1
資治通鑑第241卷
Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance, Volume 241
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【唐紀五十七】起屠維大淵獻二月,盡重光赤奮若六月,凡二年在奇。
[Tang Records 57] From the second month of the year Tuwé Dàyuānxiàn through the sixth month of Chongguāng Chìfèiruò—two years and a fraction in all.
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元和十四年( 己亥,公元八一九年)
In the fourteenth year of Yuanhe ( the year jihai, corresponding to 819 CE)
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二月,李聽襲海州,克東海、朐山、懷仁等縣。 李愬敗平盧兵於沂州,拔丞縣。 李師道聞官軍侵逼,發民治鄆州城塹,修守備,役及婦人,民益懼且怨。 都知兵馬使劉悟,正臣之孫也,師道使之將兵萬餘人屯陽谷以拒官軍。 悟務為寬惠,使士卒人人自便,軍中號曰劉父。 及田弘正渡河,悟軍無備,戰又數敗。 或謂師道曰:「劉悟不修軍法,專收眾心,恐有他志,宜早圖之。」 師道召悟計事,欲殺之。 或諫曰:「今官軍四合,悟無逆狀,用一人言殺之,諸將誰肯為用! 是自脫其爪牙也。」 師道留悟旬日,復遣之,厚贈金帛以安其意。 悟知之,還營,陰為之備。 師道以悟將兵在外,署悟子從諫門下別奏。 從諫與師道諸奴日遊戲,頗得其陰謀,密疏以白父。 又有謂師道者曰:「劉悟終為患,不如早除之。」 丙辰,師道潛遣二使繼帖授行營兵馬副使張暹,令斬悟首獻之,勒暹權領行營。 時悟方據高丘張幕置酒,去營二三里。 二使至營,密以貼授暹。 暹素與悟善,陽與使者謀曰:「悟自使府還,頗為備,不可匆匆,暹請先往白之,云:『司空遣使存問將士,兼有賜物,請都頭速歸,同受傳語。』 如此,則彼不疑,乃可圖也。」 使者然之。 暹懷帖走詣悟,屏人示之。 悟潛遣人先執二使,殺之。 時已向暮,悟按轡徐行還營,坐帳下,嚴兵自衛。 召諸將,厲色謂之曰:「悟與公等不顧死亡以抗官軍,誠無負於司空。 今司空信讒言,來取悟首。 悟死,諸公其次矣。 且天子所欲誅者獨司空一人。 今軍勢日蹙,吾曹何為隨之族滅! 欲與諸公卷旗束甲,還入鄆州,奉行天子之命,豈徒免危亡,富貴可圖也。 諸公以為何如?」 兵馬使趙垂棘立於眾首,良久,對曰:「如此,事果濟否?」 悟應聲罵曰:「汝與司空合謀邪!」 立斬之。 遍問其次,有遲疑未言者,悉斬之,並斬軍中素為眾所惡者,凡三十餘,屍於帳前。 餘皆股粟,曰:「惟都頭命,願盡死!」 乃令士卒曰:「入鄆,人賞錢百緡,惟不得近軍帑。 其使宅及逆黨家財,任自掠取,有仇者報之。」 使士卒皆飽食執兵,夜半聽鼓三聲絕即行,人銜枚,馬縛口,遇行人,執留之,人無知者。 距城數里,天未明,悟駐軍,使聽城上柝聲絕,使十人前行,宣言「劉都頭奉帖追入城。」 門者請俟寫簡白使,十人拔刃擬之,皆竄匿。 悟引大軍繼至,城中噪嘩動地。 比至,子城已洞開,惟牙城拒守,尋縱火,斧其門而入。 牙中兵不過數百,始猶有發弓矢者,俄知力不支,皆投於地。 悟勒兵升聽事,使捕索師道。 師道與二子伏廁床下,索得之,悟命置牙門外隙地,使人謂曰:「悟奉密詔送司空歸闕,然司空亦何顏復見天子!」 師道猶有幸生之意,其子弘方仰曰:「事已至此,速死為幸!」 尋皆斬之。 自卯至午,悟乃命兩都虞候巡坊市,禁掠者,即時皆定。 大集兵民於球場,親乘馬巡繞,慰安之。 斬贊師道逆謀者二十餘家,文武將吏且懼且喜,皆入賀。 悟見李公度,執手歔欷; 出賈直言於獄,置之幕府。 悟之自陽谷還兵趨鄆也,潛使人以其謀告田弘正曰:「事成,當舉烽相白。 萬一城中有備不能入,願公引兵為助。 功成之日,皆歸於公,悟何敢有之!」 且使弘正進據己營。 弘正見烽,知得城,遣使往賀。 悟函師道父子三首遣使送弘正營,弘正大喜,露布以聞。 淄、青等十二州皆平。 弘正初得師道首,疑其非真,召夏侯澄使識之。 澄熟視其面,長號隕絕者久之,乃抱其首,舐其目中塵垢,復慟哭。 弘正為之改容,義而不責。
In the second month, Li Ting struck at Haizhou and took Donghai, Qushan, Huairen, and the other counties there. At Yizhou, Li Su routed the Pinglu forces and seized Cheng County. Learning that imperial troops were closing in, Li Shidao pressed the people into digging Yanzhou's moat and strengthening its defenses—even women were put to work—and fear and resentment spread through the city. Liu Wu, commander of all military affairs and grandson of Liu Zhengchen, was ordered by Shidao to hold Yanggu with more than ten thousand men against the imperial forces. Wu made a point of treating his men generously and letting them have their way, and the troops nicknamed him Father Liu. When Tian Hongzheng crossed the river, Wu's troops were caught unprepared and lost battle after battle. Someone warned Shidao, "Liu Wu ignores military discipline and courts the men's loyalty—he may have other plans. You should move against him while you still can." Shidao called Wu in to consult on affairs, planning to kill him. Another adviser objected: "Imperial forces are closing in from every side, and Wu has given no sign of disloyalty. Kill him on one man's word, and who among the generals will still fight for you? You would only be tearing out your own claws and fangs." Shidao detained Wu for ten days, then sent him back with generous gifts of gold and silk to put him at ease. Wu saw through the ploy; back in camp he quietly made ready. With Wu still in the field, Shidao appointed his son Congjian as a separate memorialist at the Secretariat. Congjian spent his days carousing with Shidao's household staff and picked up much of their scheming, which he relayed to his father in secret reports. Again someone urged Shidao, "Liu Wu will be trouble in the end—better cut him down now." On bingchen, Shidao secretly sent two envoys in succession with sealed orders to Zhang Xuan, deputy commander of the expeditionary forces, instructing him to cut off Wu's head and present it, and to assume interim command of the camp. Wu was then feasting under an awning on a hilltop, two or three li from camp. The two envoys reached camp and quietly handed the sealed order to Xuan. Xuan had always been friendly with Wu; he feigned agreement with the envoys and said, "Wu has been on his guard ever since he came back from headquarters—we cannot rush this. Let me go ahead and tell him that the Commissioner has sent envoys to inquire after the men and bring gifts, and ask the commander to return at once to hear the message with us. That way he will not suspect anything, and we can strike." The envoys agreed. Xuan hid the order in his robe, ran to Wu, dismissed everyone else, and showed it to him. Wu secretly sent men ahead to seize and kill the two envoys. Dusk was falling; Wu rode slowly back to camp, took his seat in the tent, and posted a heavy guard. He summoned the generals and said harshly, "You and I have risked death to hold off the imperial army—we have done the Commissioner no wrong. Now he believes slander and has sent men to take my head. When I die, you will be next. The Son of Heaven wants only the Commissioner punished. Our position grows worse every day—why follow him to the destruction of our families! I propose we furl our banners, arm ourselves, and march back into Yanzhou to obey the Son of Heaven—not merely to escape ruin, but to win wealth and honor. What do you say?" Military commissioner Zhao Chuiji stood at the front of the crowd; after a long silence he asked, "Can this really succeed?" Wu roared back, "Are you in league with the Commissioner!" He had him beheaded at once. He went down the line; anyone who hesitated or held back was killed, along with men the troops had long hated—more than thirty in all—until corpses lay piled before the tent. The rest shook with fear and cried, "We obey the commander—command us and we will die!" He told the men, "When we enter Yanzhou, each of you gets a hundred strings of cash—but stay away from the military treasury. The commissioner's mansion and the rebels' households are yours to plunder, and anyone with a score to settle may do so." The men ate their fill and took up arms; at midnight, when the third drum roll ended, they marched—gag-sticks in their mouths, horses' muzzles bound; anyone they met was seized, and no one knew they were coming. A few li from the city, before dawn, Wu halted and waited until the night watch on the walls fell silent; then he sent ten men ahead to announce that Commander Liu was entering the city on sealed orders." The gatekeepers asked to write a note to the commissioner first; the ten drew their blades, and the guards scattered. Wu brought up the main force behind them, and uproar shook the city. By the time he arrived, the outer city was wide open; only the inner citadel still resisted. They set fire and hacked through its gate. The citadel held only a few hundred men; a few still loosed arrows at first, but seeing they could not hold, they threw down their weapons. Wu led his troops up to the audience hall and sent men to seize Shidao. Shidao and his two sons were found hiding under a privy bench. Wu had them placed in the open ground outside the inner gate and sent word: "I am sending you back to the capital on a secret edict—but what face do you have left to show the Son of Heaven?" Shidao still hoped to live; his son Hongfang looked up and said, "It has come to this—a quick death is the best we can hope for!" Soon all three were beheaded. From morning through midday Wu sent the two chief military inspectors to patrol the streets and forbid looting, and the city settled at once. He assembled soldiers and civilians on the drill ground, rode among them in person, and reassured them. He executed more than twenty households that had supported Shidao's rebellion; the civil and military staff came in both fear and relief to congratulate him. When Wu saw Li Gongdu he took his hand and wept; he released Jia Zhiyan from prison and took him onto his staff. As Wu marched back from Yanggu toward Yanzhou, he had secretly told Tian Hongzheng of his plan: "When it succeeds, I will light beacon fires to let you know. If the city is prepared and we cannot get in, I ask you to bring your troops to help. When the day comes, everything is yours—I would not dare claim a thing!" He also had Hongzheng advance and occupy his camp. Hongzheng saw the beacons, knew the city had fallen, and sent envoys to congratulate him. Wu sent Shidao and his two sons' heads in a box to Hongzheng's camp; Hongzheng was overjoyed and issued a public bulletin to the court. All twelve prefectures of Zi, Qing, and the rest were pacified. When Hongzheng first received Shidao's head he doubted it was real and called in Xiahou Cheng to identify it. Cheng studied the face, wailed until he fainted, then embraced the head, licked the dust from its eyes, and wept again. Hongzheng's expression changed; he honored Cheng's loyalty and did not reproach him.
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壬戌,田弘正捷奏至。 乙丑,命戶部侍郎楊於陵為淄青宣撫使。 己巳,李師道首函至。 自廣德以來,垂六十年,籓鎮跋扈河南、北三十餘州,自除官吏,不供貢賦,至是盡遵朝廷約束。 上命楊於陵分李師道地,於陵按圖籍,視土地遠邇,計士馬眾寡,校倉庫虛實,分為三道,使之適均:以鄆、曹、濮為一道,淄、清、齊、登、萊為一道,兗、海、沂、密為一道,上從之。
On renxu, Tian Hongzheng's victory report reached the capital. On yichou, Vice Minister of Revenue Yang Yuling was appointed pacification commissioner for Zi and Qing. On jisi, Li Shidao's head arrived at the capital in a box. For nearly sixty years since the Guangde era, more than thirty prefectures north and south of the Yellow River had lived under arrogant military commissioners who appointed their own officials and withheld tribute; now all submitted to the court's authority. The emperor ordered Yang Yuling to partition Li Shidao's domain. Yuling studied the registers, weighed distances, troop strengths, and storehouse stocks, and divided the territory into three balanced circuits: Yan, Cao, and Pu; Zi, Qing, Qi, Deng, and Lai; and Yan, Hai, Yi, and Mi. The emperor approved.
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劉悟以初討李師道詔云:「部將有能殺師道以眾降者,師道官爵悉以與之。」 意謂盡得十二州之地,遂補署文武將佐,更易州縣長吏; 謂其下曰:「軍府之政,一切循舊。 自今但與諸公抱子弄孫,夫復何憂!」 上欲移悟他鎮,恐悟不受代,復須用兵,密詔田弘正察之。 弘正日遣使者詣悟,託言修好,實觀其所為。 悟多力,好手搏,得鄆州三日,則教軍中壯士手搏,與魏博使者庭觀之,自搖肩攘臂,離坐以助其勢。 弘正聞之,笑曰:「是聞除改,登即行矣,何能為哉!」 庚午,以悟為義成節度使。 悟聞制下,手足失墜。 明日,遂行。 弘正已將數道兵,比至城西二里,與悟相見於客亭,即受旌節,馳詣滑州,辟李公度、李存、郭昈、賈直言以自隨。
Liu Wu recalled the original edict against Li Shidao: "Any subordinate who kills Shidao and surrenders with his troops shall receive all of Shidao's offices and ranks." He believed this meant all twelve prefectures were his; he appointed civil and military officers and replaced prefectural and county chiefs; and told his men, "Army administration will go on as before. From now on we need only hold our grandchildren—what is left to worry about?" The emperor wanted to move Wu to another post but feared he would not accept replacement and force another campaign; he secretly told Tian Hongzheng to watch him. Hongzheng sent envoys to Wu daily on the pretext of friendship, but in fact to watch what he did. Wu was powerfully built and loved wrestling; three days after taking Yanzhou he had his strongest men wrestle in the courtyard for the Weibo envoys, rolling his shoulders and leaving his seat to cheer them on. When Hongzheng heard this he laughed and said, "The moment he hears of his transfer he will leave—what trouble can he make?" On gengwu, Wu was appointed military commissioner of Yicheng. When Wu heard the appointment, his limbs went slack with shock. The next day he departed. Hongzheng had already advanced with troops from several circuits; two li west of the city he met Wu at a roadside pavilion. Wu took the insignia of command at once and rode hard for Huazhou, taking Li Gongdu, Li Cun, Guo Han, and Jia Zhiyan with him.
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悟素與李文會善,既得鄆州,使召之,未至。 聞將移鎮,昈、存謀曰:「文會佞人,敗亂淄青一道,滅李司空之族,萬人所共仇也! 不乘此際誅之,田相公至,務施寬大,將何以雪三齊之憤怨乎!」 乃詐為悟帖,遣使即文會所至,取其首以來。 使者遇文會於豐齊驛,斬之。 比還,悟及昈、存已去,無所覆命矣。 文會二子,一亡去,一死於獄,家貲悉為人所掠,田宅沒官。
Wu had long been friendly with Li Wenhui; after taking Yanzhou he sent for him, but Wenhui had not yet arrived. Learning that Wu was to be transferred, Guo Han and Li Cun plotted: "Wenhui is a sycophant who wrecked Zi-Qing, destroyed Commissioner Li's family, and is hated by everyone! If we do not kill him now, when Commissioner Tian comes and shows mercy, how will the Three Qi ever have their revenge!" They forged an order in Wu's name and sent men to wherever Wenhui was to bring back his head. The envoy met Wenhui at Fengqi Post and killed him. By the time they returned, Wu, Guo Han, and Li Cun were gone; there was no one left to report to. Wenhui's two sons—one fled, one died in prison—and looters took everything; his lands and house were confiscated.
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詔以淄青行營副使張暹為戎州刺史。
An edict appointed Zhang Xuan, deputy commander of the Zi-Qing expedition, prefect of Rongzhou.
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癸酉,加田弘正檢校司徒、同平章事。
On guiyou, Tian Hongzheng was made honorary Grand Mentor and co–Grand Councilor of State.
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先是,李師道將敗數月,聞風動鳥飛,皆疑有變,禁鄆人親識宴聚及道路偶語,犯者有刑。 弘正既入鄆,悉除苛禁,縱人遊樂,寒食七晝夜不禁行人。 或諫曰:「鄆人久為寇敵,今雖平,人心未安,不可不備。」 弘正曰:「今為暴者既除,宜施以寬惠,若復為嚴察,是以桀易桀也,庸何愈焉!」
For months before his fall, Li Shidao suspected treachery at every rustle of wind or flight of birds; he banned gatherings among kin and friends and casual talk in the streets, punishing offenders. Once Hongzheng entered Yanzhou he lifted every harsh restriction and let people enjoy themselves; for seven days and nights around Cold Food Festival no curfew was imposed. Someone urged caution: "The people of Yanzhou were our enemies for years; though the city is pacified, hearts are unsettled—we must stay on guard." Hongzheng replied, "The violent are gone; this is the time for mercy. Strict surveillance again would only replace one tyrant with another—what would we gain?"
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先是,賊數遣人入關,截陵戟,焚倉場,流矢飛書,以震駭京師,沮撓官軍。 有司督察甚嚴,潼關吏至發人囊篋以索之,然終不能絕。 及田弘正入鄆,閱李師道簿書,有賞殺武元衡人王士元等及賞潼關、蒲津吏卒案,乃知向者皆吏卒賂於賊,容其奸也。
Earlier the rebels had repeatedly sent agents through the passes to cut down tomb halberds, burn storehouses, and shoot in letters meant to terrify the capital and hamper the imperial armies. Official supervision was severe—Tong Pass guards even searched travelers' bags—but the agents could never be stopped entirely. Once Tian Hongzheng entered Yanzhou he went through Li Shidao's ledgers and found rewards for Wang Shiyuan and others who had killed Wu Yuanheng, and for clerks and soldiers at Tong Pass and Pujin Ferry—proof that the men slipping through the passes had been bribed to let the rebels' agents through.
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裴度纂述蔡、鄆用兵以來上之憂勤機略,因侍宴獻之,請內印出付史官。 上曰:「如此,似出朕志,非所欲也。」 弗許。
Pei Du compiled a record of the emperor's anxious planning since the Cai and Yan campaigns and presented it at a banquet, asking that the palace seal be applied so it could go to the historiographers. The emperor said, "That would make it look as if it came from my own mind, which is not what I want." He refused.
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三月,戊子,以華州刺史馬總為鄆、曹、濮等州節度使。 己丑,以義成節度使薛平為平盧節度、淄、青、齊、登、萊等州觀察使。 以淄青四面行營供軍使王遂為沂、海、兗、密等州觀察使。
In the third month, on wuzi, Ma Zong, governor of Huazhou, was made military commissioner of Yan, Cao, Pu, and the other prefectures. On jichou, Xue Ping of Yicheng was made military commissioner of Pinglu and observation commissioner over Zi, Qing, Qi, Deng, Lai, and the rest. Wang Sui, supply officer of the Zi-Qing expedition, was made observation commissioner of Yi, Hai, Yan, Mi, and the rest.
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橫海節度使烏重胤奏:「河朔籓鎮所以能旅拒朝命六十餘年者,由諸州縣各置鎮將領事,收刺史、縣令之權,自作威福。 向使刺史各得行其職,則雖有奸雄如安、史,必不能以一州獨反也。 臣所領德、棣、景三州,已舉牒各還刺史職事,應在州兵並令刺史領之。」 夏,四月,丙寅,詔諸道節度、都團練、都防禦、經略等使所統支郡兵馬,並令刺史領之。 自至德以來,節度使權重,所統諸州各置鎮兵,以大將主之,暴橫為患,故重胤論之。 其後河北諸鎮,惟橫海最為順命,由重胤外之得宜故也。
Wu Chongyin, commissioner of Heng-hai, wrote: "Hebei commissioners defied the court for sixty years because every county had garrison generals who seized power from prefects and magistrates and ruled as they pleased. Had prefects been allowed to govern, even men as bold as An Lushan and Shi Siming could not have raised a single prefecture in revolt. In De, Di, and Jing under my command I have already restored each prefect to his full duties and put all local troops under prefect command." In the fourth month of summer, on bingyin, an edict directed that all troops in subordinate prefectures under circuit commissioners, regimental training commissioners, defense commissioners, and frontier commissioners were to be led by the prefects. Since the Zhide era military commissioners had grown overpowerful; every prefecture under them kept garrison troops commanded by senior generals who bullied the people—hence Chongyin's argument. Afterward, of all the Hebei garrisons, only Heng-hai stayed most loyal to the court—because Chongyin and his colleagues governed it well.
15
辛未,工部侍郎、同平章事程異薨。
On xinwei, Cheng Yi, vice minister of works and chief minister, died.
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裴度在相位,知無不言,皇甫鎛之黨陰擠之。 丙子,詔度以門下侍郎、同平章事,充河東節度使。 皇甫鎛專以掊克取媚,人無敢言者,獨諫議大夫武儒衡上疏言之。 鎛自訴於上,上曰:「卿以儒衡上疏,將報怨邪!」 鎛乃不敢言。 儒衡,元衡之從父弟也。
While Pei Du was chief minister he held nothing back when he knew the court should hear it; Huangfu Bo's faction worked quietly to force him out. On bingzi, Pei Du was ordered to serve as vice director of the Secretariat and chief minister while taking command as military commissioner of Hedong. Huangfu Bo won favor by squeezing the people dry, and no one dared object—only Remonstrance Counselor Wu Ruheng memorialized the throne against him. Bo complained to the emperor, who said, "Are you saying this because Ruheng memorialized against you—you want revenge?" Bo said no more. Ruheng was Wu Yuanheng's paternal cousin.
17
史館修撰李翱上言,以為:「定禍亂者,武功也; 興太平者,文德也。 今陛下既以武功定海內,若遂革弊事,復高祖、太宗舊制; 用忠正而不疑,屏邪佞而不邇; 改稅法,不督錢而納布帛; 絕進獻,寬百姓租賦; 厚邊兵,以制戎狄侵盜; 數訪問待制官,以通塞蔽; 此六者,政之根本,太平所以興也。 陛下既已能行其難,若何不為其易乎! 以陛下天資上聖,如不惑近習容悅之辭,任骨鯁正直之士,與之興大化,可不勞而成也。 若不有此為事,臣恐大功之後,逸欲易生。 進言者必曰:『天下既平矣,陛下可以高枕自安逸。』 如是,則太平未可期矣!」
Academician Li Ao submitted a memorial arguing that "martial force ends calamity and disorder; civil virtue brings great peace. Your Majesty has already pacified the realm by force of arms; if you would now root out abuses and restore the institutions of Gaozu and Taizong, employ loyal men without suspicion and keep the wicked and flattering at arm's length; revise the tax laws to collect cloth and silk rather than pressing for cash; end tribute presentations and lighten the people's rents and levies; strengthen frontier garrisons to check barbarian raids; consult ad hoc policy advisers often to pierce obstruction and blind spots; these six are the roots of government and the foundation on which great peace is built. Your Majesty has already done what is hard—why not do what is easy? With Your Majesty's heaven-sent wisdom, if you are not misled by the flattery of nearby favorites and instead entrust blunt, upright men to help launch great reform, it can be achieved without great strain. If these things are not done, I fear that after this great victory indulgence will come easily. Those who advise you will say, 'The realm is at peace now; Your Majesty may rest easy.' If that happens, great peace will never come!"
18
秋,七月,丁丑朔,田弘正送殺武元衡賊王士元等十六人,詔使內京兆府、御史台遍鞫之,皆款服。 京兆尹崔元略以元衡物色詢之,則多異同。 元略問其故,對曰:「恆、鄆同謀遣客刺元衡,而士元等後期,聞恆人事成,遂竊以為己功,還報受賞耳。 今自度為罪均,終不免死,故承之。」 上亦不欲復辨正,悉殺之。
In autumn, on the first day of the seventh month, Tian Hongzheng sent up sixteen men including Wang Shiyuan, who had killed Wu Yuanheng; the court ordered the Capital Prefecture and the Censorate to interrogate them thoroughly in the capital, and all confessed. Capital Prefect Cui Yuanlue questioned them using Wu Yuanheng's descriptions of the assailants, but their accounts diverged widely. Yuanlue asked why; they answered, "Heng and Yan plotted together to send assassins against Yuanheng, but Shiyuan and the others arrived late; hearing that the Heng side had succeeded, they stole the credit, went back, and collected the reward. Now we judge the guilt equal and know we cannot escape death anyway, so we confess." The emperor did not wish to investigate further and had them all executed.
19
戊寅,宣武節度使韓弘始入朝,上待之甚厚。 弘獻馬三千,絹五千,雜繒三萬,金銀器千,而汴之庫廄尚有錢百餘萬緡,絹百餘萬匹,馬七千匹,糧三百萬斛。
On wuyin, Han Hong, military commissioner of Xuanwu, came to court for the first time and was received with great honor. Hong presented three thousand horses, five thousand bolts of silk, thirty thousand assorted silks, and a thousand gold and silver vessels—yet Bian's treasuries and stables still held more than a million strings of cash, more than a million bolts of silk, seven thousand horses, and three million bushels of grain.
20
己丑,群臣上尊號曰元和聖文神武法天應道皇帝,赦天下。
On jichou, the officials offered the honorific title "Emperor of the Yuanhe era, sage in civil and divine in martial virtue, conforming to Heaven and responding to the Way," and a general amnesty was proclaimed.
21
沂、海、兗、密觀察使王遂,本錢谷吏,性狷急,無遠識。 時軍府草創,人情未安,遂專以嚴酷為治,所用杖絕大於常行者,每詈將卒,輒曰「反虜」; 又盛夏役士卒營府捨,督責峻急。 將卒憤怨。 辛卯,役卒王弁與其徒四人浴於沂水,密謀作亂,曰:「今服役觸罪亦死,奮命立事亦死,死於立事,不猶愈乎! 明日,常侍與監軍、副使有宴,軍將皆在告,直兵多休息,吾屬乘此際出其不意取之,可以萬全。」 四人皆以為然,約事成推弁為留後。 壬辰,遂方宴飲,日過中,弁等五人突入,於直房前取弓刀,逕前射副使張敦實,殺之。 遂與監軍狼狽起走,弁執遂,數之以盛暑興役,用刑刻暴,立斬之。 傳聲勿驚監軍,弁即自稱留後,升廳號令,與監軍抗禮,召集將吏參賀,眾莫敢不從。 監軍具以狀聞。
Wang Sui, commissioner of Yi, Hai, Yan, and Mi, had begun as a grain and revenue clerk; he was narrow and quick-tempered and lacked foresight. The army headquarters was newly established and morale unsettled; Sui governed through harsh severity alone—the clubs he used were far larger than usual, and whenever he cursed officers and men he called them "rebel bandits"; Moreover, in the height of summer he put soldiers to work building headquarters quarters and drove them with brutal urgency. Officers and men seethed with resentment. On xinmao, labor conscript Wang Bian and four companions bathed in the Yi River and secretly plotted rebellion, saying, "If we serve on labor and slip up we die; if we risk our lives and act we die too—isn't it better to die doing something? Tomorrow the commissioner will feast with the army supervisor and vice commissioner; the commanders will all be on leave and most of the guards will be resting—we can strike by surprise and succeed with certainty." The four agreed, and they pledged that if the plot succeeded Bian would be made acting commissioner. On renchen, while Sui was still feasting past midday, Bian and four others burst in, seized bows and blades before the guard quarters, and shot Vice Commissioner Zhang Dunshi dead. Sui and the army supervisor fled in panic; Bian seized Sui, denounced him for putting men to labor in fierce heat and for cruel punishments, and had him beheaded on the spot. Word went out not to alarm the army supervisor; Bian at once styled himself acting commissioner, took the hall to issue orders, treated the army supervisor as an equal, and summoned officers and clerks to congratulate him—none dared refuse. The army supervisor reported the whole affair to the court.
22
甲午,韓弘又獻絹二十五萬匹,絁三萬匹,銀器二百七十。 左右軍中尉各獻錢萬緡。 自淮西用兵以來,度支、鹽鐵及四方爭進奉,謂之「助軍」; 賊平又進奉,謂之「賀禮」; 後又進奉,謂之「助賞」; 上加尊號又進奉,亦,謂之「賀禮」。 丁酉,以河陽節度使令狐楚為中書侍郎,同平章事。 楚與皇甫鎛同年進士,引以為相。
On jiawu, Han Hong again presented two hundred fifty thousand bolts of silk, thirty thousand bolts of coarse silk, and two hundred seventy silver vessels. The left and right palace army commissioners each presented ten thousand strings of cash. Since the Huai-Xi campaign, the Finance Commission, Salt and Iron Bureau, and regions everywhere competed in presenting tribute, calling it "aid to the army"; when the rebels were pacified they presented again, calling it "congratulatory gifts"; later they presented again, calling it "aid for rewards"; when the emperor received his honorific title they presented again, likewise calling it "congratulatory gifts." On dingyou, Linghu Chu, military commissioner of Heyang, was made vice director of the Secretariat and chief minister. Chu and Huangfu Bo had passed the jinshi examination in the same year; Bo brought him in as chief minister.
23
朝廷聞沂州軍亂,甲辰,以棣州刺史曹華為沂、海、兗、密觀察使。
When the court heard of the mutiny at Yizhou, on jiachen Cao Hua, prefect of Di, was appointed commissioner of Yi, Hai, Yan, and Mi.
24
韓弘累表請留京師。 八月,己酉,以弘守司徒,兼中書令。 癸丑,以吏部尚書張弘靖同平章事,充宣武節度使。 弘靖,宰相子,少有令聞,立朝簡默。 河東、宣武闕帥,朝廷以其位望素重,使鎮之。 弘靖承王鍔聚斂之餘,韓弘嚴猛之後,兩鎮喜其廉謹寬大,故上下安之。
Han Hong repeatedly memorialized asking to remain in the capital. In the eighth month, on jiyou, Hong was made Situ in perpetuity and concurrently director of the Secretariat. On guichou, Zhang Hongjing, minister of civil personnel and chief minister, was made military commissioner of Xuanwu. Hongjing was the son of a chief minister; from youth he had a fine reputation, and in court he was brief and restrained. Hedong and Xuanwu both lacked commanders; the court sent men of long-standing rank and prestige to take command. Hongjing succeeded Wang E's hoarding and Han Hong's harsh rule; both garrisons welcomed his integrity, restraint, and generosity, and all ranks settled into peace.
25
己未,田弘正入朝,上待之尤厚。
On jiwei, Tian Hongzheng came to court and was received with especial honor.
26
戊辰,陳許節度使郗士美薨,以庫部員外郎李渤為弔祭使。 渤上言:「臣過渭南,聞長源鄉舊四百戶,今才百餘戶,閺鄉縣舊三千戶,今才千戶,其它州縣大率相似。 跡其所以然,皆由以逃戶稅攤於比鄰,致驅迫俱逃,此皆聚斂之臣剝下媚上,惟思竭澤,不慮無魚。 乞降詔書,絕攤逃之弊。 盡逃戶之產償稅,不足者乞免之。 計不數年,人皆復於農矣。」 執政見而惡之,渤遂謝病,歸東都。
On wuchen, Xi Shimei, military commissioner of Chen-Xu, died; Li Bo, vice director in the Ministry of Revenue, was sent as condolence envoy. Bo submitted a memorial: "Passing Weinan, I heard that Changyuan township once had four hundred households and now has barely a hundred; Minxiang county once had three thousand and now barely a thousand—the same pattern holds across other prefectures and counties. Tracing the cause, it all stems from shifting fugitive households' taxes onto their neighbors, driving whole communities to flee together—work of revenue-grinding ministers who strip the people to please their superiors, draining the pond without thinking there will be no fish left. I beg that an edict be issued to end the abuse of shifting fugitive-household taxes onto neighbors. Let fugitive households' property be used to pay what they owe, and where it is insufficient, grant exemptions. Within a few years, by my reckoning, the people would return to farming." When those in power saw it they took offense; Bo resigned citing illness and returned to the eastern capital.
27
癸酉,吐蕃寇慶州,營於方渠。
On guiyou, Tibet raided Qingzhou and encamped at Fangqu.
28
朝廷議興兵討王弁,恐青、鄆相扇繼變,乃除弁開州刺史,遣中使賜以告身。 中使紿之曰:「開州計已有人迎候道路,留後宜速發。」 弁即日發沂州,導從尚百餘人,入徐州境,所在減之,其眾亦稍逃散,遂加以杻械,乘驢入關。 九月,戊寅,腰斬東市。 先是,三分鄆兵以隸三鎮,及王遂死,朝廷以為師道餘黨凶態未除,命曹華引棣州兵赴鎮以討之。 沂州將士迎候者,華皆以好言撫之,使先入城,慰安其餘,眾皆不疑。 華視事三日,大饗將士,伏甲士千人於幕下,乃集眾而諭之曰:「天子以鄆人有遷徙之勞,特加優給,宜令鄆人處右,沂人處左。」 既定,令沂人皆出,因闔門,謂鄆人曰:「王常侍以天子之命為帥於此,將士何得輒害之!」 語未畢,伏者出,圍而殺之,死者千二百人,無一得脫者。 門屏間赤霧高丈餘,久之方散。
The court debated sending troops against Wang Bian but feared Qing and Yan might incite one another into further revolts; instead Bian was appointed prefect of Kaizhou and a palace envoy was sent with his commission. The envoy deceived him, saying, "People should already be waiting along the road to Kaizhou; Acting Commissioner, you should set out at once." Bian left Yizhou that same day with more than a hundred escorts; once he entered Xuzhou territory his party was thinned at each stop and his followers gradually scattered; he was put in fetters and entered the pass riding a donkey. In the ninth month, on wuyin, he was cut in two at the waist in the eastern market. Earlier, Yan troops had been divided among three garrisons; when Wang Sui died, the court believed Li Shidao's remnant followers had not been subdued and ordered Cao Hua to bring Di prefecture troops to his post to suppress them. The Yizhou officers and men who came to welcome him were all soothed with kind words; he had them enter the city first and reassured the rest, and none suspected anything. On his third day in office Hua held a great feast for the officers and men, concealed a thousand armored soldiers beneath the tent, then assembled the crowd and said, "The Son of Heaven, because the Yan men have the hardship of relocation, has granted them special favor—they should take the places of honor on the right and Yi men on the left." When this was settled, he had all the Yi men leave, then closed the gates and said to the Yan men, "Commissioner Wang was appointed commander here by the Son of Heaven—how could officers and men rashly kill him!" Before he finished speaking, the hidden men emerged, surrounded them, and killed them—twelve hundred dead, not one escaped. A red mist more than ten feet high rose between the gate and screen and only after a long while dispersed.
29
臣光曰:《春秋》書楚子虔誘蔡侯般殺之於申。 彼列國也。 孔子猶深貶之,惡其誘討也,況為天子而誘匹夫乎! 王遂以聚斂之才,殿新造之邦,用苛虐致亂。 王弁庸夫,乘釁竊發,苟沂帥得人,戮之易於犬豕耳,何必以天子詔書為誘人之餌乎! 且作亂者五人耳,乃使曹華設詐,屠千餘人,不亦濫乎! 然則自今士卒孰不猜其將帥,將帥何以令其士卒! 上下盻盻,如寇仇聚處,得間則更相魚肉,惟先發者為雄耳,禍亂何時而弭哉! 惜夫! 憲宗削平僭亂,幾致治平,其美業所以不終,由苟徇近功,不敦大信故也。
Commentator Sima Guang says: The Spring and Autumn Annals records that King Kang of Chu enticed Marquis Ban of Cai and killed him at Shen. They were feudal states. Confucius still condemned this deeply, hating enticement used in punishment—how much more when the Son of Heaven entices a common man! Wang Sui, with talents fit only for revenue-grubbing, was placed at the head of a newly formed command and brought on disorder through harsh cruelty. Wang Bian was a common fellow who seized an opening to rebel—had Yizhou's commander been the right man, killing him would have been easier than slaughtering a dog or pig—why use an imperial edict as bait to lure a man! Moreover, only five men rose in revolt—yet Cao Hua was allowed to set a trap and slaughter more than a thousand—is that not excessive! From this time forth, which soldier will not suspect his commander—and how are commanders to command their soldiers! Above and below will eye each other warily, like enemies under one roof; given an opening they will prey on one another—and only whoever strikes first wins; when will calamity and disorder ever be stilled! Alas! Emperor Xianzong suppressed rebellious pretenders and nearly achieved great order—yet his splendid enterprise did not reach completion because he was eager for quick success and did not uphold great trustworthiness.
30
甲辰,以田弘正兼侍中,魏博節度使如故。 弘正三表請留,上不許。 弘正常恐一旦物故,魏人猶以故事繼襲,故兄弟子侄皆仕諸朝,上皆擢居顯列,朱紫盈庭,時人榮之。
On jiachen, Tian Hongzheng was also made palace attendant while remaining military commissioner of Weibo. Hongzheng three times memorialized asking to remain; the emperor refused. Hongzheng lived in constant fear that if he died, the Wei clansmen would still press their hereditary claims. So he saw to it that his brothers, sons, and nephews all held office under successive regimes, and the emperor raised every one of them to high rank. Official robes in vermillion and purple filled the court, and contemporaries regarded the family with envy.
31
乙巳,上問宰相:「玄宗之政,先理而後亂,何也?」 崔群對曰:「玄宗用姚崇、宋璟、盧懷慎、蘇頲、韓休、張九齡則理,用宇文融、李林甫、楊國忠則亂。 故用人得失,所繫非輕。 人皆以天寶十四年安祿山反為亂之始,臣獨以為開元二十四年罷張九齡相,專任李林甫,此理亂之所分也。 願陛下以開元初為法,以天寶末為戒,乃社稷無疆之福!」 皇甫鎛深恨之。
On yisi, the emperor asked his chancellor, "Emperor Xuanzong's reign began in good order and ended in chaos. Why was that?" Cui Qun answered, "When Xuanzong used men like Yao Chong, Song Jing, Lu Huaishan, Su Ting, Han Xiu, and Zhang Jiuling, the realm was well governed; when he turned to Yuwen Rong, Li Linfu, and Yang Guozhong, it fell into disorder. The choice of ministers, then, is no trifling matter. Most people date the collapse to An Lushan's rebellion in the fourteenth year of Tianbao, but I believe the turning point came in the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan, when Zhang Jiuling was removed from office and Li Linfu was given unchecked power. That was where good government gave way to ruin. If Your Majesty takes the early Kaiyuan years as your model and the late Tianbao years as your warning, the dynasty will know boundless good fortune." Huangfu Bo took this as a deep personal affront.
32
冬,十月,壬戊,容管奏安南賊楊清陷都護府,殺都護李象古及妻子、官屬、部曲千餘人。 像古,道古之兄也,以貪縱苛刻失眾心。 清世為蠻酋,像古召為牙將,清鬱鬱不得志。 像古命清將兵三千討黃洞蠻,清因人心怨怒,引兵夜還,襲府城,陷之。 初,蠻賊黃少卿,自貞元以來數反覆,桂管觀察使裴行立、容管經略使陽旻欲徼幸立功,爭請討之,上從之。 嶺南節度使孔戣屢諫曰:「此禽獸耳,但可自計利害,不足與論是非。」 上不聽,大發江、湖兵會容、桂二管入討,士卒被瘴癘,死者不可勝計。 安南乘之,遂殺都護。 行立、旻竟無功,二管凋弊,惟戣所部晏然。
In winter, the tenth month, on renxu, Rong Circuit reported that the An Nan rebel Yang Qing had overrun the protectorate headquarters and killed Protector-General Li Xianggu, his wife and children, his staff, and more than a thousand men of his command. Xianggu was Daogu's elder brother. His greed, self-indulgence, and cruelty had long since cost him the loyalty of those under him. Qing came from a long line of tribal chieftains. Xianggu brought him in as a staff officer, but Qing brooded over his thwarted ambitions. Xianggu sent Qing at the head of three thousand men to campaign against the Huangdong tribes. Qing turned the men's resentment to his own purpose, marched back by night, stormed the prefectural seat, and took it. The trouble had begun with the tribal bandit Huang Shaoqing, who had risen and fallen repeatedly since the Zhenyuan era. Pei Xingli, inspector of Guiguan, and Yang Min, commissioner of Rongguan, each hoped to seize a quick victory and competed to ask for a punitive expedition. The emperor consented. Kong Kui, military commissioner of Lingnan, remonstrated again and again: "These people are no better than beasts. One weighs one's own costs and benefits — there is no point arguing morality with them." The emperor would not hear of it. He raised a great army from the Yangzi and lake regions and sent it with the forces of Rong and Gui against the rebels. The troops were ravaged by miasma; the dead were beyond number. An Nan seized the moment and killed the protector-general. Xingli and Min won nothing for all their effort. The two circuits were left in ruins, while only Kong Kui's territory remained undisturbed.
33
丙寅,以唐州刺史桂仲武為安南都護,赦楊清,以為瓊州刺史。
On bingyin, Gui Zhongwu, prefect of Tangzhou, was named protector-general of An Nan. Yang Qing was pardoned and appointed prefect of Qiongzhou.
34
是月,吐蕃節度論三摩等將十五萬眾圍鹽州,党項亦發兵助之。 刺史李文悅竭力拒守,凡二十七日,吐蕃不能克。 靈武牙將史奉敬言於朔方節度使杜叔良,請兵三千,繼三十日糧,深入吐蕃以解鹽州之圍。 叔良以二千五百人與之。 奉敬行旬餘,無聲問,朔方人以為俱沒矣。 無何,奉敬自它道出吐蕃背,吐蕃大驚,潰去。 奉敬奮擊,大破,不可勝計。 奉敬與鳳翔將野詩良浦、涇原將郝玼以勇著名於邊,吐蕃憚之。
That same month, the Tibetan commander Lun Sanmo and his colleagues invested Yanzhou with a hundred and fifty thousand men, and the Tangut sent forces to support them. Prefect Li Wenyue defended the city with everything he had. For twenty-seven days the Tibetans could not break in. Shi Fengjing, an adjutant at Lingwu, proposed to Du Shuliang, military commissioner of Shuofang, that he be given three thousand men and thirty days' supplies to strike deep into Tibetan territory and break the siege of Yanzhou. Shuliang gave him twenty-five hundred men. Fengjing marched for more than ten days without a word. In Shuofang everyone assumed the whole force was lost. Then, without warning, Fengjing appeared by another route in the Tibetans' rear. They panicked and broke camp. Fengjing pressed the attack and routed them utterly. The slain were beyond counting. Fengjing, Ye Shiliangpu of Fengxiang, and Hao Qi of Jingyuan were all celebrated on the frontier for their bravery, and the Tibetans feared them.
35
柳泌至台州,驅吏民採藥,歲餘,無所得而懼,舉家逃入山中。 浙東觀察使捕送京師。 皇甫鎛、李道古保護之,上復使待詔翰林; 服其藥,日加躁渴。
When Liu Bi reached Taizhou he pressed officials and commoners into gathering herbs. After more than a year without success he grew frightened, and his whole household fled into the hills. The inspector of Zhedong had him seized and sent to the capital. Huangfu Bo and Li Daogu shielded him, and the emperor restored him to the Hanlin as an attendant awaiting edicts; The emperor took his elixirs and grew daily more irritable and feverishly thirsty.
36
起居舍人裴潾上言,以為:「除天下之害者受天下之利,同天下之樂者饗天下之福,自黃帝至於文、武,享國壽考,皆用此道也。 自去歲以來,所在多薦方士,轉相汲引,其數浸繁。 借令天下真有神仙,彼必深潛巖壑,惟畏人知。 凡候伺權貴之門,以大言自衒奇技驚眾者,皆不軌徇利之人,豈可信其說而餌其藥邪! 夫藥以愈疾,非朝夕常餌之物。 況金石酷烈有毒,又益以火氣,殆非人五藏之所能勝也。 古者君飲藥,臣先嘗之,乞令獻藥者先自餌一年,則真偽自可辨矣。」 上怒,十一月,己亥,貶潾江陵令。
“Pei Lin, attendant of records, submitted a memorial arguing that those who remove the world's ills share in its blessings, and those who share the world's joys partake of its good fortune. From the Yellow Emperor down to Kings Wen and Wu, long reigns and long lives had all rested on that principle. Since the previous year, alchemists had been recommended everywhere, each one bringing in others, and their numbers had steadily grown. Even if immortals truly existed, they would hide deep in the mountains and gorges and dread nothing so much as being found out. Men who haunt the doors of the powerful, trumpeting grand claims and dazzling crowds with strange tricks, are lawless profiteers. How can one believe their promises and swallow their drugs! Medicine exists to cure sickness; it is not food to be taken morning and night. Metal and mineral compounds are fiercely toxic to begin with, and when they are further refined by fire they are scarcely something the human body can bear. In antiquity, when a ruler took medicine, a minister tasted it first. I ask that anyone who offers an elixir be required to take it himself for a full year. Then truth and fraud would reveal themselves." The emperor was furious. In the eleventh month, on jihai, Pei Lin was demoted to magistrate of Jiangling.
37
初,群臣議上尊號,皇甫鎛欲增「孝德」字,中書侍郎、同平章事崔群曰:「言聖則孝在其中矣。」 鎛譖群於上曰:「群於陛下惜『孝德』二字。」 上怒。 時鎛給邊軍賜與,多不時得,又所給多陳敗,不可服用,軍士怒怒,流言欲為亂。 李光顏憂懼,欲自殺。 遣人訴於上,上不信。 京師恟懼,群具以中外人情上聞。 鎛密言於上曰:「邊賜皆如舊制,而人情忽如此者,由群鼓扇,將以賣直,歸怨於上也。」 上以為然。 十二月,乙卯,以群為湖南觀察使,於是中外切齒於鎛矣。
When the ministers were debating an honorific title for the emperor, Huangfu Bo wanted to add the words "Filial Virtue." Cui Qun, vice director of the Secretariat and co-member of the Secretariat, objected: "To call him sage already implies filial piety." Bo whispered to the emperor that Qun begrudged him the words "Filial Virtue." The emperor was enraged. At the time Bo was distributing rewards to the frontier armies, but the men often received them late, and much of what arrived was rotten and useless. The soldiers were furious, and word spread that they meant to rebel. Li Guangyan was so distressed that he contemplated suicide. He sent a messenger to plead with the emperor, but the emperor refused to believe him. Alarm spread through the capital, and Qun laid out the mood of court and country in full to the emperor. Bo secretly told the emperor, "The frontier rewards follow the old rules, yet sentiment has turned so suddenly only because Qun is stirring it up. He means to parade his integrity and lay the blame on Your Majesty." The emperor believed him. In the twelfth month, on yimao, Qun was sent out as inspector of Hunan. From that day on, court and country alike seethed with hatred for Bo.
38
中書舍人武儒衡,有氣節,好直言,上器之,顧待甚渥,人皆言其且入相。 令狐楚忌之,思有以沮之者,乃薦山南東道節度推官狄兼謨才行。 癸亥,擢兼謨左拾遺內供奉。 兼謨,仁傑之族曾孫也。 楚自草制辭,盛言「天後竊位,奸臣擅權,賴仁傑保佑中宗,克復明辟。」 儒衡泣訴於上,且言:「臣曾祖平一,在天後朝,辭榮終老。」 上由是楚楚之為人。
Wu Ruheng, a drafter in the Secretariat, was a man of principle who spoke his mind. The emperor prized him and treated him with exceptional favor, and everyone said he would soon join the chancellorship. Linghu Chu resented him and looked for a way to block his rise. He recommended Di Jianmo, a legal officer on the staff of the Shannan East Circuit, praising his talent and character. On guihai, Jianmo was promoted to left reminder with an inner palace appointment. Jianmo was a great-great-grandson of Di Renjie. Chu drafted the appointment edict himself, lavishing praise on how "the Empress Dowager usurped the throne and wicked ministers seized power, until Renjie protected Zhongzong and restored the rightful sovereign." Ruheng wept before the emperor and protested, adding, "My great-grandfather Pingyi, in the Empress Dowager's day, declined office and lived out his life in retirement." From that moment the emperor looked on Chu with contempt.
39
元和十五年( 庚子,公元八二零年)
In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe ( the year gengzi, corresponding to 820 CE)
40
春,正月,沂、海、兗、密觀察使曹華請徙理兗州,許之。
In spring, the first month, Cao Hua, inspector of the Yi, Hai, Yan, and Mi circuits, asked to move his headquarters to Yanzhou, and the request was granted.
41
義成節度使劉悟入朝。
Liu Wu, military commissioner of Yicheng, came to court.
42
初,左軍中尉吐突承璀謀立澧王惲為太子,上不許。 及上寢疾,承璀謀尚未息。 太子聞而憂之,密遣人問計於司農卿郭釗。 釗曰:「殿下但盡孝謹以俟之,勿恤其他。」 釗,太子之舅也。 上服金丹,多躁怒,左右宦官往往獲罪,有死者,人人自危。 庚子,暴崩於中和殿。 時人皆言內常侍陳弘志弒逆,其黨類諱之,不敢討賊,但雲藥發,外人莫能明也。
Earlier, Tuhu Chengcui, director of the Left Army, had plotted to make Prince Li of Li crown prince, but the emperor had refused. When the emperor fell gravely ill, Chengcui's scheming had not ceased. The crown prince heard of it and was alarmed. He secretly sent a messenger to ask Guo Zhao, minister of revenue, what he should do. Zhao said, "Your Highness has only to remain filial and careful and wait. Do not trouble yourself over anything else." Zhao was the crown prince's uncle on his mother's side. The emperor was taking alchemical elixirs and grew ever more irritable and violent. The eunuchs around him were constantly punished, some even put to death, and everyone lived in fear. On gengzi he died suddenly in the Zhonghe Hall. Contemporaries widely believed that Inner Attendant Chen Hongzhi had murdered him. His accomplices covered it up, dared not pursue the killer, and said only that the elixir had taken effect. Outsiders had no way to know the truth.
43
中尉梁守謙與諸宦官馬進潭、劉承偕、韋元素、王守澄等共立太子,殺吐突承璀及澧王惲,賜左、右神策軍士錢人五十緡,六軍、威遠人三十緡,左、右金吾人十五緡。
Director Liang Shouqian, together with the eunuchs Ma Jintan, Liu Chengjie, Wei Yuansu, Wang Shoucheng, and others, enthroned the crown prince, killed Tuhu Chengcui and Prince Li of Li, and distributed rewards: fifty strings of cash to each soldier of the Left and Right Shence Armies, thirty to the Six Armies and Weiyuan, and fifteen to the Left and Right Jinwu.
44
閏月,丙午,穆宗即位於太極殿東序。 是日,召翰林學士段文昌等及兵部郎中薛放、駕部員外郎丁公著對于思政殿。 放,戎之弟; 公著,蘇州人; 皆太子侍讀也。 上未聽政,放、公著常侍禁中,參預機密,上欲以為相,二人固辭。
In the intercalary month, on bingwu, Muzong took the throne in the east wing of the Taiji Hall. That same day he summoned the Hanlin academician Duan Wenchang and others, together with Xue Fang of the Bureau of Military Affairs and Ding Gongzhu of the Riding Office, for an audience in the Sizheng Hall. Fang was Rong's younger brother; Gongzhu was a native of Suzhou; both had served as tutors to the crown prince. Before the emperor had begun to hold court, Fang and Gongzhu attended him constantly in the inner palace and took part in confidential deliberations. The emperor wanted to make them chancellors, but both firmly refused.
45
丁未,輟西宮朝臨,集群臣於月華門外。 貶皇甫鎛為崖州司戶,市井皆相賀。
On dingwei the mourning audiences at the Western Palace were suspended, and the ministers were assembled outside the Yuehua Gate. Huangfu Bo was demoted to revenue clerk of Yazhou, and people in the streets congratulated one another.
46
上議命相,令狐楚薦御史中丞蕭俛。 辛亥,以俛及段文昌皆為中書侍郎、同平章事。 楚、俛與皇甫鎛皆同年進士,上欲誅鎛,俛及宦官救之,故得免。 壬子,杖殺柳泌及僧大通,自餘方士皆流嶺表,貶左金吾將軍李道古循州司馬。
When the emperor discussed appointing chancellors, Linghu Chu recommended Xiao Mian, chief of the censorate. On xinhai, both Mian and Duan Wenchang were appointed vice directors of the Secretariat and co-members of the Secretariat. Chu, Mian, and Huangfu Bo had all passed the jinshi examination in the same year. The emperor wanted Bo executed, but Mian and the eunuchs intervened, and Bo was spared. On renzi, Liu Bi and the monk Datong were beaten to death. All the other alchemists were exiled beyond the mountains, and Li Daogu, general of the Left Jinwu, was demoted to military adjutant of Xunzhou.
47
癸丑,以薛放為工部侍郎,丁公著為給事中。
On guichou, Xue Fang was appointed vice director of the Works Ministry and Ding Gongzhu was made chief remonstrance officer.
48
二月丁丑,乙卯,尊郭貴妃為皇太后上御丹鳳門樓,赦天下。 事畢,盛陳倡優雜戲於門內而觀之。 丁亥,上幸左神策軍觀手搏雜戲。 庚寅,監察御史楊虞卿上疏,以為:「陛下宜延對群臣,周遍顧問,惠以氣色,使進忠若趨利,論政若訴冤,如此而不致昇平者,未之有也。」 衡山人趙知微亦上疏諫上游畋無節。 上雖不能用,亦不罪也。 壬辰,廢邕管,命容管經略使陽旻兼領之。
In the second month, on yimao, Noble Consort Guo was honored as empress dowager. The emperor ascended the Danfeng Gate tower and proclaimed a general amnesty throughout the realm. When the ceremony was over, he had singers, actors, and variety performers lavishly arrayed inside the gate and watched them perform. On dinghai the emperor visited the Left Shence Army to watch wrestling and variety performances. “On gengyin, Investigating Censor Yang Yuqing submitted a memorial arguing that the emperor ought to receive his ministers at length, question them thoroughly, and meet them with a gracious face, so that offering loyal counsel felt as natural as pursuing profit and discussing policy as urgent as pleading a grievance. If he did that and still failed to bring peace to the realm, it would be unprecedented.” Zhao Zhiwei of Hengshan also submitted a memorial remonstrating against the emperor's unrestrained hunting. The emperor could not bring himself to follow their advice, but he did not punish them. On renchen, Yong Circuit was abolished, and Yang Min, commissioner of Rongguan, was ordered to take charge of it as well.
49
安南都護桂仲武至安南,楊清拒境不納。 清用刑慘虐,其黨離心。 仲武遣人說其酋豪,數月間,降者相繼,得兵七千餘人。 朝廷以仲武為逗遛,甲午,以桂管觀察使裴行立為安南都護。 乙未,以太僕卿杜式方為桂管觀察使。 丙申,貶仲武為安州刺史。
When Protector-General Gui Zhongwu reached An Nan, Yang Qing closed the border and refused him entry. Qing ruled with cruel punishments, and his followers began to desert him. Zhongwu sent envoys to win over the tribal chieftains. Within a few months defectors came in one after another, and he gathered more than seven thousand troops. The court judged Zhongwu too slow to act. On jiawu, Pei Xingli, inspector of Guiguan, was appointed protector-general of An Nan. On yiwei, Du Shifang, minister of the imperial stud, was made inspector of Guiguan. On bingshen, Zhongwu was demoted to prefect of Anzhou.
50
丹王逾薨。
Prince Dan Yu died.
51
吐蕃寇靈武。
The Tibetans raided Lingwu.
52
憲宗之末,回鶻遣合達干來求婚尤切,憲宗許之。 三月,癸卯朔,遣合達干歸國。
Near the end of Emperor Xianzong's reign, the Uyghurs sent Hegedagan to press a marriage alliance with unusual urgency, and Xianzong agreed. In the third month, on the first day of the cycle, guimao, Hegedagan was sent back to his country.
53
上見夏州觀察判官柳公權書跡,愛之。 辛酉,以公權為右拾遺、翰林侍書學士。 上問公權:「卿書何能如是之善?」 對曰:「用筆在心,心正則筆正。」 上默然改容,知其以筆諫也。 公權,公綽之弟也。
The emperor saw the calligraphy of Liu Gongquan, an aide on the staff of the Xiazhou inspector, and admired it. On xinyou, Gongquan was appointed right reminder and Hanlin calligraphy academician. The emperor asked Gongquan, "How is it that your writing can be so fine?" He answered, "The brush follows the heart; when the heart is true, the brush is true." The emperor fell silent, his face changing; he understood that Gongquan was remonstrating through his brush. Gongquan was the younger brother of Gongchuo.
54
辛未,安南將士開城納桂仲武,執楊清,斬之。 裴行立至海門而卒。 復以仲武為安南都護。
On xinwei, Annan troops opened the city gates to Gui Zhongwu, seized Yang Qing, and put him to death. Pei Xingli reached Haimen and died there. Zhongwu was again appointed protector-general of Annan.
55
吐蕃寇鹽州。
The Tibetans raided Yanzhou.
56
初,膳部員外郎元稹為江陵士曹,與監軍崔潭峻善。 上在東宮,聞宮人誦稹歌詩而善之。 及即位,潭峻歸朝,獻稹歌詩百餘篇。 上問:「稹安在?」 對曰:「今為散郎。」 夏,五月,庚戌,以稹為祠部郎中、知制誥。 朝論鄙之。 會同傣食瓜於閣下,有蠅集其上,中書舍人武儒衡以扇揮之曰:「適從何來,遽集於此!」 同僚皆失色,儒衡意氣自若。
Earlier, Yuan Zhen, vice director of the Bureau of Provisioners, had served as a legal aide at Jiangling and was close to the army supervisor Cui Tanjun. When the emperor was still crown prince, he heard palace women reciting Zhen's songs and poems and admired them. After his accession, Tanjun returned to court and presented more than a hundred of Zhen's songs and poems. The emperor asked, "Where is Zhen?" The answer came: "He is now a supernumerary official." In summer, the fifth month, on gengxu, Zhen was appointed bureau director of the Ministry of Rites and put in charge of drafting edicts. Court opinion held him in contempt. Once, as colleagues were eating melon under the pavilion and flies gathered on it, Vice Minister Wu Ruheng fanned them away and said, "Where did you just come from, to swarm here so suddenly!" His colleagues all blanched, but Ruheng remained perfectly at ease.
57
庚申,葬神聖章武孝皇帝於景陵,廟號憲宗。
On gengshen, the Divine Sacred Filial Martial Emperor was buried at Jing Mausoleum; his temple name was Xianzong.
58
六月,以湖南觀察使崔群為吏部侍郎,召對別殿。 上曰:「朕升儲副,知卿為羽翼。」 對曰:「先帝之意,久屬聖明,臣何力之有!」
In the sixth month, Cui Qun, governor of Hunan, was appointed vice minister of the Ministry of Personnel and summoned to audience in a separate hall. The emperor said, "When I was made heir apparent, I knew you were my ally." He answered, "The late emperor's choice had long rested on Your Sagacious Majesty—what credit can I claim!"
59
太后居興慶宮,每朔望,上帥百官詣宮上壽。 上性侈,所以奉養太后尤為華靡。
The empress dowager lived at Xingqing Palace; on each new and full moon, the emperor led the officials to the palace to offer birthday felicitations. The emperor was extravagant by nature, and his care for the empress dowager was especially sumptuous.
60
秋,七月,乙巳,以鄆、曹、濮節度為天平軍。
In autumn, the seventh month, on yisi, the Yuncao-Pu command was reorganized as the Tianping Army.
61
門下侍郎、同平章事令狐楚坐為山陵使,部吏盜官物,又不給工人傭直,收其錢十五萬緡為羨餘獻之,怨訴盈路。 丁卯,罷為宣、歙、池觀察使。
Vice Minister of the Chancellery and Chief Minister Linghu Chu was punished because, as overseer of the imperial mausoleum, his staff stole government goods and he failed to pay workers' wages, instead pocketing one hundred fifty thousand strings of cash as surplus to present to the throne; complaints of injustice filled the roads. On dingmao, he was dismissed and made governor of Xuan, She, and Chi.
62
八月,癸已,發神策兵二千浚魚藻池。 戊戌,以御史中丞崔植為中書侍郎、同平章事。 己亥,再貶令狐楚衡州刺史。
In the eighth month, on guisi, two thousand Shence troops were sent to dredge the Yuzao Pool. On wuxu, Censor-in-Chief Cui Zhi was appointed Vice Minister of the Secretariat and Chief Minister. On jihai, Linghu Chu was demoted again to prefect of Hengzhou.
63
上甫過公除,即事游畋聲色,賜與無節。 九月,欲以重陽大宴。 拾遺李玨帥其同僚上疏曰:「伏以元朔未改,園陵尚新,雖陛下就易月之期,俯從人欲; 而《禮經》著三年之制,猶服心喪。 遵同軌之會始離京,告遠夷之使未覆命。 遏密弛禁,蓋為齊人。 合謀後庭,事將未可。」 上不聽。
The emperor had barely completed the mourning period when he took up hunting, music, and pleasure, lavishing gifts without restraint. In the ninth month, he planned a grand banquet for the Double Ninth Festival. Remonstrance official Li Jue led his colleagues in submitting a memorial: "We note that the new year has not yet begun and the imperial tombs are still fresh; though Your Majesty has entered the month of reduced mourning and yielded to popular desire, the Book of Rites still prescribes three years of mourning, and the heart remains in mourning. The assembly at Tonggui has only just departed the capital, and envoys sent to announce the death to distant peoples have not yet returned. Relaxing the mourning restrictions was meant for the common people. To plan a grand feast in the inner palace—this truly cannot be done." The emperor refused to listen.
64
戊午,加邠寧節度使李光顏、武寧節度使李愬並同平章事。
On wuwu, Li Guangyan, military commissioner of Binning, and Li Su, military commissioner of Wuning, were both made chief ministers.
65
冬,十月,王承宗薨,其下秘不發喪,子知感、知信皆在朝,諸將欲取帥於屬內諸州。 參謀崔燧以承宗祖母涼國夫人命,告諭諸將及親兵,立承宗之弟觀察支使承元。 承元時年二十,將士拜之,承元不受,泣且拜,諸將固請不已。 承元曰:「天子遣中使監軍,有事當與之議。」 及監軍至,亦勸之。 承元曰:「諸公未忘先德,不以承元年少,欲使之攝軍務,承元請盡節天子以遵忠烈王之志,諸公肯從之乎!」 眾許諾。 承元乃視事於都將聽事,令左右不得謂己為留後,委事於參佐,密表請朝廷除帥。 庚辰,監軍奏承宗疾亟,弟承元權知留後,並以承元表聞。
In winter, the tenth month, Wang Chengzong died; his subordinates concealed the death and did not announce mourning; his sons Zhigan and Zhixin were both at court; the generals wanted to choose a new commander from among the prefectures under their control. Staff officer Cui Sui, acting on orders from Chengzong's grandmother, the Lady of Liang State, announced to the generals and personal troops and installed Chengzong's younger brother Chengyuan, an administrative aide in the governor's office. Chengyuan was then twenty; the officers bowed to him, but he refused, weeping and bowing in return; the generals pressed him again and again. Chengyuan said, "The Son of Heaven has sent a palace envoy to supervise the army; when there is business, it should be discussed with him." When the army supervisor arrived, he too urged him to accept. Chengyuan said, "You gentlemen have not forgotten our forebear's virtue; though I am young, you wish me to administer military affairs—I ask to devote myself fully to the Son of Heaven and follow the will of the Loyal and Valiant Prince—will you consent?" The assembly assented. Chengyuan then took up duties in the chief general's hall, forbade those around him to call him acting commander, delegated affairs to his staff, and secretly memorialized asking the court to appoint a commander. On gengchen, the army supervisor reported that Chengzong was gravely ill and his brother Chengyuan was temporarily acting as commander, and forwarded Chengyuan's memorial.
66
党項復引吐蕃寇涇州,連營五十里。
The Tangut again led Tibetans to raid Jingzhou, their camps stretching for fifty li.
67
辛已,遣起居舍人拍耆詣鎮州宣慰。
On xinsi, attendant recorder Bai Qi was dispatched to Zhenzhou to proclaim consolation.
68
壬午,群臣入閣。 諫議大夫鄭覃、崔郾等五人進言:「陛下宴樂過多,畋游無度。 今胡寇壓境,忽有急奏,不知乘輿所在。 又晨夕與近習倡優狎暱,賜與過厚。 大金帛皆百姓膏血,非有功不可與。 雖內藏有餘,願陛下愛之,萬一四方有事,不復使有司重斂百姓。」 時久無閣中論事者,上始甚訝之,謂宰相曰:「此輩何人?」 對曰:「諫官。」 上乃使人慰勞之,曰:「當依卿言。」 宰相皆賀,然實不能用也。 覃,珣瑜之子也。 上嘗謂給事中丁公著曰:「聞外間人多宴樂,此乃時和人安,足用為慰。」 公著對曰:「此非佳事,恐漸勞聖慮。」 上曰:「何故?」 對曰:「自天寶以來,公卿大夫競為游宴,沉酣晝夜,優雜子女,不愧左右。 如此不已,則百職皆廢,陛下能無獨憂勞乎! 願少加禁止,乃天下之福也。」
On renwu, the ministers entered the privy council hall. Remonstrance officials Zheng Tan, Cui Yan, and five others stepped forward and said, "Your Majesty's feasting and music are excessive, and your hunting knows no bounds. Barbarian raiders now press the borders; if an urgent report suddenly arrives, no one will know where the imperial carriage is. Moreover, morning and evening you are intimate with favorites, entertainers, and performers, bestowing rewards far too lavishly. Great stores of gold and silk are the flesh and blood of the people—they should not be given without merit. Though the inner treasury may have surplus, we beg Your Majesty to guard it carefully, so that if trouble arises in the four directions, officials need not again heavily levy the people." It had been long since anyone spoke on business in the privy council; the emperor was at first greatly surprised and said to the chief ministers, "Who are these people?" The answer was, "Remonstrance officials." The emperor then sent someone to comfort them, saying, "I shall follow your advice." The chief ministers all congratulated one another, but in fact the emperor could not act on the advice. Tan was the son of Xunyu. The emperor once said to Attendant-in-Ordinary Ding Gongzhu, "I hear that many people outside are feasting and making merry—this shows the times are harmonious and the people at peace, enough to be reassuring." Gongzhu replied, "This is not a good thing; I fear it will gradually burden Your Majesty with cares." The emperor asked, "Why?" He answered, "Since the Tianbao era, officials high and low have vied in pleasure outings, drowning in revelry day and night, mixing with singers and dancers, unashamed before those at their side. If this continues without end, every office will fall into neglect—can Your Majesty avoid bearing all the worry and toil alone! I beg that it be somewhat restrained—that would be fortune for all under heaven."
69
癸未,涇州奏吐蕃進營距州三十里,告急求救。 以右軍中尉梁守謙為左、右神策京西、北行營都監,將兵四千人,並發八鎮全軍救之。 賜將士裝錢二萬緡。 以郯王府長史邵同為太府少卿兼御史中丞,充答吐蕃請和好使。 初,秘書少監田洎入吐蕃為弔祭使,吐蕃請與唐盟於長武城下,洎恐吐蕃留之不得還,唯阿而已。 既而吐蕃為党項所引入寇,因以為辭曰:「田洎許我將兵赴盟。」 於是貶洎郴州司戶。
On guiwei, Jingzhou reported that Tibetans had advanced their camps to within thirty li of the city and urgently sought rescue. Right Inner Palace Commander Liang Shouqian was made overall supervisor of the Left and Right Shence western and northern expeditionary camps, leading four thousand troops, and the full armies of the eight garrisons were also mobilized to the rescue. The soldiers were given twenty thousand strings of cash for equipment. Shao Tong, chief administrator of the Prince of Tan's household, was appointed vice minister of the Court of the Imperial Treasury and concurrently censor-in-chief, serving as envoy to respond to Tibet's request for peace. Earlier, Vice Director of the Secretariat Tian Ji had entered Tibet as a mourning envoy; Tibet requested to ally with Tang below Changwu city; Ji feared Tibet would detain him and merely agreed evasively. Before long Tibet, led by the Tangut, invaded; they used this as a pretext, saying, "Tian Ji promised we could bring troops to the alliance." Ji was therefore demoted to registrar of Chenzhou.
70
成德軍始奏王承宗薨。 乙酉,徙田弘正為成德節度使,以王承元為義成節度使,劉悟為昭義節度使,李愬為魏博節度使。 又以左金吾將軍田布為河陽節度使。
The Chengde army first reported that Wang Chengzong had died. On yiyou, Tian Hongzheng was transferred to military commissioner of Chengde; Wang Chengyuan was made military commissioner of Yicheng; Liu Wu was made military commissioner of Zhaoyi; and Li Su was made military commissioner of Weibo. Left Jinwu General Tian Bu was also appointed military commissioner of Heyang.
71
渭州刺史郝玼出兵襲吐蕃營,所殺甚眾。 李光顏發邠寧兵救涇州。 邠寧兵以神策受賞厚,皆慍曰:「人給五十緡而不識戰鬥者,彼何人邪! 常額衣資不得而前冒白刃者,此何人邪!」 洶洶不可止。 光顏親為開陳大義以諭之,言與涕俱,然後軍士感悅而行。 將至涇州,吐蕃懼而退。 丙戌,罷神策行營。 西川奏吐蕃寇雅州。 辛卯,鹽州奏吐蕃營於烏、白池,尋亦皆退。
Hao Bi, prefect of Weizhou, sent troops to strike the Tibetan camp and killed a great many. Li Guangyan mobilized Binning troops to rescue Jingzhou. Binning soldiers, resentful that the Shence Army received rich rewards, all said angrily, "Those who get fifty strings apiece and don't know how to fight—who are they! Those who can't even get their regular clothing allowance yet rush ahead under naked blades—who are we!" The uproar could not be stopped. Guangyan personally expounded the greater principle to them, speaking through tears; only then were the soldiers moved and willing to march. When they were nearing Jingzhou, the Tibetans feared them and withdrew. On bingxu, the Shence expeditionary camp was disbanded. Sichuan reported that the Tibetans raided Yazhou. On xinmao, Yanzhou reported that Tibetans had camped at the Black and White Pools, but soon all withdrew.
72
十一月,癸卯,遣諫議大夫鄭覃詣鎮州宣慰,賜錢一百萬緡以賞將士。 王承元既請朝命,諸將及鄰道爭以故事勸之,承元皆不聽。 及移鎮義成,將士喧嘩不受命,承元與柏耆召諸將以詔旨諭之,諸將號哭不從。 承元出家財以散之,擇其有勞者擢之,謂曰:「諸公以先代之故,不欲承元去,此意甚厚。 然使承元違天子之詔,其罪大矣。 昔李師道之未敗也,朝廷嘗赦其罪,師道欲行,諸將固留之。 其後殺師道者亦諸將也。 諸將勿使承元為師道,則幸矣。」 因涕泣不自勝,且拜之。 十將李寂等十餘人固留承元,承元斬以徇,軍中乃定。 丁未,承元赴滑州。 將吏或以鎮州器用財貨行,承元悉命留之。
In the eleventh month, on guimao, Remonstrance Official Zheng Tan was dispatched to Zhenzhou to proclaim consolation, and one million strings of cash were bestowed to reward the troops. After Wang Chengyuan had requested an imperial appointment, generals and neighboring circuits all urged him by precedent to resist, but Chengyuan would listen to none of them. When he was transferred to Yicheng, the officers clamored and refused to accept the order; Chengyuan and Bai Qi summoned the generals and explained the imperial decree, but the generals wailed and would not obey. Chengyuan distributed his family wealth among them, selected those who had served with merit and promoted them, and said, "You gentlemen, out of regard for our forebears, do not wish me to leave—this feeling is very deep. Yet if I defy the Son of Heaven's decree, the crime would be grave indeed. In the past, before Li Shidao's defeat, the court once pardoned his crimes; Shidao wished to go, but the generals forcibly kept him. Those who later killed Shidao were also the generals. If you do not make me into another Shidao, that would be fortunate." He wept uncontrollably as he spoke and bowed to them. More than ten officers including Colonel Li Ji forcibly tried to keep Chengyuan; Chengyuan had them executed as a warning, and only then was the army stabilized. On dingwei, Chengyuan departed for Huazhou. Officers and clerks wished to take Zhenzhou's utensils and goods with them; Chengyuan ordered everything left behind.
73
上將幸華清宮,戊午,宰相率兩省供奉官詣延英門,三上表世諫,且言:「如此,臣輩當扈從。」 求面對,皆不聽。 諫官伏門下,至暮,乃退。 己未,未明,上自復道出城,幸華清宮,獨公主、駙馬、中尉、神策六軍使帥禁兵千餘人扈從,晡時還宮。
The emperor was about to visit Huaqing Palace; on wuwu, the chief ministers led the two secretariats' attendants to the Yanying Gate, thrice submitting urgent remonstrances, adding, "If it must be so, then we your servants must accompany you." They asked for an audience; the emperor refused to hear them. Remonstrating officials lay prostrate at the gate and did not withdraw until evening. On jiwei, before dawn, the emperor left the city by the secret pass and went to Huaqing Palace, accompanied only by princesses, imperial sons-in-law, the chief eunuch, the six Shence Army commanders, and a little over a thousand palace guards; he returned to the palace in the afternoon.
74
十二月,己已朔,鹽州奏:吐蕃千餘人圍烏、白池。
In the twelfth month, on the first day of jisi, Yanchou reported that more than a thousand Tibetans were besieging the Wu and Bai pools.
75
庚辰,西川奏南詔二萬人入界,請討吐蕃。
On gengchen, Xichuan reported that twenty thousand Nanzhao troops had crossed the border and asked to campaign against Tibet.
76
癸未,容管奏破黃少卿萬餘眾,拔營柵三十六。 時少卿久未平,國子祭酒韓愈上言:「臣去年貶嶺外,熟知黃家賊事。 其賊無城郭可居,依山傍險,自稱洞主,尋常亦各營生,急則屯聚相保。 比緣邕管經略使多不得人,德既不能綏懷,威又不能臨制,侵欺虜縛,以致怨恨。 遂攻劫州縣,侵暴平人,或復私仇,或貪小利,或聚或散,終亦不能為事。 近者征討本起裴行立、陽旻,此兩人者本無遠慮深謀,意在邀功求賞。 亦緣見賊未屯聚之時,將謂單弱,爭獻謀計。 自用兵以來,已經二年,前後所奏殺獲計不下二萬餘人,倘皆非虛,賊已尋盡。 至今賊猶依舊,足明欺罔朝廷。 邕、容兩管,經此凋弊,殺傷疾疫,十室九空,如此不已,臣恐嶺南一道未有寧息之時。 自南討已來,賊徒亦甚傷損,察其情理,厭苦必深。 賊所處荒僻,假如盡殺其人,盡得其地,在於國計不為有益。 若因改元大慶,赦其罪戾,遣使宣諭,必望風降伏。 仍為選擇有威信者為經略使,苟處置得宜,自然永無侵叛之事。」 上不能用。
On guiwei, Rongguan reported defeating Huang Shaoqing's force of more than ten thousand and taking thirty-six stockades. Huang Shaoqing had long remained undefeated; Han Yu, Director of the Directorate of Education, submitted a memorial: "Last year I was banished to the south and came to know the Huang bandits well. They have no walled towns to live in; they cling to mountains and rivers, call themselves cave chiefs, ordinarily make their own living, and when pressed gather together for mutual protection. Lately the military commissioners of Yong and Rong circuits have too often been the wrong men: lacking virtue to win people over and authority to keep them in check, they mistreated and bound the natives until resentment boiled over. So they raided prefectures and counties and preyed on common people—sometimes to settle private scores, sometimes for petty gain; they might gather or scatter, but in the end could accomplish nothing lasting. The recent campaigns began with Pei Xingli and Yang Min—men without far-sighted plans who sought only glory and reward. Also, when the bandits had not yet massed, everyone took them for easy prey and vied to offer plans. Two years of campaigning have produced reports of more than twenty thousand killed or captured; if none of those figures were false, the bandits would already be gone. Yet the bandits remain as before—enough to show the court has been deceived. Yong and Rong circuits have been devastated—casualties, pestilence, nine houses in ten standing empty. If this goes on, I fear Lingnan will never know peace. Since the southern campaign began, the bandits too have suffered heavily; judging their mood, their weariness and bitterness must run deep. Their territory is remote and barren; even if every bandit were killed and every inch of land taken, the state would gain nothing from it. If, amid the great celebration of the new reign era, their crimes were pardoned and envoys sent to proclaim amnesty, they would surely surrender at the first word. Choose as military commissioner a man of proven authority; handle matters properly, and raids and rebellion will naturally cease forever." The emperor did not adopt his advice.
77
憲宗昭文章武大聖至神孝皇帝下長慶元年( 辛丑,公元八二一年)
Emperor Xianzong — Year 1 of Changqing ( xinchou, AD 821)
78
春,正月,辛丑,上祀圓丘。 赦天下,改元。 河北諸道各令均定兩稅。
In spring, the first month, on xinchou, the emperor sacrificed at the Circular Mound Altar. He proclaimed a general amnesty and changed the reign era. All circuits of Hebei were ordered to equalize and fix the two-tax system.
79
門下侍郎、同平章事蕭俛,介潔疾惡,為相,重惜官職,少所引拔。 西川節度使王播大修貢奉,且以賂結宦官,求為相,段文昌復左右之。 詔征播詣京師。 俛屢於延英力爭,言:「播纖邪,物論沸騰,不可以污台司。」 上不聽,俛遂辭位。 己未,播至京師。 壬戌,俛罷為右僕射。 俛固辭僕射,二月,癸酉,改吏部尚書。
Vice Director of the Chancellery and co-equal chief minister Xiao Mian was upright, scrupulous, and hated evil; as chief minister he set great store by office and rarely promoted anyone. Xichuan military commissioner Wang Bo greatly increased tribute and bribed eunuchs to win the chancellorship; Duan Wenchang again backed him. An edict summoned Bo to the capital. Mian repeatedly argued strenuously at Yanying Hall, saying, "Bo is petty and unscrupulous; public opinion seethes—he must not stain the chief-ministerial office. The emperor would not listen, and Mian resigned. On jiwei, Bo arrived at the capital. On renxu, Mian was removed and made Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat. Mian firmly declined the vice directorship; in the second month, on guiyou, he was reassigned Minister of Civil Appointments.
80
盧龍節度使劉總既殺其父兄,心常自疑,數見父兄為崇。 常於府捨飯僧數百,使晝夜為佛事,每視事退則處其中; 或處他室,則驚悸不能寐。 晚年,恐懼尤甚。 亦見河南、北皆從化,己卯,奏乞棄官為僧。 仍乞賜錢百萬緡以賞將士。
Lu-Long military commissioner Liu Zong, having killed his father and elder brothers, was haunted by guilt and repeatedly saw his father and brothers as vengeful spirits. He regularly fed several hundred monks at headquarters and had Buddhist rites performed day and night; whenever he finished business he withdrew among them; if he stayed in another room, he would start awake and unable to sleep. In his later years his fear grew especially severe. He also saw that both Henan and Hebei had submitted; on jimao he memorialized asking to abandon office and become a monk. He also asked that a million strings of cash be granted to reward his troops.
81
上面諭西川節度使王播令歸鎮,播累表乞留京師。 會中書侍郎、同平章事段文昌請退,壬申,以文昌同平章事; 充西州節度使; 以翰林學士杜元穎為戶部侍郎、同平章事。 以播為刑部尚書,充鹽鐵轉運使。 元穎,淹之六世孫也。
The emperor had instructed Xichuan military commissioner Wang Bo to return to his post; Bo repeatedly memorialized asking to remain in the capital. When Vice Director of the Secretariat and co-equal chief minister Duan Wenchang asked to retire, on renshen Wenchang was made co-equal chief minister; and appointed military commissioner of Xichuan; Hanlin Academician Du Yuanying was made Vice Minister of Revenue and co-equal chief minister. Bo was made Minister of Justice and Salt and Iron Commissioner. Yuanying was the sixth-generation descendant of Du Yan.
82
回鶻保義可汗卒。
The Uyghur Baoyi Khan died.
83
三月,癸丑,以劉總兼侍中,充天平節度使。 以宣武節度使張弘靖為盧龍節度使。
In the third month, on guichou, Liu Zong was additionally made Palace Attendant and appointed military commissioner of Tianping. Xuanwu military commissioner Zhang Hongjing was made Lu-Long military commissioner.
84
乙卯,以權知京兆尹盧士玫為瀛莫觀察使。
On yimao, Acting Metropolitan Governor Lu Shimei was made overseer of Ying and Mo.
85
丁已,詔劉總兄弟子侄皆除官,大將僚佐亦宜超擢,百姓給復一年,軍士賜錢一百萬緡。
On dingsi, an edict appointed all of Liu Zong's brothers, sons, and nephews to office, ordered senior generals and staff promoted as well, granted the people a one-year tax exemption, and bestowed a million strings of cash on the soldiers.
86
戊午,立皇弟憬為鄜王,悅為瓊王,惸為沔王,懌為婺王,愔為茂王,怡為光王,協為淄王,憺為衢王,惋為澶王; 皇子湛為景王,涵為江王,湊為漳王,溶為安王,瀍為穎王。
On wuwu, the emperor's younger brothers Jing, Yue, Qiong, Yi, Yin, Yi, Xie, Tan, and Wan were enfeoffed as Princes of Fu, Qiong, Mian, Wu, Mao, Guang, Zi, Qu, and Chan respectively; the imperial sons Zhan, Han, Cou, Rong, and Chan were enfeoffed as Princes of Jing, Jiang, Zhang, An, and Ying.
87
劉總奏懇乞為僧,且以其私第為佛寺。 詔賜總名大覺,寺名報恩,遣中使以紫僧服及天平節鉞、侍中告身並賜之,惟其所擇。 詔未至,總已削髮為僧,將士欲遮留之,總殺其唱帥者十餘人,夜,以印節授留後張玘,遁去。 及明,軍中始知之。 玘奏總不知所在。 癸亥,卒於定州之境。
Liu Zong earnestly memorialized asking to become a monk and to convert his private residence into a Buddhist temple. An edict granted Zong the monastic name Dajue and the temple the name Bao'en; an imperial envoy was sent with purple monastic robes, the Tianping command baton, and a Palace Attendant commission for him to take as he chose. Before the edict arrived, Zong had already tonsured himself; when officers and soldiers tried to detain him, he killed more than ten ringleaders, and that night handed the seal and command baton to acting commissioner Zhang Qi and fled. Only at dawn did the army learn of it. Qi reported that Zong's whereabouts were unknown. On guihai, he died within the borders of Dingzhou.
88
翰林學士李德裕,吉甫之子也,以中書舍人李宗閔嘗對策譏切其父,恨之。 宗閔又與翰林學士元稹爭進取有隙。 右補闕楊汝士與禮部侍郎錢徽掌貢舉,西川節度使段文昌、翰林學士李紳各以書屬所善進士於徽; 及榜出,文昌、紳所屬皆不預焉,及第者,鄭朗,覃之弟; 裴譔,度之子; 蘇巢,宗閔之婿; 楊殷士,汝士之弟也。 文昌言於上曰:「今歲禮部殊不公,所取進士皆子弟無藝,以關節得之。」 上以問諸學士,德裕、稹、紳皆曰:「誠如文昌言。」 上乃命中書舍人王起等覆試。 夏,四月,丁丑,詔黜朗等十人,貶徽江州刺史,宗閔劍州刺史,汝士開江令。 或勸徽奏文昌、紳屬書,上必悟。 徽曰:「苟元愧心,得喪一致,奈何奏人私書,豈士君子所為邪!」 取而焚之,時人多之。 紳,敬玄之曾孫; 起,播之弟也。 自是德裕、宗閔各分朋黨,更相傾軋,垂四十年。
Hanlin Academician Li Deyu, son of Li Jifu, bore a grudge because Vice Director of the Secretariat Li Zongmin had once mocked his father sharply in a policy examination. Zongmin also feuded with Hanlin Academician Yuan Zhen over competing for advancement. Right Remonstrance Officer Yang Rushi and Vice Minister of Rites Qian Hui oversaw the civil examinations; Xichuan military commissioner Duan Wenchang and Hanlin Academician Li Shen each wrote recommending favored candidates to Hui; when the list was posted, none of those recommended by Wenchang or Shen had passed; among those who passed was Zheng Lang, Tan's younger brother; Pei Zan, son of Pei Du; Su Chao, Zongmin's son-in-law; Yang Yinshi was Rushi's younger brother. Wenchang told the emperor, "This year's Ministry of Rites was grossly unfair; the jinshi chosen were all sons and relatives without talent who gained admission through connections. The emperor asked the academicians; Deyu, Zhen, and Shen all said, "It is indeed as Wenchang says. The emperor then ordered Vice Director of the Secretariat Wang Qi and others to re-examine them. In summer, the fourth month, on dingchou, an edict stripped ten men including Lang of their degrees; Hui was demoted to prefect of Jiangzhou, Zongmin to prefect of Jianzhou, and Rushi to magistrate of Kaijiang. Some urged Hui to memorialize submitting Wenchang's and Shen's recommendation letters—the emperor would surely see the truth. Hui said, "If my conscience is clear, gain and loss are the same—how could I memorialize another man's private letters? Is that what a gentleman would do? He took the letters and burned them; people at the time widely praised him. Shen was the great-grandson of Li Jingxuan; Qi was Bo's younger brother. From this time Deyu and Zongmin each formed factions and undermined each other—a struggle that would last nearly forty years.
89
丙戌,冊回鶻嗣君為登囉羽錄沒密施句主毘伽崇德可汗。
On bingxu, the Uyghur heir was enthroned as Khan Dengluo Yulu Moimi Shijuzhu Pijia Chongde.
90
五月,丙申朔,回鶻遣都督、宰相等五百餘人來逆公主。
In the fifth month, on the first day of bingshen, the Uyghurs sent more than five hundred men including a governor and chief ministers to escort the princess.
91
壬子,鹽鐵使王播奏:約榷茶額,每百錢加稅五十。 右拾遺李玨等上疏,以為「榷茶近起貞元多事之際,今天下無虞,所宜寬橫斂之目,而更增之,百姓何時當得息肩!」 不從。
On renzi, Salt and Iron Commissioner Wang Bo memorialized proposing to fix the tea monopoly quota and add a tax of fifty cash per hundred. Right Reminder Li Jue and others submitted a memorial arguing, "The tea monopoly arose in the troubled Zhenyuan era; now the realm is at peace—we ought to ease oppressive levies, not increase them. When will the people ever be able to lay down their burdens? The proposal was not adopted.
92
丙辰,建王恪薨。
On bingchen, Prince Jian Ke died.
93
癸亥,以太和長公主嫁回鶻。 公主,上之妹也。 吐蕃聞唐與回鶻婚,六月,辛未,寇青寨堡,鹽州刺史李文悅擊卻之。 戊寅,回鶻奏:「以萬騎出北庭,萬騎出安西,拒吐蕃以迎公主。」
On guihai, the Princess of Taihe was married to the Uyghurs. The princess was the emperor's younger sister. When Tibet heard that Tang was marrying a princess to the Uyghurs, in the sixth month, on xinwei, it raided Qingzhai Fort; Yanchou Prefect Li Wenyue drove it back. On wuyin, the Uyghurs reported, "Ten thousand horsemen will ride out from Beiting and ten thousand from Anxi to block Tibet and escort the princess."
94
初,劉總奏分所屬為三道:以幽、涿、營為一道,請除張弘靖為節度使; 平、薊、媯、檀為一道,請除平盧節度使薛平為節度使; 瀛、莫為一道,請除權知京兆尹盧士玫為觀察使。 弘靖先在河東,以寬簡得眾,總與之鄰境,聞其風望,以燕人桀驁日久,故舉弘靖自代以安輯之。 平,嵩之子,知河朔風俗,而盡誠於國。 士玫,則總妻族之親也。 總又盡擇麾下宿將有功伉健難制者都知兵馬使朱克融等送之京師,乞加獎拔,使燕人有慕羨朝廷祿位之志。 又獻征馬萬五千匹,然後削髮委去。 克融,滔之孫也。
Earlier Liu Zong had memorialized dividing his domain into three circuits: You, Zhuo, and Ying as one circuit, with Zhang Hongjing as military commissioner; Ping, Ji, Gui, and Tan as one circuit, with Pinglu military commissioner Xue Ping as military commissioner; Ying and Mo as one circuit, with Acting Metropolitan Governor Lu Shimei as overseer. Hongjing had previously served in Hedong, where his leniency and simplicity won the people; Zong bordered his territory, heard of his reputation, and because the men of Yan had long been fierce and unruly, recommended Hongjing to succeed him and pacify them. Ping was the son of Xue Song; he knew the customs of the Hebei region and was wholly loyal to the state. Shimei was a relative of Zong's wife's clan. Zong also selected all the veteran generals under him who were strong, capable, and hard to control—such as Army Commander Zhu Kerong—and sent them to the capital, asking that they be rewarded and promoted so the men of Yan would aspire to court rank and salary. He also presented fifteen thousand campaign horses, and only then tonsured himself and departed. Kerong was the grandson of Zhu Tao.
95
是時上方酣宴,不留意天下之務,崔植、杜元穎無遠略,不知安危大體,苟崇重弘靖,惟割瀛、莫二州,以士玫領之,自餘皆統於弘靖。 朱克融等久羈旅京師,至假丐衣食,日詣中書求官,植、元穎不之省。 及除弘靖幽州,勒克融輩歸本軍驅使,克融輩皆憤怨。
At this time the emperor was deep in feasting and paid no heed to affairs of state; Cui Zhi and Du Yuanying lacked far-sighted plans and did not grasp the larger question of security—they merely honored Hongjing in form, cut off only Ying and Mo for Shimei to govern, and left everything else under Hongjing. Zhu Kerong and the others had long been detained in the capital, even begging for food and clothing; day after day they went to the Secretariat seeking office, but Zhi and Yuanying paid them no attention. When Hongjing was appointed to Youzhou, Kerong and his fellows were ordered back to their original armies for service; they were all bitter and resentful.
96
先是,河北節度使皆親冒寒暑,與士卒均勞逸。 及弘靖至,雍容驕貴,肩輿於萬眾之中,燕人訝之。 弘靖莊默自尊,涉旬乃一出坐決事,賓客將吏罕得聞其言,情意不接,政事多委之幕僚。 而所辟判官韋雍輩多年少輕薄之士,嗜酒豪縱,出入傳呼甚盛,或夜歸燭火滿街,皆燕人所不習也。 詔以錢百萬緡賜將士,弘靖留其二十萬緡充軍府雜用,雍輩復裁刻軍士糧賜,繩之以法,數以反虜詬責吏卒,謂軍士曰:「今天下太平,汝曹能挽兩石弓,不若識一丁字!」 由是軍中人人怨怒。
Previously, Hebei military commissioners had personally braved heat and cold and shared hardship and ease with their soldiers. When Hongjing arrived, he was stately, proud, and exalted, carried in a palanquin amid ten thousand men—the men of Yan were astonished. Hongjing was solemn, silent, and self-important; only after ten days would he emerge to sit and decide affairs. Guests, officers, and clerks rarely heard him speak; he kept his distance, and left most government business to his staff. Yet the judicial commissioners he appointed, such as Wei Yong, were mostly young frivolous men who loved wine and lived extravagantly; their comings and goings were announced with great fanfare, and sometimes at night they returned with torches filling the streets—customs the men of Yan found alien. An edict granted a million strings of cash to reward the troops; Hongjing kept two hundred thousand for army headquarters miscellaneous expenses. Yong and his fellows further cut the soldiers' grain allotments and rewards, bound them with strict law, and repeatedly reviled officers and men as rebels and barbarians, saying to the soldiers, "The realm is at peace today—you who can draw a two-stone bow are worth less than knowing a single character! From this every man in the army nursed resentment and rage.