijing. She ran to the rescue, weaned her own child, and nursed Yu instead. When he grew up he was bold, vigorous, and full of ambition. He knew only a few written characters, made a living selling straw sandals, loved gambling, and was looked down on in his neighborhood. When Liu Laozhi marched against Sun En, he took Yu onto his staff and sent him with a few dozen men to reconnoiter the enemy. They ran into several thousand rebels. Yu charged at once. His men were all killed and he fell from the bank. As the rebels leaned over the bank to finish him, Yu swung his long blade upward and cut down several men, then scrambled ashore. Shouting, he drove them off. He killed and wounded a great many. Liu Jingxuan, alarmed that Yu had not returned, led men to find him and saw Yu alone putting thousands of rebels to flight. All who watched sighed in wonder. They pressed the attack, routed the rebels, and killed or captured more than a thousand. When En first heard that eight commanderies had risen with him, he told his followers, "The empire is ours. We shall dress in court robes and march on Jiankang. But when he learned that Laozhi had reached the river, he said, "If I hold everything east of the Zhe, I can still play the part of Goujian! On wushen day Laozhi crossed the river with his army. When En heard of it he said, "I am not too proud to run. He then drove more than two hundred thousand men, women, and children eastward, abandoning treasures and children along the road. Government troops stopped to loot the spoils, and En slipped away and fled back to his island refuge. Gao Su routed En's partisans at Shanyin and executed Lu Gui, En's appointee as Administrator of Wu; Qiu Kuang, Administrator of Wuxing; and Shen Mufu, Magistrate of Yuyao. The eastern provinces, ravaged by rebellion, had looked to the imperial armies for deliverance. Instead Laozhi and his men let their soldiers loot at will. The people lost hope. Towns stood empty for more than a month before anyone ventured back. Fearing En might return, the court appointed Xie Yan Administrator of Kuaiji and overall commander of five commanderies, and posted the civil and military officials of Xuzhou to guard the coast. Yuanxian was appointed Recorder of the Masters of Writing. People of the day called Daozi the Eastern Recorder and Yuanxian the Western Recorder; the Western offices thronged with carriages and horses, while at the Eastern residence one could spread a net at the gate—for no one came. Yuanxian had no worthy mentors. Those he trusted were mostly sycophants whom some hailed as heroes of the age and others as fashionable men of letters. Yuanxian grew ever more arrogant and extravagant. He urged the masters of ceremony to rule that, given his lofty virtue and heavy reputation, and since he now oversaw all government, every minister owed him full deference. From that point on, every official down to the lowest rank bowed when meeting Yuanxian. Campaign followed campaign until the treasury was drained. Officials from the Steward downward received seven sheng of grain a day, while Yuanxian kept hoarding wealth until he was richer than the imperial household. Yin Zhongkan, fearing Huan Xuan's overbearing ambition, sealed an alliance through marriage with Yang Quanqi. Quanqi repeatedly urged an attack on Xuan, but Zhongkan always held him back. Xuan, fearing he would eventually be destroyed by Yin and Yang, appealed to the regents and asked for an enlargement of his command; the regents, hoping to drive a wedge between them, made Xuan overall commander of four Jingzhou commanderies and replaced Quanqi's brother Guang as Colonel of the Southern Man with Xuan's brother Huan Wei. Quanqi was furious and afraid. Yang Guang wanted to resist Huan Wei, but Zhongkan refused and posted Guang as Administrator of Yidu and Jianping. Yang Zijing had been Chancellor of Jiangxia. Xuan attacked by force, seized him, and made him a Consultation Adviser. Quanqi mobilized his army and raised his standard, claiming he would march to relieve Luoyang, and planned to strike Xuan together with Zhongkan. Zhongkan had allied with Quanqi outwardly but distrusted him inwardly and tried hard to stop him; unable to restrain him fully, he sent his cousin Yin Yu to encamp on the northern frontier to block Quanqi. Quanqi could neither move alone nor read Zhongkan's true intentions, and so he stood down. Zhongkan was indecisive and mistrustful. Consultation Adviser Luo Qisheng told his brother Zunsheng, "Lord Yin is kind but cannot decide. Disaster will find him. He has treated me well. It would be wrong to abandon him. I shall die at his side." That year Jing Province was devastated by floods three zhang deep even on flat ground. Zhongkan emptied the granaries to feed the starving. Huan Xuan wanted to strike while they were vulnerable. He marched west, again claiming he would relieve Luoyang, and wrote to Zhongkan: "Quanqi enjoyed the state's favor yet abandoned the imperial tombs. We should condemn him together. I am marching into the Mian basin to destroy Quanqi and have already encamped at the river mouth. If you stand with me without wavering, seize Yang Guang and kill him. Otherwise I shall lead my army into the Yangtze basin." Baling meanwhile held a large grain reserve. Xuan sent troops first to seize it by surprise. Guo Quan, newly appointed Inspector of Liang Province, was traveling through Xiakou on his way to take office. Xuan falsely claimed the court had posted Quan as his vanguard, put the Jiangxia forces under his command, and ordered a general advance while secretly telling his brother Wei to rise within as an ally. Wei, in panic, did not know what to do. He forwarded the message himself and showed it to Zhongkan. Zhongkan took Wei hostage and made him write to Xuan in the most anguished terms. Xuan said, "Zhongkan cannot decide. He is always weighing gain and loss and scheming for his sons. My brother has nothing to fear. Zhongkan sent Yin Yu with seven thousand river troops to Xijiangkou. Xuan ordered Guo Quan and Fu Hong to attack. Yu was routed and fled. Xuan encamped at Baling and fed his army from its grain; Zhongkan sent Yang Guang and his nephew Daohu and others to hold them off. Xuan defeated them all. Jiangling was seized with terror. Food in the city ran short, and the troops were rationed on sesame. Xuan pressed his advantage to Lingkou, twenty li from Jiangling. Zhongkan urgently called on Yang Quanqi to rescue him. Quanqi said, "Jiangling has no provisions. How can we hold off the enemy? Come join me and we will hold Xiangyang together." Zhongkan wanted to keep his forces intact and defend the province. Unwilling to abandon Jing and flee upstream, he lied: "We have been gathering supplies. We already have stores." Quanqi believed him and marched in with eight thousand foot and horse, their fine armor blazing in the sun. Zhongkan could offer his army nothing but plain rice. Quanqi flew into a rage. "We are ruined!" He refused to see Zhongkan and, with his brother Guang, attacked Xuan together. Xuan, wary of their momentum, pulled back to Matou. The next day Quanqi launched a furious assault on Guo Quan and nearly took him. Then Xuan's reinforcements arrived. Quanqi was routed and fled alone to Xiangyang. Zhongkan fled to Zuo City. Xuan sent General Feng Gai after Quanqi and Guang. Both were captured and killed, and their heads were sent to Jiankang. Quanqi's brother Siping and his cousins Shangbao and Zijing escaped into the hill country. When Zhongkan learned Quanqi was dead, he set out for Chang'an with a few hundred followers. At Guanjun City Feng Gai overtook and captured him. At Zhaoxi he was forced to take his own life, and Yin Daohu was killed as well. Zhongkan followed the Way of the Celestial Master, prayed to spirits without stinting gifts, yet was tight-fisted when others were in desperate need. He liked petty favors that won people's hearts, personally diagnosing the sick and dispensing medicine. His schemes were elaborate, but he lacked foresight—and so he fell. When Zhongkan fled, not one of his officials saw him off. Only Luo Qisheng went with him. As they passed his home, his brother Zunsheng called out, "On a parting like this, how can we not clasp hands once?" Qisheng wheeled his horse and reached out. Zunsheng, a strong man, yanked him from the saddle and said: " Mother is at home. Where do you think you are going?" Qisheng said through tears, "Today I am bound to die. You will support her—you will not fail in filial duty. In one house to have both loyalty and filial piety—what regret could there be!" Zunsheng held him all the tighter. Zhongkan waited on the road, saw that Qisheng could not break free, and rode on. When Xuan arrived, every notable in Jing Province paid him court—except Qisheng, who stayed away and instead settled Zhongkan's household affairs. Someone warned him, "That way lies disaster!" Qisheng replied, "Lord Yin honored me as a true servant of the state. Held back by my brother, I could not follow him to destroy this rebel. What face would I have to crawl to Huan for my life?" Xuan was angry when he heard, but Qisheng had long been a favorite. He sent word first: "Apologize and I will spare you." Qisheng answered, "I served Lord Yin of Jing. Jing fell and I could not save it. What apology do I owe?" Xuan had him seized and sent again to ask whether he had any last words. Qisheng said: " When Emperor Wen of Wei killed Ji Kang, Ji Shao became a loyal minister of Jin. I beg you for one younger brother to care for our old mother!" Xuan killed Qisheng and pardoned his brother. King Guang of Liang fell gravely ill. He installed Crown Prince Shao as Heavenly King, took the title Retired Emperor, named Prince of Taiyuan Zuan Grand Commandant and Prince of Changshan Hong Minister Over the Masses, and told Shao: " The realm is in peril and three neighbors are watching for weakness. After I am gone, let Zuan command the armies and Hong run the court. Hold yourself reverently and leave the weight to your two elder brothers—that may see us through. If you turn on one another within, calamity at the palace gates will come any day." He told Zuan and Hong, "Yongye is no man to quell chaos. He sits at the head only because the heir has his place. Enemies press from without and the people's hearts are unsettled. If you brothers stay united, the throne may endure for ages; if you feud among yourselves, ruin will follow at once." Zuan and Hong wept and said, "We would not dare." Taking Zuan's hand, he warned him, "You are rough by nature. That worries me deeply. Serve Yongye faithfully. Do not listen to slander!" That day Guang died. Shao kept the death secret. Zuan forced the door and entered the mourning chamber, wailed his fill, and came out. Shao, frightened, offered him the throne. "Your merit is great and you are the elder. You should inherit." Zuan replied, "Your Majesty is the lawful heir. How could I usurp the throne?" Shao pressed the offer. Zuan refused. Flying Cavalry General Lü Chao told Shao, "Zuan has commanded armies for years and his prestige dominates court and camp. At the funeral he is restless, head high and eyes roaming—he harbors treason. Remove him now." Shao said, "Our father's words still ring in my ears. How can I betray them? I am young and the burden is heavy. I depend on my two elder brothers to keep the house and realm at peace. Even if he plots against me, I am ready to die—and I cannot bring myself to raise a hand against him. Say no more!" Zuan visited Shao in the Hall of Pure Dew; Chao stood at his side with a sword, signaling Zuan to seize him. Shao refused. Chao was the son of Guang's brother Bao. Hong secretly sent Master of Writing Jiang Ji to Zuan: "The sovereign is feeble and cannot weather these troubles. Your prestige is established. Act for the realm—not for petty scruples." That night Zuan led several hundred picked men over the north wall and stormed the Gate of Broad Summer. Hong led the Eastern Park garrison to break through the Gate of Grand Norm. Left Guard General Qi Cong held the Rongming Watchtower and challenged them: "Who goes there?" The answer came: "The Prince of Taiyuan." Cong said, "The realm is in mourning and the sovereign is newly enthroned. The Prince of Taiyuan enters the palace by night by an unlawful way—is this mutiny?" He drew his sword and struck at Zuan, wounding his forehead. Zuan's men seized him. Zuan cried, "He is a loyal man. Do not kill him!" Shao sent Tiger Guard Lü Kai with the palace guard to hold the Duan Gate. Lü Chao brought two thousand men to reinforce him; but the troops had long feared Zuan. None would fight and they broke. Zuan entered through the Blue Horn Gate and ascended the Hall of Modest Light. Shao climbed the Purple Pavilion and took his own life. Lü Chao fled to Guangwu. Zuan, wary of Hong's strength, offered him the throne. Hong said, "I am Shao's younger brother, yet I took the throne against the people's will. I already defied our father's dying charge in deposing him—I am ashamed before the dead! How could my heart consent to leap over my elder brother now!" Zuan had Hong announce to the court: "This was our father's dying charge." The ministers answered as one: "So long as the realm has a master, who would disobey?" Zuan then took the throne as Heavenly King. He proclaimed a general amnesty, adopted the era Xianning, and posthumously titled Guang Emperor Yi and Martial with temple name Taizu; and gave Shao the posthumous name King Yin. Hong was made Grand Commander, Director of all military affairs civil and martial, Grand Marshal, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Director of the Metropolitan Intendancy, and Recorder of the Masters of Writing, with a new enfeoffment as Duke of Fanhe. Zuan said to Qi Cong, "Your blow was fierce indeed!" Cong wept and said, "King Yin was chosen by our late lord; "You may have Heaven and men on your side, but you never understood my heart—I feared only that you would survive. What do you mean my blow was too fierce?" Zuan praised his loyalty and treated him generously. Zuan's uncle Fang, General Who Conquers the East and governor of Guangwu, sent Fang a message: "Chao is loyal and brave, but he lacks sense of the state's larger needs and when to bend with circumstances. I depend on him to see us through this crisis. Explain that to him." Chao memorialized his gratitude, and Zuan restored his titles. That year Murong Sheng of Yan named Duke of Hejian Xi grand commander of all armies, Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, and acting commander of the central guard. Liu Weichen's son Wenchen defected to Wei; Tuoba Gui married him to a royal clanswoman, made him Grand General, and granted him the surname Su. Year 4 of Longan under Emperor An of Jin (gengzi, AD 400). In spring, on the new moon of the first month, Murong Sheng proclaimed an amnesty and styled himself Commoner Heavenly King. Wei's Material-Officers General He Ba struck Lu Pu in Liaoxi. On wuwu day he took the place, captured Pu and his son Huan, sent them to Pingcheng, and tore them apart with chariots. Murong Sheng sent General of Broad Authority Meng Guangping to relieve Pu, but arrived too late; he beheaded the Wei garrison in Liaoxi and withdrew. On yihai day the court proclaimed a general amnesty. Qifu Gangui of Western Qin moved his capital to Yuanchuan. Tufa Lilugu of Southern Liang proclaimed an amnesty and adopted the era Jianhe. King An of Goguryeo slighted Yan in the matter of tribute; In the second month, on bingshen day, Murong Sheng led thirty thousand men against him, with Guo Xi commanding the van. He seized Xincheng and Nansu, pushed the frontier seven hundred li, resettled five thousand households, and marched home. Xi was the bravest of the commanders. Sheng said, "Uncle, your boldness matches our founder's—only your breadth of vision falls short!" Earlier Tuoba Gui had taken Liu Toujuan's daughter; she outshone every consort and bore a son named Si. After he took Zhongshan he also gained Murong Bao's young daughter. To choose an empress he followed Wei custom and cast golden figures as lots—the Liu figure failed, the Murong figure held. On wuwu day in the third month he made Lady Murong empress. After Huan Xuan seized Jing and Yong, he asked to be given both Jing and Jiang provinces. The court named Xuan director of armies in Jing, Si, Yong, Qin, Liang, Yi, and Ning and inspector of Jing, with Huan Xiu as inspector of Jiang. Huan Xuan pressed his claim to Jiang until the court enlarged his mandate to eight provinces plus military command over eight Yang and Yu districts, and restored Jiang to him. He promptly installed his brother Wei as inspector of Yong, and the court could not refuse. He also named his nephew Zhen prefect of Huainan. Zuan of Later Liang resented Grand Marshal Hong, whose towering merit and proximity made him a threat. Hong grew fearful in turn and rebelled with troops from the Eastern Park, attacking Zuan. Zuan sent Jiao Bian against him; Hong's army broke and he fled. Zuan let his men loot freely and distributed the women of the Eastern Park as booty—including Hong's wife and children. Zuan smiled at his court and asked, "How did today's battle go?" Palace Attendant Fang Gui replied, "Heaven has cursed the house of Liang; one disaster follows another. Our late lord had barely died when King Yin was cast aside; the tombs were scarcely sealed when the Grand Marshal took up arms; blood ran in the capital and brothers turned on one another. Hong courted ruin, yet Your Majesty showed no brotherly grace. You should search your heart, accept blame, and make amends to the people. Yet you went on looting and abusing men and women—Hong started this; what did the people do to deserve it? Hong's wife is your brother's widow; his daughter is your niece. How can you let rabble dishonor them as slaves? Could Heaven itself endure to see this?" He broke down in tears. Zuan's face changed; he apologized and had Hong's family housed in the Eastern Palace with rich care. Hong fled toward Tufa Lilugu; passing Guangwu he sought out Lü Fang. Fang wept at the sight of him: "The world is wide—how did you end up here?" He seized Hong and sent him to prison; Zuan sent the brawler Kang Long to strangle him where he lay. Zuan made Lady Yang empress and her father Huan Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing and chief magistrate of the Liang capital. On xinmao day Duan Deng, magistrate of Xiangping, and others were executed for treason. Zuan prepared to attack Tufa Lilugu of Wuwei. Director of the Masters of Writing Yang Ying warned, "Lilugu's realm serves him united; there is no opening—do not attack." Zuan refused. Lilugu sent his brother Rutan to meet them. In the fourth month of summer Rutan routed the Liang army at Sandui, claiming two thousand heads. Li Gao of Longxi was a literary man of fine reputation. Once he shared lodgings with Guo Nen and his half-brother Song Yao of Dunhuang. Nen told Yao, "You will rise to the top of the bureaucracy; Li is fated to rule a state of his own; when your dun mare foals a white-faced colt. That will be the sign." When Meng Min became prefect of Sha, he made Li Gao magistrate of Xiaogu; Song Yao served Duan Ye of Northern Liang as a Central Regular Attendant. When Meng Min died, protector Guo Qian and administrator Suo Xian, finding Li Gao gentle, firm, and just in office, raised him to prefect of Dunhuang. Li Gao hesitated until Song Yao came home on leave from Zhangye and said, "Duan Ye has no long view—he cannot last. Brother, have you forgotten what Guo Nen foretold? The white-faced colt has already arrived." Li Gao agreed and asked Duan Ye to confirm the appointment. Ye confirmed him as prefect of Dunhuang. Right Guard General Suo Si of Dunhuang told Ye, "Li Gao should not be left in Dunhuang." Ye replaced Li Gao with Si as prefect and sent him west with five hundred cavalry. Twenty li short of the city Si announced that Gao was moving against him; Li Gao, startled, prepared to ride out to receive him. Magistrate Zhang Miao and Song Yao stopped him: "Duan Ye is weak and blind—this is the hour for a man of action; You hold a whole province in your hands—why surrender it without a fight? Si trusts his native ties and thinks the people favor him; he will never expect you to resist—one battle will take him." Li Gao agreed. He first sent Song Yao to meet Si with fair promises. Yao returned and reported, "Si is overconfident and his force is slight—he can be taken easily." Li Gao sent Zhang Miao, Song Yao, and his sons Xin and Rang to attack. Si was routed and fled back to Zhangye. Though they had once been friends, Li Gao now hated Si deeply and asked Ye to execute him. Juqu Mancheng likewise despised Si and urged Ye to kill him; Ye executed Si, apologized to Li Gao, and promoted him to director of armies west of Liang and Xing and General Who Pacifies the West. Shipi of the Tuyuhun died. His heir Shiluogan was only nine; his younger brother Wugeti was enthroned. Wugeti married Shiluogan's mother, Lady Nian, who bore Mugui and Muyan. Wugeti was feckless and dissolute and could not govern; Lady Nian ran the realm with courage and wit, and her people obeyed her in awe. Duan Ji, Former General of Yan and a nephew of Empress Dowager Duan, was named in Duan Deng's confession. On renzi day in the fifth month he fled to Liaoxi. On bingyin day, General of the Guard Wang Xun, Marquis Xian of Dongting, died. On jisi day, the Wei ruler Tuoba Gui traveled east to Zhuolu and west to Mayi to inspect the source of the Lei River. On wuyin day, Duan Ji of Yan came back to Yan to surrender himself; Murong Sheng pardoned him, created him Marquis Reflecting on Repentance, married him to a princess, and posted him on duty inside the palace. Xie Yan held Kuaiji on the strength of his family name, but he neither won the people over nor kept the garrison ready. His generals all urged him: "The rebels are camped on the coast, waiting for an opening. We ought to offer them a way back to loyalty." Xie Yan refused. "Even Fu Jian's million-man army marched to its death at Huainan; Sun En is a petty rebel who fled beaten into the sea. How could he ever come back! If he does return, Heaven itself must want him dead." Soon afterward Sun En struck Jiakou, entered Yuyao, and overran Shangyu. When Sun En reached Xingpu, Xie Yan sent his aide Liu Xuanzhi against him and drove him back. A few days later he struck Xingpu again. The imperial forces lost, and Sun En pressed straight on. On jimao day he reached Kuaiji. Xie Yan had not yet eaten and said, "I mean to destroy these rebels before I sit down to a meal." He mounted and rode out to fight, was routed, and was killed by Zhang Meng, a commander of his household guard. Yu Huan, prefect of Wuxing, fearing the county would rally to Sun En again, slaughtered several thousand men and women. Sun En then turned against Linhai. The court was alarmed and sent Champion General Huan Bucai, General Who Supports the State Sun Wuzhong, and General Who Pacifies the North Gao Yazhi to meet him. Shuode, Duke of Longxi and Qin Grand General Who Conquers the West, marched five thousand men against Western Qin through the Nan'an Gorge. Qifu Gangui of Western Qin led his generals out to meet them and camped in Longxi. Yang Gui and Tian Xuanming plotted to kill Lilugu, Prince of Wuwei, and Lilugu had them executed. In the sixth month, on the first day gengchen, the sun was eclipsed. He Cheng, preceptor to the Prince of Langye, was appointed Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing. He Cheng was a son of He Zhun. On jiazi day, Yan proclaimed a general amnesty. Lü Zuan, king of Later Liang, was preparing to strike Northern Liang. Jiang Ji warned him: "It is midsummer and the fields are at their busiest. This is no time for war. If you march deep into the country west of the passes, the Tufa will strike our capital while it stands empty. What then!" Zuan refused. He pressed on to besiege Zhangye and swept west through Jianchang. Tufa Rutan heard of it and led ten thousand cavalry against Guzang. Zuan's brother Wei, Duke of Longxi, fortified the northern city to hold out. Rutan feasted his troops atop the Zhu Ming Gate with bells and drums, paraded his army at the Qingyang Gate, and withdrew after seizing more than eight thousand households. When Zuan heard, he turned his army homeward. In autumn, the seventh month, on renzi day, Grand Empress Dowager Li died. On dingmao day the court proclaimed a general amnesty. Qifu Gangui posted Martial Guard General Mu Wu and others to hold the line, cutting off the Qin army's firewood routes. Yao Xing of Qin secretly marched to their relief. Gangui sent Mu Wu with twenty thousand central troops to Baiyang and Pacifying Army General Luo Dun with forty thousand outer troops to Houchen Valley, while he himself rode ahead with several thousand light cavalry to watch the Qin advance. A gale and blinding mist separated him from the central army. Pursuers pressed him until he fell in among the outer troops. At dawn he fought Qin and was routed. He fled to Yuanchuan, and thirty-six thousand of his followers surrendered to Qin. Yao Xing pressed on to Fuhan. Gangui fled to Jincheng and told the tribal chiefs: " I have no merit, yet I have clung to a royal title for more than twelve years. Beaten and scattered as we are, I cannot face the enemy. I mean to withdraw west and hold Yunwu. If the whole realm moves with me, none of us will escape; stay here and each of you surrender to Qin with your own men. Save your clans. Do not follow me." They answered, "In life or death we will follow you." Gangui said, "I am about to live at another man's mercy. If Heaven has not finished with me, perhaps one day I may recover my realm and see you again. To follow me now and die together would serve no purpose." Then they wept and took leave of one another. Gangui rode alone with several hundred followers to Yunwu and submitted to Lilugu, Prince of Wuwei. Lilugu sent Rutan, Duke of Guangwu, to receive him. He was lodged at Jinxing and entertained as an honored guest. Pacifier of the North Tufa Juyan told Lilugu, "Gangui was once our vassal. He seized a crown in the chaos, and now, broken, he comes to surrender—but his heart is false. If he slips back to the Yao, he will become a threat. Better to resettle him among the Yifu so he cannot flee." Lilugu replied, "He comes to us in desperation, and you would greet him with suspicion. How will that encourage others to come! Juyan was Lilugu's younger brother. After the Qin army withdrew, Liang Ge of the Southern Qiang and others secretly called Gangui to revolt, and he was ready to answer them. His minister Wuyin Aluo told Jinxing Prefect Yin Chang, who rode at once to Lilugu. Lilugu sent his brother Tu Lei with three thousand cavalry to Mentian Ridge. Fearing Lilugu would kill him, Gangui told his heir Chizen, "If we stay here, Lilugu will never tolerate us. The Yao are strong now, and I mean to go to them. If we all flee together, pursuers will overtake us. I will leave you, your brothers, and your mother as hostages so they will not doubt me. Once I reach Chang'an, they will never dare harm you." He then sent Chizen and the others to Xiping. In the eighth month Gangui fled south to Fuhan and surrendered to Qin. On dinghai day, Wang Ya, Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, died. In the ninth month, on guichou day, there was an earthquake. Lü Fang of Later Liang surrendered to Qin, and more than three thousand households from Guangwu fled to Lilugu, Prince of Wuwei. In winter, the eleventh month, Gao Yazhi fought Sun En at Yuyao, was beaten, and fled to Shanyin. Seven or eight men in ten were killed. The court ordered Liu Laozhi to command five commanderies, including Kuaiji, and drive Sun En back. Sun En fled to sea. Laozhi camped east at Shangyu and posted Liu Yu at Gouzhang. Yuan Song, interior minister of Wu, built fortifications on the Hudu River to block Sun En. Yuan Song was a grandson of Yuan Qiao. Huan Wuxian, heir of Kuaiji, asked to take Xuzhou. The court made Huan Yuanxian Commissioner with the Same Ceremonies as the Three Excellencies Who Open a Prefecture, commander of military affairs across sixteen provinces, and concurrent inspector of Xuzhou, and created his son Yanwei Prince of Donghai. When Qifu Gangui reached Chang'an, Yao Xing made him commander of military affairs south of the Yellow River, inspector of Hezhou, and Marquis Who Returns to Righteousness. After a time Chizen begged for arms, planning to flee to Gangui. Lilugu, Prince of Wuwei, pursued and captured him. Lilugu was about to execute Chizen. Rutan, Duke of Guangwu, said, "A son who seeks his father is hardly a grave crime. Pardon him and show your breadth." Lilugu agreed. Yao Xing sent more than two hundred Jin officers, including Liu Song, to defect to Qin. Tang Yao, prefect of Jinchang in Northern Liang, rebelled, circulated a manifesto through six commanderies, and set up Li Gao as Grand General Who Conquers the Champions, inspector of Shazhou, Duke of Liang, and concurrent prefect of Dunhuang. Li Gao proclaimed an amnesty in his domain and adopted the era name Gengzi. He appointed Tang Yao General Who Conquers the East, Guo Qian army consultation libationer, Suo Xian left chief clerk, Zhang Miao right chief clerk, Yin Jianxing left major, and Zhang Tishun right major. He sent Attendant Gentleman Song Yao east against Liangxing and together they reduced every city west of Yumen. Wang De, prefect of Jiuquan, also rebelled against Northern Liang and proclaimed himself Inspector of Hezhou. Duan Ye, king of Northern Liang, sent Juqu Mengxun to suppress him. De torched the city and fled with his main force toward Tang Yao. Mengxun pursued to Shatou, crushed him, and carried off his family and followers. In the twelfth month, on wuyin day, a comet appeared at the Tianjin asterism. Citing the omen in the heavens, Kuaiji heir Sima Yuanxian stepped down as Recorder of the Masters of Writing and was appointed Director of the Masters of Writing instead. Che Yin, Minister of Personnel, reported Yuanxian's arrogance to Prince of Kuaiji Sima Daozi and asked that he be curbed. Yuanxian heard something was amiss but could not tell what. He asked Daozi, "What did Che Wuzi want to say to you in private? Daozi would not answer. When Yuanxian pressed him, Daozi burst out, "Are you trying to shut me up and keep me from talking to the gentlemen at court! Yuanxian left and told his followers, "Che Yin is setting my father and me against each other. He secretly sent men to rebuke Yin. Yin, in fear, took his own life. On renchen day, Murong Sheng of Yan established the Yan Terrace to oversee the various tribal peoples. Wei's Grand Astrologer repeatedly reported irregularities in the heavens. Tuoba Gui himself read prognostic texts that often spoke of dynastic change. He issued an edict urging his officials that imperial succession rests on Heaven's mandate and must not be rashly attempted. He also changed official titles again and again, hoping to ward off ill omens. Dong Mi of the Ceremonies Bureau presented the Scripture of Immortality through Diet and Drugs. Gui appointed an Erudite of Immortals, set up an Immortals' Quarter, refined elixirs from a hundred herbs, and closed the Western Hills for firewood. When the elixirs were ready, he had condemned men test them. Many died, and the drugs proved worthless; yet Gui still believed and never ceased his search. Gui often blamed Murong Chui's practice of placing his sons in powerful posts—power had slipped downward and the state had fallen—and he deeply disapproved of it. Erudite Gongsun Biao, seeking to please him, presented Han Fei's works and urged Gui to govern his subordinates through law. Left General Li Su was blunt and disrespectful, often behaving with easy familiarity before Gui, coughing and spitting as he pleased; Gui tallied his long record of offenses and had him executed. The court was shaken with fear. On dingyou day, Murong Sheng of Yan honored Lady Ding, consort of the late Zhuang, as Empress Dowager and named Duke of Liaoxi Ding crown prince. A general amnesty was proclaimed. That year Murong De of Southern Yan took the imperial throne at Guanggu, granted a general amnesty, and proclaimed the reign title Jianping. He changed his name to Beide so that officials and commoners could more easily avoid the taboo on his personal name. He posthumously honored the Yan ruler Murong Chui as Emperor You. He made Prince Northern Yan Zhong Grand Minister over the Masses, Murong Ba Minister of Works, Feng Fu Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, and Murong Hu Right Vice Director. He made his consort, Lady Duan, empress.””