Volume 96 Biographies 84: Di, Tuyuhun, Dangchang, Dengzhi, Bailan, Tangut, Fu, Jihu

氐吐谷渾宕昌鄧至白蘭党項附國稽胡

The Di, Tuyuhun, Dangchang, Dengzhi, Bailan, Tangut, Fu, and Jihu

列傳第八十四

Biographies 84

氐吐谷渾宕昌鄧至白蘭党項附國稽胡

The Di, Tuyuhun, Dangchang, Dengzhi, Bailan, Tangut, Fu, and Jihu

氐者，西夷之別種，號曰白馬。三代之際，蓋自有君長，而世一朝見，故《詩》稱「自彼氐、羌，莫敢不來王」也。秦、漢以來，世居岐、隴以南，漢川以西，自立豪帥。漢武帝遣中郎將郭昌、衛廣滅之，以其地為武都郡。自汧、渭抵于巴、蜀，種類實繁，或謂之白氏，或謂之故氐，各有侯王，受中國封拜。

The Di were a distinct branch of the Western Yi peoples, known as the White Horse Di. In the age of the Three Dynasties they seem to have had their own rulers, coming to court once a generation; thus the Odes praise them with the line, "From those Di and Qiang, none dared fail to come and pay homage." From Qin and Han times onward they lived for generations south of the Qi and Long ranges and west of the Han River valley, maintaining their own powerful chieftains. Emperor Wu of Han sent the palace gentleman Guo Chang and Wei Guang to subdue them and organized their lands as Wudu Commandery. From the Qian and Wei rivers to Ba and Shu their tribes were exceedingly numerous; some were called the Bai clan, others the Old Di. Each group had its own marquises and kings and received titles and investiture from the Chinese dynasties.

漢建安中，有楊騰者，為部落大帥。騰勇健多計略，始徙居仇池，方百頃，因以為號。四面鬥絕，高七里餘，蟠道三十六回，其上有豐水泉，煮土成鹽。騰後有名千萬者，魏拜為百頃氐王。

During the Jian'an reign period of Han, a man named Yang Teng rose to become the great chieftain of his tribe. Teng was bold, vigorous, and skilled in strategy. He first relocated to Chou Pool, a domain of a hundred qing in extent, and took that name as his title. It was steep and inaccessible on every side, rising more than seven li high, with a winding path of thirty-six switchbacks. Springs flowed abundantly on the heights, and salt could be made by boiling the local earth. After Teng came a leader named Qianwan, whom Wei enfeoffed as King of the Hundred-Qing Di.

千萬孫名飛龍，漸強盛，晉武帝假平西將軍。無子，養外甥令狐茂搜為子。惠帝元康中，茂搜自號輔國將軍、右賢王，群氐推以為王。關中人士流移者，多依之。湣帝以為驃騎將軍、左賢王。茂搜死，子難敵統位，與弟堅頭分部曲。難敵自號左賢王，屯下辨；堅頭號右賢王，屯河池。難敵死，子毅立。自號使持節、龍驤將軍、左賢王、下辨公；以堅頭子盤為使持節、冠軍將軍、右賢王、河池公。臣晉，晉以毅為征南將軍。

Qianwan's grandson Feilong gradually grew in power, and Emperor Wu of Jin provisionally appointed him General Who Pacifies the West. He had no sons and adopted his sister's son Linghu Maosou as his heir. During the Yuankang era of Emperor Hui, Maosou styled himself General Who Assists the State and Right Worthy King, and the Di clans together proclaimed him their king. Many displaced people from the Guanzhong region came to rely on him. Emperor Min appointed him General of Agile Cavalry and Left Worthy King. When Maosou died, his son Nandi succeeded him and divided their forces with his younger brother Jiantou. Nandi styled himself Left Worthy King and encamped at Xiabian; Jiantou styled himself Right Worthy King and encamped at Hechi. When Nandi died, his son Yi succeeded him. He styled himself Bearer of the Staff of Authority, General of Dragon Cavalry, Left Worthy King, and Duke of Xiabian; and appointed Jiantou's son Pan Bearer of the Staff of Authority, General Who Conquers Champions, Right Worthy King, and Duke of Hechi. He submitted to Jin, and Jin appointed Yi General Who Conquers the South.

三年，毅族兄初襲殺毅，並有其眾，自立為仇池公。臣于石季龍，後稱蕃于晉。永和十年，改初為天水公。十一年，毅小弟宋奴使姑子梁三王因侍直手刃殺初，初子國率左右誅三王及宋奴，復自立為仇池公。桓溫表國為秦州刺史，國子安為武都太守。

In the third year, Yi's clansman cousin Chu assassinated Yi, took over his followers, and proclaimed himself Duke of Chou Pool. He submitted to Shi Jilong and later declared vassalage to Jin. In the tenth year of Yonghe, Chu was enfeoffed as Duke of Tianshui. In the eleventh year, Yi's younger brother Songnu had his sister's son Liang Sanwang, who was on palace duty, kill Chu with his own hand. Chu's son Guo led his attendants to execute Sanwang and Songnu and again proclaimed himself Duke of Chou Pool. Huan Wen recommended Guo for Inspector of Qin Province and Guo's son An for Administrator of Wudu.

十二年，國從叔俊復殺國自立。國子安叛苻生，殺俊，復稱蕃于晉。死，子世自立為仇池公。晉太和三年，以世為秦州刺史，弟統為武都太守。世死，統廢世子纂自立。統一名德。纂聚黨襲殺統，自立為仇池公，遣使詣簡文帝。以纂為秦州刺史。晉咸安元年，苻堅遣楊安伐纂，克之，徙其人於關中，空百頃於地。

In the twelfth year, Guo's younger clansman Jun killed Guo and seized power for himself. Guo's son An rebelled against Fu Sheng, killed Jun, and again declared vassalage to Jin. When he died, his son Shi proclaimed himself Duke of Chou Pool. In the third year of the Taihe era, Jin appointed Shi Inspector of Qin Province and his younger brother Tong Administrator of Wudu. When Shi died, Tong deposed Shi's heir Zuan and seized the throne for himself. Tong also bore the name De. Zuan gathered supporters, assassinated Tong, proclaimed himself Duke of Chou Pool, and sent envoys to Emperor Jianwen. Zuan was appointed Inspector of Qin Province. In the first year of Xian'an, Fu Jian sent Yang An against Zuan, defeated him, relocated his people to the Guanzhong region, and left the Hundred-Qing territory depopulated.

宋奴之死，二子佛奴、佛狗逃奔苻堅，堅以女妻佛奴子定，拜為尚書、領軍。苻堅之敗，關右擾亂，定盡力於堅。堅死，乃率眾奔隴右，徙居曆城，去仇池百二十里，置食儲於百頃。招夷夏得千餘家，自稱龍驤將軍、仇池公，稱蕃于晉。孝武即以其自號假之，後以為秦州刺史。登國四年，遂有秦州之地，號隴西王。後為乞佛乾歸所殺，無子。

After Songnu's death, his sons Fonu and Fogou fled to Fu Jian, who married his daughter to Fonu's son Ding and appointed Ding Minister of the Masters of Writing and Director of the Guards. When Fu Jian was defeated and the region west of the Pass fell into chaos, Ding did everything in his power to support him. After Jian's death, Ding led his followers west into Longyou, resettled at Licheng a hundred and twenty li from Chou Pool, and established grain stores at the Hundred Qing. He recruited Yi and Chinese settlers until he had more than a thousand households, styled himself General of Dragon Cavalry and Duke of Chou Pool, and declared vassalage to Jin. Emperor Xiaowu immediately confirmed the titles Ding had assumed, and later appointed him Inspector of Qin Province. In the fourth year of Dengguo he seized Qin Province and styled himself King of Longxi. He was later killed by Qifu Gangui and left no heir.

佛狗子盛，先為監國守仇池，乃統事，自號征西將軍、秦州刺史、仇池公。諡定為武王。分諸氐、羌為二十部護軍，各為鎮戍，不置郡縣。遂有漢中之地，仍稱蕃于晉。天興初，遣使朝貢，詔以盛為征南大將軍、仇池王。隔礙姚興，不得歲通貢使。盛以兄子撫為平南將軍、梁州刺史，守漢中。宋永初中，宋武帝封盛為武都王。盛死，私諡曰惠文王。子玄統位。

Fogou's son Sheng had earlier served as regent guarding Chou Pool. He now took charge of affairs and styled himself General Who Conquers the West, Inspector of Qin Province, and Duke of Chou Pool. He gave Ding the posthumous title King Wu. He divided the Di and Qiang into twenty divisions under protector-generals, each stationed as a garrison, and did not establish regular commanderies and counties. He then seized Hanzhong while continuing to acknowledge vassalage to Jin. At the beginning of Tianxing he sent tribute envoys, and an imperial edict appointed Sheng Grand General Who Conquers the South and King of Chou Pool. Cut off by Yao Xing, he could no longer send annual tribute missions. Sheng appointed his elder brother's son Fu General Who Pacifies the South and Inspector of Liang Province to guard Hanzhong. Early in the Yongchu era, Emperor Wu of Song enfeoffed Sheng as King of Wudu. When Sheng died, his followers gave him the private posthumous title King Wen the Kind. His son Xuan succeeded him.

玄字黃眉，號征西大將軍、開府儀同三司、秦州刺史、武都王。雖蕃于宋，仍奉晉義熙之號。後始用宋元嘉正朔。初，盛謂玄曰：「吾年已老，當終為晉臣，汝善事宋帝。」故玄奉焉。玄善於待士，為流舊所懷。始光四年，太武遣大鴻臚公孫軌拜玄為征南大將軍、督梁州刺史、南秦王。玄上表請比內蕃，許之。玄死，私諡孝昭王。子保宗統位。

Xuan, styled Huangmei, took the titles Grand General Who Conquers the West, Director of the Department with ceremonial privileges equal to the Three Excellencies, Inspector of Qin Province, and King of Wudu. Although he was a vassal of Song, he still observed the Jin Yixi reign era. Only later did he adopt the Song Yuanjia calendar. Earlier Sheng had told Xuan, "I am growing old and shall remain a subject of Jin to the end. You must serve the Song emperor faithfully." Accordingly Xuan did so. Xuan treated scholars generously and won the loyalty of displaced former officials. In the fourth year of Shiguang, Emperor Taiwu sent Grand Master of Ceremonies Gongsun Gui to invest Xuan as Grand General Who Conquers the South, Supervisor of Liang Province, and King of Southern Qin. Xuan petitioned to be treated as an inner vassal, and the request was granted. When Xuan died, his followers gave him the private posthumous title King Xiao the Filial. His son Baozong succeeded him.

初，玄臨終謂弟難當曰：「今境候未甯，方須撫慰，保宗沖昧，吾授卿國事，其無墜先勳。」難當固辭，請立保宗以輔之。保宗既立，難當妻姚氏謂難當曰：「國險，宜立長君，反事孺子，非久計。」難當從之，廢保宗而自立，稱蕃于宋。難當拜保宗為鎮南將軍，鎮石昌；以次子順為鎮東將軍、秦州刺史，守上邽。保宗謀襲難當，事泄，被系。先是，四方流人以仇池豐實，多往依附。流人有許穆之、郝惔之二人投難當，並改姓為司馬，穆之自雲名飛龍，惔之自雲名康之，雲是晉室近戚。康之尋為人所殺。時宋梁州刺史甄法護刑政不理，宋文帝遣刺史蕭思話代任。難當以思話未至，遣將舉兵襲梁州，破白馬，遂有漢中之地。尋而思話使其司馬蕭承之先驅進討，所向克捷，遂平梁州。因又附宋。難當後釋保宗，遣鎮董亭。保宗與兄保顯歸京師，太武拜保宗征南大將軍、秦州牧、武都王，尚公主；保顯為鎮西將軍、晉壽公。後遣大鴻臚崔頤拜難當為征南大將軍、儀同三司、領護西羌校尉、秦梁二州牧、南秦王。

On his deathbed Xuan told his younger brother Nandang, "The frontier is still unsettled and needs steady governance. Baozong is young and inexperienced. I entrust the realm to you—do not let our ancestors' achievements be lost." Nandang firmly declined and asked that Baozong be enthroned so he could assist him. After Baozong was enthroned, Nandang's wife Lady Yao told him, "Our state is precarious. We need a mature ruler. Serving a child is no lasting policy." Nandang took her advice, deposed Baozong, and seized the throne for himself, declaring vassalage to Song. Nandang appointed Baozong General Who Guards the South and posted him at Shichang; and appointed his second son Shun General Who Guards the East and Inspector of Qin Province to guard Shanggui. Baozong plotted to assassinate Nandang, but the plot was discovered and he was imprisoned. For some time displaced people from every quarter had flocked to Chou Pool, drawn by its wealth and fertility. Two displaced men, Xu Muzhi and Hao Yinzi, came to Nandang and both changed their surnames to Sima. Muzhi called himself Feilong and Yinzi called himself Kangzhi, claiming to be close kin of the Jin imperial house. Kangzhi was soon murdered. At that time Zhen Fahu, Song Inspector of Liang Province, governed badly. Emperor Wen of Song sent Xiao Sihua to replace him. Before Sihua arrived, Nandang sent troops to raid Liang Province, defeated Baima, and seized Hanzhong. Soon afterward Sihua sent his chief clerk Xiao Chengzhi ahead as vanguard. Chengzhi won every engagement and recovered Liang Province. Nandang then submitted to Song again. Later Nandang released Baozong and posted him to guard Dongting. Baozong and his elder brother Baoxian went to the Northern Wei capital, where Emperor Taiwu invested Baozong Grand General Who Conquers the South, Governor of Qin Province, and King of Wudu, and married him to a princess; Baoxian was appointed General Who Guards the West and Duke of Jinshou. Later Grand Master of Ceremonies Cui Yi was sent to invest Nandang as Grand General Who Conquers the South, with ceremonial privileges equal to the Three Excellencies, Colonel Protector of the Western Qiang, Governor of Qin and Liang provinces, and King of Southern Qin.

難當後自立為大秦王，號年曰建義，立妻為王后，世子為太子，置百官具擬天朝。然猶貢獻于宋不絕。尋而其國大旱，多災異，降大秦王復為武都王。太延初，難當立鎮上邽。太武遣車騎大將軍、樂平王丕等督河西、高平諸軍取上邽，又詔喻難當，奉詔攝守。尋而傾國南寇，規有蜀土，襲宋益州，攻涪城，又伐巴西，獲雍州流人七千餘家，還于仇池。宋文帝怒，遣將裴方明等伐之。難當為方明所敗，棄仇池，與千餘騎奔上邽。太武遣中山王辰迎之赴行宮。方明既克仇池，以保宗弟保熾守之，河間公齊擊走之。

Later Nandang proclaimed himself Great King of Qin, adopted the reign era Jianyi, made his wife queen and his heir crown prince, and set up a full bureaucracy modeled on the imperial court. Yet he continued to send tribute to Song without interruption. Soon his realm suffered severe drought and many omens, and he demoted himself from Great King of Qin back to King of Wudu. At the beginning of Taiyan, Nandang established a garrison at Shanggui. Emperor Taiwu sent General of Chariots and Cavalry, Prince of Leping Pi, and others to command the Hexi and Gaoping armies against Shanggui, and also ordered Nandang to obey and hold the post in the court's name. Soon he launched a full-scale southern campaign aimed at seizing Shu. He raided Song's Yizhou, attacked Fucheng, invaded Baxi, took more than seven thousand displaced households from Yong Province, and returned to Chou Pool. Emperor Wen of Song was furious and sent Pei Fangming and other generals against him. Nandang was defeated by Fangming, abandoned Chou Pool, and fled to Shanggui with a thousand horsemen. Emperor Taiwu sent Prince Zhongshan Chen to welcome him to the imperial camp. After Fangming captured Chou Pool, he left Baozong's younger brother Baochi to guard it, but Duke of Hejian Qi attacked and drove him out.

先是，詔保宗鎮上邽，又詔鎮駱穀，復其本國。保宗弟文德先逃氐中，乃說保宗令叛。事泄，齊執保宗送京師，詔難當殺之。氐、羌立文德，屯于濁水。文德自號征西將軍、秦河梁三州牧、仇池公，求援于宋，封文德為武都王，遣偏將房亮之等助之。齊逆擊，禽亮之。文德奔守葭蘆，武都、陰平氐多歸之。詔淮陽公皮豹子等率諸軍討文德，走漢中，收其妻子、僚屬、資糧。及保宗妻公主送京師，賜死。初，公主勸保宗反，人問曰：「背父母之邦若何？」公主曰：「禮，婦人外成，因夫而榮。事立，據守一方，我亦一國之母，豈比小縣之主？」以此得罪。

Earlier an edict had ordered Baozong to garrison Shanggui and Luogu and restore his original domain. Baozong's younger brother Wende had earlier fled among the Di and now persuaded Baozong to rebel. When the plot was discovered, Qi seized Baozong and sent him to the capital, where an edict ordered Nandang to execute him. The Di and Qiang installed Wende and encamped at Zhuoshui. Wende styled himself General Who Conquers the West, Governor of Qin, He, and Liang provinces, and Duke of Chou Pool. He sought Song's aid, and Song enfeoffed him King of Wudu and sent subordinate generals including Fang Liangzhi to assist him. Qi counterattacked and captured Liangzhi. Wende fled to hold Jialu, and many Di of Wudu and Yinping rallied to him. An edict ordered Duke of Huaiyang Pi Baozi and others to lead the armies against Wende. Wende fled to Hanzhong, and they captured his wife and children, his staff, and his stores. When Baozong's wife, the princess, was sent to the capital, she was ordered to take her own life. Earlier the princess had urged Baozong to rebel. Someone asked her, "How can you turn against the land of your parents?" The princess replied, "By ritual, a woman who marries out completes herself in her husband's house and shares in his honor. If the venture succeeds and he holds a territory of his own, I would be mother of a kingdom. How could that compare with being lady of some petty county?" For this she was condemned.

文成時，拜難當營州刺史，還為外都大官。卒，諡曰忠。子和，隨父歸魏，別賜爵仇池公。子德子襲難當爵，早卒。子小眼襲，例降為公，拜天水太守，卒。子大眼，別有傳。小眼子公熙襲爵。正光中，尚書右丞張普惠為行台，送租于南秦、東益，普惠啟公熙俱行。至南秦，以氐反不得進，遣公熙先慰氐。東益州刺史魏子建以公熙險薄，密令訪察，公熙果有潛謀，將為叛亂。子建仍報普惠，令其攝錄。普惠急追公熙，公熙竟不肯赴，東出漢中。普惠表列其事，公熙大行賄賂，終得免罪。後為假節、別將，與都督元志同守岐州，為秦賊莫折天生所虜，死于秦州。

In the reign of Emperor Wencheng, Nandang was appointed Inspector of Ying Province and later became Chief of the Outer Court. When he died, he was posthumously titled Loyal. His son He followed his father back to Wei and was separately enfeoffed as Duke of Chou Pool. His son Dezi inherited Nandang's title and died young. His son Xiaoyan succeeded him; by precedent the title was reduced to duke. He was appointed Administrator of Tianshui and died in office. His son Dayan has a separate biography. Xiaoyan's son Gongxi inherited the title. During the Zhenguang era, Right Vice Director of the Secretariat Zhang Puhui served as mobile inspector delivering rent to Southern Qin and Eastern Yi. Puhui asked that Gongxi accompany him. At Southern Qin they could not advance because the Di had rebelled, so he sent Gongxi ahead to reassure them. Eastern Yi Inspector Wei Zijian found Gongxi treacherous and unreliable and secretly ordered an inquiry. Gongxi did in fact have secret designs and was about to rebel. Zijian at once reported to Puhui and ordered him to seize Gongxi. Puhui hurried after Gongxi, but Gongxi refused to come and fled east into Hanzhong. Puhui memorialized the court with a full account of the affair, but Gongxi spread bribes far and wide and in the end escaped punishment. Later he served with delegated authority as a separate commander and, together with Commander-in-Chief Yuan Zhi, defended Qizhou. He was captured by the Qin rebel Moqi Tiansheng and died in Qinzhou.

文德後自漢中入統汧、隴，遂有陰平、武興之地。後為宋荊州刺史劉義宣所殺。

Later Wende came out of Hanzhong to take control of Qian and Long and thus came to hold Yinping and Wuxing. Later he was killed by Liu Yixuan, Song's Inspector of Jing Province.

保宗之執也，子元和奔宋，以為武都、白水太守。元和據城歸順，文成嘉之，拜征南大將軍、武都王，內徙京師。

When Baozong was taken prisoner, his son Yuanhe fled to Song and was appointed Administrator of Wudu and Baishui. Yuanhe held his city and submitted. Emperor Wencheng praised him, invested him Grand General Who Conquers the South and King of Wudu, and moved him to the capital.

元和從叔僧嗣復自稱武都王于葭蘆。僧嗣死，從弟文度自立為武興王，遣使歸順。獻文授文度武興鎮將，既而復叛。孝文初，征西將軍皮歡喜攻葭蘆破之，斬文度首。

Yuanhe's younger uncle Sengsi again proclaimed himself King of Wudu at Jialu. After Sengsi died, his younger cousin Wendu declared himself King of Wuxing and sent envoys to declare submission. Emperor Xianwen appointed Wendu commander of Wuxing Garrison, but before long he rebelled again. Early in Emperor Xiaowen's reign, General Who Conquers the West Pi Huanxi attacked Jialu, broke it, and cut off Wendu's head.

文度弟弘，小名鼠，名犯獻文廟諱，以小名稱。鼠自為武興王，遣使奉表謝罪，貢其方物，孝文納之。鼠遣子狗奴入侍，拜鼠都督、南秦州刺史、征西將軍、西戎校尉、武都王。鼠死，從子後起統位，孝文復以鼠爵授之。鼠子集始為白水太守。後起死，以集始為征西將軍、武都王。集始復朝于京師，拜都督、南秦州刺史、安南大將軍、領護南蠻校尉、漢中郡侯、武興王，賜以車旗、戎馬、錦彩、繒纊。尋還武興，進號鎮南將軍，加督寧、湘五州諸軍事。後仇池鎮將楊靈珍襲破武興，集始遂入齊。景明初，集始來降，還授爵位，歸守武興。死，子紹先立，拜都督、南秦州刺史、征虜將軍、漢中郡公、武興王，贈集始車騎大將軍、開府儀同三司、諡安王。

Wendu's younger brother Hong, whose pet name was Shu, could not use his formal name because it violated Emperor Xianwen's temple taboo, and so was known by his pet name. Shu declared himself King of Wuxing, sent envoys with a memorial of apology and tribute of local products, and Emperor Xiaowen accepted him. Shu sent his son Gounu to serve at court. Shu was invested Commander, Inspector of Southern Qin Province, General Who Conquers the West, Colonel of the Western Rong, and King of Wudu. When Shu died, his younger cousin Houqi succeeded to the position, and Emperor Xiaowen again granted him Shu's titles. Shu's son Jishi served as Administrator of Baishui. After Houqi died, Jishi was appointed General Who Conquers the West and King of Wudu. Jishi again came to court and was invested Commander, Inspector of Southern Qin Province, Grand General Who Pacifies the South, Colonel Protector of the Southern Man, Marquis of Hanzhong Commandery, and King of Wuxing. He was granted carriages, banners, war horses, brocades, and silk floss. Soon he returned to Wuxing. His title was advanced to General Who Guards the South, with authority over military affairs in five provinces including Ning and Xiang. Later Chou Pool Garrison Commander Yang Lingzhen attacked and broke Wuxing, and Jishi fled into Qi. At the beginning of Jingming, Jishi came over in surrender. His titles were restored and he returned to guard Wuxing. When he died, his son Shaoxian succeeded. Shaoxian was invested Commander, Inspector of Southern Qin Province, General Who Captures Barbarians, Duke of Hanzhong Commandery, and King of Wuxing. Jishi was posthumously honored as General of Chariots and Cavalry with ceremonial privileges equal to the Three Excellencies and given the posthumous title King An.

紹先年幼，委事二叔集起、集義。夏侯道遷以漢中歸順也，梁白馬戍主尹天保率眾圍之。道遷求援於集起、集義，二人貪保邊蕃，不欲救之。唯集始弟集朗心願立功。率眾破天保，全漢川，朗之力也。集義見梁、益既定，恐武興不得久為外籓，遂扇動諸氐，推紹先僭稱大號，集起、集義並稱王，外引梁為援。安西將軍邢巒遣建武將軍傅豎眼攻武興克之，執紹先，送于京師，遂滅其國，以為武興鎮，復改鎮為東益州。

Shaoxian was still young and entrusted affairs to his two uncles, Jiqi and Jiyi. When Xiahou Daoyuan submitted Hanzhong, Yin Tianbao, commander of Liang's Baima garrison, led troops to besiege him. Daoyuan asked Jiqi and Jiyi for help, but the two men, eager only to preserve their border vassalage, did not want to rescue him. Only Jishi's younger brother Jilang was eager to win distinction. He led troops, defeated Tianbao, and saved the Han River region. The credit belonged to Jilang. Jiyi saw that Liang and Yi were secure and feared Wuxing could not long remain an outer vassal. He then stirred up the Di clans, set Shaoxian up with a usurped grand title, and had Jiqi and Jiyi both style themselves kings while seeking aid from Liang. General Who Pacifies the West Xing Luan sent General of Jianwu Fu Shuyan to attack Wuxing and took it. Shaoxian was seized and sent to the capital, and the state was extinguished. The territory was made Wuxing Garrison and then changed from garrison to Eastern Yi Province.

前後鎮將唐法樂、刺史杜纂、邢豹以威惠失衷，氐豪仇石柱等相率反叛，朝廷以西南為憂。正光中，詔魏子建為刺史，以恩信招撫，風化大行，遠近款附，如內地焉。後唐永代子建為州，未幾，氐人悉反。永棄城東走，自此復為氐地。

The successive garrison commanders Tang Fale, Inspector Du Zuan, and Xing Bao lost the proper balance between severity and kindness. Di chieftains including Qiu Shizhu rebelled one after another, and the court grew anxious about the southwest. During the Zhenguang era, an edict appointed Wei Zijian provincial inspector. Through kindness and trust he won people over, civil order flourished, and near and far submitted sincerely as though they were interior provinces. Later Tang Yong replaced Zijian as provincial governor, and before long all the Di rebelled. Yong abandoned the city and fled east, and from then on the region again became Di territory.

魏末，天下亂，紹先奔還武興，復自立為王。周文定秦、隴，紹先稱籓，送妻子為質。大統元年，紹先請其女妻，周文奏魏帝許之。紹先死，子辟邪立。

At the end of Wei, when the realm fell into chaos, Shaoxian fled back to Wuxing and again declared himself king. After Zhou Wen secured Qin and Long, Shaoxian declared vassalage and sent his wife and children as hostages. In the first year of Datong, Shaoxian asked that his daughter be given in marriage. Zhou Wen memorialized the Wei emperor, who granted the request. When Shaoxian died, his son Bixie succeeded him.

四年，南岐州氐苻壽反，攻陷武都，自號太白王，詔大都督侯莫陳順與渭州刺史長孫澄討降之。九年，清水氐酋李鼠仁據地作亂，氐帥梁道顯叛，攻南由，周文遣典簽趙昶慰諭之，鼠仁等相繼歸附。十一年，于武興置東益州，以辟邪為刺史。十五年，安夷氐復叛。趙昶時為郡守，收首逆者二十餘人斬之，乃定。於是以昶行南秦州事。氐帥蓋鬧等作亂，鬧據北穀，其黨西結宕昌羌獠甘，共推蓋鬧為主。昶分道遣使，宣示禍福，然後出兵討之。擒蓋鬧，散其餘黨。興州叛氐復侵逼南岐州，刺史叱羅協遣使告急，昶赴救，又大破之。先是，氐酋楊法深據陰平自稱王，亦盛之苗裔也。魏孝昌中，舉眾內附，自是職貢不絕。廢帝元年，以深為黎州刺史。二年，楊辟邪據州反，群氐復與同逆。詔叱羅協與趙昶討平之。周文乃以大將軍宇文貴為大都督、興州刺史。貴威名先著，群氐頗畏服之。來歲，楊法深從尉遲迥平蜀，軍回，法深尋與其宗人楊崇集、楊陳侳各擁其眾，遞相攻討。趙昶時督成、武、沙三州諸軍事，遣使和解之。法深等從命，乃分其部落，更置州郡以處之。

In the fourth year, the Di leader Fu Shou of Southern Qizhou rebelled, attacked and took Wudu, and styled himself King of Taibai. An edict ordered Grand Commander Hou Mo Chen Shun and Weizhou Inspector Zhangsun Cheng to suppress him and bring him to submission. In the ninth year, the Qingshui Di chieftain Li Shuren seized territory and raised trouble, and the Di chieftain Liang Daoxian rebelled and attacked Nanyou. Zhou Wen sent Chief Clerk Zhao Chang to reassure them, and Shuren and the others submitted one after another. In the eleventh year, Eastern Yi Province was established at Wuxing, with Bixie as its inspector. In the fifteenth year, the Anyi Di rebelled again. Zhao Chang was then district administrator. He seized more than twenty ringleaders and executed them, and order was restored. Thereupon Zhao Chang was put in charge of Southern Qin affairs. The Di chieftain Gai Nao and others rebelled. Nao held Beigu, and his followers allied in the west with the Dangchang Qiang leader Gan. Together they set Gai Nao up as their leader. Chang sent envoys by separate routes to explain the consequences of obedience and rebellion, then marched out to attack them. They captured Gai Nao and dispersed the remaining rebels. Rebellious Di of Xing Province again pressed in on Southern Qizhou. Inspector Chiluo Xie sent envoys in urgent appeal for help, and Chang went to the rescue and inflicted another great defeat. Earlier the Di chieftain Yang Fashen had held Yinping and styled himself king. He too was a descendant of Sheng. During the Xiaochang era of Wei he brought his followers in submission, and from then on tribute and service never ceased. In the first year of Emperor Fei, Fashen was appointed Inspector of Li Province. In the second year, Yang Bixie seized the province and rebelled, and the Di clans again joined him in rebellion. An edict ordered Chiluo Xie and Zhao Chang to suppress the rebellion and restore order. Zhou Wen then appointed General Yuwen Gui Grand Commander and Inspector of Xing Province. Gui's reputation was already well established, and the Di clans greatly feared and submitted to him. The following year Yang Fashen followed Yuchi Jiong in pacifying Shu. When the army returned, Fashen soon joined his clansmen Yang Chongji and Yang Chenzhan, each gathering his own followers and attacking the others in turn. Zhao Chang then supervised military affairs in Cheng, Wu, and Sha provinces and sent envoys to mediate peace among them. Fashen and the others obeyed, and their tribes were then divided and resettled under newly established provinces and commanderies.

恭帝末，武興氐反，圍利州，鳳州固道氐魏天王等亦聚眾回應，大將軍豆盧甯等討平之。周明帝時，興州人段吒及下辯、柏樹二縣人反，相率破蘭皋戍。氐酋薑多復率廚中氐屬攻陷落叢郡以應之。趙昶討平二縣，並斬段吒。而陰平、葭蘆氐復往往屯聚，與廚中相應。昶乃簡精騎，出其不意，徑入廚中，至大竹坪，連破七柵，誅其渠帥，二郡並降。及昶還，廚中生氐，復為寇掠。昶又遣儀同劉崇義、宇文琦入廚中討之，於是群氐並平。

At the end of Emperor Gong's reign, the Wuxing Di rebelled and besieged Lizhou. The Gudao Di of Feng Province, including Wei Tianwang, also gathered followers in response. General Doulu Ning and others suppressed them and restored order. During the reign of Emperor Ming of Zhou, Duan Tuo of Xing Province and the people of Xia Bian and Baishu counties rebelled and together broke the Langao garrison. The Di chieftain Jiang Duo again led the Chuzhong Di to attack and take Luocong Commandery in support of the rebellion. Zhao Chang suppressed the two counties and also beheaded Duan Tuo. But the Di of Yinping and Jialu again gathered in camps here and there, coordinating with Chuzhong. Chang then picked elite cavalry, struck where they did not expect, entered Chuzhong directly, reached Dazhuping, broke seven palisades in succession, executed their leaders, and both commanderies submitted. When Chang returned, the Chuzhong Di again turned to raiding and plunder. Chang again sent Palace Companions Liu Chongyi and Yuwen Qi into Chuzhong to suppress them, and then all the Di clans were pacified.

及王謙舉兵，沙州氐帥開府楊永安又據州應謙，大將軍達奚儒討平之。

When Wang Qian raised troops, the Shazhou Di chieftain Yang Yong'an, who held the grand general's insignia, again seized the province in support of Qian. General Daxi Ru suppressed the rebellion and restored order.

吐谷渾

Tuyuhun

吐谷渾，本遼東鮮卑徒河涉歸子也。涉歸一名弈洛韓，有二子，庶長曰吐谷渾，少曰若洛廆。涉歸死，若洛廆代統部落，是為慕容氏。涉歸之在也，分戶七百以給吐谷渾，與若洛廆二部。馬鬥相傷，若洛廆怒，遣入謂吐谷渾曰：「先公處分，與兄異部，何不相遠，而馬鬥相傷？」吐谷渾曰：「馬食草飲水，春氣發動，所以鬥，鬥在馬，而怒及人，乖別甚易，今當去汝萬里外！」若洛廆悔，遣舊老及長史七那樓謝之。吐谷渾曰：「我乃祖以來，樹德遼右，先公之世，卜筮之言云：'有二子，當享福祚，並流子孫。 '我是卑庶，理無並大。今以馬致怒，殆天所啟。諸君試驅馬令東，馬若還東，我當隨去。」即令從騎擁馬令回，數百步，欻然悲鳴，突走而西，聲若頹山，如是者十餘輩，一回一迷。樓力屈，乃跪曰：「可汗，此非復人事！」渾謂其部落曰：「我兄弟子孫並應昌盛，廆當傳子及曾玄孫，其間可百餘年；我乃玄孫間始當顯耳。」於是遂西附陰山，後假道上隴。若洛廆追思吐谷渾，作《阿於歌》徒河以兄為阿于也。子孫僭號，以此歌為輦後鼓吹大曲。

Tuyuhun was originally the son of Murong Shegui of the Tuohe Xianbei of Liaodong. Shegui was also known as Yiluohan. He had two sons: the elder by a concubine was Tuyuhun, and the younger was Ruoluo Gui. When Shegui died, Ruoluo Gui succeeded in ruling the tribe. This was the origin of the Murong clan. While Shegui was still alive, he allotted seven hundred households to Tuyuhun, dividing the tribe into two branches with Ruoluo Gui. Their horses fought and injured one another. Ruoluo Gui was angry and sent a messenger to Tuyuhun, saying, "When our father divided the holdings, he gave you a separate branch. Why do you not keep your distance, yet your horses still fight and injure each other?" Tuyuhun replied, "Horses eat grass and drink water. When spring stirs them, they fight—that is the horses' affair. Yet your anger falls on me. It is very easy to part. Now I shall go ten thousand li from you!" Ruoluo Gui regretted it and sent elders and the chief secretary Qina Lou to apologize. Tuyuhun said, "From my ancestors onward we have planted virtue in eastern Liaodong. In our father's time divination declared, 'Two sons will enjoy fortune and eminence, and each will flow on to posterity. I am the lesser-born son. By right we cannot both grow great. Now anger has come because of horses. Perhaps Heaven itself is opening the way. Try driving the horses east. If the horses turn back east, I shall follow and go." He then ordered his mounted followers to surround the horses and turn them back. After several hundred paces the horses suddenly wailed mournfully, broke away, and fled west with a sound like collapsing mountains. This happened more than ten times, each round ending in confusion. Lou exhausted every argument and then knelt, saying, "Khan, this is no longer a matter for human decision!" Tuyuhun said to his tribe, "My brother and I and our descendants should all flourish. Gui will pass the succession to his sons and on to his great-great-grandsons—a span of more than a hundred years; only then will eminence begin for my line, among my great-great-grandsons." Thereupon he went west to settle by the Yin Mountains, and later borrowed a route west through Long. Ruoluo Gui, remembering the founder Tuyuhun, composed the "Song of A'yu," so called because in their tongue an elder brother is simply called "A'yu." When their descendants assumed royal titles, they made this song the grand processional piece for the trumpets and drums that followed the imperial carriage.

吐谷渾遂從上隴，止於枹罕。自枹罕暨甘松，南界昂城、隴涸，從洮水西南極白蘭，數千里中，逐水草，廬帳而居，以肉酪為糧。西北諸雜種謂之阿柴虜。

Tuyuhun's people then passed west through upper Long and settled at Fuhan. From Fuhan to Gansong, bounded on the south by Angcheng and Longhe, and from the Tao River southwest to the farthest reaches of Bailan, they ranged across several thousand li, following pasture and water, living in felt tents, and subsisting on meat and curds. The various mixed peoples of the northwest called them the Achai barbarians.

吐谷渾死，有子六十人。長子吐延，身長七尺八寸，勇力過人，性刻暴。為昂城羌酋姜聰所刺，劍猶在體，呼子葉延語其大將絕拔泥曰：「吾氣絕，棺斂訖，便速去保白蘭。地既險遠，又土俗懦弱，易控禦。葉延小兒，欲授餘人，恐倉卒終不能相制。今以葉延付汝，竭股肱之力以輔之，孺子得立，吾無恨也。」抽劍而死。有子十二人。

When Tuyuhun died, he left sixty sons. The eldest son, Tu Yan, stood seven chi and eight cun tall. His courage and strength surpassed other men, and his temperament was harsh and violent. He was stabbed by Jiang Cong, chieftain of the Angcheng Qiang, with the sword still lodged in his body. He summoned his son Ye Yan and told his great general Jueba Ni, "When I breathe my last, once I am coffined, go at once and secure Bailan. The land is perilous and remote, and the local people are weak and timid—easy to hold and govern. Ye Yan is still a child. If I were to entrust rule to someone else, I fear that in a sudden crisis no one could keep him in check. I now entrust Ye Yan to you. Give him the full strength of your service. If the boy can be established in power, I shall die without regret." He pulled out the sword and died. He had twelve sons.

葉延少而勇果，年十歲，縛草為人，號曰姜聰，每旦輒射之，射中則嗥叫泣涕。其母曰：「仇賊諸將已屠膾之，汝年小，何煩朝朝自苦！」葉延嗚咽若不自勝，答母曰：「誠知無益，然罔極之心，不勝其痛。」性至孝，母病，母三日不食，葉延亦不食。頗視書傳，自謂曾祖弈洛韓始封昌黎公，吾為公孫之子，案《禮》，公孫之子得以王父字為氏，遂以吐谷渾為氏焉。

Ye Yan was young but bold and resolute. At ten he bound grass into a human figure, named it Jiang Cong, and every morning shot at it; when his arrow struck home he would howl and weep. His mother said, "The enemy chieftain has already been butchered by our generals. You are still young—why torment yourself every morning like this!" Ye Yan sobbed as if overwhelmed and answered his mother, "I know full well that it does no good, yet a grief without limit cannot be borne." He was profoundly filial by nature. When his mother fell ill and went three days without eating, Ye Yan ate nothing either. He read widely in books and records and reasoned that his great-grandfather Yiluo Han had first been enfeoffed as Duke of Changli. As the son of a duke's grandson, and according to the Rites, a grandson of a duke's son might take his grandfather's style as his clan name—so he adopted Tuyuhun as his surname.

葉延死，子碎奚立。性淳謹，三弟專權，碎奚不能制，諸大將共誅之。奚憂哀不復攝事，遂立子視連為世子，委之事。號曰莫賀郎，華言父也。奚遂以憂死。視連立，以父憂思，不遊娛酣宴。十五年死，弟視羆立。死，子樹洛幹等並幼，弟烏紇提立，而妻樹洛幹母，生二子慕璝、慕利延。烏紇提一名大孩，死，樹洛幹立，自號車騎將軍。是歲，晉義熙初也。樹洛幹死，弟阿豺立，自號驃騎將軍、沙州刺史。部內有黃沙，周回數百里，不生草木，因號沙州。阿豺兼併氐、羌，地方數千里，號為強國。升西強山，觀墊江源，問於群僚曰：「此水東流，更有何名？由何郡國入何水也？」其長史曾和曰：「此水經仇池，過晉壽，出宕渠始號墊江，至巴郡入江，度廣陵入於海。」阿豺曰：「水尚知歸，吾雖塞表小國，而獨無所歸乎！」遣使通宋，獻其方物。宋少帝封為澆河公。未及拜受，宋文帝元嘉三年，又加除命。又將遣使朝貢，會暴病，臨死召諸子弟告之曰：「先公車騎舍其子虔，以大業屬吾，豈敢忘先公之舉而私於緯代！其以慕璝繼事。」阿豺有子二十人，緯代長子也。阿豺又謂曰：「汝等各奉吾一隻箭，將玩之地下。」俄而命母弟慕利延曰：「汝取一隻箭折之。」慕利延折之。曰：「汝取十九隻箭折之。」慕延不能折。阿豺曰：「汝曹知不？單者易折，眾則難摧，戮力一心，然後社稷可固。」言終而死。慕璝立。

When Ye Yan died, his son Suixi succeeded him. Suixi was simple and cautious by nature, but his three younger brothers seized power. Unable to restrain them, he had the great generals execute them jointly. Overcome with grief, Suixi ceased to manage affairs himself. He established his son Shilian as heir apparent and entrusted him with rule. Shilian was styled Mohelang, which in Chinese means "father." Suixi then died of grief. When Shilian succeeded, he mourned his father so deeply that he took no pleasure in outings or revelry. After fifteen years he died, and his younger brother Shipi succeeded him. When Shipi died, his sons Shuluogan and the others were still young. His younger brother Wuheti succeeded, married Shuluogan's mother, and fathered two sons, Muchen and Muliyan. Wuheti, also called Dahai, died. Shuluogan succeeded and styled himself General of Chariots and Cavalry. That year was the opening of the Yixi era under Jin. When Shuluogan died, his younger brother Achai succeeded and styled himself General of Agile Cavalry and Governor of Shazhou. Within his domain lay a tract of yellow sand several hundred li around where nothing grew; for this reason the region was called Shazhou, "Sand Prefecture." Achai annexed the Di and Qiang. His domain stretched several thousand li, and his state was accounted a great power. He climbed Mount Xiqiang to view the source of the Dian River and asked his assembled officials, "This river flows eastward—what other names does it take? Through what commanderies and kingdoms does it pass, and into what waters does it finally flow?" His chief clerk Zeng He replied, "This river passes Chou Pool and Jinshou. Emerging from Dangqu it first becomes the Dian River. At Ba Commandery it joins the Yangzi, passes Guangling, and reaches the sea." Achai said, "Even water knows where to return. Though I am a small state beyond the frontier, must I alone have nowhere to return!" He sent envoys to open relations with Song and presented tribute of local products. Emperor Shao of Song enfeoffed him as Duke of Jiaohe. Before he could receive the investiture, in the third year of Yuanjia under Emperor Wen of Song a further appointment was issued. He was again about to send envoys to court with tribute when he was struck by sudden illness. On his deathbed he summoned his sons and younger kinsmen and said, "Our former lord, the General of Chariots and Cavalry, passed over his son Qian and entrusted the great enterprise to me. How could I dare forget his choice and favor Weidai out of private affection! Let Muchen succeed to rule." Achai had twenty sons. Weidai was the eldest. Achai also said, "Each of you take one of my arrows and lay them on the ground." Then he ordered his younger brother by the same mother, Muliyan, "Take one arrow and break it." Muliyan broke it. He said, "Now take nineteen arrows and break them." Muliyan could not break them. " Achai said, "Do you understand now? One alone is easily broken; many together are hard to destroy. Only by joining your strength in one heart can the state be made secure." With these words he died. Muchen succeeded to rule.

先是，阿豺時，宋命竟未至而死。慕璝又奉表通宋，宋文帝又授隴西公。慕璝招集秦、涼亡業之人，及羌戎雜夷眾至五六百落，南通蜀、漢，北交涼州、赫連，部眾轉盛。太武時，慕璝始遣其侍郎謝大寧奉表歸魏。尋討禽赫連定，送之京師。太武嘉之，遣使者策拜慕璝為大將軍、西秦王。

Earlier, during Achai's lifetime, the appointment from Song had not yet arrived before he died. Muchen again sent a memorial to open relations with Song, and Emperor Wen of Song invested him as Duke of Longxi. Muchen gathered refugees from Qin and Liang and Qiang, Rong, and other mixed tribes until he had five or six hundred clans. He opened ties south with Shu and Han and north with Liang Province and Helian, and his following grew ever stronger. During the reign of Emperor Taiwu, Muchen first sent his Vice Director Xie Daning to present a memorial submitting to Wei. Soon afterward he pursued, captured Helian Ding, and sent him to the capital. Emperor Taiwu commended this deed and sent an envoy to invest Muchen as Grand General and King of Western Qin.

慕璝表曰：「臣誠庸弱，敢竭精款，俘擒僭逆，獻捷王府，爵秩雖崇，而土不增廓，車旗既飾，而財不周賞，願垂鑒察，亮基單款。臣頃接寇逆，疆境之人，為賊所抄，流轉東下，今皇化混一，求還鄉土。乞佛曰連、窟略寒、張華等三人家弱在此，分乖可湣，願並敕遣，使恩洽遐荒，存亡感戴。」

Muchen submitted a memorial saying, "Your subject is truly unworthy, yet I have done my utmost in loyalty. Having captured the usurper and presented the victory to the throne, I find that though my rank is lofty my territory has not been enlarged, and though my chariots and banners have been adorned, the goods granted in reward are insufficient. I beg Your Majesty to look upon this and recognize the sincerity of my devotion. Your subject's borderlands were overrun by the rebel enemy, and our people were plundered and driven eastward. Now that the imperial realm is united, they beg to return to their native lands. Qifo Yilian, Kulüehan, and Zhang Hua—these three men have weak families here. Their separation is pitiable. I beg that all be ordered sent back, so that Your Majesty's grace may reach the far wilds and both the living and the dead may be moved to gratitude."

太武詔公卿朝堂會，議答施行。太尉長孫嵩及議郎、博士二百七十九人議曰：

Emperor Taiwu ordered the Three Excellencies and ministers to assemble in the court hall and deliberate on a reply to be implemented. Grand Commandant Changsun Song and two hundred seventy-nine deliberating gentlemen and academicians submitted their opinion:

「前者有司所處，以為秦王荒外之君，本非政教所及，來則受之，去則不禁。皇威遠被，西秦王慕義畏威，稱臣納貢，求受爵號。議者以為古者要荒之君，雖人土眾廣，而爵不擬華夏。陛下加寵王官，乃越常分，容飾車旗，班同上國。至於繒絮多少，舊典所無，皆當臨時以制豐寡。自漢、魏以來，撫綏遐荒，頗有故事。呂後遺單于御車二乘、馬二駟，單于答馬千匹。其後匈奴和親，敵國，遺繒絮不過數百；呼韓邪稱臣，身自入朝，始乃至萬匹。今西秦王若以土無桑蠶，便當上請，不得言財不周賞也。周室衰微，齊侯小白一匡天下，有賜胙之命，無益土之賞。晉侯重耳破楚城濮，唯受南陽之田，為朝宿之邑。西秦所致，唯定而已。塞外之人，因時乘便，侵入秦、涼，未有經略拓境之勳，爵登上國，統秦、涼、河、沙四州之地，而雲土不增廓。比聖朝于弱周，而自同於五霸，無厭之情，其可極乎！西秦王忠款于朝廷，原其本情，必不至此。或左右不敕，因致斯累。

" In the earlier ruling by the responsible offices, it was held that the King of Qin is a lord of the outer wilds, beyond the reach of imperial government and instruction: if he comes he is received; if he goes he is not restrained. Imperial majesty reaches far. The King of Western Qin, admiring righteousness and fearing imperial power, has declared himself a subject, presented tribute, and sought investiture. The deliberators held that in antiquity, lords of the distant wilds, though their people and lands were broad and numerous, were not granted ranks comparable to those of the Central States. Your Majesty's added favor in granting a royal title exceeded the usual measure. His chariots and banners were adorned, and his rank was classed with the highest states. As for the amount of silk floss to be granted, the old statutes say nothing on this; such matters should be decided case by case according to circumstances. From Han and Wei onward, there have been many precedents for comforting and pacifying the far wilds. Empress Lü sent the Chanyu two imperial carriages and two teams of four horses; the Chanyu replied with a thousand horses. Later, when the Xiongnu made peace through marriage as an equal power, the silk floss sent did not exceed several hundred pieces; only when Huhanye declared himself a subject and came in person to court did the amount reach ten thousand pieces. If the King of Western Qin lacks mulberry trees and silkworms in his land, he may petition accordingly—but he may not complain that the rewards granted are insufficient. When the house of Zhou declined, Duke Huan of Qi, who once brought order to all under Heaven, received sacrificial meat as reward but no grant of additional territory. Duke Wen of Jin, who defeated Chu at Chengpu, received only the fields of Nanyang as lodging for court attendance. What Western Qin delivered was only Helian Ding—that is all. A man beyond the frontier seized the moment to invade Qin and Liang. He has no merit of conquest or territorial expansion, yet his rank mounts to that of an upper state and he rules the four provinces of Qin, Liang, He, and Sha—and still he complains that his territory has not been enlarged. To compare the holy dynasty to the weakened Zhou and put himself on a level with the Five Overlords—is there any limit to such boundless appetite! The King of Western Qin is loyal and sincere toward the court. Judging from his true intent, he would surely not go this far. Perhaps those at his side failed to restrain him, and so this trouble arose.

檢西秦流人，賊時所抄，悉在蒲阪。今既稱籓，四海咸泰，天下一家，可敕秦州送詣京師，隨後遣還。所請乞佛三人，昔為賓國之使，來在王庭，國破家遷，即為臣妾，可勿聽許。

On examination, the displaced people of Western Qin who were plundered during the rebellion are all at Puban. Now that he has declared himself a vassal and all under Heaven is at peace, Qin Province may be ordered to send them to the capital and then return them home. As for the three Qifo men requested, they formerly came as envoys of a tributary state to the imperial court. When their state was destroyed and their families displaced, they became subjects and servants. This request should be denied.

制曰：「公卿議之，未為失體。西秦王所書金城、枹罕、隴西之地，彼自取之，朕即與之，便是裂土，何須復廓？西秦款至，綿絹隨使疏數增益之，非一匹而已。」自是，慕璝貢獻頗簡。又通于宋，宋文封為隴西王。

An edict stated, "The deliberation of the Three Excellencies and ministers was not improper in form. The lands of Jincheng, Fuhan, and Longxi that the King of Western Qin wrote of—he took them himself, and I granted them to him. That is already a partition of territory. Why must it be enlarged again? When Western Qin's loyalty was demonstrated, silk and gauze were increased according to the frequency of his envoys—it was not merely one piece." From this time onward, Muchen's tribute became rather sparse. He also opened relations with Song, and Emperor Wen of Song enfeoffed him as King of Longxi.

太延二年，慕璝死，弟慕利延立。詔遣使者策諡慕璝曰惠王。後拜慕利延鎮西大將軍、儀同三司，改封西平王；以慕璝子元緒為撫軍將軍。時慕利延又通宋，宋封為河南王。太武征涼州，慕利延懼，遂率其部人，西遁沙漠。太武以利延兄有禽赫連定之功，遣使宣喻之，乃還。後慕利延遣使表謝，書奏，乃下詔褒獎之。

In the second year of Taiyan, Muchen died and his younger brother Muliyan succeeded him. An edict ordered an envoy sent to posthumously invest Muchen as King Hui. Later Muliyan was appointed General Who Guards the West and Director with Threefold Parity, and his title was changed to King of Xiping; Muchen's son Yuanxu was appointed General Who Pacifies the Army. At that time Muliyan again opened relations with Song, and Song enfeoffed him as King of Henan. When Emperor Taiwu campaigned against Liang Province, Muliyan was afraid and fled west into the desert with his people. Emperor Taiwu, mindful that Muliyan's elder brother had captured Helian Ding, sent an envoy to reassure him, and he then returned. Later Muliyan sent an envoy with a memorial of thanks. When it was submitted, an edict of commendation was issued.

慕利延兄子緯代懼慕利延害已，與使者謀欲自歸，慕利延覺而殺之。緯代弟叱力延等八人逃歸京師，請兵討慕利延。太武拜叱力延歸義王，詔晉王伏羅率諸將討之。軍至大母橋，慕利延兄子拾寅走河西，伏羅遣將追擊之，斬首五千餘級。慕利延走白蘭，慕利延從弟伏念、長史孚呖鳩黎、部大崇娥等率眾一萬三千落歸降。後復遣征西將軍、高涼王那等討之于白蘭。慕利延遂入于闐國，殺其王，死者數萬人。南征罽賓。遣使通宋求援，獻烏丸帽、女國金酒器、胡王金釧等物，宋文帝賜以牽車。七年，遂還舊土。

Weidai, nephew of Muliyan, fearing that Muliyan would kill him, plotted with an envoy to surrender to Wei. Muliyan discovered the plot and killed him. Weidai's younger brothers Chiliyan and seven others fled to the capital and requested troops to campaign against Muliyan. Emperor Taiwu invested Chiliyan as King of Returning Righteousness and ordered Prince of Jin Fulu to lead the generals against Muliyan. When the army reached Damu Bridge, Muliyan's nephew Shiyin fled to Hexi. Fulu sent generals in pursuit and took more than five thousand heads. Muliyan fled to Bailan. His younger cousin Funian, Chief Clerk Fulijiu Li, tribal elder Chong'e, and others led more than thirteen thousand clans in surrender. Later the court again dispatched General Who Campaigns West, Prince of Gaoliang Na, and others to campaign against him at Bailan. Muliyan then invaded Khotan, killed its king, and tens of thousands perished. He campaigned south against Kipin. He sent envoys to Song seeking aid, presenting a Wuhuan cap, gold wine vessels from the Kingdom of Women, a gold bracelet from the King of the Hu, and other gifts; Emperor Wen of Song granted him a palanquin. In the seventh year, he returned to his former lands.

慕利延死，樹洛幹子拾寅立。始邑于伏羅川，其居止出入，竊擬王者。拾寅奉修貢職，受魏正朔；又受宋封爵，號河南王。太武遣使拜為鎮西大將軍、沙州刺史、西平王。後拾寅自恃險遠，頗不恭命。通使于宋，獻善馬、四角羊，宋明帝加之官號。

Muliyan died, and Shiyin, son of Shuluogan, succeeded him. He first established his capital at Fuluochuan; in his residence and daily movements, he secretly modeled himself on a king. Shiyin dutifully maintained tribute and accepted Wei's calendar; He also received enfeoffment from Song and was styled King of Henan. Emperor Taiwu sent an envoy to invest him as General Who Guards the West, Governor of Shazhou, and King of Xiping. Later Shiyin, trusting in his remote and defensible position, grew rather disrespectful of imperial commands. He sent envoys to Song, presenting fine horses and four-horned sheep; Emperor Ming of Song added to his official titles.

文成時，定陽侯曹安表拾寅今保白蘭，多有金銀、牛馬，若擊之，可以大獲。議者咸以先帝忿拾寅兄弟不睦，使晉王伏羅、高涼王那再征之，竟無多克，拾寅雖復遠遁，軍亦疲勞。今在白蘭，不犯王塞，不為人患，非國家之所急也。若遣使招慰，必求為臣妾，可不勞而定也。王者之於四荒，羈縻而已，何必屠其國，有其地。安曰：「臣昔為澆河戍將，與之相近，明其意勢。若分軍出其左右，拾寅必走保南山，不過十日，牛馬草盡，人無所食，眾必潰叛，可一舉而定也。」從之。詔陽平王新成、建安王穆六頭等出南道，南郡公李惠、給事中公孫拔及安出北道以討之。拾寅走南山，諸軍濟河追之。時軍多病，諸將議賊已遠遁，軍容已振，今驅疲病之卒，要難冀之功，不亦過乎？眾以為然，乃引還，獲駝馬二十餘萬。

During the reign of Emperor Wencheng, Marquis of Dingyang Cao An memorialized that Shiyin now held Bailan, where there was abundant gold, silver, cattle, and horses; if attacked, the gains would be great. Those at court all noted that the late emperor, angered at discord among Shiyin and his brothers, had Prince of Jin Fulu and Prince of Gaoliang Na campaign against them again, yet achieved little; though Shiyin fled far once more, the army was exhausted as well. Now at Bailan, he does not violate the imperial frontier and poses no threat—it is not an urgent concern for the state. If envoys are sent to summon and reassure him, he will certainly seek to submit; it can be settled without military effort. A king's policy toward the four wilds is merely to keep them on loose reins—why slaughter their state and seize their land? An said, "Your servant was formerly garrison commander at Jiaohe, close to them, and understands their intentions and strength. If the army is divided to flank them on both sides, Shiyin will certainly flee to hold the southern mountains; within ten days the cattle and horses will run out of forage and the people will have nothing to eat—the host will collapse and rebel, and victory can be won in one stroke." This was accepted. An edict ordered Prince of Yangping Xincheng, Prince of Jian'an Mu Liutou, and others to advance by the southern route, and Duke of Nanjun Li Hui, Chief of Affairs Gongsun Ba, and An to advance by the northern route against him. Shiyin fled to the southern mountains, and the armies crossed the river in pursuit. At the time the army was stricken with illness; the generals argued that the enemy had already fled far, morale had been restored, and to drive weary and sick soldiers after a difficult and unlikely victory would be excessive. The assembly agreed, and they withdrew, capturing more than two hundred thousand camels and horses.

獻文復詔上党王長孫觀等率州郡兵討拾寅。軍至曼頭山，拾寅來逆戰，觀等縱兵擊敗之，拾寅宵遁。於是思悔復蕃職，遣別駕康盤龍奉表朝貢。獻文幽之，不報其使。拾寅部落大饑，屢寇澆河。詔平西將軍、廣川公皮歡喜率敦煌、涼州、枹罕、高平諸軍為前鋒，司空、上党王長孫觀為大都督以討之。觀等軍入拾寅境，芻其秋稼。拾寅窘怖，遣子詣軍，表求改過，觀等以聞。獻文以重勞將士，乃下詔切責之，征其任子。拾寅遣子斤入侍，獻文尋遣斤還。拾寅後復擾掠邊人，遣其將良利守洮陽，枹罕所統也。枹罕鎮將、西郡公楊鍾葵貽拾寅書以責之。拾寅表曰：「奉詔，聽臣還舊土，故遣良利守洮陽。若不追前恩，求令洮陽貢其土物。」辭旨懇切，獻文許之，自是歲修職貢。

Emperor Xianwen again ordered Prince of Shangdang Changsun Guan and others to lead provincial and prefectural troops against Shiyin. When the army reached Mantou Mountain, Shiyin came out to fight; Guan and the others unleashed their troops and defeated him, and Shiyin fled by night. Repenting, he resumed his frontier duties and sent Vice Director Kang Panlong with a memorial to pay court tribute. Emperor Xianwen detained him and did not reply to his envoy. Shiyin's tribes suffered great famine and repeatedly raided Jiaohe. An edict ordered General Who Pacifies the West, Duke of Guangchuan Pi Huanxi, to lead the armies of Dunhuang, Liang Province, Fuhan, and Gaoping as vanguard, with Minister of Works, Prince of Shangdang Changsun Guan, as grand commander against him. Guan's army entered Shiyin's territory and cut his autumn crops. Distressed and afraid, Shiyin sent his son to the army with a memorial requesting to reform; Guan and the others reported this. Emperor Xianwen, mindful of the great burden borne by the troops, issued an edict severely rebuking him and demanded his hostage son. Shiyin sent his son Jin to serve at court; Emperor Xianwen soon sent Jin back. Later Shiyin again harassed and plundered the border people, sending his general Liangli to hold Taoyang, which was under Fuhan's jurisdiction. The garrison commander of Fuhan, Duke of Xijun Yang Zhongkui, sent Shiyin a letter reproaching him. Shiyin submitted a memorial saying, "In accordance with the edict permitting me to return to my former territory, I therefore sent Liangli to hold Taoyang. If you will not follow up on your previous grace, I request that Taoyang be allowed to present its local products as tribute." His language was earnest and sincere; Emperor Xianwen granted the request, and from then on Shiyin annually maintained tribute duties.

太和五年，拾寅死，子度易侯立。遣其侍郎時真貢方物，提上表稱嗣事。後度易侯伐宕昌，詔讓之，賜錦彩一百二十匹，喻令悛改；所掠宕昌口累，部送時還。易侯並奉詔。死。

In the fifth year of Taihe, Shiyin died and his son Duyihou succeeded him. He sent his Gentleman of the Palace Temporal Zhen to present local products and submit a memorial declaring his succession. Later Duyihou attacked Dangchang; an edict rebuked him and bestowed one hundred twenty bolts of brocade, instructing him to repent and reform; The Dangchang captives he had seized were promptly sent back. Yihou complied with the edict in all respects. He died.

子伏連籌立。孝文欲令入朝，表稱疾病，輒修洮陽、泥和城而置戍焉。文明太后崩，使人告凶，伏連籌拜命不恭。有司請伐之，孝文不許。群臣以其受詔不敬，不宜納所獻。帝曰：「拜受失禮，乃可加以詰責。所獻土毛，乃是臣之常道。杜棄所獻，便是絕之，縱欲改悔，其路無由矣。」詔曰：「朕在哀疚之中，未存征討。而去春枹罕表取其洮陽、泥和二戍，時以此既邊將之常，即便聽許。及偏師致討，二戍望風請降，執訊二千餘人，又得婦女九百口。子婦可悉還之。」伏連籌乃遣世子賀魯頭朝于京師。禮錫有加，拜伏連籌使持節、都督西垂諸軍事、征西將軍、領護西戎中郎將、西海郡開國公、吐谷渾王，麾旗章綬之飾，皆備給之。

His son Fuliandou succeeded him. Emperor Xiaowen wished to have him come to court; he submitted a memorial claiming illness and promptly repaired the cities of Taoyang and Nihe and placed garrisons there. When Empress Dowager Wenming died, envoys were sent to announce the bereavement; Fuliandou's acknowledgment was disrespectful. The relevant offices requested a campaign against him; Emperor Xiaowen did not permit it. The ministers argued that because he had received the mourning announcement disrespectfully, his tribute should not be accepted. The Emperor said, "Failure in acknowledging the mourning rites may indeed be subject to rebuke. The local products presented are a subject's regular duty. To reject what is presented is to cut him off; even if he wished to repent, there would be no way back." An edict stated, "We are in the midst of mourning and have not contemplated campaigning. Yet last spring Fuhan memorialized to take the two garrisons of Taoyang and Nihe; at the time this was considered a border general's regular practice and was immediately permitted. When a detached force mounted a punitive campaign, the two garrisons surrendered at once; more than two thousand were captured for interrogation, and nine hundred women were also taken. The sons and wives may all be returned." Fuliandou then sent his heir Helutou to pay court at the capital. Honorable gifts were added to the reception; Fuliandou was invested as Bearer of the Staff of Authority, Supervisor of All Military Affairs in the Western Regions, General Who Campaigns West, Protector Captain of the Central Army for the Western Rong, Duke of Xihai Commandery with state establishment, and King of Tuyuhun—the emblems of banners, seals, and cords were all fully provided.

後遣兼員外散騎常侍張禮使于伏連籌。謂禮曰：「昔與宕昌通和，恆見稱大王，己則自有興動，殊違臣節。當發之日，宰輔以為君若返迷知罪，則克保蕃業；脫守愚不改，則禍難將至。」伏連籌遂默然。及孝文崩，遣使赴哀，盡其誠敬。

Later Concurrent Supernumerary Master of Writing Zhang Li was sent as envoy to Fuliandou. He said to Li, "Formerly when at peace with Dangchang, he constantly styled himself Great King while launching campaigns on his own—this greatly violated the duties of a subject. On the day of my departure, the chief ministers held that if you would return from error and acknowledge your fault, you could preserve your frontier domain; If you stubbornly hold to folly and do not reform, calamity will soon arrive." Fuliandou fell silent. When Emperor Xiaowen died, he sent envoys to attend the mourning with full sincerity and respect.

伏連籌內修職貢，外並戎狄，塞表之中，號為強富。准擬天朝，樹置官司，稱制諸國，以自誇大。宣武初，詔責之曰：「梁州表送卿報宕昌書。梁彌邕與卿並為邊附，語其國則鄰籓，論其位則同列，而稱書為表，名報為旨。有司以國常刑，殷勤請討。朕慮險遠多虞，輕相構惑，故先宣此意，善自三思。」伏連籌上表自申，辭誠懇至。終宣武世至於正光，嫠牛、蜀馬及西南之珍，無歲不至。後秦州城人莫折念生反，河西路絕。涼州城人萬於菩提等東應念生，囚刺史宋穎。穎密遣求援于伏連籌，伏連籌親率大眾救之，遂獲保全。自爾以後，關徼不通，貢獻遂絕。

Fuliandou inwardly maintained tribute duties and outwardly annexed the Rong and Di; among the lands beyond the frontier passes, he was reckoned strong and rich. He modeled himself on the celestial court, established official offices, and styled himself ruler over the various states to aggrandize himself. At the beginning of Emperor Xuanwu's reign, an edict rebuked him: "Liang Province has forwarded your reply to Dangchang. Liang Miyong and you are both frontier subjects; as states you are neighboring vassals, as rank you are equals—yet you styled your letter a memorial and called your reply an imperial decree. The relevant offices, citing the standard penalties of the state, earnestly requested a punitive campaign. We considered that the routes are perilous and distant with many worries, and that lightly stirring mutual suspicion would be unwise, so We first proclaim this intent—reflect carefully upon it three times." Fuliandou submitted a memorial in his own defense; the language was sincere and earnest. Through Emperor Xuanwu's reign until Zhengguang, barren cows, Shu horses, and treasures of the southwest arrived every year without fail. Later Moqi Niansheng, a city man of Qin Province, rebelled and the Hexi route was cut off. The city men of Liang Province, Wan Yu Bodhi and others, responded to Niansheng in the east and imprisoned Provincial Governor Song Ying. Ying secretly sent to request aid from Fuliandou; Fuliandou personally led a great host to rescue him, and he was thereby preserved. From then on the frontier passes were impassable and tribute ceased.

伏連籌死，子誇呂立，始自號為可汗。居伏俟城，在青海西十五里。雖有城郭而不居，恆處穹廬，隨水草畜牧。其地，東西三千里，南北千餘里。官有王、公、僕射、尚書及郎中、將軍之號。誇呂椎髻毦珠，以皁為帽，坐金獅子床。號其妻為母尊，衣織成裙，披錦大袍，辮髪於後，首戴金花冠。

Fuliandou died and his son Kulü succeeded; he first styled himself Khan. He dwelt at Fuqi City, fifteen li west of Qinghai Lake. Although there were walls and moats, he did not live in them; he always stayed in felt tents, moving with grass and water to herd livestock. Its territory extended three thousand li east to west and more than a thousand li north to south. Offices bore the titles of king, duke, vice director, master of writing, gentleman attendant, and general. Kulü wore his hair in a topknot adorned with wool beads, used black for his cap, and sat on a golden lion couch. He styled his wife the Mother Exalted; she wore a woven skirt, draped a large brocade robe, braided her hair behind, and wore a golden flower crown on her head.

其俗：丈夫衣服略同于華夏，多以羅冪為冠，亦以繒為帽；婦人皆貫珠貝，束發，以多為貴。兵器有弓、刀甲、鞘。國無常賦，須則稅富室商人以充用焉。其刑罰：殺人及盜馬，死；餘則征物以贖罪，亦量事決杖。刑人必以氈蒙頭，持石從高擊之。父兄死，妻後母及嫂等，與突厥俗同。至於婚，貧不能備財者，輒盜女去。死者亦皆埋殯，其服制，葬訖則除之。性貪婪，忍於殺害。好射獵，以肉酪為糧。亦知種田，有大麥、粟、豆。然其北界氣候多寒，唯得蕪青、大麥，故其俗貧多富少。青海周回千餘里，海內有小山。每冬冰合後，以良牝馬置此山，至來春收之，馬皆有孕，所生得駒，號為龍種，必多駿異。吐谷渾嘗得波斯草馬，放入海，因生驄駒，能日行千里，世傳青海驄者也。土出ＢＸ牛、馬、騾，多鸚鵡，饒銅、鐵、硃砂。地兼鄯善、且末。

Their customs: men's clothing was much the same as that of Huaxia; most used gauze veils as caps, and some used silk for hats; Women all strung pearls and shells, bound their hair, and regarded abundance as honorable. Weapons included bows, blade armor, and scabbards. The state had no fixed taxation; when there was need, wealthy households and merchants were taxed to meet requirements. Their punishments: for murder and horse theft, death; For other offenses goods were levied to redeem guilt, and beatings were also imposed according to the offense. When executing punishment, the head must be covered with felt, and a stone held to strike from above. When a father or elder brother died, one married the stepmother and sisters-in-law—the same as Turkish custom. As for marriage, those too poor to provide gifts would simply steal a woman away. The dead were also all buried; mourning dress was removed when the burial was completed. By nature they were greedy and quick to kill. They loved hunting and archery and took meat and curds as provisions. They also knew farming; they grew barley, millet, and beans. Yet at their northern borders the climate was mostly cold and only turnips and barley could be grown, so the poor were many and the rich few. Qinghai Lake measured more than a thousand li in circumference; within the lake there were small hills. Each winter after the ice froze over, fine mares were placed on these hills; when gathered in the coming spring the mares were all pregnant, and the foals born were called dragon steeds—many were invariably exceptional chargers. Tuyuhun once obtained Persian grass horses and released them into the lake; thereby they produced dapple-gray foals that could travel a thousand li in a day—the Qinghai dapple-grays renowned throughout the world. The land yielded yaks, horses, and mules; parrots were plentiful; and copper, iron, and cinnabar were abundant. The territory also included Shanshan and Qimo.

興和中，齊神武作相，招懷荒遠，蠕蠕既附于國，誇呂遣使致敬。神武喻以大義，征其朝貢，誇呂乃遣使人趙吐骨真假道蠕蠕，頻來東魏。又薦其從妹，靜帝納以為嬪。遣員外散騎常侍傅靈檦使于其國。誇呂又請婚，乃以濟南王匡孫女為廣樂公主以妻之。此後朝貢不絕。

During the Xinghe era, Gao Huan served as chancellor of Qi and sought to win over distant peoples. Once the Rouran had submitted to the state, Kulü sent envoys to pay homage. Gao Huan instructed him in duty to the greater cause and demanded tribute. Kulü then sent his envoy Zhao Tuguzhen by way of the Rouran, and envoys came frequently to Eastern Wei. He also recommended his younger cousin by marriage, and Emperor Jing took her as a consort. Supernumerary Master of Writing Fu Lingbiao was sent as envoy to his state. Kulü again requested a marriage alliance, and the granddaughter of Prince of Jinan Kuang was made Princess of Guangle and given to him in marriage. Thereafter tribute missions did not cease.

西魏大統初，周文遣儀同潘濬喻以逆順之理，於是誇呂再遣使獻能舞馬及羊、牛等。然寇抄不已，緣邊多被其害。廢帝二年，周文勒大兵至姑臧，誇呂震懼，使貢方物。是歲，誇呂又通使于齊。涼州刺史史甯覘知其還，襲之於州西赤泉，獲其僕射乞伏觸狀、將軍翟潘密，商胡二百四十人，駝騾六百頭，雜彩絲絹以萬計。恭帝三年，史寧又與突厥木杆可汗襲擊誇呂，破之，虜其妻子，獲珍物及雜畜。武成初，誇呂復寇涼州，刺史是雲寶戰沒。賀蘭祥、宇文貴率兵討之，誇呂遣其廣定王、鍾留王拒戰。祥等破之，廣定等遁走。又拔其洮陽、洪和二城，置洮州而還。保定中，誇呂前後三輩遣使獻方物。天和初，其龍涸王莫昌率來降，以其地為扶州。二年五月，復遣使來獻。建德五年，其國大亂，武帝詔皇太子征之。軍至伏俟城，誇呂遁走，虜其餘眾而還。明年，又再遣使奉獻。宣政初，其趙王他婁屯來降。自是，朝獻遂絕。

At the beginning of the Datong era of Western Wei, Yuwen Tai sent Master of Ceremonies Pan Jun to instruct him in the principles of loyalty and rebellion. Kulü then again sent envoys presenting dancing horses, sheep, cattle, and the like. Yet raids and plunder did not cease, and the frontier regions suffered greatly at their hands. In the second year of Emperor Fei, Yuwen Tai led a great army to Guzang. Kulü was shaken with fear and sent tribute of local products. That year Kulü also opened relations with Qi. Liang Province Inspector Shi Ning, learning of their return, attacked them at Chiquan west of the province. He captured their vice director Qifu Chuzhuang, General Zhai Panmi, two hundred forty Sogdian merchants, six hundred camels and mules, and variegated silks numbering in the tens of thousands. In the third year of Emperor Gong, Shi Ning again joined with the Türk Khan Mugan in a surprise attack on Kulü. They defeated him, captured his wife and children, and seized precious goods and miscellaneous livestock. At the beginning of the Wucheng era, Kulü again raided Liang Province, and Inspector Shiyun Bao died in battle. Helan Xiang and Yuwen Gui led troops against him. Kulü sent his Kings of Guangding and Zhongliu to resist. Xiang and the others defeated them, and Guangding and the rest fled. They also captured his cities of Taoyang and Honghe, established Taozhou, and returned. During the Baoding era, Kulü on three occasions sent envoys presenting local products. At the beginning of the Tianhe era, his King of Longge, Mochang, led his people in surrender, and his territory was made Fuzhou. In the fifth month of the second year, envoys were again sent with tribute. In the fifth year of Jiande, the state fell into great disorder, and Emperor Wu ordered the crown prince to campaign against it. When the army reached Fuqi City, Kulü fled. They captured the remainder of his forces and returned. The following year envoys were again sent twice with tribute. At the beginning of the Xuanzheng era, his Prince Zhao Talutun came to surrender. From this time tribute offerings ceased.

及隋開皇初，侵弘州，地曠人梗，廢之。遣上柱國元諧率步騎數萬擊之。賊悉發國中，自曼頭至樹敦，甲騎不絕。其所署河西總管定城王鐘利房及其太子可博汗前後來拒戰，諧頻破之。誇呂大懼，率親兵遠遁，其名王十三人召率部落而降。上以其高甯王移茲裒素得眾心，拜大將軍，封河南王，以統降眾。自餘官賞各有差。未幾，復來寇邊，州刺史皮子信拒戰死之。汶州總管梁遠以銳卒擊之，乃奔退。俄而入寇廓州，州兵擊走之。

When Sui's Kaihuang era began, they invaded Hong Province. The land was vast and the people hostile, and the province was abolished. Senior Grand Duke Yuan Xie was sent at the head of several tens of thousands of infantry and cavalry to attack them. The rebels mobilized the entire state. From Mantou to Shudun, armored horsemen were unceasing. Kulü's appointed Director-General of Hexi, King of Dingcheng Zhong Lifang, and his heir Kebohan came in succession to resist, but Xie repeatedly defeated them. Kulü was greatly afraid and fled far away with his personal troops. Thirteen of his sub-kings led their tribes in surrender. The emperor, because his King of Gaoning Yizibo had long won the hearts of the people, appointed him Grand General, enfeoffed him as King of Henan, and put him in command of the surrendered masses. The remaining offices and rewards each differed in rank. Before long they again raided the frontier. Prefect Pizi Xin resisted and died in battle. Director-General of Wen Province Liang Yuan struck them with elite troops, and they fled in retreat. Soon afterward they again invaded Kuozhou, but the provincial troops attacked and drove them off.

誇呂在位百年，屢因喜怒廢殺太子。其後太子懼殺，遂謀執誇呂而降，請兵于邊吏。秦州總管河間王計應之，上不許。太子謀泄，為其父所殺。復立少子嵬王訶為太子。疊州刺史杜祭請因其釁討之，上又不許。六年，嵬王訶復懼父誅，謀歸國，請兵迎接。上謂其使者曰：「溥天之下，皆是朕臣妾，各為善事，即朕稱心。嵬王既有好意，欲來投服，唯教嵬王為臣子法，不可遠遣兵馬，助為惡事。」嵬王乃止。八年，其名王拓拔木彌請以千餘家歸化。上曰：「叛天背父，何可收納！又其本意，正自避死，若今違拒，又復不仁。若有音信，宜遣慰撫，任其自拔，不須出兵馬應接。其妹夫及甥欲來，亦任其意，不勞勸誘也。」是歲，河南王移茲裒死，文帝令其弟樹歸襲統其眾。平陳之後，誇呂大懼，逃遁險遠，不敢為寇。

Kulü reigned for a hundred years and repeatedly deposed and killed the heir apparent according to his moods of favor or anger. Later the heir apparent, fearing execution, plotted to seize Kulü and surrender, requesting troops from frontier officials. Director-General of Qin Province, the Prince of Hejian, Ji, planned to respond, but the emperor would not permit it. The heir apparent's plot was leaked, and his father had him killed. The younger son, Prince Wei He, was again established as heir apparent. Diezhou Inspector Du Ji requested that they be attacked on account of this provocation, but the emperor again would not permit it. In the sixth year Prince Wei He again feared his father's execution, plotted to return to the state, and requested troops to receive him. The emperor said to his envoy, "Under the broad heaven all are my subjects. If each does what is good, that satisfies my heart. Since Prince Wei has good intentions and wishes to come and submit, I can only instruct Prince Wei in the way of a subject and minister. One must not send troops from afar to help in an evil affair." Prince Wei then desisted. In the eighth year his sub-king Tuoba Mimi requested to submit with more than a thousand households. The emperor said, "To rebel against Heaven and turn one's back on one's father—how can such persons be received! Yet their original intent was simply to escape death. If I now refuse them, that would again be unkind. If there is word from them, envoys should be sent to comfort them and let them come out on their own. There is no need to send troops to meet them. If their brothers-in-law and nephews wish to come, let that also be as they wish. There is no need to urge or entice them." That year King of Henan Yizibo died. Emperor Wen ordered his younger brother Shugui to succeed and command his followers. After the pacification of Chen, Kulü was greatly afraid, fled to distant perilous regions, and did not dare raid.

十一年，誇呂卒，子世伏使其兄子無素奉表稱籓，並獻方物，請以女備後庭。上謂無素曰：「若依來請，他國便當相學，一許一塞，是謂不平。若並許之，又非好法。」竟不許。十一年，遣刑部尚書宇文弼撫慰之。十六年，以光化公主妻世伏，上表稱公主為天后，上不許。

In the eleventh year Kulü died. His son Shifu had his elder brother's son Wusu present a memorial declaring vassalage, also presenting local products and requesting that a daughter be kept in the rear palace. The emperor said to Wusu, "If I grant this request, other states will follow the example. To grant one and refuse another is called unfairness. Yet if I grant them all, that again is not good policy." In the end he did not grant it. In the eleventh year Minister of Justice Yuwen Bi was sent to comfort them. In the sixteenth year Princess Guanghua was given in marriage to Shifu. He submitted a memorial calling the princess Heavenly Empress, but the emperor would not permit it.

明年，其國大亂，國人殺世伏，立其弟伏允為主。使陳廢立事，並謝專命罪，且請依俗尚主，上從之。自是朝貢歲至，而常訪國家消息，上甚惡之。煬帝即位，伏允遣子順來朝。時鐵勒犯塞，帝遣將軍馮孝慈出敦煌禦之，戰不利。鐵勒遣使謝罪請降，帝遣黃門侍郎裴矩慰撫之，諷令擊吐谷渾以自效。鐵勒即勒兵襲破吐谷渾，伏允東走，保西平境。帝復令觀德王雄出澆河，許公宇文述出西平掩之，大破其眾。伏允遁逃於山谷間，其故地皆空。自西平臨羌城以西，且末以東，祁連以南，雪山以北，東西四千里，南北二千里皆為隋有。置郡、縣、鎮、戍，發天下輕罪徙居之。於是留順不之遣。伏允無以自資，率其徒數千騎，客於党項。帝立順為主，送出玉門，令統餘眾，以其大寶王泥洛周為輔。至西平，其部下殺洛周，順不果入而還。

The following year the state fell into great disorder. The people killed Shifu and established his younger brother Fuyun as ruler. An envoy reported the deposition and installation, also apologized for acting on his own authority, and requested that the princess be married according to custom. The emperor consented. From this time tribute came every year, yet they constantly inquired into the state's affairs, which the emperor greatly resented. When Emperor Yang succeeded to the throne, Fuyun sent his son Shun to pay court. At that time the Tiele violated the frontier. The emperor sent General Feng Xiaoci out from Dunhuang to repel them, but the battle went badly. The Tiele sent envoys to apologize and request surrender. The emperor sent Palace Attendant Pei Ju to comfort them and hint that they should attack Tuyuhun to prove their merit. The Tiele immediately mustered troops, struck and broke Tuyuhun. Fuyun fled east and held the borders of Xiping. The emperor again ordered Prince Guande Xiong out by the Jiao River and Duke of Xu Yuwen Shu out from Xiping to take them by surprise, and they greatly defeated their forces. Fuyun fled and hid among the mountain valleys, and his former lands were all emptied. From Linqiang City of Xiping westward, east of Qimo, south of Qilian, and north of the Snow Mountains—four thousand li east to west and two thousand li north to south—all became Sui territory. Commanderies, counties, garrisons, and outposts were established, and throughout the empire persons convicted of minor offenses were exiled to settle there. Thereupon Shun was detained and not sent back. Fuyun had no means to support himself and led several thousand horsemen of his followers to lodge among the Tangut. The emperor established Shun as ruler, sent him out through Yumen Pass, and ordered him to command the remaining masses, with his Grand Treasure King Niluozhou as assistant. When they reached Xiping, his followers killed Niluozhou. Shun was unable to enter and returned.

大業末，天下亂，伏允復其故地，屢寇河右，郡縣不能制。

At the end of the Daye era the empire fell into disorder. Fuyun recovered his former lands and repeatedly raided the lands west of the Yellow River, which the commanderies and counties could not control.

吐谷渾北有乙弗勿敵國，國有屈海，海周回千餘里。眾有萬落，風俗與吐谷渾同。然不識五穀，唯食魚及蘇子。蘇子狀若中國枸郐巳子，或赤或黑。

North of Tuyuhun was the state of Yifu Wudi. The state had Quhai, a lake measuring more than a thousand li in circumference. The people numbered ten thousand settlements, and their customs were the same as Tuyuhun's. Yet they did not know the five grains and ate only fish and hemp seed. Hemp seed resembled Chinese wolfberry fruit, red or black.

有契翰一部，風俗亦同，特多狼。

There was one branch called Qihan. Their customs were also the same, but they had especially many wolves.

白蘭山西北，又有可蘭國，風俗亦同。目不識五色，耳不聞五聲，是夷蠻戎狄之中丑類也。土無所出，直大養群畜，而戶落亦可萬餘人。頑弱不知鬥戰，忽見異人，舉國便走。性如野獸，體輕工走，逐不可得。

Northwest of Mount Bailan there was also the state of Kelan, whose customs were also the same. Their eyes did not distinguish the five colors, their ears did not hear the five tones—they were the ugliest sort among the Yi, Man, Rong, and Di. The soil produced nothing. They simply raised herds in great numbers, yet their households also numbered more than ten thousand persons. Stubborn and weak, they did not know how to fight. At the sudden sight of strangers the whole state would flee. By nature they were like wild beasts—light of body and skilled at running—and could not be pursued and caught.

白蘭西南二千五百里，隔大嶺，又度四十里海，有女王國。人庶萬餘落，風俗土著，宜桑麻，熟五穀，以女為王，故因號焉。譯使不至，其傳亦然。

Two thousand five hundred li southwest of Bailan, beyond a great ridge and across forty li of sea, there was a kingdom of women. The people numbered more than ten thousand settlements. Their customs were settled and indigenous; mulberry and hemp flourished and the five grains ripened. A woman served as king, and thus it was so named. Interpreter envoys did not arrive, yet the tradition was likewise.

宕昌羌者，其先蓋三苗之胤。周時與庸、蜀、微、盧等八國從武王滅商。漢有先零、燒當等，世為邊患。其地東接中華，西通西域，南北數千里。姓別自為部落，酋帥皆有地分，不相統攝，宕昌即其一也。俗皆土著，居有屋宇。其屋，織犛牛尾及羖羊毛覆之。國無法令，又無徭賦。唯戰伐之時，乃相屯聚；不然，則各事生業，不相往來。皆衣裘褐，牧養犛牛、羊、豕以供其食。父子、伯叔、兄弟死者，即以繼母、世叔母及嫂、弟婦等為妻。俗無文字，但候草木榮落，記其歲時。三年一相聚，殺牛、羊以祭天。

The Dangchang Qiang were descended from the San Miao. In the Zhou era they, together with Yong, Shu, Wei, Lu, and the other eight states, followed King Wu in destroying Shang. Under Han there were the Xianlian and Shaochang, who for generations were frontier troubles. Their lands bordered China to the east and connected with the Western Regions to the west, extending several thousand li north and south. Each surname formed its own tribe. Chieftains each had their allotted lands and did not govern one another—Dangchang was one of these. Their custom was to dwell settled in place, living in houses. Their houses were roofed with woven yak tails and sheep wool. The state had no laws and no corvée or taxation. Only when there was warfare did they gather together; Otherwise each pursued his own livelihood and they did not visit one another. All wore fur and coarse cloth and raised yaks, sheep, and pigs for food. When fathers, sons, elder and younger uncles, or brothers died, one then took as wife the stepmother, father's younger brother's wife, sister-in-law, or younger brother's wife. They had no written language. They marked the seasons only by watching when plants and trees flourished and withered. Every three years they gathered as one people and slaughtered cattle and sheep to sacrifice to Heaven.

有梁勤者，世為酋帥，得羌豪心，乃自稱王焉。勤孫彌忽，太武初，遣子彌黃奉表求內附。太武嘉之，遣使拜彌忽為宕昌王，賜彌黃爵甘松侯。彌忽死，孫彪子立。其地自仇池以西，東西千里；席水以南，南北八百里。地多山阜，人二萬餘落。世修職貢，頗為吐谷渾所斷絕。彪子死，彌治立。彪子弟羊子先奔吐谷渾，遣兵送羊子，欲奪彌治位。彌治遣使請救，獻文詔武都鎮將宇文生救之，羊子退走。彌治死，子彌機立，遣其司馬利柱奉表貢方物。楊文度之叛，圍武都，彌機遣其二兄率眾救武都，破走文度。孝文時，遣使子橋表貢硃沙、雄黃、白石膽各一百斤。自此後，歲以為常，朝貢相繼。後孝文遣鴻臚劉歸、謁者張察拜彌機征南大將軍、西戎校尉、梁益二州牧、河南公、宕昌王。以助之。

There was a man named Liang Qin whose family had served for generations as tribal chieftains. After winning over the Qiang magnates, he proclaimed himself king. Qin's grandson Mi Hu, in the early reign of Emperor Taiwu, sent his son Mi Huang with a memorial asking to submit to the dynasty. Emperor Taiwu approved and sent envoys to invest Mi Hu as King of Dangchang, granting Mi Huang the title Marquis of Gansong. When Mi Hu died, his grandson Biao Zi succeeded him. Their territory ran from Chou-Chi westward, a thousand li from east to west; and from the Xishui River southward, eight hundred li from north to south. The land was hilly, and the people numbered more than twenty thousand settlements. For generations they paid tribute as required, but Tuyuhun often blocked their missions. When Biao Zi died, Mi Zhi succeeded him. Biao Zi's younger brother Yang Zi had earlier fled to Tuyuhun, which now sent troops to escort him back and seize Mi Zhi's throne. Mi Zhi sent envoys to ask for help. Emperor Xianwen ordered Yuwen Sheng, commander of the Wudu garrison, to rescue him, and Yang Zi withdrew in defeat. When Mi Zhi died, his son Mi Ji succeeded and sent his chief clerk Li Zhu with a memorial and local tribute goods. When Yang Wendu rebelled and besieged Wudu, Mi Ji sent his two elder brothers with their forces to relieve the city and drive Yang Wendu off. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, he sent the envoy Zi Qiao with a memorial presenting one hundred jin each of cinnabar, realgar, and white stone gall. From then on this became an annual custom, and tribute missions followed one after another. Later Emperor Xiaowen sent Grand Master of Ceremonies Liu Gui and Usher Zhang Cha to invest Mi Ji as General Who Conquers the South, Commandant of the Western Rong, Governor of Liang and Yi provinces, Duke of Henan, and King of Dangchang. These titles were conferred to support him.

鄧至者，白水羌也，世為羌豪，因地名號，自稱鄧至。其地自亭街以東，平武以西，汶嶺以北，宕昌以南，士風習俗，亦與宕昌同。其王像舒治遣使內附，高祖拜龍驤將軍、鄧至王，遣貢不絕。周文命章武公導率兵送之。

The Dengzhi were Baishui Qiang. For generations they had been Qiang magnates, and taking their place-name as their title, they called themselves Dengzhi. Their territory lay east of Tingjie, west of Pingwu, north of Wenling, and south of Dangchang. Local customs and practices were much the same as those of Dangchang. Their king Xiang Shuzhi sent envoys to submit to the dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen invested him as General of the Flying Dragon and King of Dengzhi, and tribute missions thereafter never ceased. Emperor Wen of Northern Zhou ordered Zhang Wugong Dao to lead troops to escort them.

鄧至之西有赫羊國。初，其部內有一羊，形甚大，色至鮮赤，故因為國名。

West of Dengzhi lay the state of Heyang. Originally, within their tribe there was a sheep of enormous size and intensely bright red color, and they took this as the name of their state.

又有東亭衛、大赤水、寒宕、石河、薄陵、下習山、倉驤、覃水等諸羌國，風俗粗獷，與鄧至國不同焉。亦時遣貢使，朝廷納之，皆假之以雜號將軍，子、男、渠帥之名。

There were also various Qiang states, including Dongtingwei, Dachishui, Handang, Shihe, Boling, Xiaxishan, Cangxiang, and Tan Shui. Their customs were coarse and fierce, unlike those of Dengzhi. They too sometimes sent tribute envoys, which the court accepted and rewarded with miscellaneous military titles and ranks such as viscount, baron, and canal chieftain.

白蘭者，羌之別種也。其地東北接吐谷渾，西北利摸徒，南界那鄂。風俗物產，與宕昌略同。周保定元年，遣使獻犀甲、鐵鎧。

Bailan was a separate branch of the Qiang. Their territory bordered Tuyuhun to the northeast, Limotu to the northwest, and Na'e to the south. Their customs and local products were much the same as those of Dangchang. In the first year of Baoding under Northern Zhou, they sent envoys presenting rhinoceros-hide armor and iron mail.

党項羌者，三苗之後也。其種有宕昌、白狼，皆自稱獼猴種。東接臨洮、西平，西拒葉護，南北數千里，處山谷間。每姓別為部落，大者五千餘騎，小者千餘騎。織ＢＸ牛尾及醿惣毛為屋，服裘褐，披氈為上飾。俗尚武力，無法令，各為生業，有戰陣則屯聚，無徭役，不相往來。養ＢＸ牛、羊、豬以供食，不知稼穡。其俗淫穢蒸報，于諸夷中為甚。無文字，但候草木以記歲時。三年一聚會，殺牛羊以祭天。人年八十以上死者，以為令終，親戚不哭；少死者，則雲夭枉，共悲哭之。有琵琶、橫吹，擊缶為節。

The Tangut Qiang were descended from the San Miao. Among their branches were Dangchang and Bailang, all of whom called themselves the Monkey kind. They bordered Lintao and Xiping to the east, faced Yehu to the west, and stretched several thousand li north and south through mountains and valleys. Each surname formed its own tribe. The largest could field more than five thousand horsemen, the smallest more than a thousand. They roofed their houses with woven yak tails and goat wool, wore fur and coarse cloth, and draped felt as outer dress. They valued martial prowess. They had no laws or statutes, each pursued his own livelihood, and they gathered only when war arose. There was no corvée, and they seldom visited one another. They raised yaks, sheep, and pigs for food and did not practice agriculture. Their customs were licentious and included levirate marriage, more so than among any of the other frontier peoples. They had no written language and marked the seasons only by watching the growth and decay of plants and trees. Every three years they gathered and slaughtered cattle and sheep to sacrifice to Heaven. When someone died at eighty or older, it was considered a good and full death, and relatives did not weep; but when someone died young, they said he had been cut off before his time, and all mourned and wept together. They had pipa and transverse flutes, and kept time by striking earthen jars.

魏、周之際，數來擾邊。隋文帝為丞相時，中原多故，因此大為寇掠。蔣公梁睿既平王謙，請因還師討之。開皇元年，有千餘家歸化。五年，拓拔甯叢等各率眾詣旭州內附，授大將軍，其部下各有等差。十六年，復寇會州，詔發隴西兵討之，大破其眾，人相率降，遣子弟入謝罪。帝謂曰：「還語爾父兄，人生須有定居，養老長幼。乃乍還乍走，不羞鄉里邪！」自是朝貢不絕。

During the transition from Northern Wei to Northern Zhou, they repeatedly raided the frontier. When Emperor Wen of Sui was still Chancellor, turmoil in the Central Plains gave them occasion for large-scale raids and plunder. After Duke of Jiang Liang Rui had pacified Wang Qian, he asked permission to attack them on his army's march home. In the first year of Kaihuang, more than a thousand households submitted to the dynasty. In the fifth year, TuoBa Ningcong and others each led their followers to Xuzhou to submit. They were granted the title of general, and their subordinates received ranks of varying grades. In the sixteenth year they raided Huizhou again. An edict dispatched troops from Longxi against them, and their forces were routed. The people submitted in waves, sending sons and younger brothers to court to beg forgiveness. The emperor said to them, "Go back and tell your fathers and elder brothers: life requires a settled home, caring for the old and raising the young. Yet you keep coming and going like this—are you not ashamed before your own people? From then on tribute to the court never ceased.

附國者，蜀郡西北二千餘里，即漢之西南夷也。有嘉良夷，即其東部，所居種姓自相率領，土俗與附國同，言語少殊。不統一，其人並無姓氏。

Fu lay more than two thousand li northwest of Shu Commandery. It was the Southwestern Yi known from Han times. The Jialiang Yi formed its eastern part. The clans where they lived led one another locally. Their customs matched those of Fu, though their language differed slightly. They were not unified under one ruler, and the people as a whole had no surnames.

附國王字宜繒。其國南北八百里，東西千五百里。無城柵，近川穀，傍山險。俗好復讎，故壘石為巢，以避其患。其巢高至十餘丈，下至五六丈，每級以木隔之，基方三四步，巢上方二三步，狀似浮圖。於下級開小門，從內上通，夜必關閉，以防賊盜。國有重罪者，罰牛。人皆輕捷，便擊劍。漆皮為牟甲，弓長六尺，竹為箭。妻其群母及嫂，兒弟死，父兄亦納其妻。好歌舞，鼓簧，吹長角。有死者，無服制，置屍高床之上，沐浴衣服，被以牟甲，覆以獸皮。子孫不哭，帶甲舞劍而呼云：「我父為鬼所取，我欲報冤殺鬼。」自余親戚，哭三聲而止。婦人哭，必兩手掩面。死家殺牛，親屬以豬酒相遺，共飲栎敢而瘞之。死後一年，方始大葬，必集親賓，殺馬動至數十匹。立木為祖父神而事之。其俗以皮為帽，形圓如缽，或戴冪狖。衣多毼皮裘，全剝牛腳皮為靴。項系鐵鎖，手貫鐵釧。王與酋帥，金為首飾，胸前懸一金花，徑三寸。其土高，氣候涼，多風少雨，宜小麥、青稞。山出金、銀、銅、多白雉。水有嘉魚，長四尺而鱗細。

The king of Fu was styled Yizeng. The state measured eight hundred li from north to south and one thousand five hundred li from east to west. They had no walls or palisades and lived near river valleys in mountainous terrain. They were fond of blood vengeance, and so they piled stone towers as nests to escape their enemies. These towers rose from five or six zhang to more than ten zhang in height. Each level was divided by wooden floors. The base was three or four paces square, the upper chamber two or three paces across, and the whole structure resembled a pagoda. A small door opened at the lower level, with an interior passage leading upward. At night it was always closed to guard against thieves. For serious crimes the penalty was a fine paid in cattle. The people were all light and nimble and skilled at sword fighting. They lacquered hide into helmets and armor, used bows six chi long, and made arrows of bamboo. A man married the wives of his father's brothers and his elder brothers. When younger brothers died, fathers and elder brothers also took their wives. They loved song and dance, drumming on reeds and blowing long horns. When someone died there were no mourning garments. The corpse was placed on a high bed, bathed and dressed, covered with helmet and armor, and shrouded in animal hides. Sons and descendants did not weep. Wearing armor, they danced with swords and cried out, "My father was taken by a ghost—I mean to avenge him and kill the ghost." The other relatives wept three times and then stopped. When women wept, they always covered their faces with both hands. The bereaved household slaughtered an ox. Relatives sent one another pork and wine, and together they drank ligan and buried the dead. A full year after death came the great burial. Kin and guests were gathered, and as many as several dozen horses were slaughtered. They erected wooden posts as ancestral spirits and worshipped them. They wore hats of hide, round like bowls, or fur hoods. They wore mostly felt and fur coats and made boots from whole ox-hoof hide. They wore iron chains at the neck and iron bracelets on the wrists. Kings and tribal chieftains wore gold head ornaments and hung a golden flower three cun across before the chest. The land was high and the climate cool, with much wind and little rain. Wheat and highland barley grew well there. The mountains yielded gold, silver, and copper, and white pheasants were plentiful. The rivers held fine fish four chi long with delicate scales.

大業四年，其王遣使素福等八人入朝。明年，又遣其弟子宜林率嘉良夷六十人朝貢。欲獻良馬，以路險不通。請開山道，修職貢物，煬帝以勞人不許。

In the fourth year of Daye, its king sent eight envoys, including Sufu, to court. The next year he sent his nephew Yilin at the head of sixty Jialiang Yi to court with tribute. They wished to present fine horses, but the roads were too dangerous to pass. They asked that a mountain road be opened so tribute could continue, but Emperor Yang refused, unwilling to burden the people with the labor.

嘉良有水闊六七十丈，附國有水闊百餘丈，並南流。用皮為舟而濟。

At Jialiang the rivers were sixty or seventy zhang wide; at Fu they were more than one hundred zhang wide. Both flowed south. They crossed in boats made of hide.

附國南有薄緣夷，風俗亦同。西有女國。其東北連山綿亙數千里，接於党項。往往有羌，大小左封、昔衛、葛延、白狗、向人、望族、林台、舂桑、利豆、迷桑、婢藥、大硤、白蘭、北利摸徒、那鄂、當迷、渠步、桑悟、千碉，並在深山窮穀，無大君長。其風俗略同於党項，或役屬吐谷渾，或附附國。大業中，朝貢。緣西南邊置諸道總管以管之。

South of Fu lived the Boyuan Yi, whose customs were the same. To the west lay the Women's State. To the northeast, linked mountains stretched unbroken for thousands of li, reaching the Tangut lands. Qiang were scattered throughout the region, large and small: Zuofeng, Xiewei, Geyan, Baigou, Xiangren, Wangzu, Lintai, Chunsang, Lidou, Misang, Biyao, Daxia, Bailan, Beilimotu, Na'e, Dangmi, Qubu, Sangwu, and Qianqiao. All lived in deep mountains and remote valleys, with no great lord or chief. Their customs were much like those of the Tangut. Some were subject to Tuyuhun, others attached themselves to Fu. During the Daye era they sent tribute to court. Along the southwestern frontier the court established regional chief administrators to govern them.

稽胡，一曰步落稽，蓋匈奴別種，劉元海五部之苗裔也。或云山戎赤狄之後。自離石以西，安定以東，方七八百里，居山谷間，種落繁熾。其俗土著，亦知種田，地少桑蠶，多衣麻布。其丈夫衣服及死亡殯葬，與中夏略同；婦人則多貫蜃貝以為耳頸飾。與華人錯居。其渠帥頗識文字，言語類夷狄，因譯乃通。蹲踞無禮，貪而忍害。俗好淫穢，女尤甚，將嫁之夕，方與淫者敘離，夫氏聞之，以多為貴。既嫁，頗亦防閑，有犯奸者，隨事懲罰。又兄弟死者，皆納其妻。雖分統郡縣，列於編戶，然輕其徭賦，有異華人。山谷阻深者，又未盡役屬，而凶悍恃險，數為寇。

The Jihu, also called Buluoji, were a separate branch of the Xiongnu and descendants of the five divisions of Liu Yuan. Some say they were descendants of the Mountain Rong and Red Di. From Lishi westward to Anding eastward, across seven or eight hundred square li, they lived among mountains and valleys, and their tribes flourished. They were settled agriculturalists who also farmed. Mulberry and silkworms were scarce there, and they mostly wore hemp cloth. Men's dress and funeral rites were much like those of Central China; but women mostly wore strings of cowrie shells as ear and neck ornaments. They lived intermingled with Chinese settlers. Their chieftains were fairly literate, yet their speech resembled other frontier peoples and could be understood only through interpreters. They squatted informally without proper ceremony, were greedy, and prone to violence. Licentiousness was common in their customs, especially among women. On the eve of marriage a bride would bid farewell to her lovers, and the husband's clan took a greater number of such liaisons as a mark of honor. After marriage they were generally restrained, and adultery was punished according to the circumstances. When a brother died, his brothers also took his widow in levirate marriage. Although they were assigned to commanderies and counties and entered the tax registers, their corvée and tax burdens were lighter than those borne by Chinese subjects. Those in remote mountain valleys were not fully brought under service obligations. Fierce and trusting in difficult terrain, they raided repeatedly.

魏孝昌中，有劉蠡升者，居雲陽谷，自稱天子，立年號，署百官。屬魏氏亂，力不能討。蠡升遂分遣部眾抄掠，汾、晉之間，略無寧歲。神武遷鄴後，始密圖之，乃偽許以女妻蠡升太子。蠡升遂遣子詣鄴，齊神武厚禮之，緩以婚期。蠡升既恃和親，不為之備。魏大統元年三月，齊神武襲之，蠡升率輕騎出外徵兵，為其北部王所殺，送于神武。其眾復立蠡升第三子南海王為主，神武滅之，獲其偽主及弟西海王並皇后、夫人、王公以下四百餘人，歸於鄴。

During the Xiaochang era of Wei, a man named Liu Lisheng lived in Yunyang Valley, proclaimed himself emperor, adopted a reign title, and appointed a full bureaucracy. With the Wei regime in turmoil, the court lacked the strength to suppress him. Lisheng then sent his followers out to raid, and the region between Fen and Jin knew scarcely a year of peace. After Gao Huan moved the capital to Ye, he began secretly plotting against Lisheng and falsely promised to marry his daughter to Lisheng's heir. Lisheng sent his son to Ye, where Gao Huan received him with great courtesy and repeatedly postponed the wedding. Trusting in the marriage alliance, Lisheng made no defensive preparations. In the third month of the first year of Datong, Gao Huan attacked by surprise. Lisheng rode out with light cavalry to levy troops and was killed by his Northern King, whose men sent his head to Gao Huan. His followers then installed Lisheng's third son, the Prince of Nanhai, as ruler. Gao Huan destroyed them, capturing the pretender, his younger brother the Prince of Xihai, the empress, consorts, princes, dukes, and more than four hundred others, and brought them to Ye.

居河西者，多恃險不賓。時周文方與神武爭衡，未遑經略，乃遣黃門侍郎楊愔就安撫之。五年，黑水部眾先叛。七年，別帥夏州刺史劉平伏又據上郡反。自是北山諸部，連歲寇暴。周文前後遣于謹、侯莫陳崇、李弼等相繼討平之。

Those living west of the Yellow River mostly relied on difficult terrain and refused to submit. At that time Yuwen Tai was locked in rivalry with Gao Huan and had no leisure for a full campaign, so he sent Yellow Gate Attendant Cadet Yang Yin to pacify them. In the fifth year the Blackwater tribes were the first to rebel. In the seventh year the separate chieftain Liu Pingfu, Inspector of Xia Province, seized Shang Commandery and rebelled. From then on the tribes of the Northern Mountains raided violently year after year. Yuwen Tai successively sent Yu Jin, Houmochen Chong, Li Bi, and others to suppress them.

武成初，延州稽胡郝阿保、狼皮率其種人，附于齊氏。阿保自署丞相，狼皮自署柱國，並與其別部劉桑德共為影響。柱國豆盧甯督諸軍擊破之。二年，狼皮等餘黨復叛，詔大將軍韓果討破之。

Early in the Wucheng era, the Yanzhou Jihu chieftains Hao Abao and Langpi led their tribes to submit to Northern Qi. Abao styled himself Chancellor and Langpi styled himself Pillar of State. Together with their separate division under Liu Sangde they acted in concert. Pillar of State Doulu Ning led the armies and defeated them. In the second year the remnants of Langpi's faction rebelled again, and an edict ordered Grand General Han Guo to defeat them.

保定中，離石生胡數寇汾北，勳州刺史韋孝寬於險要築城，置兵糧，以遏其路。及楊忠與突厥伐齊，稽胡等便懷旅拒，不供糧餼。忠乃詐其酋帥，雲與突厥回兵討之，酋帥等懼，乃相率供饋焉。其後丹州、綏州等部內諸胡，與蒲川別帥郝三郎等又頻年逆命，復詔達奚震、辛威、於寔等前後窮討，散其種落。天和二年，延州總管宇文盛率眾城銀川，稽胡白鬱久同、喬是羅等欲邀襲，盛並討斬之。又破其別帥喬三勿同等。五年，開府劉雄出綏州，巡檢北邊川路。稽胡帥白郎、喬素勿同等度河逆戰，雄復破之。

During the Baoding era the Lishi Sheng Hu repeatedly raided north of the Fen River. Inspector of Xun Province Wei Xiaokuan built fortified posts at strategic points, stationed troops and grain there, and blocked their routes. When Yang Zhong joined the Turks in attacking Qi, the Jihu became obstructive and refused to supply provisions. Zhong then deceived their chieftains, claiming he would return with the Turks to attack them. Terrified, the chieftains submitted supplies in succession. Later the various Hu within Dan and Sui provinces, together with the separate Puchuan chieftain Hao Sanlang and others, rebelled repeatedly over several years. Edicts ordered Daxi Zhen, Xin Wei, Yu Shi, and others in succession to pursue them relentlessly and scatter their tribes. In the second year of Tianhe, Director-General of Yan Province Yuwen Sheng led troops to fortify Yinchuan. The Jihu Bai Yujiu Tong, Qiao Shiruo, and others planned a surprise attack, but Sheng defeated and executed them. He also defeated their separate chieftain Qiao Sanwutong and his followers. In the fifth year Colonel-Opener Liu Xiong went out from Sui Province to inspect the northern frontier river routes. The Jihu chieftains Bai Lang, Qiao Suwutong, and others crossed the river to give battle, and Xiong defeated them again.

建德五年，武帝敗齊帥于晉州，乘勝逐北，齊人所棄甲仗，未暇收斂，稽胡乘間竊出，並盜而有之。乃立蠡升孫沒鐸為主，號聖武皇帝，年曰石平。六年，武帝定東夏，將討之，議欲窮其巢穴。齊王憲以為種類既多，又山谷阻絕，王師一舉，未可盡除，且當翦其魁帥，餘加慰撫。帝然之，乃以憲為行軍元帥，督行軍總管趙王招、譙王儉、滕王逌等討之。憲軍次馬邑，乃分道俱進。沒鐸遣其黨天柱守河東，又遣其大帥穆支據河西，規欲分守險要，掎角憲軍。憲命譙王儉擊破之，斬獲千餘級。趙王招又擒沒鐸，眾盡降。宣政元年，汾胡帥劉受羅千復反，越王盛督諸軍討禽之。自是寇盜頗息。

In the fifth year of Jiande, Emperor Wu defeated the Northern Qi commander at Jinzhou and pursued the retreating army. Before the abandoned armor and weapons could be collected, the Jihu slipped out and stole them. They then installed Lisheng's grandson Motie as ruler, styled him Emperor Shengwu, and adopted the reign era Shiping. In the sixth year Emperor Wu pacified eastern Xia and prepared to attack them. Some argued for rooting out their strongholds entirely. Prince of Qi Xian argued that with so many clans spread through obstructed mountain valleys, a single campaign could not destroy them all. They should first eliminate the leading chiefs and win over the rest through reassurance. The emperor agreed and appointed Xian campaigning commander-in-chief, with campaigning directors-general Prince of Zhao Zhao, Prince of Qiao Jian, Prince of Teng You, and others under his command. Xian's army halted at Mayi and then advanced along separate routes. Motie sent his follower Tianzhu to guard Hedong and his great chief Muzhi to hold Hexi, hoping to secure strategic points and attack Xian's army from two sides. Xian ordered Prince of Qiao Jian to attack and defeat them, killing and capturing more than a thousand men. Prince of Zhao Zhao also captured Motie, and all his followers surrendered. In the first year of Xuanzheng the Fen Hu chieftain Liu Shouluoqian rebelled again. Prince of Yue Sheng led the armies against him and captured him. From then on raids and banditry largely ceased.

論曰：氐、羌、吐谷渾等曰殊俗，別處邊陲，考之前代，屢經叛服，窺覘首鼠，蓋其本性。夫無德則叛，有道則伏，先王所述荒服也。

The commentary says: The Di, Qiang, Tuyuhun, and similar peoples are alien customs dwelling on distant frontiers. Looking back through earlier ages, they have rebelled and submitted again and again, watching for advantage and shifting with circumstance. That is their nature. Without virtue they rebel; under the Way they submit. This is what the former kings meant by the wild domains beyond civilization.

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