1
資治通鑑第229卷卷第二百二十九
Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 229.
2
【唐紀四十五】起昭陽大淵獻十一月,盡閼逢困敦正月,不滿一年。
[Tang Records 45] This record runs from the eleventh month of one cycle year to the first month of the next—less than a full year.
3
德宗神武聖文皇帝四建中四年( 癸亥,公元七八三年)
In the fourth year of Jianzhong of Emperor Dezong, the Divine Martial and Sagely Cultural Emperor ( Guihai, AD 783)
4
十一月,丁亥,以隴州為奉義軍,擢皋為節度使。 泚又使中使劉海廣許皋鳳翔節度使。 皋斬之。
In the eleventh month, on the day dinghai, Long Prefecture was designated the Fengyi Army district and Gao was appointed its military governor. Zhu Ci also sent the court envoy Liu Haiguang to offer Gao the Fengxiang military governorship. Gao had him executed.
5
靈武留後杜希全、鹽州刺史戴休顏、夏州刺史時常春會渭北節度使李建徽,合兵萬人入援,將至奉天,上召將相議道所從出。 關播、渾瑊曰:「漠谷道險狹,恐為賊所邀。 不若自乾陵北過,附柏城而行,營於城東北雞子堆,與城中掎角相應,且分賊勢。」 盧杞曰:「漠谷路近,若為賊所邀,則城中出兵應接可也。 倘出乾陵,恐驚陵寢。」 瑊曰:「自泚圍城,斬乾陵松柏,以夜繼晝,其驚多矣。 今城中危急,諸道救兵未至,惟希全等來,所繫非輕,若得營據要地,則泚可破也。」 杞曰:「陛下行師,豈比逆賊! 若令希全等過之,是自驚陵寢。」 上乃命希全等自漠谷進。 丙子,希全等軍至漠谷,果為賊所邀,乘高以大弩、巨石擊之,死傷甚眾。 城中出兵應接,為賊所敗。 是夕,四軍潰,退保邠州。 泚閱其輜重於城下,從官相視失色。 休顏,夏州人也。 泚攻城益急,穿塹環之。 泚移帳於乾陵,下視城中,動靜皆見之。 時遣使環城招誘士民,笑其不識天命。
Du Xiquan, acting prefect of Lingwu, Dai Xiuyan, prefect of Yan, and Shi Changchun, prefect of Xia, joined Li Jianhui, military governor of Weibei, and together led ten thousand troops to relieve the siege. When they were nearing Fengtian, the emperor called his generals and ministers together to decide which route the relief force should take. Guan Bo and Hun Jian said, "The Mogu pass is narrow and dangerous—the rebels may well ambush us there. Better to march north of Qianling, keep to the cypress rampart road, and camp at Jizidui northeast of the city. That way we can support Fengtian in a pincer and split the rebel forces." Lu Qi said, "The Mogu route is shorter. If the rebels intercept them there, the city can send troops out to link up. But if they pass Qianling, we may disturb the imperial tombs." Jian replied, "Since Zhu Ci laid siege, he has been felling the pines and cypresses of Qianling day and night—how much more disturbance could there be? The city is in desperate straits. No relief armies from the provinces have arrived yet—only Xiquan and his men are coming, and everything depends on them. If they can seize a strong position, Zhu Ci can be broken." Qi said, "When Your Majesty sends an army, how can that be compared with rebel bandits! If you order Xiquan and his men to march past the tombs, we ourselves will be the ones disturbing the imperial resting place." The emperor then ordered Xiquan and his force to advance through Mogu. On the day bingzi, Xiquan's army reached Mogu and was ambushed as predicted. The rebels rained down boulders and bolts from the heights, and casualties were heavy. Troops sallied from the city to link up with them but were beaten back by the rebels. That night all four armies broke and retreated to Bin Prefecture. Zhu Ci paraded the captured baggage train beneath the walls. The officials who accompanied the emperor looked at one another, their faces ashen. Xiuyan was a native of Xia Prefecture. Zhu Ci pressed the siege harder still, digging trenches to ring the city. Zhu Ci moved his headquarters to Qianling, where he could look down on the city and see everything that moved within it. He kept sending envoys around the walls to entice soldiers and civilians, mocking them for failing to recognize Heaven's mandate.
6
神策河北行營節度使李晟疾愈,聞上幸奉天,帥眾將奔命。 張孝忠迫於朱滔、王武俊,倚晟為援,不欲晟行,數沮止之。 晟乃留其子憑,使娶孝忠女為婦,又解玉帶賂孝忠親信,使說之。 孝忠乃聽晟西歸,遣大將楊榮國將銳兵六百與晟俱。 晟引兵出飛狐道,晝夜兼行,至代州。 丁丑,加晟神策行營節度使。
Li Sheng, military governor of the Shence Hebei campaign army, had recovered from illness. When he learned that the emperor had fled to Fengtian, he prepared to march to the rescue. Zhang Xiaozhong, hard pressed by Zhu Tao and Wang Wujun, depended on Li Sheng for support and did not want him to leave. He repeatedly blocked and dissuaded him. Li Sheng left his son Ping behind to marry Zhang Xiaozhong's daughter, and gave his jade belt to Xiaozhong's intimates to win them over on his behalf. Zhang Xiaozhong finally let Li Sheng march west, and sent his general Yang Rongguo with six hundred elite troops to accompany him. Li Sheng led his men out through the Feihu pass, marching day and night without rest until he reached Dai Prefecture. On the day dingchou, Li Sheng was appointed Shence campaign military governor.
7
王武俊、馬寔攻趙州不克。 辛巳,寔歸瀛州,武俊送之五里,犒贈甚厚。 武俊亦歸恆州。
Wang Wujun and Ma Sui attacked Zhao Prefecture without success. On the day xinsi, Ma Sui returned to Ying Prefecture. Wang Wujun escorted him five li and sent him off with lavish gifts. Wang Wujun then returned to Heng Prefecture as well.
8
上之出幸奉天也,陝虢觀察使姚明易文以軍事委都防禦副使張勸,去詣行在。 勸募兵得數萬人。 甲申,以勸為陝虢節度使。
When the emperor fled to Fengtian, Yao Mingyi, observation commissioner of Shan and Guo, left military affairs in the hands of his deputy defense commissioner Zhang Quan and went to join the emperor. Zhang Quan raised troops and mustered tens of thousands of men. On the day jiashen, Zhang Quan was appointed military governor of Shan and Guo.
9
朱泚攻圍奉天經月,城中資糧俱盡。 上嘗遣健步出城覘賊,其人懇以苦寒為辭,跪奏乞一襦褲誇。 上為之尋求不獲,竟憫默而遣之。 時供御才有糲米二斛,每伺賊之休息,夜,縋人於城外,采蕪菁根而進之。 上召公卿將吏謂曰:「朕以不德,自陷危亡,固其宜也。 公輩無罪,宜早降,以救室家。」 群臣皆頓首流涕,期盡死力,故將士雖困急而銳氣不衰。
Zhu Ci had besieged Fengtian for a month, and the city's stores of food were exhausted. The emperor once sent a swift runner out to scout the rebel lines. The man pleaded bitter cold, knelt before the throne, and begged for a single padded jacket and trousers. The emperor had his attendants search but none could be found. In the end he sent the man away in sorrowful silence. The imperial kitchen had only two hu of coarse millet left. Whenever the rebels eased their assault, men were lowered by rope at night to gather turnip roots outside the walls. The emperor summoned his ministers, generals, and officials and said, "Through my own want of virtue I have brought us to the brink of ruin—that is only fitting. You are innocent. You should surrender soon and save your families." The ministers all prostrated themselves, weeping, and pledged to fight to the death. Though the soldiers were starving and exhausted, their fighting spirit never faltered.
10
上之幸奉天也,糧料使崔縱勸李懷光令入援,懷光從之。 縱悉斂軍資與懷光皆來。 懷光晝夜倍道,至河中,力疲,休兵三日。 河中尹李齊運傾力犒宴,軍士尚欲遷延。 崔縱先輦貨財渡河,謂眾曰:「至河西,悉以分賜。」 眾利之,西屯蒲城,有眾五萬。 齊運,惲之孫也。
When the emperor fled to Fengtian, the grain commissioner Cui Zong persuaded Li Huaiguang to march to the rescue, and Huaiguang agreed. Cui Zong gathered all military supplies and marched with Huaiguang. Li Huaiguang forced the march day and night. When he reached Hezhong his men were exhausted, and he rested the army for three days. Li Qiyun, prefect of Hezhong, lavished feasts and rewards on the army, yet the soldiers still wanted to linger. Cui Zong had goods and wealth ferried across the river ahead of the army and told the troops, "When we reach the west bank, everything will be divided among you. The promise stirred them. They crossed west and encamped at Pucheng with fifty thousand men. Qiyun was a grandson of Li Yun.
11
李晟行且收兵,亦自蒲津濟,軍於東渭橋。 其始有卒四千,晟善於撫御,與士卒同甘苦,人樂從之,旬月間至萬餘人。
Li Sheng marched west, gathering troops along the way, crossed at Pujin, and encamped at the Eastern Wei Bridge. He began with four thousand men. Li Sheng was a master at winning soldiers' loyalty, sharing their hardships and comforts alike, and men flocked to his banner. Within a month his force had grown to more than ten thousand.
12
神策兵馬使尚可孤討李希烈,將三千人在襄陽,自武關入援,軍於七盤,敗泚將仇敬,遂取藍田。 可孤,宇文部之別種也。
Shang Ke'gu, a Shence cavalry commissioner campaigning against Li Xilie, commanded three thousand men at Xiangyang. He entered through Wuguan to relieve the siege, encamped at Qipan, defeated Zhu Ci's general Qiu Jing, and seized Lantian. Ke'gu was of a collateral branch of the Yuwen people.
13
鎮國軍副使駱元光,其先安息人,駱奉先養以為子,將兵守潼關近十年,為眾所服。 朱泚遣其將何望之襲華州,刺史董晉棄州走行在。 望之據其城,將聚兵以絕東道。 元光引關下兵襲望之,走還長安。 元光遂軍華州,召募士卒,數日,得萬餘人。 泚數遣兵攻元光,元光皆擊卻之,賊由是不能東出。 上即以元光為鎮國軍節度使,元光乃將兵二千西屯昭應。
Luo Yuanguang, deputy commissioner of the Zhenguo Army, was descended from Parthians. Luo Fengxian had adopted him as a son. He had held Tong Pass with his troops for nearly ten years and was deeply respected by his men. Zhu Ci sent his general He Wangzhi to seize Hua Prefecture. The prefect Dong Jin abandoned the city and fled to the emperor. Wangzhi occupied the city and prepared to mass troops to sever the eastern supply route. Yuanguang led his troops from below the Pass against Wangzhi, who fled back to Chang'an. Yuanguang then encamped at Hua Prefecture, raised troops, and within days had more than ten thousand men. Zhu Ci sent repeated attacks against Yuanguang, but Yuanguang drove them all back. The rebels were unable to push eastward. The emperor promptly appointed Yuanguang military governor of the Zhenguo Army. Yuanguang then led two thousand men west to encamp at Zhaoying.
14
馬燧遣其行軍司馬王權及其子匯將兵五千人入援,屯中渭橋。
Ma Sui sent his campaign chief of staff Wang Quan and his son Hui with five thousand troops to relieve the siege. They encamped at the Central Wei Bridge.
15
於是泚黨所據惟長安而已,援軍游騎時至望春樓下。 李忠臣等屢出兵皆敗,求救於泚,泚恐民間乘弊抄之,所遣兵皆晝伏夜行。 泚內以長安為憂,乃急攻奉天,使僧法堅造雲梯,高廣各數丈,裹以兕革,下施巨輪,上容壯士五百人。 城中望之忷懼。 上以問群臣,渾瑊、侯仲莊對曰:「臣觀雲梯勢甚重,重則易陷。 臣請迎其所來鑿地道,積薪蓄火以待之。」 神武軍使韓澄曰:「雲梯小伎,不足上勞聖慮,臣請御之。」 乃度梯之所傃,廣城東北隅三十步,多儲膏油松脂薪葦於其上。 丁亥,泚盛兵鼓噪攻南城,韓游瑰曰:「此欲分吾力也。」 乃引兵嚴備東北。 戊子,北風甚迅,泚推雲梯,上施濕氈,懸水囊,載壯士攻城,翼以轒轀,置人其下,抱薪負土填塹而前,矢石火炬所不能傷。 賊並兵攻城東北隅,矢石如雨,城中死傷者不可勝數。 賊已有登城者,上與渾瑊對泣,群臣惟仰首祝天。 上以無名告身自御史大夫、實食五百戶以下千餘通授瑊,使募敢死士御之,仍賜御筆,使視其功之在小書名給之,告身不足則書其身,且曰:「今便與卿別。」 瑊俯伏流涕,上拊其背,歔欷不自勝。 時士卒凍餒,又逐甲冑,瑊扶諭,激以忠義,皆鼓噪力戰。 瑊中流矢,進戰不輟,初不言痛。 會雲梯輾地道,一輪偏陷,不能前卻,火從地中出,風勢亦回,城上人投葦炬,散松脂,沃以膏油,歡呼震地。 須臾,雲梯及梯上人皆為灰燼,臭聞數里,賊乃引退。 於是三門皆出兵,太子親督戰,賊徒大敗,死者數千人。 將士傷者,太子親為裹瘡。 入夜,泚復來攻城,矢及御前三步而墜,上大驚。
By now Zhu Ci's followers held only Chang'an itself. Scouting parties from the relief armies sometimes reached as far as Wangchun Tower. Li Zhongchen and his allies sent out troops again and again only to be defeated. They begged Zhu Ci for help. Zhu Ci feared that civilians would take advantage to raid his messengers, so he sent his troops out only at night, hiding by day. Anxious about Chang'an, Zhu Ci redoubled his assault on Fengtian. He had the monk Fajian build siege towers several zhang high and wide, sheathed in rhinoceros hide, mounted on great wheels below, each able to carry five hundred men aloft. Those within the city looked on in dread. The emperor asked his ministers what to do. Hun Jian and Hou Zhongzhuang replied, "Those towers are enormously heavy—too heavy to move easily. Let us dig a tunnel where they will approach, pile fuel, and wait with fire ready." Han Cheng, commissioner of the Shenwu Army, said, "Siege towers are a petty trick—not worth troubling Your Majesty. Let me handle them." He calculated where the towers would bear, widened the northeast corner of the wall by thirty paces, and stockpiled grease, pine resin, firewood, and reeds there. On the day dinghai, Zhu Ci massed his troops with drums and war cries against the southern wall. Han Yougui said, "He means to divide our strength." He led his men to strengthen the northeast instead. On the day wuzi a fierce north wind blew. Zhu Ci pushed the siege towers forward, draped them in wet felt, hung water bags from them, and loaded them with assault troops. Catapults flanked the towers while men below carried firewood and earth to fill the moat. Arrows, stones, and fire could not touch them. The rebels massed against the northeast corner. Arrows and stones fell like rain, and the dead and wounded within the city were beyond counting. Rebels had already gained the wall. The emperor and Hun Jian wept in each other's arms while the ministers could only raise their eyes to Heaven and pray. The emperor gave Hun Jian more than a thousand blank commissions—from Grand Censor down to stipends of five hundred households—and told him to recruit dare-to-die men to hold the line. He also gave him his own brush and told him to note each man's deeds in small script and award commissions on the spot; if the blanks ran out, to write names on the men's bodies. He said, "This may be our farewell." Jian prostrated himself, weeping. The emperor patted his back, overcome with grief. The soldiers were frozen and starving, and some were stripping off their armor. Jian went among them, urging loyalty and righteousness, and they roared back into the fight. Jian was struck by an arrow but never slackened his attack and never mentioned the wound. Just then a tower rolled over the tunnel. One wheel sank and the tower could neither advance nor retreat. Fire burst from below, the wind shifted, and defenders on the wall hurled reed torches, scattered pine resin, and poured on grease and oil. Their cheers shook the ground. In moments the towers and every man on them were reduced to ash. The stench carried for miles, and the rebels withdrew. All three gates sallied forth. The crown prince personally directed the battle. The rebels were routed, with thousands dead. The crown prince personally dressed the wounds of the injured. That night Zhu Ci attacked again. Arrows fell within three paces of the emperor before dropping to the ground. The emperor was terrified.
16
李懷光自蒲城引兵趣涇陽,並北山而西,先遣兵馬使張韶微服間行詣行在,藏表於蠟丸。 韶至奉天,值賊方攻城,見韶,以為賤人,驅之使與民俱填塹。 韶得間,逾塹抵城下呼曰:「我朔方軍使者也。」 城上人下繩引之,比登,身中數十矢,得表於衣中而進之。 上大喜,舁韶以徇城,四隅歡聲如雷。 癸巳,懷光敗泚兵於澧泉。 泚聞之懼,引兵遁歸長安。 眾以為懷光復三日不至,則城不守矣。
Li Huaiguang marched from Pucheng toward Jingyang along the northern foothills. He first sent his cavalry commissioner Zhang Shao in disguise by a secret route to the emperor, with his memorial hidden in a wax pellet. When Shao reached Fengtian the rebels were assaulting the walls. They took him for a common laborer and drove him to fill the moat with the civilians. Shao seized his chance, scrambled over the moat, and shouted up at the wall, "I am an envoy from the Shuofang army!" Men on the wall lowered a rope and hauled him up. By the time he reached the top he had been struck by dozens of arrows. He drew the memorial from his clothing and presented it. The emperor was overjoyed. He had Shao carried around the walls to announce the news, and cheers erupted from every corner like thunder. On the day guisi, Li Huaiguang defeated Zhu Ci's army at Liquan. When Zhu Ci heard the news he was terrified and withdrew his army to Chang'an. Everyone agreed that if Li Huaiguang had been three days later, the city would not have held.
17
泚既退,從臣皆賀。 汴滑行營兵馬使賈隱林進言曰:「陛下性太急,不能容物,若此性未改,雖朱泚敗亡,憂未艾也!」 上不以為忤,甚稱之。 侍御史-{万俟}-著開金、商運路,重圍既解,諸道貢賦繼至,用度始振。
When Zhu Ci withdrew, the ministers who accompanied the emperor all offered congratulations. Jia Yinlin, cavalry commissioner of the Bian campaign army, stepped forward and said, "Your Majesty is too quick-tempered and too little inclined to bear with others. Unless that changes, even when Zhu Ci is destroyed your troubles will not end!" The emperor took no offense and praised him warmly. The attendant censor Moqi Zhu reopened the transport routes through Jin and Shang. Once the siege was lifted, tribute and supplies from the provinces began to arrive, and the court's finances began to recover.
18
朱泚至長安,但為城守之計,時遣人自城外來,周走呼曰:「奉天破矣!」 欲以惑眾。 泚既據府庫之富,不愛金帛以悅將士,公卿家屬在城者皆給月俸。 神策及六軍從車駕及哥舒曜、李晟者,泚皆給其家糧。 加以繕完器械,日費甚廣。 及長安平,府庫尚有餘蓄,見者皆追怨有司之暴斂焉。
Back in Chang'an, Zhu Ci devoted himself only to holding the city. From time to time he sent men out to run through the streets shouting, "Fengtian has fallen! Hoping to confuse the populace. Having seized the imperial treasuries, Zhu Ci lavished gold and silk on his officers and soldiers. He even paid monthly stipends to the families of high officials still trapped in the city. Zhu Ci supplied grain to the families of every man in the Shence Army and the Six Armies who had followed the emperor's flight, as well as to the households of Geshu Yao and Li Sheng. On top of that came the cost of repairing and replacing weapons and equipment, and daily expenditures grew enormous. When Chang'an was recovered, the treasury still held large surpluses, and everyone who saw them looked back with bitter resentment at the officials' ruthless levies.
19
或謂泚曰:「陛下既受命,唐之陵庫不宜復存。」 泚曰:「朕嘗北面事唐,豈忍為此!」 又曰:「百官多缺,請以兵脅士人補之。」 泚曰:「強授之則人懼。 但欲仕者則與之,何必叩戶拜官邪!」 所用者惟范陽、神策團練兵。 涇原卒驕,皆不為用,但守其所掠資貨,不肯出戰。 又密謀殺泚,不果而止。
Someone urged Zhu Ci: "Your Majesty has already taken the throne — the Tang imperial tombs and treasuries should not be allowed to remain." Zhu Ci replied: "I once served the Tang court as a subject facing north — how could I bring myself to do that!" Another proposal followed: "Many official posts stand empty — send soldiers to coerce scholars into accepting appointments." Zhu Ci said: "Force appointments on people and they will only be frightened. Give office only to those who want to serve — why go door to door pressing commissions on people!" The only men he actually relied on were the regimental troops of Fanyang and the Shence Army. The Jingyuan soldiers, insubordinate and arrogant, would not fight for him at all; they merely hoarded their plunder and refused to take the field. They also plotted secretly to assassinate Zhu Ci; when the attempt failed, they abandoned the plan.
20
李懷光性粗疏,自山東來赴難,數與人言盧杞、趙贊、白志貞之奸佞,且曰:「天下之亂,皆此曹所為也! 吾見上,當請誅之。」 既解奉天之圍,自矜其功,謂上必接以殊禮。 或說王翃、趙贊曰:「懷光緣道憤歎,以為宰相謀議乖方,度支賦斂煩重,京尹犒賜刻薄。 致乘輿播遷者,三臣之罪也。 今懷光新立大功,上必披襟布誠,詢訪得失,使其言入,豈不殆哉!」 翃、贊以告盧杞。 杞懼,從容言於上曰:「懷光勳業,社稷是賴,賊徒破膽,皆無守心,若使之乘勝取長安,則一舉可以滅賊,此破竹之勢也,今聽其入朝,必當賜宴,留連累日,使賊入京城,得從容成備,恐難圖矣!」 上以為然。 詔懷光直引軍屯便橋,與李建徽、李晟及神策兵馬使楊惠元刻期共取長安。 懷光自以數千里竭誠赴難,破朱泚,解重圍,而咫尺不得見天子,意殊怏怏,曰:「吾今已為奸臣所排,事可知矣!」 遂引兵去,至魯店,留二日乃行。
Li Huaiguang was blunt and rough by temperament. Marching from Shandong to relieve the throne in its distress, he often denounced Lu Qi, Zhao Zan, and Bai Zhizhen as treacherous flatterers, declaring: "The chaos engulfing the empire is entirely their work! When I see the emperor, I shall ask that they be put to death." After breaking the siege of Fengtian, he grew proud of his achievement and expected the emperor to greet him with exceptional honors. Someone warned Wang Hong and Zhao Zan: "All along the march Huaiguang has been venting his anger, blaming the chancellor for misguided counsel, the revenue commissioner for crushing taxes, and the capital prefect for miserly rewards. It was these three ministers, he says, who drove the emperor from his capital. Huaiguang has just won a great victory — the emperor is certain to open his heart and ask what has gone wrong. If Huaiguang's accusations reach the throne, will we not be ruined!" Wang Hong and Zhao Zan relayed this to Lu Qi. Lu Qi was frightened and, speaking calmly to the emperor, said: "Huaiguang's merit is the state's mainstay; the rebels are already terrified and have lost the will to hold out. Let him press his advantage and take Chang'an, and the rebels can be wiped out at one stroke — the momentum will be like splitting bamboo. But if he is summoned to court now, he will surely be feasted and kept for days, giving the rebels time to re-enter the capital and fortify it at leisure — then they may prove impossible to defeat!" The emperor agreed. An edict directed Huaiguang to march straight to Bian Bridge with his army and, on a fixed date, join Li Jianhui, Li Sheng, and Shence cavalry commissioner Yang Huiyuan in a joint assault on Chang'an. Huaiguang felt he had marched thousands of li in loyal haste to save the throne, had broken Zhu Ci and lifted a desperate siege, yet could not even get an audience with the emperor though he stood so near. Deeply aggrieved, he said: "Treacherous ministers have already shut me out — I can see how this will end!" He then marched away; at Ludian he halted two days before continuing.
21
劍南西山兵馬使張朏以所部兵作亂,入成都,西川節度使張延賞棄城奔漢州。 鹿頭戍將叱干遂等討之,斬朏及其黨,延賞復歸成都。
Zhang Fei, military commissioner of the Western Mountains in Jiannan, mutinied with his command, entered Chengdu, and Zhang Yanshang, governor of Xichuan, abandoned the city and fled to Hanzhou. Chi Gansui and other commanders at Lutou Fort marched against them, executed Zhang Fei and his followers, and Yanshang returned to Chengdu.
22
淮南節度使陳少游將兵討李希烈,屯盱眙,聞朱泚作亂,歸廣陵,修塹壘,繕甲兵。 浙江東、西節度使韓滉閉關梁,禁馬牛出境,築石頭城,穿井近百所,繕館第數十,修塢壁,起建業,抵京峴,樓堞相屬,以備車駕渡江,且自固也。 少游發兵三千大閱於江北。 滉亦發舟師三千曜武於京江以應之。
Chen Shaoyou, military governor of Huainan, had been campaigning against Li Xilie from a base at Xuyi. When he heard of Zhu Ci's rebellion, he withdrew to Guangling, dug trenches, built ramparts, and readied arms and armor. Han Huang, governor of Zhedong and Xixi in Zhejiang, sealed the passes at Liang, barred horses and cattle from leaving the region, built Shitou Fortress, sank nearly a hundred wells, erected dozens of mansions, repaired embankments and walls, and raised fortifications from Jianye to Jingxian with linked towers and battlements — both to prepare for the emperor's possible crossing of the Yangzi and to strengthen his own position. Shaoyou mustered three thousand men for a grand review north of the Yangzi. Han Huang answered with three thousand warships, parading his strength on the Jing River.
23
鹽鐵使包佶有錢帛八百萬、將輸京師。 陳少游以為賊據長安,未期收復,欲強取之。 佶不可,少游欲殺之。 佶懼,匿妻子於案牘中,急濟江。 少游悉收其錢帛。 佶有守財卒三千,少游亦奪之。 佶才與數十人俱至上元,復為韓滉所奪。
Bao Ji, commissioner of salt and iron, held eight million strings' worth of cash and silk and was preparing to ship them to the capital. Chen Shaoyou reasoned that with rebels holding Chang'an, the capital would not be recovered anytime soon, and tried to seize the funds by force. Bao Ji refused; Shaoyou then wanted him killed. Terrified, Bao Ji hid his wife and children among the document chests and fled hastily across the river. Shaoyou seized all the cash and silk. Bao Ji also had three thousand troops guarding the treasury; Shaoyou took them too. Bao Ji had barely reached Shangyuan with a few dozen followers when Han Huang stripped him again.
24
時南方籓鎮各閉境自守,惟曹王皋數遣使開道貢獻。 李希烈攻逼汴、鄭,江、淮路絕,朝貢皆自宣、饒、荊、襄趣武關。 皋治郵驛,平道路,由是往來之使,通行無阻。
At this time the southern regional commands mostly sealed their borders and looked to their own defense; only Prince of Cao Li Gao repeatedly sent envoys to clear routes and deliver tribute. With Li Xilie pressing Bian and Zheng, routes through the Jiang and Huai regions were severed, and tribute missions had to travel from Xuancheng, Raozhou, Jingzhou, and Xiangyang toward Wuguan. Gao restored the postal stations and repaired the roads, so envoys traveling to and fro could pass without hindrance.
25
上問陸贄以當今切務。 贄以曏日致亂,由上下之情不通,勸上接下從諫,乃上疏,其略曰:「臣謂當今急務,在於審察群情,若群情之所甚欲者,陛下先行之; 所甚惡者,陛下先去之。 欲惡與天下同而天下不歸者,自古及今,未之有也。 未理亂之本,繫於人心,況乎當變故動搖之時,在危疑向背之際,人之所歸則植,人之所在則傾,陛下安可不審察群情,同其欲惡,使億兆歸趣,以靖邦家乎! 此誠當今之所急也。」 又曰:「頃者竊聞輿議,頗究群情,四方則患於中外意乖,百辟又患於君臣道隔。 郡國之志不達於朝廷,朝廷之誠不升於軒陛。 上澤闕於下布,下情壅於上聞,實事不必知,知事不必實,上下否隔於其際,真偽雜糅於其間,聚怨囂囂,騰謗籍籍,欲無疑阻,其可得乎!」 又曰:「總天下之智以助聰明,順天下之心以施教令,則君臣同志,何有不從! 遠邇歸心,孰與為亂!」 又曰:「慮有愚而近道,事有要而似迂。」 疏奏旬日,上無所施行,亦不詰問。 贄又上疏,其略曰:「臣聞立國之本,在乎得眾,得眾之要,在乎見情。 故仲尼以謂人情者聖王之田,言理道所生也。」 又曰:「《易》,乾下坤上曰泰,坤下乾上曰否,損上益下曰益,損下益上曰損。 夫天在下而地處上,於位乖矣,而反謂之泰者,上下交故也。 君在上而臣處下,於義順矣,而反謂之否者,上下不交故也。 上約己而裕於人,人必悅而奉上矣,豈不謂之益乎! 上蔑人而肆諸己,人必怨而叛上矣,豈不謂之損乎!」 又曰:「舟即君道,水即人情。 舟順水之道乃浮,違則沒; 君得人之情乃固,失則危。 是以古先聖王之居人上也,必以其欲從天下之心,而不敢以天下之人從其欲。」 又曰:「陛下憤習俗以妨理,任削平而在躬,以明威照臨,以嚴法制斷,流弊自久,浚恆太深。 遠者驚疑而阻命逃死之亂作,近者畏懾而偷容避罪之態生。 君臣意乖,上下情隔,君務致理,而下防誅夷,臣將納忠,又上慮欺誕,故睿誠不佈於群物,物情不達於睿聰。 臣於往年曾任御史,獲奉朝謁,僅欲半年,陛下嚴邃高居,未嘗降旨臨問,群臣跼蹐趨退,亦不列事奏陳。 軒墀之間,且未相諭,宇宙之廣,何由自通! 雖復例對使臣,別延宰輔,既殊師錫,且異公言。 未行者則戒以樞密勿論,已行者又謂之遂事不諫,漸生拘礙,動涉猜嫌,由是人各隱情,以言為諱,至於變亂將起,億兆同憂,獨陛下恬然不知,方謂太平可致。 陛下以今日之所睹驗往時之所聞,孰真孰虛,何得何失,則事之通塞備詳之矣! 人之情偽盡知之矣!」
The emperor asked Lu Zhi what the most pressing business of the day was. Lu Zhi argued that the recent turmoil stemmed from a breakdown between ruler and ruled, and urged the emperor to be approachable and heed remonstrance. He submitted a memorial whose gist was: "Your servant believes the urgent task today is to read the mood of the people. Whatever the people most desire, Your Majesty should do first; whatever they most hate, Your Majesty should abolish first. From antiquity to the present, no ruler who shared the people's loves and hates has ever failed to win their loyalty. The root of order and chaos lies in the hearts of the people — all the more so in times of upheaval, when loyalty wavers and where the people turn flourishes while where they turn away collapses. How can Your Majesty fail to read the public mood, align with their loves and hates, and draw the masses back to restore peace to the realm! This is truly the most urgent matter of the day." He continued: "I have lately overheard public talk probing the mood of the realm: in the provinces the fear is that court and regions are at cross purposes; among officials the fear is that the bond between ruler and minister has been severed. The wishes of the provinces never reach the court, and the court's sincerity never ascends to the throne. Imperial favor does not reach the people below; their grievances do not reach the throne above. Facts need not be known, and what is known need not be true. Above and below are cut off from each other; truth and falsehood are tangled together. Resentment gathers and slander spreads — how can there be no distrust and obstruction!" He added: "Pool the wisdom of the empire to sharpen Your Majesty's judgment; align edicts with the people's hearts — then ruler and ministers will act as one, and who would not obey! Near and far will give their hearts to the throne — who would then dare rebel!" He also wrote: "Some advice seems foolish yet is close to the Way; some essential matters look impractical yet are vital." Ten days passed after the memorial was submitted; the emperor neither acted on it nor asked Lu Zhi about it. Lu Zhi submitted another memorial, writing in essence: "Your servant has heard that the foundation of a state is winning the people, and the key to winning the people is understanding their true feelings. Confucius therefore called human sentiment the sage-king's field — the soil from which right governance grows." He continued: "In the Book of Changes, Qian below and Kun above forms Tai; Kun below and Qian above forms Pi. Diminishing the upper and enriching the lower is called Increase; diminishing the lower and enriching the upper is called Decrease. Heaven below and earth above is a reversal of their proper places, yet the hexagram is called Peace — because upper and lower communicate. The ruler above and ministers below accords with propriety, yet the hexagram is called Obstruction — because upper and lower do not communicate. When the ruler restrains himself and is generous to others, the people will gladly serve him — is that not Increase! When the ruler despises others and indulges himself, the people will resent and turn against him — is that not Decrease!" He wrote further: "The boat is the way of the ruler; the water is the temper of the people. A boat that follows the water stays afloat; fight the current and it sinks; a ruler who holds the people's hearts is secure; lose them and he is in peril. That is why the sage-kings of old, though they ruled above others, always shaped their own wishes to the hearts of the people, and never forced the people to follow their personal desires." He also wrote: "Your Majesty, angry that entrenched custom obstructs good government, has taken harsh suppression upon yourself, ruling with open severity and stern law — yet these abuses are of long standing, and the cure has cut too deep. Those far off grow alarmed and defy orders or flee for their lives; those nearby cower and merely go through the motions to avoid punishment. Ruler and ministers are estranged; above and below no longer understand each other. The emperor seeks good order, yet officials below fear execution; ministers wish to offer loyal counsel, yet the throne suspects deception. Sagely sincerity never reaches the world, and the world's feelings never reach the throne. Your servant once served as censor and attended court audiences for barely half a year. Your Majesty remained aloof and stern, never descending to question officials in person. Ministers approached and withdrew in cramped silence and did not lay matters before the throne. Within the hall itself there was no real exchange — in a realm so vast, how could truth ever reach the throne on its own! Even when envoys were received by routine and chief ministers were summoned separately, this was not the same as instruction from one's teachers, nor the same as open counsel among colleagues. Those who had not yet acted were warned not to discuss state secrets; those who had already acted were told that what was done could not be remonstrated against. Constraints multiplied; every word bred suspicion. Each man hid his true feelings and feared to speak. When rebellion was about to erupt and the whole people shared one dread, Your Majesty alone remained untroubled, still believing peace was at hand. Let Your Majesty test what you once heard against what you see today — what was true and what false, what succeeded and what failed — and the full truth of how affairs stand will become clear! The truth and falsehood of men's hearts will be fully known!"
26
上乃遣中使諭之曰:「朕本性甚好推誠,亦能納諫。 將謂君臣一體,全不堤防,緣推誠信不疑,多被奸人賣弄。 今所致患害,朕思亦無它,其失反在推誠。 又,諫官論事,少能慎密,例自矜衒,歸過於朕以自取名。 朕從即位以來,見奏對論事者甚多,大抵皆是雷同,道聽塗說,試加質問,遽即辭窮。 若有奇才異能,在朕豈惜拔擢? 朕見從前已來,事只如此,所以近來不多取次對人,亦非倦於接納。 卿宜深悉此意。」 贄以人君臨下,當以誠信為本。 諫者雖辭情鄙拙,亦當優容以開言路,若震之以威,折之以辯,則臣下何敢盡言,乃復上疏,其略曰:「天子之道,與天同方,天不以地有惡木而廢發生,天子不以時有小人而廢聽納。」 又曰:「唯信與誠,有失無補。 一不誠則心莫之保,一不信則言莫之行。 陛下所謂失於誠信以致患害者,臣竊以斯言為過矣。」 又曰:「馭之以智則人詐,示之以疑則人偷。 上行之則下從之,上施之則下報之。 若誠不盡於己而望盡於人,眾必怠而不從矣。 不誠於前而曰誠於後,眾心疑而不信矣。 是知誠信之道,不可斯須而去身。 願陛下慎守而行之有加,恐非所以為悔者也!」 又曰:「臣聞仲虺讚揚成湯,不稱其無過而稱其改過; 吉甫歌誦周宣,不美其無闕而美其補闕。 是則聖賢之意較然著明,惟以改過為能,不以無過為貴。 蓋為人之行己,必有過差,上智下愚,俱所不免,智者改過而遷善,愚者恥過而遂非; 遷善則其德日新,遂非則其惡彌積。」 又曰:「諫官不密自矜,信非忠厚,其於聖德固亦無虧。 陛下若納諫不違,則傳之適足增美; 陛下若違諫不納,又安能禁之勿傳!」 又曰:「侈言無驗不必用,質言當理不必違。 辭拙而效速者不必愚,言甘而利重者不必智。 是皆考之以實,慮之以終,其用無它,唯善所在。」 又曰:「陛下所謂『比見奏對論事皆是雷同道聽塗說者』。 臣竊以眾多之議,足見人情,必有可行,亦有可畏,恐不宜一概輕侮而莫之省納也。 陛下又謂『試加質問,即便辭窮』者,臣但以陛下雖窮其辭而未窮其理,能服其口而未服其心。」 又曰:「為下者莫不願忠,為上者莫不求理。 然而下每苦上之不理,上每苦下之不忠。 若是者何? 兩情不通故也。 下之情莫不願達於上,上之情莫不求知於下,然而下恆苦上之難達,上恆苦下之難知。 若是者何? 九弊不去故也。 所謂九弊者,上有其六而下有其三:好勝人,恥聞過,騁辯給,眩聰明,厲威嚴,恣強愎,此六者,君上之弊也; 諂諛,顧望,畏心耎,此三者,臣下之弊也。 上好勝必甘於佞辭,上恥過必忌於直諫,如是則下之諂諛者順旨而忠實之語不聞矣。 上騁辯必剿說而折人以言,上眩明必臆度而虞人以詐,如是則下之顧望者自便而切磨之辭不盡矣。 上厲威必不能降情以接物,上恣愎必不能引咎以受規,如是則下之畏心耎者避辜而情理之說不申矣。 夫以區域之廣大,生靈之眾多,宮闕之重深,高卑之限隔,自黎獻而上,獲睹至尊之光景者,逾億兆而無一焉; 就獲睹之中得接言議者,又千萬不一; 幸而得接者,猶有九弊居其間,則上下之情所通鮮矣。 上情不通於下則人惑,下情不通於上則君疑。 疑則不納其誠,惑則不從其令。 誠而不見納則應之以悖,令而不見從則加之以刑。 下悖上刑,不敗何待! 是使亂多理少,從古以然。」 又曰:「昔趙武吶吶而為晉賢臣,絳侯木訥而為漢元輔。 然則口給者事或非信,辭屈者理或未窮。 人之難知,堯、舜所病,胡可以一洲一詰而謂盡其能哉! 以此察天下之情,固多失實,以此輕天下之士,必有遺才。」 又曰:「諫者多,表我之能好; 諫者直,示我之能容; 諫者之狂誣,明我之能恕; 諫者之漏洩,彰我之能從。 有一於斯,皆為盛德。 是則人君之與諫者交相益之道也。 諫者有爵賞之利,君亦有理安之利; 諫者得獻替之名,君亦得採納之名。 然猶諫者有失中而君無不美,唯恐讜言之不切,天下之不聞,如此則納諫之德光矣。」 上頗採用其言。
The emperor then sent a palace envoy to reply: "By nature I greatly favor openness and sincerity, and I am willing to accept remonstrance. I thought ruler and ministers were one body and needed no guard at all. Because I trusted openly and without suspicion, treacherous men often played upon me. The harm that has come of this, I believe, has no other root: the failure lies in being too trusting. Moreover, remonstrating officials rarely keep matters discreet; as a rule they boast and parade themselves, blaming me to win a reputation. Since my accession I have heard many officials memorializing or answering at audience on affairs; for the most part their views were identical, picked up from hearsay — question them and they immediately have nothing to say. If there were men of real talent and ability, would I begrudge promoting them? I see that things have always been this way, which is why of late I have not often granted casual audiences — not because I am weary of receiving people. You should understand this fully." Lu Zhi held that a ruler governing his subjects must take sincerity and trust as his foundation. Even when remonstrators' words were crude or awkward, they should still be treated with forbearance to keep the path of speech open. If they were cowed by authority or silenced by argument, how could officials below dare speak freely? He submitted yet another memorial, writing in essence: "The way of the Son of Heaven follows Heaven's example: Heaven does not cease to nurture life because the earth holds poisonous trees; the Son of Heaven should not cease to listen and accept counsel because the age has petty men." He continued: "In sincerity and trust alone, once lost there is no restoring them. One lapse of sincerity and the heart cannot be kept; one lapse of trust and words cannot be obeyed. What Your Majesty calls having failed through sincerity and trust and thereby brought harm — your servant privately believes that judgment goes too far." He added: "Rule people with cunning and they will dissemble; show them suspicion and they will become furtive. What the ruler practices, those below follow; what the ruler shows, those below return in kind. If one is not fully sincere oneself yet expects full sincerity from others, the people will slacken and refuse to follow. If one was insincere before yet speaks of sincerity afterward, hearts will doubt and refuse to believe. From this we know that sincerity and trust cannot for a moment be set aside. I urge Your Majesty to guard it carefully and practice it ever more faithfully — that is no cause for regret!" He wrote further: "Your servant has heard that Zhong Hui praised King Tang of Shang — not for having no faults, but for correcting his faults; Jifu sang the praises of King Xuan of Zhou — not for being flawless, but for mending what was lacking. Thus the intent of the sages is clear: they valued the ability to reform faults, not the possession of no faults. For in how people conduct themselves there are always errors and lapses — neither the wisest nor the most foolish can wholly avoid them. The wise reform their faults and turn toward goodness; the foolish are shamed by faults and persist in wrong; Turn toward goodness and virtue renews day by day; persist in wrong and evil accumulates ever deeper." He added: "That remonstrating officials are indiscreet and boastful is indeed not deep loyalty — yet it in no way diminishes Your Majesty's sagely virtue. If Your Majesty accepts remonstrance without turning away, then for such talk to spread would only add to your glory; If Your Majesty turns from remonstrance and refuses to heed it, how can you forbid it from spreading!" He continued: "Grand words that cannot be verified need not be acted on; plain words that fit reason need not be rejected. A man whose speech is awkward but whose results come quickly is not necessarily a fool; a man whose words are honeyed but whose gains are great is not necessarily wise. All of this should be tested against facts and weighed to the end — the only standard is where the good lies." He added: "As for what Your Majesty said — that those who have lately memorialized and answered at audience on affairs all repeat the same thing, parroting street gossip — Your servant believes that so many voices together reveal the temper of the people — some of it must be worth acting on, and some of it worth fearing. I fear it is wrong to dismiss the whole lot with contempt and refuse to examine and accept any of it. Your Majesty also said that when questioned, they immediately have nothing to say. Your servant holds only that though Your Majesty may exhaust their words, you have not exhausted their reasoning; you may silence their mouths, but you have not won their hearts." He wrote further: "Those below all wish to be loyal; those above all seek good order. Yet those below always complain that those above will not heed them, and those above always complain that those below are not loyal. If that is so, why is it so? Because the feelings of the two sides do not reach each other. Those below all wish their feelings to reach the throne; those above all wish to know the feelings of those below — yet those below always find those above hard to reach, and those above always find those below hard to know. If that is so, why is it so? It is because the nine abuses have not yet been removed. The so-called nine abuses are six on the ruler's side and three on the ministers' — loving to outdo others, shaming to hear of faults, indulging in glib argument, dazzling with one's cleverness, imposing harsh severity, and giving free rein to stubborn willfulness. These six are the ruler's abuses; flattery and sycophancy, looking to others and hesitating, and a timid heart grown soft. These three are the ministers' abuses. When the ruler loves to outdo others, he must relish flattering words; when the ruler is shamed to hear of faults, he must loathe straight remonstrance. Then flatterers below will follow his wishes, and honest words will never be heard. When the ruler indulges in argument, he must suppress debate and defeat people with words; when the ruler dazzles with cleverness, he must guess at motives and suspect people of deceit. Then those below who look to others and hesitate will take their own ease, and fully considered words will never be spoken. When the ruler imposes harsh severity, he cannot lower himself to receive people; when the ruler gives free rein to stubborn willfulness, he cannot accept blame and heed remonstrance. Then those below with timid hearts will avoid guilt, and reasoned counsel will never be fully expressed. Given the vastness of the realm, the multitude of the people, the depth of the palace precincts, and the barrier between high and low — from the common folk upward, those who even catch a glimpse of the Son of Heaven exceed a hundred million, yet not one in that number; of those who catch a glimpse, those who actually receive audience to speak on affairs are again one in ten million; even those fortunate enough to receive audience still have the nine abuses standing between them — how little then passes between the feelings of above and below! When the ruler's feelings do not reach the people below, the people are confused; when the people's feelings do not reach the ruler above, the ruler grows suspicious. Suspicious, he will not accept their sincerity; confused, they will not obey his commands. Sincerity not accepted is answered with defiance; commands not obeyed are answered with punishment. Defiance below and punishment above — what need wait for ruin! This is why disorder has always outnumbered order — it has been so from antiquity." He continued: "In the past Zhao Wu was halting in speech yet became a worthy minister of Jin; the Marquis of Jiang was dull and slow-tongued yet became a chief minister of Han. Thus a glib tongue does not guarantee trustworthy counsel, and a defeated argument does not mean the reasoning is exhausted. The difficulty of knowing people was what even Yao and Shun found vexing — how can a single audience and a single challenge exhaust a man's abilities! To judge the mood of the empire this way will often miss the truth; to slight the empire's men of talent this way will surely leave worthy men overlooked." He added: "When remonstrators are many, it shows my willingness to welcome them; when remonstrators are blunt, it shows my capacity to forbear; when remonstrators are reckless and slanderous, it shows my power to forgive; when remonstrators leak secrets, it shows my willingness to follow their counsel. To possess any one of these is great virtue. This is the way ruler and remonstrators mutually benefit each other. Remonstrators gain rank and reward; the ruler gains order and peace. Remonstrators win the name of offering candid counsel; the ruler wins the name of selecting and accepting it. Yet even when remonstrators miss the mark, the ruler remains without blemish — only fearing that straight words are not sharp enough and that all under Heaven does not hear them. Thus the virtue of accepting remonstrance shines forth." The emperor took much of his advice to heart.
27
李懷光頓兵不進,數上表暴揚盧杞等罪惡。 眾論喧騰,亦咎杞等。 上不得已,十二月,壬戌,貶杞為新州司馬,白志貞為恩州司馬,趙贊為播州司馬。 宦者翟文秀,上所信任也,懷光又言其罪,上亦為殺之。
Li Huaiguang halted his army and refused to advance, repeatedly submitting memorials that loudly exposed the crimes of Lu Qi and others. Public outcry swelled, and Lu Qi and the others were blamed as well. The emperor had no choice. In the twelfth month, on the day renxu, he demoted Lu Qi to Administrator of Xing Prefecture, Bai Zhizhen to Administrator of En Prefecture, and Zhao Zan to Administrator of Bo Prefecture. The eunuch Zhai Wenxiu, whom the emperor trusted, was also accused by Li Huaiguang; the emperor had him killed as well.
28
乙丑,以翰林學士、祠部員外郎陸贄為考功郎中,金部員外郎吳通微為職方郎中。 贄上奏,辭以「初到奉天,扈從將吏例加兩階,今翰林獨遷官。 夫行罰先貴近而後卑遠,則令不犯; 行賞先卑遠而後貴近,則功不遺。 望先錄大勞,次遍群品,則臣亦不敢獨辭。」 上不許。
On day yichou, the Hanlin Academician and Assistant Director of the Ministry of Rites Lu Zhi was appointed Director in the Ministry of Personnel, and the Assistant Director of the Ministry of Revenue Wu Tongwei was appointed Director in the Ministry of War. Lu Zhi submitted a memorial declining the appointment on the grounds that "when we first arrived at Fengtian, the generals and officers who accompanied Your Majesty were by precedent promoted two ranks, yet now the Hanlin alone receives a promotion. When punishment is applied first to the noble and near, then to the humble and far, commands will not be violated; when rewards are granted first to the humble and far, then to the noble and near, merit will not be overlooked. I hope the greatest services are recorded first and rewards then extended to all ranks in turn — then your servant would not dare decline alone." The emperor did not permit it.
29
上在奉天,使人說田悅、王武俊、李納,赦其罪,厚賂以官爵。 悅等皆密歸款,而猶未敢絕朱滔,各稱王如故。 滔使其虎牙將軍王郅說悅曰:「日者八郎有急,滔與趙王不敢愛其死,竭力赴救,幸而解圍。 今太尉三兄受命關中,滔欲與回紇共往助之,願八郎治兵,與滔渡河共取大梁。」 悅心不欲行而未忍絕滔,乃許之。 滔復遣其內史舍人李琯見悅,審其可否,悅猶豫不決,密召扈崿等議之。 司武侍郎許士則曰:「朱滔昔事李懷仙為牙將,與兄泚及朱希彩共殺懷仙而立希彩。 希彩所以寵信其兄弟至矣,滔又與判官李子瑗謀殺希彩而立泚。 泚既為帥,滔乃勸泚入朝而自為留後,雖勸以忠義,實奪之權也。 平生與之同謀共功如李子瑗之徒,負而殺之者二十餘人。 今又與泚東西相應,使滔得志,泚亦不為所容,況同盟乎! 滔為人如此。 大王何從得其肺腑而信之邪! 彼引幽陵回紇十萬之兵屯於郊坰,大王出迎,則成擒矣。 彼囚大王,兼魏國之兵,南向渡河,與關中相應,天下其孰能當之! 大王於時悔之無及。 為大王計,不若陽許偕行而陰為之備,厚加迎勞,至則托以它故,遣將分兵而隨之,如此,大王外不失報德之名而內無倉猝之憂矣。」 扈崿等皆以為然。 王武俊聞李琯適魏,遣其司刑員外郎田秀馳見悅曰:「武俊曏以宰相處事失宜,恐禍及身,又八郎困於重圍,故與滔合兵救之。 今天子方在隱憂,以德綏我,我曹何得不悔過而歸之邪! 捨九葉天子不事而事泚及滔乎! 且泚未稱帝之時,滔與我曹比肩為王,固已輕我曹矣。 況使之南平汴、洛,與泚連衡,吾屬皆為虜矣! 八郎慎勿與之俱南,但閉城拒守。 武俊請伺其隙,連昭義之兵,擊而滅之,與八郎再清河朔,復為節度使,共事天子,不亦善乎!」 悅意遂決,紿滔云:「從行,必如前約。」 丁卯,滔將范陽步騎五萬人,私從者復萬餘人,回紇三千人,發河間而南,輜重首尾四十里。
While at Fengtian, the emperor sent envoys to persuade Tian Yue, Wang Wujun, and Li Na, pardoning their crimes and lavishing them with rank and title. Tian Yue and the others all secretly pledged allegiance, yet still did not dare break with Zhu Tao; each continued to style himself king as before. Zhu Tao sent his Tiger-Fang General Wang Zhi to persuade Tian Yue, saying: "Recently when the Eighth Lord was in distress, Tao and the King of Zhao did not spare their lives but exerted all their strength to rush to the rescue, and fortunately lifted the siege. Now the Grand Marshal's third brother has received his commission in Guanzhong. Tao wishes to go with the Uyghurs to aid him. I hope the Eighth Lord will ready his troops and cross the river with Tao to take Daliang together." Tian Yue did not wish to go in his heart yet could not bear to break with Zhu Tao, so he agreed. Zhu Tao again sent his Palace Secretariat Attendant Li Guan to see Tian Yue and ascertain whether he would go. Tian Yue hesitated and could not decide, secretly summoning Hu Yu and others to discuss the matter. Vice Director of Martial Affairs Xu Shize said: "Zhu Tao once served Li Huaixian as a junior officer. With his elder brother Ci and Zhu Xicai he jointly killed Huaixian and enthroned Xicai. Xicai favored and trusted the brothers to the utmost, yet Tao again plotted with the magistrate Li Ziyuan to kill Xicai and enthroned Ci. Once Ci became commander, Tao urged Ci to enter court while taking the post of acting military governor himself — though urging loyalty and righteousness, in truth he seized Ci's authority. Throughout his life, men who shared in plots and achievements with him, such as Li Ziyuan — he betrayed and killed more than twenty of them. Now he is again coordinating with Ci east and west. If Tao gets his way, even Ci will not be tolerated by him — how much less an ally! This is the kind of man Tao is. Great King, how can you know his inmost heart and trust him! If he leads a hundred thousand Uyghur troops from Youling to encamp in the outskirts, and the Great King goes out to welcome him, you will be captured on the spot. If he imprisons the Great King and takes the Wei army as well, crosses the river southward, and coordinates with Guanzhong — who in all under Heaven could withstand him! The Great King will then regret it when it is too late. For the Great King's plan, it would be better to outwardly agree to go together while secretly preparing defenses — receive him with lavish welcome, and when he arrives plead some other reason and send generals with divided troops to follow him. Thus the Great King outwardly keeps the name of repaying kindness, and inwardly has no sudden alarm." Hu Yu and the others all agreed. Wang Wujun heard that Li Guan had arrived in Wei and sent his Assistant Director of Justice Tian Xiu in haste to see Tian Yue, saying: "Wujun, because the chief ministers handled affairs improperly and feared disaster reaching his person — and because the Eighth Lord was trapped in tight siege — therefore joined troops with Tao to rescue him. Now the Son of Heaven is amid hidden sorrow, soothing us with virtue — how can we not repent our faults and return to him! Abandon the Son of Heaven of nine generations and serve Ci and Tao instead! Moreover, before Ci declared himself emperor, Tao stood shoulder to shoulder with us as kings — he already looked down on us. If he is allowed to pacify Bian and Luo in the south and link with Ci, we will all become captives! Eighth Lord, be careful not to go south with him — only close the city and hold it. Wujun asks to watch for an opening, link with Zhao Yi's troops, strike and destroy him, and with the Eighth Lord again pacify the north, be restored as military governors, and serve the Son of Heaven together — would that not be fine!" Tian Yue's mind was then decided. He deceived Zhu Tao, saying: "I will go as agreed, just as in the former pact." On day dingmao, Zhu Tao led fifty thousand Fanyang infantry and cavalry, with more than ten thousand private followers besides and three thousand Uyghurs, setting out from Hejian southward. Supply wagons stretched forty li from head to tail.
30
李希烈攻李勉於汴州,驅民運土木,築壘道,以攻城。 忿其未就,並人填之,謂之濕薪。 勉城守累月,外救不至,將其眾萬餘人奔宋州。 庚午,希烈陷大梁。 滑州刺史李澄以城降希烈,希烈以澄為尚書令兼永平節度使。 勉上表請罪,上謂其使者曰:「朕猶失守宗廟,勉宜自安。」 待之如初。
Li Xilie besieged Li Mian at Bian Prefecture, driving the people to haul earth and timber and build raised ramp-roads to attack the city. Angry that the work was not finished, he buried people alive to fill it in — calling it "wet firewood." Li Mian defended the city for months, but relief never came. He led his force of more than ten thousand and fled to Song Prefecture. On day gengwu, Li Xilie captured Daliang. Li Cheng, Prefect of Hua Prefecture, surrendered the city to Li Xilie. Li Xilie made Li Cheng Grand Counselor and concurrent Military Governor of Yongping. Li Mian submitted a memorial requesting punishment. The emperor told his envoy: "I myself have still lost the ancestral temple — Mian should set his mind at ease." He treated him as before.
31
劉洽遣其將高翼將精兵五千保襄邑,希烈攻拔之,翼赴水死。 希烈乘勝攻寧陵,江、淮大震。 陳少游遣參謀溫述送款於希烈曰:「濠、壽、舒、廬,已令馳備,韜戈卷甲,伏俟指麾。」 又遣巡官趙詵結李納於鄆州。
Liu Qia sent his general Gao Yi with five thousand picked troops to hold Xiangyi. Li Xilie attacked and took it, and Gao Yi threw himself into the water and died. Li Xilie pressed his victory to attack Ningling, and the Jiang and Huai region was greatly shaken. Chen Shaoyou sent his staff officer Wen Shu to offer submission to Li Xilie, saying: "Hao, Shou, Shu, and Lu — I have already ordered swift preparations. Weapons are sheathed and armor rolled up; we wait concealed for your command." He also sent touring officer Zhao Shen to connect with Li Na at Yan Prefecture.
32
中書侍郎、同平章事關播罷為刑部尚書。
Vice Director of the Secretariat and Co-Equal to the Prime Minister Guan Bo was dismissed and made Minister of Justice.
33
以給事中孔巢父為淄青宣慰使,國子祭酒董晉為河北宣慰使。
Kong Chaofu, Attendant of the Secretariat, was appointed Pacification Commissioner of Zi and Qing, and Dong Jin, Chancellor of the Imperial Academy, was appointed Pacification Commissioner of Hebei.
34
陸贄言於上曰:「今盜遍天下,輿駕播遷,陛下宜痛自引過以感人心。 昔成湯以罪己勃興,楚昭以善言復國。 陛下誠能不吝改過,以言射天下,使書詔開所避忌,臣雖愚陋,可以仰副聖情,庶令反側之徒革心向化。」 上然之,故奉天所下書詔,雖驕將悍卒聞之,無不感激揮涕。
Lu Zhi spoke to the emperor, saying: "Now rebels fill the empire and the imperial carriage has wandered in exile. Your Majesty should deeply blame yourself to move people's hearts. In the past King Tang of Shang, by blaming himself, rose vigorously; King Zhao of Chu, through good words, restored his state. If Your Majesty truly can be unstinting in correcting faults, speak forth to all under Heaven, and make written edicts open what has been taboo, your servant though dull and lowly can answer Your Majesty's sacred intent — perhaps making those who waver reform their hearts and turn toward the throne." The emperor agreed. Therefore the edicts issued from Fengtian — even proud generals and fierce soldiers, on hearing them, all were moved and wept.
35
術者上言:「國家厄運,宜有變更以應時數。」 群臣請更加尊號一二字。 上以問陸贄,贄上奏,以為不可,其略曰:「尊號之興,本非古制。 行於安泰之日,已累謙沖,襲乎喪亂之時,尤傷事體。」 又曰:「贏秦德衰,兼皇與帝,始總稱之。 流及後代,昏僻之君,乃有聖劉、天元之號。 是知人主輕重,不在名稱。 損之有謙光稽古之善,崇之獲矜能納諂之譏。」 又曰:「必也俯稽術數,須有變更,與其增美稱而失人心,不若黜舊號以祗天戒。」 上納其言,但改年號而已。 上又以中書所撰赦文示贄,贄上言,以為:「動人以言,所感已淺,言又不切,人誰肯懷! 今茲德音,悔過之意不得不深,引咎之辭不得不盡,洗刷疵垢,宣暢鬱堙,使人人各得所欲,則何有不從者乎! 應須改革事條,謹具別狀同進。 捨此之外,尚有所虞。 竊以知過非難,改過為難; 言善非難,行善為難。 假使赦文至精,止於知過言善,猶願聖慮更思所難。」 上然之。
A diviner submitted a statement: "The state is in ill fortune; there should be changes to accord with the times and cosmic numbers." The assembled ministers asked to add one or two characters to the honorific title. The emperor asked Lu Zhi. Lu Zhi submitted a memorial holding it impermissible, writing in essence: "The rise of honorific titles is originally not an ancient institution. Practiced in days of peace and security, it already strains modesty and restraint; carried on in times of calamity and disorder, it especially harms propriety." He continued: "When the virtue of Qin declined, it combined 'emperor' and 'sovereign' and first used them as a general title. Flowing down to later generations, benighted and perverse rulers then had titles such as Holy Liu and Celestial Prime. This shows that a ruler's true standing does not depend on his titles. To pare them back wins the praise of modesty and reverence for the past; to inflate them invites the charge of arrogance and a taste for sycophancy." Again he said: "Your Majesty must look down and weigh the signs and reckonings of fate — change is needed. Better to retire the old titles and heed Heaven's warning than to pile on flattering epithets and lose the people's hearts." The Emperor took his counsel but changed only the era name. The Emperor also showed Lu Zhi the amnesty edict drafted by the Secretariat. Lu Zhi submitted a memorial arguing that words alone move people only faintly, and when the words miss the mark, who will take them to heart? In this decree of grace, repentance must run deep and self-reproach must be spoken without reserve. Stains must be washed away and buried grievances aired, so that every man gets what he wants — then who would refuse to follow? Concrete reforms are needed; I respectfully submit a separate memorial along with this one. Beyond this, I still have a concern. I hold that knowing one's faults is not hard, but correcting them is; speaking what is right is not hard, but doing what is right is. Even if the amnesty edict were perfectly worded and went no further than confessing fault and speaking virtue, I would still ask Your Majesty to weigh what is truly hard. "The Emperor agreed.
36
德宗神武聖文皇帝四興元元年( 甲子,公元七八四年)
In the first year of Xingyuan of Emperor Dezong, the Divine Martial and Sagely Cultural Emperor ( Jiazi, AD 784)
37
春,正月,癸酉朔,赦天下,改元。 制曰:「致理興化,必在推誠; 忘己濟人,不吝改過。 朕嗣服丕構,君臨萬邦,失守宗祧,越在草莽。 不念率德,誠莫追於既往; 永言思咎,期有復於將來。 明征其義,以示天下。
In spring, the first month, on guiyou, the new moon, he granted amnesty throughout the realm and changed the era name. The edict read: "To govern well and renew the realm, one must act with sincerity; forget oneself to serve others, and not shrink from correcting one's faults. I have inherited the great enterprise and rule the myriad states, yet I lost the ancestral temple and dwell in exile. I have not led by virtue, and the past cannot be undone; yet I will ever reflect on my faults and hope to make amends hereafter. I proclaim this plainly to show it to all under Heaven.
38
「小子懼德不嗣,罔敢怠荒,然以長於深宮之中,暗於經國之務,積習易溺,居安忘危,不知稼穡之艱難,不恤征戍之勞苦,澤靡下究,情未上通,事既擁隔,人懷疑阻。 猶昧省己,遂用興戎,征師四方,轉餉千里,賦車籍馬,遠近騷然,行繼居送,眾庶勞止,或一日屢交鋒刃,或連年不解甲冑。 祀奠乏主,室家靡依,死生流離,怨氣凝結,力役不息,田萊多荒。 暴令峻於誅求,疲□空於杼軸,轉死溝壑,離去鄉閭,邑裡丘墟,人煙斷絕。 天譴於上而朕不寤,人怨於下而朕不知,馴致亂階,變興都邑,萬品失序,九廟震驚,上累於祖宗,下負於蒸庶,痛心靦貌,罪實在予,永言愧悼,若墜泉谷。 自今中外所上書奏,不得更言『聖神文武』之號。 「李希烈、田悅、王武俊、李納等,鹹以勳舊,各守籓維,聯撫馭乖方,致其疑懼; 皆由上失其道而下罹其災,朕實不君,人則何罪! 宜並所管將吏等一切待之如初。
"This unworthy son fears his virtue does not match his inheritance and dares not be idle or negligent; yet I was raised in the deep palace and knew nothing of governing the realm. Old habits were easy to sink into; living in comfort I forgot danger. I did not know the hardship of the fields, nor pity the toil of campaign and garrison. Grace never reached the bottom; feeling never reached the top. Affairs piled up between us, and the people grew doubtful and estranged. Still blind to my own faults, I raised arms. Armies marched in every direction; supplies moved a thousand li; carts were seized and horses registered — near and far were thrown into turmoil. Those who marched were followed by those who stayed behind to send them off; the people labored without rest. Some crossed blades many times in a single day; some went years without doffing armor. Sacrifices went unoffered; families lost their breadwinners. Life and death wandered in exile; resentment hardened into a mass. Forced labor never ceased; fields lay largely untilled. Harsh orders outdid extortion; exhausted households were stripped to the spindle and loom. People died in ditches and gullies and fled their villages. Towns became ruins; the land grew empty of human smoke. Heaven reproached me from above and I did not wake; the people resented me below and I did not know. Step by step disorder arose; rebellion broke out in the capital. All ranks lost their place; the ancestral temples were shaken. Above I shamed my forebears; below I failed the people. My heart aches and my face burns with shame — the guilt is truly mine. I am forever ashamed, as if falling into an abyss. Henceforth no memorial from within or without the court may again use the title 'Sagely, Divine, Martial, and Cultural.' "Li Xilie, Tian Yue, Wang Wujun, Li Na, and the like — all men of merit and long service, each guarding a frontier domain — were governed by us in ways that missed the mark and drove them to suspicion and fear; all because the throne lost the Way and the people suffered for it. I alone failed as ruler — what crime have they committed! All their generals, officials, and subordinates should be treated as before.
39
「朱滔雖緣朱泚連坐,路遠必不同謀,念其舊勳,務在弘貸,如能效順,亦與惟新。
"Though Zhu Tao was implicated through Zhu Ci's guilt, the distance between them makes joint plotting unlikely. In view of his old service, we should show broad clemency; if he submits and turns loyal, he too shall share in this renewal.
40
「朱泚反易天常,盜竊名器,暴犯陵寢,所不忍言,獲罪祖宗,朕不敢赦。 其脅從將吏百姓等,但官軍未到京城以前,去逆效順並散歸本道、本軍者,並從赦例。
"Zhu Ci overturned Heaven's order, stole the symbols of rule, and violently violated the imperial tombs — what I cannot bear to put into words. Having offended the ancestors, I dare not pardon him. As for the generals, officials, and common people who followed under duress — if before the imperial army reached the capital they abandoned rebellion, submitted, and returned to their own circuits and armies — all shall be covered by the amnesty.
41
「諸軍、諸道應赴奉天及進收京城將士,並賜名奉天定難功臣。 其所加墊陌錢、稅間架、竹、木、茶、漆、榷鐵之類,悉宜停罷。」
"All armies and circuits whose troops marched to Fengtian and helped recover the capital shall be granted the title Meritorious Servants Who Settled the Crisis at Fengtian. The added dianmo levy, the jianjia housing tax, and taxes on bamboo, timber, tea, lacquer, and iron monopolies — all such imposts shall be abolished."
42
赦下,四方人心大悅。 及上還長安明年,李抱真入朝為上言:「山東宣佈赦書,士卒皆感泣,臣見人情如此,知賊不足平也!」
When the amnesty was promulgated, people throughout the realm rejoiced. The year after the Emperor returned to Chang'an, Li Baozhen came to court and said, "When the amnesty was proclaimed in the east, the soldiers wept with emotion. When I saw feeling like that, I knew the rebels could not long stand!"
43
命兵部員外郎李充為恆冀宣慰使。
Li Chong, vice director in the Ministry of War, was appointed pacification commissioner for Heng and Ji.
44
朱泚更國號曰漢,自稱漢元天皇,改元天皇。
Zhu Ci changed the state name to Han, styled himself Han Yuan Heavenly Emperor, and adopted the era name Tianhuang.
45
王武俊、田悅、李納見赦令,皆去王號,上表謝罪。 惟李希烈自恃兵強財富,遂謀稱帝,遣人問儀於顏真卿,真卿曰:「老夫嘗為禮官,所記惟諸侯朝天子禮耳!」 希烈遂即皇帝位,國號大楚,改元武成。 置百官,以其黨鄭賁為侍中,孫廣為中書令,李緩、李元平同平章事。 以汴州為在梁府,分其境內為四節度。 希烈遣其將辛景臻謂顏真卿曰:「不能屈節,當自焚!」 積薪灌油於其庭。 真卿趨赴火,景臻遽止之。
When Wang Wujun, Tian Yue, and Li Na saw the amnesty edict, they all dropped their royal titles and submitted memorials asking pardon. Only Li Xilie, trusting in his strong armies and rich stores, plotted to declare himself emperor. He sent men to ask Yan Zhenqing about the rites. Zhenqing replied, "This old man once served as a ritual official; all I remember are the rites for feudal lords attending upon the Son of Heaven!" Xilie thereupon took the imperial throne, named his state Great Chu, and adopted the era name Wucheng. He established a full bureaucracy, appointing his partisan Zheng Ben as Palace Attendant, Sun Guang as Director of the Secretariat, and Li Huan and Li Yuanping as co-directors of the Secretariat. He made Bian Prefecture his capital at Liang and divided his territory into four military governorships. Xilie sent his general Xin Jingzhen to tell Yan Zhenqing, "If you will not submit, burn yourself!" They piled firewood in his courtyard and poured oil over it. Zhenqing rushed toward the flames; Jingzhen hastily stopped him.
46
希烈又遣其將楊峰繼赦賜陳少游及壽州刺史張建封。 建封執峰徇於軍,腰斬於市,少游聞之駭懼。 建封具以少游與希烈交通之狀聞,上悅,以建封為濠、壽、廬三州都團練使。 希烈乃以其將杜少誠為淮南節度使,使將步騎萬餘人先取壽州,後之江都,建封遣其將賀蘭元均、邵怡守霍丘秋柵。 少誠竟不能過,遂南寇蘄、黃,欲斷江路,時上命包佶自督江、淮財賦,溯江詣行在。 至蘄口,遇少誠入寇。 曹王皋遣蘄州刺史伊慎將兵七千拒之,戰於永安戍,大破之,少誠脫身走,斬首萬級,包佶乃得前。 後佶入朝,具奏陳少游奪財賦事。 少游懼,厚斂所部以償之。 李希烈以夏口上流要地,使其驍將董侍募死士七千人襲鄂州,刺史李兼偃旗臥鼓閉門以待之。 侍撤屋材以焚門,兼帥士卒出戰,大破之。 上以兼為鄂、岳、沔都團練使。 於是希烈東畏曹王皋,西畏李兼,不敢復有窺江、淮之志矣。
Xilie also sent his general Yang Feng to deliver follow-up amnesty gifts to Chen Shaoyou and Zhang Jianfeng, prefect of Shou. Jianfeng seized Feng, paraded him before the army, and had him cut in two at the waist in the marketplace. When Shaoyou heard of it, he was terrified. Jianfeng reported in full Chen Shaoyou's dealings with Xilie. The Emperor was pleased and appointed Jianfeng overall training commissioner of Hao, Shou, and Lu. Xilie then made his general Du Shaoqian military governor of Huainan and sent him with more than ten thousand infantry and cavalry to take Shou first and then advance on Jiangdu. Jianfeng sent his generals Helan Yuanjun and Shao Yi to hold the Qiuchai stockade at Huoqiu. Shaoqian could not break through, so he raided south into Qi and Huang, intending to cut the Yangzi route. The Emperor had ordered Bao Ji to supervise Jiang-Huai revenues himself and sail upriver to the temporary court. At Qikou he ran into Shaoqian's raiding force. Prince Cao Wang Gao sent Yi Shen, prefect of Qi, with seven thousand men to block him. They fought at Yong'an garrison and won a great victory. Shaoqian escaped; ten thousand heads were taken. Bao Ji was then able to continue. Later, when Bao Ji came to court, he memorialized in full on Chen Shaoyou's seizure of revenues. Shaoyou was afraid and levied heavily on his jurisdiction to make restitution. Because Xiakou was a key point on the upper Yangzi, Li Xilie sent his fierce general Dong Shi to raise seven thousand death-defying men and strike E Prefecture. Prefect Li Jian lowered his banners, stilled his drums, and shut the gates to await them. Shi tore up house timbers to burn the gate; Jian led his troops out and won a great victory. The Emperor appointed Li Jian overall training commissioner of E, Yue, and Mian. Thereafter Xilie feared Prince Cao Wang Gao in the east and Li Jian in the west, and no longer dared cast covetous eyes on the Jiang-Huai region.
47
朱滔引兵入趙境,王武俊大具犒享。 入魏境,田悅供承倍豐,使者迎候,相望於道。 丁丑,滔至永濟,遣王郅見悅,約會館陶,偕行渡河。 悅見郅曰:「悅固願從五兄南行,昨日將出軍,將士勒兵不聽悅出,曰:國兵新破,戰守逾年,資儲竭矣。 今將士不免凍餒,何以全軍遠征! 大王日自撫循,猶不能安,若捨城邑而去,朝出,暮必有變!』 悅之志非敢有貳也,如將士何! 已令孟祐備步騎五千,從五兄供芻牧之役。」 因遣其司禮侍郎裴抗等往謝滔。 滔聞之,大怒曰:「田悅逆賊,曏在重圍,命如絲發,使我叛君棄兄,發兵晝夜赴之,幸而得存。 許我貝州,我辭不取; 尊我為天子,我辭不受,今乃負恩,誤我遠來,飾辭不出!」 即日,遣馬寔攻宗城、經城,楊榮國攻冠氏,皆拔之。 又縱回紇掠館陶頓幄帟、器皿、車、牛以去。 悅閉城自守。 壬午,滔遣裴抗等還,分兵置吏守平恩、永濟。
Zhu Tao led his army into Zhao territory; Wang Wujun prepared lavish feasts and rewards. Entering Wei territory, Tian Yue supplied him twice as generously as before; envoys greeted him one after another all along the road. On dingchou, Tao reached Yongji and sent Wang Zhi to see Yue, arranging to meet at Guantao and cross the river together. Yue told Zhi, "I truly wish to follow Fifth Brother south. Yesterday, when I was about to march out, my officers and soldiers drew up their arms and refused to let me go, saying, 'The imperial army was just beaten; we have fought and held out for more than a year, and our stores are exhausted. Now the men cannot escape cold and hunger — how can the whole army march on a distant campaign! Great King soothes them day by day and still cannot settle them. If you abandon the cities and leave, march out in the morning and by evening there will surely be trouble!'" My heart is not divided — but what can I do about the officers and soldiers! I have already ordered Meng You to prepare five thousand infantry and cavalry to follow Fifth Brother and supply fodder and grazing duties. He then sent his Director of Ritual Pei Kang and others to apologize to Tao. When Tao heard this, he flew into a rage and said, "Tian Yue, that rebel — when he was trapped in heavy siege with his life hanging by a thread, he made me betray my lord and abandon my elder brother and march day and night to save him. By good fortune he survived. He offered me Bei Prefecture and I refused it; he wanted to make me Son of Heaven and I refused — yet now he repays kindness with betrayal, lured me here from afar, and hides behind polished excuses not to march out!" That same day he sent Ma Shi to attack Zongcheng and Jingcheng, and Yang Rongguo to attack Guanshi — all were taken. He also let the Uighurs plunder Guantao of tents, utensils, carts, and oxen and depart. Yue shut himself inside the city and held out. On renwu, Tao sent Pei Kang and the others back, divided his troops, and posted officials to hold Ping'en and Yongji.
48
丙戌,以吏部侍郎盧翰為兵部侍郎、同平章事。 翰,義僖之七世孫也。
On bingxu, Lu Han, vice director in the Ministry of Personnel, was made vice director in the Ministry of War and co-director of the Secretariat. Lu Han was the seventh-generation descendant of Lu Yixi.
49
朱滔引兵北圍貝州,引水環之,刺史刑曹俊嬰城拒守。 縱范陽及回紇兵大掠諸縣,又拔武城,通德、棣二州,使給軍食。 遣馬寔將步騎五千屯冠氏以逼魏州。
Zhu Tao led his army north to besiege Bei Prefecture, drew water to ring the city, and Prefect Xing Caojun shut the gates and held out. He let the Fanyang and Uighur troops plunder the counties, also took Wucheng, and opened communications with De and Di to supply his army. He sent Ma Shi with five thousand infantry and cavalry to encamp at Guanshi and press Wei Prefecture.
50
以給事中杜黃裳為江淮宣慰副使。
Du Huangshang, attendant within the Secretariat, was made deputy pacification commissioner for Jiang-Huai.
51
上於行宮廡下貯諸道貢獻之物,榜曰瓊林大盈庫。 陸贄以為戰守之功,賞賚未行而遽私別庫,則士卒怨望,無復鬥志,上疏諫,其略曰:「天子與天同德,以四海為家,何必橈廢公方,崇聚私貨! 降至尊而代有司之守,辱萬乘以效匹夫之藏,虧法失人,誘姦聚怨,以斯制事,豈不過哉!」 又曰:「頃者六師初降,百物無儲,外扞兇徒,內防危堞,晝夜不息,迨將五旬,凍餒交侵,死傷相枕,畢命同力,竟夷大艱。 良以陛下不厚其身,不私其欲,絕甘以同卒伍,輟食以啖功勞。 無猛制而人不攜,懷所感也; 無厚賞而人不怨,悉所無也。 今者攻圍已解,衣食已豐,而謠讟方興,軍情稍阻,豈不以勇夫恆性,嗜利矜功,其患難既與之同憂,而好樂不與之同利,苟異恬默,能無怨咨!」 又曰:「陛下誠能近想重圍之殷憂,追戒平居之專欲,凡在二庫貨賄,盡令出賜有功,每獲珍華,先給軍賞,如此,則亂必靖,賊必平,徐駕六龍,旋復都邑,天子之貴,豈當憂貧! 是乃散其小儲而成其大儲,損其小寶而固其大寶也。」 上即命去其榜。
At the temporary palace the Emperor stored tribute gifts from the various circuits beneath the corridor eaves and posted a sign naming the treasury Qionglinda Ying. Lu Zhi argued that after the merit of fighting and holding the city, rewards had not yet been granted yet the Emperor had hastily set aside a private treasury — the soldiers would resent it and lose their fighting spirit. He submitted a remonstrance, the gist of which ran: "The Son of Heaven shares virtue with Heaven and takes the four seas as his home — why bend public rectitude aside and heap up private goods! To lower the supreme lord and do the work of petty officials, to disgrace the imperial chariot by imitating a common man's hoard — this injures the law, loses the people, invites wickedness, and gathers resentment. To govern this way — is it not going too far!" Again he said: "Recently, when the six armies first submitted, we had nothing in store; outwardly they held off the rebels, inwardly they defended the walls — day and night without rest for nearly fifty days. Cold and hunger pressed in together; dead and wounded lay one upon another. They gave their lives with one accord and finally overcame the great crisis. Truly it was because Your Majesty did not enrich himself or indulge his desires — you renounced delicacies to share with the ranks and stopped your own meals to feed those who had labored. Without harsh control the men did not desert — they were moved by what they felt; without rich rewards the men did not resent — because you had nothing to give. Now the siege is lifted and clothing and food are plentiful, yet grumbling is rising and army morale is faltering — is it not because brave men by nature love profit and prize merit? They shared hardship with you, yet good fortune is not shared with them. How can they keep silent and not complain!" Again he said: "If Your Majesty can truly recall the deep anxiety of the siege and take warning from ordinary days of selfish desire — let all goods in the two treasuries be issued as gifts to those with merit; whenever rare treasures arrive, give army rewards first — then disorder will be settled, rebels will be pacified, and slowly driving the six dragons you will return to the capital. The Son of Heaven's dignity — why should he worry about poverty! That is to scatter a small hoard and build a great one, to spend a small treasure and secure a great treasure." The Emperor immediately ordered the sign removed.
52
蕭復嘗言於上曰:「宦官自艱難以來,多為監軍,恃恩縱橫。 此屬但應掌宮掖之事,不宜委以兵權國政。」 上不悅。 又嘗言:「陛下踐祚之初,聖德光被,自用楊炎、盧杞黷亂朝政,以致今日。 陛下誠能變更睿志,臣敢不竭力? 倘使臣依阿苟免,臣實不能。」 又嘗與盧杞同奏事,杞順上旨,復正色曰:「盧杞言不正!」 上愕然,退,謂左右曰:「蕭復輕朕!」 戊子,命復棄山南東、西、荊湖、淮南、江西、鄂岳、浙江東、西、福建、嶺南等道宣慰、安撫使,實疏之也。 既而劉從一及朝士往往奏留復,上謂陸贄曰:「朕思遷幸以來,江、淮遠方,或傳聞過實,欲遣重臣宣慰,謀於宰相及朝士,僉謂宜然。 今乃反覆如是,朕為之悵恨累日。 意復悔行,使之論奏邪? 卿知蕭復如何人? 其不欲行,意趣安在?」 贄上奏,以為:「復痛自修勵,慕為清貞,用雖不周,行則可保。 至於輕詐如此,復必不為。 借使復欲逗留,從一安肯附會! 今所言矛楯,願陛下明加辯詰。 若蕭復有所請求,則從一何容為隱! 若從一自有回互,則蕭復不當受疑。 陛下何憚而不辯明,乃直為此悵恨也! 夫明則罔惑,辨則罔冤。 惑莫甚於逆詐而不與明,冤莫痛於見疑而不與辯。 是使情偽相糅,忠邪靡分。 茲實居上御下之要樞,惟陛下留意。」 上亦竟不復辯也。
Xiao Fu once told the Emperor, "Since the crisis, eunuchs have often served as army supervisors, relying on favor to run rampant. These men should manage only palace affairs; they should not be entrusted with military authority or state governance. The Emperor was displeased. He also said, "When Your Majesty first ascended the throne, your virtue shone everywhere; then by your own choice Yang Yan and Lu Qi corrupted court governance and brought us to this day. If Your Majesty will truly change your mind, how could I fail to give you my full strength? But if you expect me to flatter and dodge blame, I truly cannot." On another occasion he memorialized alongside Lu Qi. Qi spoke to please the emperor, but Xiao Fu said sternly, "Lu Qi is wrong!" The emperor was startled. After the audience he told his attendants, "Xiao Fu disrespects me!" On the day wuzi he stripped Fu of his appointment as pacification commissioner over Shannan, Jinghu, Huainan, Jiangxi, E-Yue, the two Zhejiangs, Fujian, Lingnan, and the other southern circuits — in effect pushing him aside. Soon Liu Congyi and other officials memorialized repeatedly asking Fu to stay. The emperor told Lu Zhi, "Since we fled the capital, distant regions along the Yangzi may have heard exaggerated rumors. I wanted to send a senior minister to reassure them. I consulted the chief ministers and the court, and everyone agreed. Now matters have reversed themselves like this, and I have brooded over it in regret for days. Do you think Fu changed his mind and had them petition for him? What sort of man is Xiao Fu, in your view? If he did not want to go, what was he after?" Lu Zhi replied that Fu was strict with himself and aspired to integrity — his talents might not cover every need, but his conduct could be trusted. As for playing such petty tricks, Fu would never do that. Even if Fu wanted to stay, why would Liu Congyi collude with him! The stories contradict each other. I urge Your Majesty to question both sides openly. If Xiao Fu had made some request, Liu Congyi could not have hidden it! If Liu Congyi was the one equivocating, Xiao Fu should not be suspected. Why should Your Majesty shrink from clearing the matter up and instead brood over it like this! Clarity dispels confusion; inquiry dispels injustice. Nothing breeds confusion like deceit met without clarity; nothing wounds like suspicion met without a hearing. That is how truth and falsehood mingle and loyalty and treachery become impossible to tell apart. This is the very hinge of how a ruler governs his subjects — I urge Your Majesty to heed it." "In the end the emperor never held the inquiry at all.
53
辛卯,以王武俊為恆、冀、深、趙節度使,壬辰,加李抱真、張孝忠並同平章事。 丙申,加田悅檢校右僕射。 以山南東道行軍司馬樊澤為本道節度使,前深、趙觀察使康日知為同州刺史、奉誠軍節度使,曹州刺史李納為鄆州刺史、平盧節度使。
On the day xinmao, Wang Wujun was appointed military governor of Heng, Ji, Shen, and Zhao. On renchen, Li Baozhen and Zhang Xiaozhong were both made co-directors of the Secretariat. On the day bingshen, Tian Yue was appointed acting Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat. Fan Ze, campaign chief of staff of Shannan East, became military governor of that circuit. Kang Rizhi, former observation commissioner of Shen and Zhao, became prefect of Tong and military governor of the Fengcheng Army. Li Na, prefect of Cao, became prefect of Yan and military governor of Pinglu.
54
戊戌,加劉洽汴、滑、宋、亳都統副使,知都統事,李勉悉以其眾授之。
On the day wuxu, Liu Qia was appointed deputy overall commander of Bian, Hua, Song, and Bo and given charge of overall command. Li Mian transferred all his troops to him.
55
辛丑,六軍各置統軍,秩從三品,以寵勳臣。
On the day xinchou, each of the Six Armies received an army commander of third rank, to honor the meritorious.
56
吐蕃尚結贊請出兵助唐收京城。 庚子,遣秘書監崔漢衡使吐蕃,發其兵。
Shang Jiezan of Tibet offered to send troops to help the Tang recover the capital. On the day gengzi, Cui Hanheng, Director of the Palace Library, was sent as envoy to Tibet to mobilize its army.