Volume 98 Biographies 86: Rouran, Yuwen Mohuai Xiongnu, Duanliu Liujuan, Gaoche

蠕蠕匈奴宇文莫槐徒何段就六眷高車

Rouran; Yuwen Mohuai of the Xiongnu; Duan Jiuliujuan of the Tuge; and the Gaoche.

列傳第八十六蠕蠕匈奴宇文莫槐徒何段就六眷高車

Biography 86: the Rouran, Yuwen Mohuai of the Xiongnu, Duan Jiuliujuan of the Tuge, and the Gaoche.

蠕蠕姓鬱久閭氏。始神元之末，掠騎有得一奴，發始齊眉，忘本姓名，其主字之曰木骨閭。「木骨閭」者，首禿也。「木骨閭」與「鬱久閭」聲相近，故後子孫因以為氏。木骨閭既壯，免奴為騎卒。穆帝時，坐後期當斬，亡匿廣漠谿穀間，收合逋逃，得百餘人，依純突鄰部。木骨閭死，子車鹿會雄健，始有部眾，自號柔然。後太武以其無知，狀類於蟲，故改其號為蠕蠕。車鹿會既為部帥，歲貢馬畜、貂豽皮。冬則徙度漠南，夏則還居漠北。車鹿會死，子吐奴傀立。吐奴傀死，子跋提立。跋提死，子地粟袁立。

The Rouran people took the clan name Yujiuli. Near the end of Emperor Shenyuan's reign, a raiding party seized a slave whose hair had barely reached his brows; he no longer remembered his own name, and his master styled him Mugulü. Mugulü means "bald head." Because Mugulü and Yujiuli sound alike, later generations took it as their clan name. Once Mugulü had grown strong, he was released from bondage and enrolled as a mounted trooper. Under Emperor Mu he was condemned to death for arriving late; he vanished into the gullies of the deep desert, rallied runaways until he had more than a hundred followers, and threw in his lot with the Chuntuolin tribe. After Mugulü's death his son Cheluhui, a man of great strength, first mustered a tribal following and called himself Rouran. Later Emperor Taiwu, judging them stupid and worm-like in their ways, renamed them Ruru—"writhing worms." After Cheluhui became chief of the tribe, each year he sent tribute of horses, herds, and sable and ferret furs. In winter they crossed south of the desert; in summer they moved back to the northern steppe. When Cheluhui died, his son Tunugui took his place. Tunugui died and was succeeded by his son Bati. Bati died and was succeeded by his son Disuyuan.

地粟袁死，其部分為二。地粟袁長子匹候跋繼父，居東邊；次子縕紇提，別居西邊。及昭成崩，縕紇提附衛辰而貳于魏。魏登國中討之，蠕蠕移部遁走，追之及于大磧南床山下，大破之，虜其半部。匹候跋及部帥屋擊，各收餘落遁走。遣長孫嵩及長孫肥追之，度磧。嵩至平望川，大破屋擊，禽之，斬以徇。肥至涿邪山，及匹候跋，舉落請降。獲縕紇提子曷多汗及曷多汗兄誥歸之、社侖、斛律等，並宗黨數百人，分配諸部。縕紇提西遁，將歸衛辰。道武追之至跋那山，縕紇提復降，道武撫慰如舊。

After Disuyuan's death the tribe divided into two parts. Disuyuan's eldest son Pihouba inherited his father's position and settled in the east; the younger son Wenhadi broke away and lived apart in the west. When Emperor Zhaocheng passed away, Wenhadi leaned on Wei Chen and turned against Wei. During Wei's Dengguo punitive campaign the Rouran shifted their camps and fled; pursued to Nanchuang Mountain south of the great desert, they were routed and half the tribe was taken captive. Pihouba and the tribal chief Wuji each rallied what was left of their people and escaped. The court dispatched Changsun Song and Changsun Fei in pursuit, and they crossed the desert. Song reached the Pingwang River, crushed Wuji's forces, seized him, and beheaded him as a warning. Fei came to Zhuoyeshan, caught up with Pihouba, and the whole tribe submitted. They took Wenhadi's son Heduohan, together with his elder brothers Gaoguizhi, Shelun, Hulü, and several hundred kinsmen, and parcelled them out among the other tribes. Wenhadi fled westward, planning to rejoin Wei Chen. Emperor Daowu pursued him to Banashan; Wenhadi submitted once more, and Daowu treated him with the same favor as before.

九年，曷多汗與社侖率部眾棄其父西走，長孫肥輕騎追之，至上郡跋那山，斬曷多汗，盡殆其眾，社侖數人奔匹候跋，匹候跋處之南鄙，去其庭五百里，令其子四人監之。既而社侖率其私屬，執匹候跋四子而叛，襲匹候跋。諸子收餘眾，亡依高車斛律部。社侖凶狡有權變，月餘，乃釋匹候跋，歸其諸子，欲聚而殲之。密舉兵襲匹候跋，殺匹候跋。子啟拔、吳頡等十五人，歸於道武。社侖既殺匹候跋，懼王師討之，乃掠五原以西諸部，北度大漠。道武以拔、頡為安遠將軍，平棘侯。社侖與姚興和親，道武遣材官將軍和突襲黜弗、素古延諸部，社侖遣騎素古延，突逆擊破之。

In the ninth year Heduohan and Shelun led their followers west, deserting their father; Changsun Fei with light horse pursued them to Banashan in Shang Commandery, killed Heduohan, and all but wiped out their band. Shelun and a handful of men reached Pihouba, who lodged them on his southern border five hundred li from his headquarters and set four of his sons to watch them. Soon afterward Shelun rallied his personal retainers, seized Pihouba's four sons, rebelled, and struck at Pihouba. The sons rallied the survivors and fled for protection to the Gaoche Hulü tribe. Shelun was brutal, crafty, and full of stratagems; after a month or more he freed Pihouba and sent back his sons, planning to draw them together and destroy them. In secret he mobilized his men, fell upon Pihouba, and killed him. His sons Qiba, Wuxie, and fifteen others defected to Emperor Daowu. Once Shelun had killed Pihouba, dreading an imperial expedition, he plundered the tribes west of Wuyuan and crossed the great desert to the north. Emperor Daowu made Qiba and Wuxie Generals of Pacifying the Distance and enfeoffed them as Marquises of Pingji. Shelun sealed a marriage alliance with Yao Xing; Emperor Daowu sent Material Works General He Tu to raid the Chufu and Suguoyan tribes. Shelun dispatched horsemen to relieve Suguoyan, but Tu met them head-on and broke their force.

社侖遠遁漠北，侵高車，深入其地，遂並諸部，凶勢益振。北徙弱洛水，始立軍法；千人為軍，軍置將一人；百人為幢，幢置帥一人。先登者賜以虜獲，退懦者以石擊首殺之，或臨時垂撻。無文記，將帥以羊屎粗討兵數，後頗知刻木為記。其西北有匈奴余種，國尤富強，部帥日拔也稽舉兵擊社侖。逆戰於頞根河，大破之。後盡為社侖所並。號為強盛，隨水草畜牧。其西則焉耆之地，東則朝鮮之地，北則渡沙漠，窮瀚海，南則臨大磧。其常所會庭，敦煌、張掖之北。小國皆苦其寇抄，羈縻附之。於是自號豆代可汗。豆代，猶魏言駕馭開張也；可汗，猶魏言皇帝也。蠕蠕之俗，君及大臣因其行能，即為稱號，若中國立諡。既死之後，不復追稱。

Shelun withdrew deep into the northern wastes, attacked the Gaoche, drove far into their lands, and absorbed tribe after tribe until his savage might swelled without check. He shifted north to the Ruoluo River and for the first time imposed military law; every thousand men made an army, and each army had one commander; every hundred men made a banner, and each banner had one captain. Whoever led the assault received the captives as reward; anyone who hung back was stoned to death, or beaten on the spot. They had no writing: commanders roughly tallied soldiers with pellets of sheep dung, and only later learned to keep track by notching wood. Northwest of them lived Xiongnu remnants, a people unusually rich and strong; their chief Riboyeji took the field against Shelun. Shelun met them on the Egen River and shattered them completely. In time Shelun swallowed them all. His fame as a mighty power spread, and his people followed the grass and water with their herds. Westward lay the territory of Yanqi; eastward the lands of Korea; northward they crossed the desert to the far edge of the Han Sea; southward they pressed upon the great sands. Their usual gathering place for the royal court lay north of Dunhuang and Zhangye. Lesser states groaned under their raids and submitted in tributary dependence. Thereupon he proclaimed himself Khaghan of the Dou line. Dou, in the Wei tongue, means "to drive forth and open wide"; khaghan, in the Wei tongue, means "emperor." By Rouran custom the ruler and his great ministers take titles from their deeds and talents, much as China bestows posthumous names. Once they were dead, no further titles were added.

道武謂尚書崔宏曰：「蠕蠕之人，昔來號為頑囂，每來抄掠，駕牸牛奔遁，驅犍牛隨之，牸牛伏不能前。異部人有教其以犍牛易之來者，蠕蠕曰：'其母尚不能行，而況其子！ '終於不易，遂為敵所虜。今社侖學中國，立法，置戰陣，卒成邊害。道家言'聖人生，大盜起'，信矣。」

Emperor Daowu told Minister of State Cui Hong: "The Rouran were always called stubborn and overbearing. Whenever they raided they put the heifer-cows in front to run, with bullocks driven behind—the heifers would lie down and could not advance. A man from another tribe advised them to swap the heifers for steers on the way in. The Rouran replied, 'If the mother cannot walk, how can the son! They would not make the exchange, and in the end were taken by the enemy. Now Shelun has studied the Middle Kingdom, made laws, and arrayed his troops for battle—at last he has become a scourge on the frontier. The Daoists say, 'When the sage appears, the great robber is born'—how true that is!"

天興五年，社侖聞道武征姚興，遂犯塞，入自參合陂，南至豺山及善無北澤。時遣常山王遵以萬騎追之，不及。天賜中，社侖從弟悅代、大那等謀殺社侖而立大那。發覺，大那等來奔，以大那為冠軍將軍、西平侯，悅代為越騎校尉、易陽子。三年夏，社侖寇邊。永興元年冬，又犯塞。二年，明元討之，社侖遁走，道死。

In the fifth year of Tianxing, Shelun learned that Daowu was marching against Yao Xing and breached the border, entering by Canhepi and pushing south to Chaoshan and the northern marshes of Shanyou. The court then sent the Prince of Changshan, Zun, with ten thousand horse in pursuit, but he could not catch them. In the Tianci era Shelun's cousins Yuedai and Dana plotted to assassinate Shelun and set Dana on the throne. The plot was uncovered; Dana and his fellows fled to Wei. Dana was appointed General of the Van and Marquis of Xiping; Yuedai was made Colonel of the Skilled Cavalry and Baron of Yiyang. In the third summer of that era Shelun raided the frontier. In the winter of the first year of Yongxing he again broke into the borderlands. In the second year Emperor Mingyuan took the field against him; Shelun fled and died on the march.

其子度拔年少，未能禦眾，部落立社侖弟斛律，號藹苦蓋可汗，魏言姿質美好也。斛律北並賀術也骨國，東破譬曆辰部落。三年，斛律宗人悅侯咄牴幹等百數十人來降。斛律畏威自守，不敢南侵，北邊安靜。神瑞元年，與馮跋和媵親，跋娉斛律女為妻，將為交婚。斛律長兄子步鹿真謂斛律曰：「女小遠適，憂思生疾，可遣大臣樹黎、勿地延等女為媵。」斛律不許。步鹿真出，謂樹黎等曰：「斛律欲令汝女為媵，遠至他國。」黎遂共結謀，令勇士夜就斛律穹廬後，伺其出執之，與女俱嬪于和龍。乃立步鹿真。步鹿真立，委政樹黎。

His son Dubo was still a boy and could not hold the tribe together; the clans raised Shelun's younger brother Hulü and styled him Khaghan Aikugai—"of lovely bearing," in the Wei tongue. Hulü absorbed the Heshuyebo state in the north and overthrew the Pilichen tribes in the east. In the third year more than a hundred of Hulü's kinsmen, including Yuehoudu and Digan, came over to Wei. Awed by Wei's power, Hulü held his own and did not dare strike south; the northern marches were quiet. In the first year of Shenrui he made a marriage pact with Feng Ba, who took Hulü's daughter as wife and prepared a reciprocal bridal exchange. Hulü's elder brother's son Buluzhen said to him: "The girl is young and the journey far—longing will make her ill. You could send your ministers Shuli and Budiyan and the others to give their daughters as secondary wives. Hulü refused. When Buluzhen went out he told Shuli and the rest: "Hulü means to make your daughters secondary wives and send them off to a foreign land. Shuli and his fellows then conspired: at night they posted warriors behind Hulü's yurt, seized him when he came out, and together with the girl sent them as brides to Helong. They thereupon set up Buluzhen as ruler. Buluzhen, once enthroned, handed affairs of state to Shuli.

初，高車叱洛侯者，叛其渠帥，導社侖破諸部落，社侖德之，以為大人。步鹿真與社侖子社拔共至叱洛侯家，淫其少妻。少妻告步鹿真，叱洛侯欲舉大檀為主，遺大檀金馬勒為信。步鹿真聞之，歸發八千騎往圍，叱洛侯焚其珍寶，自刎而死。步鹿真遂掩大檀。大檀發軍執步鹿真及社拔，絞殺之，乃自立。

Earlier there had been a Gaoche man named Chiluohou who rebelled against his chieftain and led Shelun to break the other tribes; Shelun was grateful and made him a great chief. Buluzhen went with Shelun's son Sheba to Chiluohou's home and violated his young wife. The young wife told Buluzhen that Chiluohou meant to raise Datan as lord and had sent Datan a golden horse-bridle as token. Buluzhen heard this, turned back, and sent eight thousand horse to surround him; Chiluohou burned his valuables and cut his own throat. Buluzhen then moved against Datan. Datan mobilized his forces, seized Buluzhen and Sheba, strangled them, and took the throne himself.

大檀者，社侖季父僕渾之子，先統別部鎮於西界，能得眾心，國人推戴之，號牟汗紇升蓋可汗，魏言制勝也。斛律父子既至和龍，馮跋封為上谷侯。大檀率眾南徙犯塞，明元親討之，大檀懼而遁走。遣山陽侯奚斤等追之，遇寒雪，士眾凍死及墮指者十二三。及明元崩，太武即位，大檀聞而大喜，始光元年秋，乃寇雲中。太武親討之，三日二夜至雲中。大檀騎圍太武五十餘重，騎逼，馬首相次如堵焉。士卒大懼。太武顏色自若，眾情乃安。先是，大檀弟大那與社侖爭國，敗而來奔。大檀以大那子於陟斤為部帥。軍士射于陟斤殺之，大檀恐，乃還。二年，太武大舉征之，東西五道並進。平陽王長孫翰等從黑漠；汝陰公長孫道生從白黑兩漠間；車駕從中道；東平公娥清次西，從栗園；宜城王奚斤、將軍安原等西道，從爾寒山。諸軍至漠南，舍輜重，輕騎齎十五日糧，絕漠討之。大檀部落駭驚，北走。

Datan was the son of Shelun's uncle Puhun; he had long commanded a separate division on the western frontier, won the people's hearts, and the nation raised him up, styling him Khaghan Mohankesheng—"the conqueror," in the Wei tongue. When Hulü and his son reached Helong, Feng Ba enfeoffed them as Marquises of Shanggu. Datan led his people south to raid the border; Emperor Mingyuan took the field in person, and Datan fled in terror. He sent the Marquis of Shanyang, Xi Jin, and others in pursuit; they met bitter cold and snow, and two or three soldiers in ten froze to death or lost fingers to frostbite. When Emperor Mingyuan died and Emperor Taiwu ascended the throne, Datan was overjoyed; in the autumn of the first year of Shiguang he raided Yunzhong. Emperor Taiwu marched against him in person and reached Yunzhong in three days and two nights. Datan's horsemen ringed Taiwu more than fifty deep; the press was so tight that horse heads stood flank to flank like a wall. The troops were seized with terror. Emperor Taiwu's countenance never changed, and the army's hearts grew calm. Earlier Datan's younger brother Dana had fought Shelun for the realm, been beaten, and fled to Wei. Datan had installed Dana's son Yuzhijin as a tribal chief. A soldier's arrow struck Yuzhijin and killed him; Datan was terrified and pulled back. In the second year Taiwu launched a great expedition, five armies advancing together from east and west. The Prince of Pingyang, Changsun Han, and others marched from the Black Desert; the Duke of Ruyin, Changsun Daosheng, from between the white and black deserts; the imperial carriage by the central road; the Duke of the Eastern March, E Qing, on the western wing, from Liyuan; On the western route the Prince of Yicheng, Xi Jin, General Anyuan, and others advanced from Erhanshan. When the armies reached the southern desert they cast off their baggage train, took light horse with fifteen days' rations, crossed the wastes, and struck. Datan's people were seized with terror and fled northward.

神蒨元年八月，大檀遣子將騎萬餘入塞，殺掠邊人而走，附國高車追擊破之。自廣寧還，追之不及。二年四月，太武練兵於南郊，將襲大檀。公卿大臣皆不願，術士張深、徐辯以天文說止帝，帝從崔浩計而行。會江南使還，稱宋文欲犯河南，謂行人曰：「汝疾還告魏主，歸我河南地，即當罷兵；不然，盡我將士之力。」帝聞而大笑，告公卿曰：「龜鱉小豎，自救不暇，何能為也？就使能來，若不先滅蠕蠕，便是坐待寇至，腹背受敵，非上策也。吾行決矣！」於是車駕出東道，向黑山；平陽王長孫翰從西道，向大娥山。同會賊庭。五月，次於沙漠南，舍輜重輕襲之。至栗水，大檀眾西奔。弟匹黎先典東落，將赴大檀，遇翰軍，翰縱騎擊之，殺其大人數百。大檀聞之震怖，將其族黨，焚燒廬舍，絕跡西走，莫知所至。於是國落四散，竄伏山谷，畜產布野，無人收視。太武緣栗水西行，過漢將竇憲故壘。六月，車駕次於菟園水，去平城三千七百餘里。分軍搜討，東至瀚海，西接張掖水，北度燕然山，東西五千餘里，南北三千里。高車諸部殺大檀種類前後歸降三十餘萬，俘獲首虜及戎馬百餘萬匹。八月，太武聞東部高車屯巳尼陂，人畜甚眾，去官軍千餘里，遂遣左僕射安原等往討之。暨巳尼陂，高車諸部望軍降者數十萬。大檀部落衰弱，因發疾而死。

In the eighth month of the first year of Shenqi, Datan sent his son at the head of more than ten thousand horsemen into the borderlands to kill and plunder; on the retreat the subject Gaoche tribes overtook and broke them. As they returned from Guangning the pursuers could not overtake them. In the fourth month of the second year Taiwu reviewed troops at the southern suburb, preparing to fall upon Datan. The chief ministers were all against the campaign; the diviners Zhang Shen and Xu Bian argued from the stars that he should not go, yet the emperor took Cui Hao's counsel and set out. Envoys returning from the south reported that Emperor Wen of Song intended to attack the Henan region and told the travelers, "Go quickly and tell the Wei ruler: give back our lands south of the Yellow River and we will lay down arms; otherwise we will bring the full force of our army against you. The emperor laughed aloud and told his ministers, "That turtle-and-snake whelp can hardly keep himself alive—what harm can he do? Even if he did come, unless we first crush the Rouran we would only sit and let the foe strike us from both sides—that is no sound plan. My decision stands! Thereupon the imperial carriage took the eastern road toward Black Mountain; the Prince of Pingyang, Changsun Han, the western road toward Great Goose Mountain. The two wings were to unite at the enemy's headquarters. In the fifth month they halted south of the desert, shed their heavy train, and struck in force. When they reached the Li River, Datan's host fled westward. His younger brother Pili, who had governed the eastern tribes, was marching to join Datan when he met Han's army; Han charged and killed several hundred of their chiefs. Datan, hearing this, was stricken with terror; he gathered his kin, burned their camps, and vanished westward—none knew whither. The tribes scattered into the hills; herds lay across the plains with no hand to gather them. Taiwu marched west along the Li River, passing the old fortress of the Han general Dou Xian. In the sixth month the court halted at Tuyuan River, more than three thousand seven hundred li from Pingcheng. The army was split to hunt them down: east to the Han Sea, west to the Zhangye River, north over Mount Yanran—five thousand li from east to west and three thousand from north to south. Gaoche tribes slew Datan's kin; in all more than three hundred thousand came over, and captives, heads, and horses exceeded a million. In the eighth month Taiwu learned that eastern Gaoche were camped at Sini Marsh with immense herds, a thousand li from the main force; he sent the Left Vice Director Anyuan against them. At Sini Marsh several hundred thousand Gaoche clans came out to surrender at sight of the army. Datan's tribe was broken; he sickened and died.

子吳提立，號敕連可汗，魏言神聖也。四年，遣使朝獻。先是，北鄙候騎獲吳提南偏邏者二十餘人，太武賜之衣服，遣歸。吳提上下感德，故朝貢焉。帝厚賓其使而遣之。延和三年二月，以吳提尚西海公主，又遣使者納吳提妹為夫人，又進為左昭儀。吳提遣其兄禿鹿傀及左右數百人來朝，獻馬二千匹。帝大悅，班賜甚厚。

His son Wuti took the throne, styled Khaghan Chile—"sacred," in the Wei tongue. In the fourth year he sent envoys bearing tribute. Earlier northern scouts had taken more than twenty of Wuti's southern patrols; Taiwu clothed them and sent them home. Wuti's court, high and low, were moved by this grace, and so they sent tribute. The emperor lavished gifts on the envoys and dismissed them. In the second month of Yanhe year three Wuti wed Princess Xihai; Wei also took his younger sister as consort and later raised her to Left Senior Concubine. Wuti sent his elder brother Tulugui and several hundred followers to court with two thousand horses. The emperor was delighted and heaped rewards upon them.

至太延二年，乃絕和犯塞，四年，車駕幸五原，遂征之。樂平王丕、河東公賀多羅督十五將出東道，永昌王健、宜都王穆壽督十五將出西道，車駕出中道。至浚稽山，分中道復為二道，陳留王崇從大澤向涿邪山，車駕從浚稽北向天山。西登子阜，刻石記行，不見蠕蠕而還。時漠北大旱，無水草，軍馬多死。

By the second year of Taiyan he broke peace and raided the border; in the fourth year the emperor went to Wuyuan and took the field against him. The Prince of Leping, Pi, and the Duke of Hedong, Heduo'luo, led fifteen generals on the east; the Prince of Yongchang, Jian, and the Prince of Yidu, Mushou, fifteen on the west; the emperor marched in the center. At Junji Mountain the center divided: the Prince of Chenliu, Chong, struck from the great marsh toward Zhuoyeshan; the emperor from Junji north toward Heavenly Mountain. They climbed Zifu in the west, carved a stone record of the campaign, found no Rouran, and turned back. The northern desert was gripped by drought; grass and water failed and countless horses perished.

五年，車駕西伐沮渠牧犍，宜都王穆壽輔景穆居守，長樂王嵇敬、建甯王崇二萬人鎮漠南，以備蠕蠕。吳提果犯塞。壽素不設備，賊至七介山，京邑大駭，爭奔中城。司空長孫道生拒之於吐頹山。吳提之寇也，留其兄乞列歸與北鎮諸軍相守，敬、崇等破乞列歸於陰山之北，獲乞列歸。歎曰：「沮渠陷我也！」獲其伯父他吾無鹿胡及其將帥五百人，斬首萬餘級。吳提聞而遁走，道生追之，至於漠南而還。

In the fifth year the emperor marched west against Juqu Mujian; the Prince of Yidu, Mushou, stayed to assist Jingmu; the Prince of Changle, Jijing, and the Prince of Jianning, Chong, with twenty thousand men guarded the southern desert against the Rouran. Wuti duly struck the border. Mushou was unprepared; when the raiders reached Qijie Mountain the capital panicked and crowds fled into the inner citadel. The Minister of Works, Changsun Daosheng, met them at Tuxian Mountain. Wuti left his elder brother Qieliegui to face the northern garrisons; Jijing and Chong broke him north of Yinshan and took him prisoner. He sighed, "Juqu has undone me! They seized his uncle Tawuwulu and more than five hundred officers and beheaded over ten thousand men. Wuti fled on the news; Daosheng pursued to the southern desert and withdrew.

真君四年，車駕幸漠南，分軍為四道：樂安王范、建甯王崇各統十五將出東道，樂平王丕督十五將出西道，車駕出中道，中山王辰領十五將為中軍後繼。車賀至鹿渾穀，與賊相遇。吳提遁走，追至頞根河擊破之。車駕至石水而還。五年，復幸漠南，欲襲吳提，吳提遠遁，乃止。

In the fourth year of Zhenjun the emperor came to the southern desert and split into four columns: the Princes of Le'an and Jianning, fifteen generals each on the east; the Prince of Leping, Pi, fifteen on the west; the emperor in the center; the Prince of Zhongshan, Chen, with fifteen generals as rear guard. The emperor reached Luhun Valley and met the foe. Wuti fled; pursued to the Egen River they shattered his force. The emperor came to Shishui and turned back. In the fifth year he again came south intending to strike Wuti; Wuti fled beyond reach and the campaign was called off.

吳提死，子吐賀真立，號處可汗，魏言唯也。十年正月，車賀北伐，高涼王那出東道，略陽王羯兒出西道，車駕與景穆自中道出涿邪山。吐賀真別部帥爾綿他拔等率千餘家來降。是時，軍行數千里，吐賀真新立，恐懼遠遁。九月，車駕北伐，高涼王出東道，略陽王羯兒出中道，與諸軍期會于地弗池。吐賀真悉國精銳，軍資甚盛，圍那數十重。那掘長圍堅守，相持數日。吐賀真數挑戰輒不利，以那眾少而固，疑大軍將至，解圍夜遁。那引軍追之，九日九夜，吐賀真益懼，棄輜重，逾穹隆嶺遠遁。那收其輜重，引軍還，與車駕會於廣澤。略陽王羯兒盡收其人戶、畜產百餘萬。自是，吐賀真遂單弱，遠竄，邊疆息警矣。太安四年，車駕北征，騎十萬，車十五萬兩，旌旗千里，遂渡大漠。吐賀真遠遁，其莫弗烏硃駕頹率眾數千落來降，乃刊石記功而還。太武征伐之後，意存休息；蠕蠕亦怖威北竄，不敢復南。

When Wuti died his son Tuhezhen succeeded, styled Khaghan Chu—"the sole one," in the Wei tongue. In the first month of the tenth year the emperor marched north: the Prince of Gaoliang, Na, on the east; the Prince of Liaoyang, Jie'er, on the west; the emperor and Jingmu in the center from Zhuoyeshan. Tuhezhen's subordinate chief Ermiantuoba and others brought more than a thousand households to submit. The army had already marched thousands of li; Tuhezhen, newly enthroned, fled in terror to the far north. In the ninth month the emperor marched north again: the Prince of Gaoliang on the east, the Prince of Liaoyang Jie'er in the center, all to unite at Difu Pool. Tuhezhen gathered the nation's best troops with rich stores and ringed Na's camp dozens of deep. Na dug in behind a deep rampart and held for several days. Tuhezhen offered battle again and again without gain; finding Na few but stubborn, he feared the main host was near and broke camp by night. Na pursued nine days and nine nights; Tuhezhen, ever more afraid, cast off his baggage, crossed Qionglong Ridge, and fled into the distance. Na gathered the abandoned stores and withdrew to meet the emperor at Guangze. The Prince of Liaoyang, Jie'er, seized all their households and herds—more than a million head. After this Tuhezhen was broken and alone, driven far off, and the borderlands were quiet. In the fourth year of Tai'an the emperor marched north with a hundred thousand horse and a hundred fifty thousand carts; banners filled the horizon for a thousand li as they crossed the desert. Tuhezhen fled beyond reach; his minister Wuzhu Jiatai led several thousand tribes to submit; they carved stone to commemorate the victory and returned. After Taiwu's wars he sought repose; the Rouran too were cowed by his might, fled north, and dared not raid south again.

和平五年，吐賀真死，子予成立，號受羅部真可汗，魏言惠也。自稱永康元年。率部侵塞，北鎮遊軍大破其眾。皇興四年，予成犯塞，車駕北討，京兆王子推、東陽西元丕督諸軍出西道，任城王雲等督軍出東道，汝陰王賜、濟南公羅烏拔督軍為前鋒，隴西王源賀督諸軍為後繼。諸將會車駕于女水之濱，獻文親誓眾，詔諸將曰：「用兵在奇，不在眾也。卿等但為朕力戰，方略已在朕心。」乃選精兵五千人挑戰，多設奇兵以惑之，虜眾奔潰，逐北三十餘里，斬首五萬級，降者萬餘人，戎馬器械，不可稱計。旬有九日，往返六千餘里。改女水曰武川，遂作《北征頌》，刊石紀功。

In the fifth year of Heping Tuhezhen died; his son Yucheng succeeded, styled Khaghan Shouluobuzhen—"the gracious," in the Wei tongue. He proclaimed the first year of his era Yongkang. He led his tribes against the border; northern patrols crushed his army. In the fourth year of Huangxing Yucheng raided the border; the emperor marched north: the Prince of Jingzhao, Zitui, and Xiyuan Pi of Dongyang on the west; the Prince of Rencheng, Yun, and others on the east; the Prince of Ruyin, Ci, and the Duke of Jinan, Luowuba, in the van; the Prince of Longxi, Yuanhe, in the rear. The generals joined the emperor on the Nü River; Emperor Xianwen personally swore the army and told his commanders, "In war it is cunning, not numbers, that counts. Fight with all your strength for me; the strategy is already settled in my mind. He chose five thousand picked men to offer battle, laid many ambushes to bewilder them; the enemy broke and ran; pursued more than thirty li north they took fifty thousand heads and ten thousand prisoners; horses and gear beyond reckoning. In nineteen days they marched more than six thousand li out and back. The Nü River was renamed Wuchuan; he wrote the "Ode of the Northern Expedition" and set up a stone inscription.

延興五年，予成求通婚聘，有司以予成數犯邊塞，請絕其使，發兵討之。帝曰：「蠕蠕譬若禽獸，貪而亡義，朕要當以信誠待物，不可抑絕也。予成知悔前非，遣使請和，求結姻援，安可孤其款意？」乃詔報曰：「所論婚事，今始一反，尋覽事理，未允厥中。夫男而下女，爻象所明，初婚之吉，敦崇禮聘，君子所以重人倫之本。不敬其初，令終難矣。」予成懷譎詐，終獻文世，更不求婚。

In the fifth year of Yanxing Yucheng asked for a marriage alliance; the officials, citing his repeated border raids, urged that envoys be refused and an army sent. The emperor said, "The Rouran are like wild beasts—greedy and faithless; yet I must meet all with honest good faith and cannot simply shut them out. Yucheng repents his past wrongs and sends envoys to sue for peace and kinship—how can I spurn his sincere plea? He answered by edict: "Your talk of marriage comes only now, after your turnabout; weighed in fairness, it does not satisfy. That the man should stand above the woman is plain in the Book of Changes; a proper first marriage rests on solemn betrothal—the gentleman thereby honors the foundation of human order. Where the beginning lacks respect, a worthy end is hard to reach." Yucheng nursed treachery and through Emperor Xianwen's reign never again asked for a bride.

太和元年四月，遣莫何去汾比拔等來獻良馬、貂裘。比拔等稱：「伏承天朝珍寶華麗甚積，求一觀之。」乃敕有司，出禦府珍玩、金玉、文繡、器物，禦廄文馬、奇禽、異獸及人間所宜用者，列之京肆，令其曆觀焉。比拔見之，自相謂曰：「大國富麗，一生所未見也。」二年二月，又遣比拔等朝貢，尋復請婚焉。孝文志在招納，許之。予成雖歲貢不絕，而款約不著，婚事亦停。

In the fourth month of the first year of Taihe he sent Moguhui Qinbaba and others with fine horses and sable pelts. Qinbaba said, "We hear the heavenly court's treasures are heaped in splendor; we beg a glimpse. The emperor ordered the imperial treasury opened—jewels, gold, brocades, vessels, patterned steeds, rare birds and beasts, and everyday luxuries—and arrayed them in the capital market for the envoys to walk through. Qinbaba whispered among themselves, "The great state is rich beyond anything we have ever seen. In the second month of year two they came again with tribute and once more asked for marriage. Emperor Xiaowen, wishing to win them over, agreed. Though Yucheng sent tribute year after year, his pledges rang hollow and the marriage was never concluded.

九年，予成死，子豆侖立，號伏古敦可汗，魏言恆也。自稱太平元年。豆侖性殘暴好殺。其名臣侯醫垔、石洛候數以忠言諫之，又勸與魏通和，勿侵中國。豆侖怒，誣石洛候謀反，殺之，夷其三族。

In the ninth year Yucheng died; his son Doulun succeeded, styled Khaghan Fugudun—"the enduring," in the Wei tongue. He proclaimed the first year of his era Taiping. Doulun was cruel by nature and delighted in bloodshed. His ministers Houyigai and Shiluohou repeatedly spoke plainly, urging peace with Wei and no raids on the Middle Kingdom. Doulun in rage accused Shiluohou of treason, slew him, and wiped out three generations of his house.

十六年八月，孝文遣陽平王頤、左僕射陸睿並為都督，領軍斛律桓等十二將七萬騎討豆侖。部內高車阿伏至羅率眾十餘萬西走，自立為主。豆侖與叔父那蓋為二道追之。豆侖出自浚稽山北而西，那蓋出自金山。豆侖頻為阿伏至羅所敗，那蓋累有勝捷。四人咸以那蓋為天所助，欲推那蓋為主。那蓋不從，眾強之。那蓋曰：「我為臣不可，焉能為主？」眾乃殺豆侖母子，以屍示那蓋，乃襲位。

In the eighth month of the sixteenth year Emperor Xiaowen sent the Prince of Yangping, Yi, and the Left Vice Director Lu Rui as commanders, with General Hulu Huan and twelve other generals at the head of seventy thousand horse against Doulun. Within his realm the Gaoche chief Afozheluo led more than a hundred thousand west and proclaimed himself ruler. Doulun and his uncle Nagai gave chase in two columns. Doulun advanced from north of Junji Mountain westward; Nagai came out from Golden Mountain. Doulun suffered defeat after defeat at Afozheluo's hands; Nagai won battle after battle. All four declared that Heaven favored Nagai and pressed him to take the throne. Nagai refused; the people compelled him. Nagai said, "I am fit to serve, not to rule—how could I be khaghan? The tribes then slew Doulun and his mother, showed the bodies to Nagai, and only then did he accept the throne.

那蓋號候其伏代庫者可汗，魏言悅樂也。自稱太安元年。

Nagai styled himself Khaghan Houqifudaiku—"delight," in the Wei tongue. He proclaimed the first year of his era Tai'an.

那蓋死，子伏圖立，號他汗可汗，魏言緒也。自稱始平元年。正始三年，伏圖遣使紇奚勿六跋朝獻，請求通和。宣武不報其使，詔有司敕勿六跋曰：「蠕蠕遠祖社侖是大魏叛臣，往者包容，暫時通使。今蠕蠕衰微，有損疇日；大魏之德，方隆周、漢，跨據中原，指清八表。正以江南未平，權寬北略。通和之事，未容相許。若修蕃禮，款誠昭著者，當不孤爾也。」永平元年，伏圖又遣勿六跋奉函書一封，並獻貂裘。宣武不納，依前喻遣。

When Nagai died his son Futou succeeded, styled Khaghan Tahan—"the beginning," in the Wei tongue. He proclaimed the first year of his era Shiping. In the third year of Zhengshi, Futou sent the envoy Hexi Wuliubaba to court with tribute and a plea for peace. Emperor Xuanwu gave no answer to the envoy but ordered the officials to tell Wuliubaba, "Your remote forebear Shelun was a traitor to Great Wei; we once indulged you and briefly received your envoys. Now the Rouran are feeble, a far cry from their former might; Great Wei's virtue now rivals Zhou and Han; we hold the heartland and mean to bring order to the eight directions. Only because the south is not yet pacified do we for the moment spare the northern marches. Peace cannot yet be granted you. If you observe proper tributary rites and your good faith is plain, we shall not fail you. In the first year of Yongping, Futou again sent Wuliubaba with a sealed letter and sable pelts. Xuanwu would not receive them and dismissed them with the same rebuke as before.

伏圖西征高車，為高車王彌俄突所殺。子醜奴立，號豆羅伏拔豆伐可汗，魏言彰制也，自稱建昌元年。永平四年九月，醜奴遣沙門洪宣奉獻珠像。延昌三年冬，宣武遣驍騎將軍馬義舒使於醜奴，未發而崩，事遂停寢。醜奴壯健，善用兵。四年，遣使俟斤尉比建朝貢。熙平元年，西征高車大破之，禽其主彌俄突，殺之，盡並叛者，國遂強盛。二年，又遣使俟斤尉比建、紇奚勿六跋、鞏顧禮等朝貢。神龜元年二月，明帝臨顯陽殿，引顧禮等二十人于殿下，遣中書舍人徐紇宣詔，讓以蠕蠕蕃禮不備之意。

Futou marched west against the Gaoche and was slain by the Gaoche king Mie'etuo. His son Chounu succeeded, styled Khaghan Douluofubadoufa—"clear dominion," in the Wei tongue—and proclaimed the first year of Jianchang. In the ninth month of the fourth year of Yongping, Chounu sent the monk Hongxuan with a jeweled Buddha image. In the winter of the third year of Yanchang, Xuanwu sent the Valiant Cavalry General Ma Yishu to Chounu; before he departed the emperor died and the mission lapsed. Chounu was powerfully built and skilled in war. In the fourth year he sent the envoy Houjin Weibijian to court. In the first year of Xiping he marched west, crushed the Gaoche, seized their king Mie'etuo and executed him, absorbed every rebel band, and the realm grew mighty. In the second year he again sent Weibijian, Wuliubaba, Gongguli, and others with tribute. In the second month of the first year of Shengui, Emperor Ming sat at Xianyang Hall and called Gongguli and twenty others before the steps; the Secretariat Attendant Xu He read an edict rebuking their defective tributary observances.

初，豆侖之死也，那蓋為主，伏圖納豆侖之妻候呂陵氏，生醜奴、阿那環等六人。醜奴立後，忽亡一子，字祖惠，求募不能得。有屋引副升牟妻是豆渾地萬，年二十許，為醫巫，假託神鬼，先常為醜奴所信，出入去來。乃言：「此兒今在天上，我能呼得。」醜奴母子欣悅。後歲仲秋，在大澤中施帳屋，齋潔七日，祈請天神。經一宿，祖惠忽在帳中，自雲恆在天上。醜奴母子抱之悲喜，大會國人，號地萬為聖女，納為可賀敦。授夫副升牟爵位，賜牛、馬、羊三千頭。地萬既挾左道，亦是有姿色，醜奴甚加重愛，信用其言，亂其國政。如是積歲，祖惠年長，其母問之。祖惠言：「我恆在地萬家，不嚐上天。上天者，地萬教也。」其母具以狀告醜奴。醜奴言地萬懸鑒遠事，不可不信，勿用讒言也。既而地萬恐懼，譖祖惠於醜奴，醜奴陰殺之。

When Doulun was killed and Nagai took power, Futou married Doulun's widow of the Hou Lü clan, who bore Chounu, Anagui, and six sons in all. After Chounu came to the throne a son vanished—a boy named Zuhui—and though they searched everywhere he could not be found. A woman of about twenty, wife of Wuyinfusheng Mou, named Douhundiwang, passed herself off as a spirit-medium; Chounu had long trusted her and she moved freely in and out of court. She declared, "The boy is in Heaven now; I can summon him back. Chounu and his mother rejoiced. Later, at mid-autumn, they raised a tent in the great marsh, fasted seven days in purity, and prayed to Heaven. After one night Zuhui suddenly stood in the tent, claiming he had always been in Heaven. Chounu and his mother embraced him in tears of joy; the nation was assembled, Diwang was hailed as a holy woman, and she was made Khatun. Her husband Fusheng Mou was ennobled and given three thousand cattle, horses, and sheep. Diwang practiced sorcery and was besides handsome; Chounu doted on her, believed everything she said, and she threw the government into chaos. Years passed; when Zuhui grew older his mother questioned him. Zuhui said, "I was always in Diwang's house—I never went to Heaven. Heaven was only what Diwang taught me to say. His mother told Chounu the whole story. Chounu said Diwang's vision reached distant things and must be trusted; he would hear no slander. Diwang, afraid, denounced Zuhui to Chounu, and Chounu had the boy killed in secret.

正光初，醜奴母遣莫何去汾李具列等絞殺地萬。醜奴怒，欲誅具列等。又阿至羅侵醜奴，醜奴擊之，軍敗還，為母與其大臣所殺，立醜奴弟阿那瑰為主。阿那瑰立經十日，其族兄俊力發示發率眾數萬以伐，阿那瑰戰敗，將弟乙居伐輕騎南走歸魏。阿那瑰母候呂陵氏及其二弟尋為示發所殺，而阿那瑰未之知也。

At the opening of Zhengguang, Chounu's mother sent Moguhui Lijulie and others to strangle Diwang. Chounu raged and meant to put Lijulie and his fellows to death. Meanwhile Azheluo attacked Chounu; Chounu met him, was beaten, and on his return his mother and the chief ministers slew him and set up his younger brother Anagui. Ten days after Anagui took the throne his kinsman Junlifa Shifa marched against him with tens of thousands; beaten, Anagui fled south to Wei with his brother Yijuwa and a light escort. Anagui's mother of the Hou Lü clan and two younger brothers were soon killed by Shifa, though Anagui did not yet know it.

九月，阿那瑰將至，明帝遣兼侍中陸希道為使主，兼散騎常侍孟威為使副，迎勞近畿。使司空公、京兆王繼至北中，侍中崔光、黃門郎元纂在近郊，並申宴勞，引至闕下。十月，明帝臨顯陽殿，引從五品已上清官、皇宗、籓國使客等，列於殿庭。王公已下及阿那瑰等入就庭中，北面。位定，謁者引王公已下升殿，阿那瑰位於籓王之下，又引特命之官及阿那瑰弟並二叔升，位於群官之下。遣中書舍人曹道宣詔勞問。阿那瑰啟云：「陛下優隆，命臣弟、叔等升殿預會。但臣有從兄，在北之日，官高於二叔，乞命升殿。」詔聽之，乃位於阿那瑰弟之下，二叔之上。

In the ninth month, as Anagui drew near, Emperor Ming sent Lu Xidao as chief envoy and Meng Wei as deputy to welcome him in the outer suburbs. Minister of Works and Prince of Jingzhao Ji met him at Beizhong; Palace Attendant Cui Guang and Yellow Gate Attendant Yuan Zuan feasted him in the near suburbs and escorted him to the palace. In the tenth month the emperor sat at Xianyang Hall and gathered officials of the fifth rank and above, imperial kin, and foreign envoys in the courtyard. Princes and below, with Anagui and his party, entered the court and faced north. When all were in place, princes and ministers ascended the hall; Anagui stood below the frontier kings; his brother and two uncles were brought up and placed below the other officials. The emperor sent the Secretariat Attendant Cao Daoxuan to read edicts of greeting and inquiry. Anagui petitioned, "Your Majesty's grace has allowed my brother, uncles, and others to ascend the hall. Yet I have a cousin who in the north outranked my two uncles; I beg that he too be permitted on the hall. The emperor consented; he was placed below Anagui's brother and above the two uncles.

宴將罷，阿那瑰執所啟立於座後。詔遣舍人常景問所欲言。阿那瑰求詣帝前，詔引之。阿那瑰再拜跽曰：「臣先世源由，出於大魏。」詔曰：「朕已具知。」阿那瑰起而言曰：「臣之先，逐草放牧，遂居漠北。」詔曰：「卿言未盡，可具陳之。」阿那瑰又言曰：「臣祖先已來，世居北土，雖復隔越山津，而乃恭心慕化，未能時宣者，正以高車悖逆，臣國擾攘，不暇遣使以宜遠誠。自頃年已前，漸定高車，及臣兄為主，故遣鞏顧禮等使來大魏，實欲虔修籓禮。是以曹道芝北使之日，臣與主兄，即遣大臣五人，拜受詔命。臣兄弟本心，未及上徹。但高車從而侵暴，中有奸臣，因亂作逆，殺臣兄，立臣為主。裁過旬日，臣以陛下恩慈如天，是故倉卒輕身投國，歸命陛下。」詔曰：「具卿所陳，理猶未盡，可更言之。」阿那瑰再拜受詔，起而言曰：「臣以家難，輕來投闕，老母在彼，萬里分張，本國臣人，皆已迸散。陛下隆恩，有過天地，求乞兵馬，還向本國，誅翦叛逆，收集亡散。陛下慈念，賜借兵馬，老母若在，得生相見，以申母子之恩；如其死也，即得報讎，以雪大恥。臣當統臨餘人，奉事陛下，四時之貢，不敢闕絕。陛下聖顏難睹，敢不披陳？但所欲言者，口不能盡言。別有辭啟，謹以仰呈，原垂昭覽。」仍以啟付舍人常景，具以奏聞。

As the feast drew to a close, Anagui stood behind his seat holding his written petition. The emperor sent the Attendant Chang Jing to ask what he wished to say. Anagui asked to approach the throne; he was summoned forward. Anagui knelt, bowed twice, and said, "My ancestors sprang from Great Wei. The emperor said, "I know it already." Anagui rose and said, "My forebears followed the pasturelands and settled in the northern wastes." The emperor said, "You have not finished; speak fully." Anagui continued, "Since our ancestors' day we have lived in the north; though mountains and rivers lay between us, our hearts honored your civilization. We could not send envoys in good time only because the Gaoche rebelled and our realm was torn by strife. In recent years we subdued the Gaoche, and when my elder brother ruled he sent Gongguli and others to Great Wei, truly wishing to observe full tributary rites. When Cao Daozhi came north as your envoy, my brother and I at once sent five great ministers to receive your edict. My brother's and my true hearts had not yet reached Your Majesty. But the Gaoche invaded; traitors seized the chaos, slew my brother, and set me on the throne. Barely ten days later, knowing Your Majesty's kindness is like Heaven, I fled my realm and cast myself on your mercy." The emperor said, "What you have said is still incomplete; continue." Anagui bowed, rose, and said, "Family disaster drove me to your gates; my old mother remains there a thousand leagues away; my people have all fled. Your grace exceeds Heaven and earth; I beg horses and troops to return home, destroy the rebels, and gather the scattered. If you lend me an army, and my mother still lives, we may meet again and fulfill a son's duty; if she is dead, I may yet avenge her and wipe away this great shame. I shall rule what remains and serve you; the tribute of the four seasons shall not fail. Your sacred face is hard for me to behold—how could I not speak plainly? Yet what I would say my tongue cannot fully tell. I have a written petition which I respectfully offer; I beg your gracious reading." He gave the petition to Chang Jing, who laid it before the throne.

尋封阿那瑰朔方郡公、蠕蠕王，賜以衣冕，加之軺、蓋，祿從儀衛，同于戚籓。十二月，明帝以阿那瑰國無定主，思還綏集，占請切至，詔議之。時朝臣意有同異，或言聽還，或言不可。領軍元叉為宰相，阿那瑰私以金百斤貨之，遂歸北。

Soon Anagui was made Duke of Shuofang and King of the Rouran, given robes and regalia, chariot and canopy, guards and stipend like an imperial prince. In the twelfth month, because his realm lacked a settled ruler and he begged urgently to return and restore his people, the court was ordered to deliberate. The ministers were divided: some favored sending him back, some opposed it. The chief minister Yuan Cha received a hundred catties of gold from Anagui in secret, and the decision went to send him north.

二年正月，阿那瑰等五十四人請辭，明帝臨西堂，引見阿那瑰及其叔伯兄弟五人，升階賜坐，遣中書舍人穆弼宣勞。阿那瑰等拜辭。詔賜阿那瑰細明光人馬鎧一具，鐵人馬鎧六具，露絲銀纏槊二張並白眊，赤漆槊十張並白眊，黑漆槊十張並幡，露絲弓二張並箭，硃漆柘弓六張並箭，黑漆弓十張並箭，赤漆楯幡並刀，黑漆楯六幡並刀，赤漆鼓角二十具，五色錦被二領，黃槹被褥三十具，私府繡袍一領並帽，內者緋納襖一領、緋袍二十領並帽，內者雜彩千段，緋納小口袴褶一具內中宛具，紫納大口袴褶一具內中宛具，百子帳十八具，黃布幕六張，新乾飯一百石，麥<麥少>八石，榛<麥少>五石，銅烏錥四枚、柔鐵烏錥二枚各受二斛。黑漆竹榼四枚各受五升，婢二口，父草馬五百疋，駝百二十頭，牸牛一百頭，羊五千口，硃畫盤器十合，粟二十萬石，至鎮給之。詔侍中崔光、黃門元纂，郭外勞遣。

In the first month of the second year Anagui and fifty-four followers took leave; the emperor sat at the Western Hall, received Anagui and five uncles and brothers, seated them on the steps, and sent Mu Bi to speak words of comfort. Anagui and his party bowed farewell. The edict granted him one suit of fine Mingguang armor for man and horse, six suits of iron armor, two silver-bound spears with white veils, ten red-lacquered spears, ten black-lacquered spears with pennants, bows and arrows in quantity, shields, swords, twenty drums and horns, brocade bedding, robes for himself and twenty crimson robes for attendants, a thousand lengths of silk, full wardrobes inner and outer, eighteen tents, grain and fodder by the hundred shi, and bronze and iron cauldrons of two hu each—an inventory of imperial largesse beyond easy counting. Four black bamboo flasks of five sheng, two maidservants, five hundred stallions, a hundred twenty camels, a hundred cows, five thousand sheep, painted vessels, and two hundred thousand shi of millet to be issued at the border garrison. Palace Attendant Cui Guang and Yellow Gate Yuan Zuan were ordered to escort them beyond the walls.

阿那瑰來奔之後，其從父兄俟力發婆羅門率數萬人入討示發，破之。示發走奔地豆幹，為其所殺。推婆羅門為主，號彌偶可社句可汗，魏言安靜也。時安北將軍、懷朔鎮將楊鈞表：「傳聞彼人已立主，是阿那瑰同堂兄弟。夷人獸心，已相君長，恐未肯以殺兄之人，郊迎其弟。輕往虛反，徒損國威。自非廣加兵眾，無以送其入北。」二月，明帝詔舊經蠕蠕，使者牒雲具仁往，喻婆羅門迎阿那瑰復籓之意。婆羅門殊自驕慢，無遜避之心，責具仁禮敬，具仁執節不屈。婆羅門遣大官莫何去汾、俟斤丘升頭六人，將兵二千隨具仁迎阿那瑰。五月，具仁還鎮，論彼事勢。阿那瑰慮不敢入，表求還京。

After Anagui fled to Wei, his cousin's elder brother Houli Faboluomen led tens of thousands against Shifa and broke him. Shifa fled to Didugan and was slain by him. They raised Faboluomen as ruler, styled Khaghan Mioukesheju—"the peaceful," in the Wei tongue. The Pacifying North General and Huaishuo commander Yang Jun wrote, "Word comes that they have already enthroned a ruler—Anagui's paternal cousin. These barbarians have beasts' hearts; they already have a chief and will hardly greet the brother of the man they slew. A light return would come to nothing and only shame our realm. Without a great army we cannot see him safely home. In the second month the emperor sent the former Rouran envoy Jururen to tell Faboluomen that Wei wished to restore Anagui as a tributary king. Faboluomen was insolent and showed no deference; he demanded Jururen's obeisance, and Jururen held to his staff unbowed. Faboluomen sent the great officer Moguhui Qin, Houjin Qiushangtou, and six others with two thousand horse to accompany Jururen and receive Anagui. In the fifth month Jururen returned to the frontier post and reported what he had seen. Anagui, afraid to go in, petitioned to return to the capital.

會婆羅門為高車所逐，率十部落詣涼州歸降。於是蠕蠕數萬，相率迎阿那瑰。七月，阿那瑰啟云：「投化阿那瑰蠕蠕元退社、渾河旃等二人，以今月二十六日到鎮，雲國土大亂，姓姓別住，迭相抄掠，當今北人，鵠望待拯。今乞依前恩，賜給精兵一萬，還令督率領，送臣磧北，撫定荒人。脫蒙所請，事必克濟。」詔付尚書、門下博議。八月，詔兼散騎常侍王遵業馳驛宣旨慰喻阿那瑰，並申賜賚。九月，蠕蠕後主俟匿伐來奔懷朔鎮，阿那瑰兄也，列稱規望乞軍，並請阿那瑰。

Meanwhile Faboluomen was driven off by the Gaoche and brought ten tribes to Liangzhou to submit. Then tens of thousands of Rouran came in waves to welcome Anagui. In the seventh month Anagui wrote, "Two of my men, Yuan Tuishe and Hunhe Zhan, reached the garrison on the twenty-sixth and report that the realm is torn apart, clans raiding one another, and the northern people waiting desperately for deliverance. I beg, as before, ten thousand elite troops to lead me beyond the sands and settle the scattered tribes. If you grant this, the task will surely succeed. The court ordered the ministries to debate the matter. In the eighth month Wang Zunye was sent post-haste with the emperor's words of comfort and further gifts. In the ninth month the former Rouran ruler Hou Nifa, Anagui's elder brother, came to Huaishuo to submit, pleading for troops and for Anagui.

十月，錄尚書事高陽王雍、尚書令李崇、侍中侯剛、尚書左僕射元欽、侍中元叉、侍中安豐王延明、吏部尚書元修義、尚書李彥、給事黃門侍郎元纂、給事黃門侍郎張烈、給事黃門侍序盧同等奏曰：「竊聞漢立南北單于，晉有東西之稱，皆所以相維禦難，為國籓籬。今臣等參議，以為懷朔鎮北，土名無結山吐若奚泉，敦煌北西海郡，即漢、晉舊鄣，二處寬平，原野彌沃。阿那瑰宜置西吐若奚泉，婆羅門宜置西海郡。各令總率部落，收離聚散。其爵號及資給所須，唯恩裁處。彼臣下之官，任其舊俗。阿那瑰所居既是境外，宜少優遣，以示威刑。計沃野、懷朔、武川鎮各差二百人，令當鎮軍主監率，給其糧仗，送至前所。仍於彼為其造構，功就聽還。諸於北來在婆羅門前投化者，令州鎮上佐，准程給糧，送詣懷朔阿那瑰，鎮與使人，量給食稟；在京館者，任其去留。阿那瑰草創，先無儲積，請給朔州麻子乾飯二千斛，官駝運送。婆羅門居於四海，既是境內，資衛不得同之。阿那瑰等新造籓屏，宜各遣使持節馳驛，先詣慰喻，並委經略。」明帝從之。

In the tenth month a roster of high ministers memorialized: "Han set up northern and southern Shanyu; Jin divided east and west—all to brace the realm as frontier shields. We propose that north of Huaishuo lies Turuoxi Spring at Wujie Mountain, and west of Dunhuang the old Han and Jin post of Xihai—both broad lands with rich pasture. Anagui should settle at western Turuoxi Spring; Faboluomen at Xihai Commandery. Each should gather his tribes and rally the dispersed. Titles and provisions rest with Your Majesty's grace. Their subordinate offices may keep barbarian custom. Because Anagui dwells beyond the border, his escort should be modest yet show imperial sternness. Each of the garrisons at Woye, Huaishuo, and Wuchuan should send two hundred men under their commanders with grain and weapons to escort them thither. They should build camps for them there, then return when the work is done. Northerners who submit before Faboluomen should be fed by local officials and sent on to Anagui at Huaishuo; garrisons should ration the envoys; those lodged in the capital may come or go as they please. Anagui has no stores at the start; grant two thousand hu of hemp-seed grain from Shuozhou, carried by imperial camels. Faboluomen lies within the realm; his allowance cannot match Anagui's. As new frontier shields, each should receive an envoy sent ahead to comfort them and oversee arrangements. Emperor Ming approved.

十二月，詔安西將軍、廷尉元洪超兼尚書行台，詣敦煌安置婆羅門。婆羅門尋與部眾謀叛投嚈噠。嚈噠三妻，皆婆羅門姊妹也。仍為州軍所討，禽之。

In the twelfth month Yuan Hongchao was sent to Dunhuang to settle Faboluomen. Soon Faboluomen plotted with his followers to defect to the Yeda. The Yeda king's three wives were all Faboluomen's sisters. Provincial troops overtook and seized him.

三年十二月，阿那瑰上表，乞粟以為田種。詔給萬石。四年，阿那瑰眾大饑。入塞寇抄。明帝詔尚書左丞元孚兼行台尚書，持節喻之，孚見阿那瑰。為其所執。以孚自隨，驅掠良口二千並公私驛馬、牛羊數十萬北遁，謝孚放還。詔驃騎大將軍、尚書令李崇等率騎十萬討之，出塞三千餘里，至瀚海，不及而還。俟匿伐至洛陽，明帝臨西堂引見之。五年，婆羅門死于洛南之館，詔贈使持節、鎮西將軍、秦州刺史、廣牧公。

In the twelfth month of the third year Anagui asked for seed grain. Ten thousand shi were granted. In the fourth year his people were stricken with famine. They crossed the border to plunder. The emperor sent Yuan Fu with imperial staff to admonish him; Fu met Anagui. Anagui seized him. He took Fu along, swept off two thousand subjects and countless post horses, cattle, and sheep to the north, then released Fu. Li Chong was sent with a hundred thousand horse in pursuit; they marched three thousand li to the Han Sea, failed to overtake him, and turned back. When Hou Nifa reached Luoyang, the emperor received him at the Western Hall. In the fifth year Faboluomen died at the southern lodge; he was posthumously enfeoffed Duke of Guangmu with the rank of General of Pacifying the West.

是歲，沃野鎮人破六韓拔陵反，諸鎮相應。孝昌元年春，阿那瑰率眾討之。詔遣牒雲具仁齎雜物勞賜。阿那瑰拜受詔命，勒眾十萬，從武川鎮西向沃野，頻戰克捷。四月，明帝又遣通直散騎常侍、中書舍人馮俊使阿那瑰，宣勞班賜有差。阿那瑰部落既和，土馬稍盛，乃號敕連頭兵伐可汗，魏言把攬也。十月，阿那瑰復遣鬱久閭彌娥等朝貢。三年四月，阿那瑰遣人鞏鳳景等朝貢。及還，明帝詔之曰：「北鎮群狄，為逆不息，蠕蠕主為國立忠，助加誅討，言念誠心，無忘寢食。今知停在朔垂，與爾硃榮鄰接，其嚴勒部曲，勿相暴掠。又近得蠕蠕主啟，更欲為國東討。但蠕蠕主世居北漠，不宜炎夏，今可且停，聽待後敕。」蓋朝廷慮其反覆也。此後頻使朝貢。

That year Poliuhan Baling of Woye Garrison rebelled and the other garrisons rose in turn. In the spring of the first year of Xiaochang, Anagui marched against them. Dieyun Jururen was sent with gifts to reward him. Anagui took the edict, raised a hundred thousand men, marched west from Wuchuan toward Woye, and won battle after battle. In the fourth month Feng Jun was sent to proclaim the court's praise and graded rewards. His tribes at peace and his herds growing, he styled himself Khaghan Chiletoubingfa—"he who seizes and holds," in the Wei tongue. In the tenth month he again sent Mi'e and others with tribute. In the fourth month of the third year he sent Gong Fengjing and others to court. On their return the emperor told them, "The northern tribes rebel endlessly; your king has served the state faithfully in punishing them—his loyalty keeps me wakeful at night. We hear he camps on the northern marches near Erzhu Rong; tell him to restrain his men from mutual plunder. He has lately asked to campaign east again on our behalf. But his people belong in the northern desert, not the summer heat—let him wait for further orders. The court feared his fickleness. Thereafter tribute came often.

建義初，孝莊詔曰：「夫勳高者賞重，德厚者名隆。蠕蠕主阿那瑰鎮衛北籓，禦侮朔表，遂使陰山息警，弱水無塵，刊跡狼山，銘名瀚海。至誠既篤，勳緒莫酬，故宜標以殊禮，何容格以恆式。自今以後，贊拜不言名，上書不稱臣。」

At the opening of Jianyi, Emperor Xiaozhuang proclaimed, "Great merit demands great reward; deep virtue, a lofty name. Anagui guards the northern marches so that Yinshan is quiet and the Weak Waters still; he has carved his name on Wolf Mountain and the Han Sea. His loyalty is profound and his service beyond repayment; extraordinary rites are fitting—ordinary forms will not do. Henceforth he need not speak his name in court bows, nor call himself subject in memorials."

太昌元年六月，阿那瑰遣烏勾蘭樹升伐等朝貢，並為長子請尚公主。永熙二年四月，孝武詔以范陽王誨之長女琅曁邪公主許之，未及成婚，帝入關。東、西魏競結阿那瑰為婚好。西魏文帝乃以孝武時舍人元翌女稱為化政公主，妻阿那瑰兄弟塔寒，又自納阿那瑰女為後，加以金帛誘之。阿那瑰遂留東魏使元整，不報信命。後遂率眾度河，又廢後為言，文帝不得已，遂敕廢後自殺。

In the sixth month of Taichang year one he sent Shushengfa and others with tribute and asked a princess for his eldest son. In the fourth month of Yongxi year two Emperor Xiaowu betrothed Princess Langye, daughter of the Prince of Fanyang, to him; before the wedding the emperor fled into Guan. Eastern and Western Wei both courted him with marriage alliances. Western Wei's Emperor Wen gave Yuan Yi's daughter, styled Princess Huazheng, to Anagui's brother Tahan, took Anagui's daughter as empress, and heaped gold and silk upon them. Anagui detained Eastern Wei's envoy Yuan Zheng and sent no answer. Later he crossed the Yellow River; using his daughter's deposition as pretext, Emperor Wen was forced to order the empress to take her own life.

元象元年五月，阿那瑰掠幽州范陽，南至易水。九月，又掠肆州秀容，至於三推。又殺元整，轉謀侵害。東魏乃囚阿那瑰使溫豆拔等。祖武以阿那瑰凶狡，將撫懷之，乃遣其使人龍無駒北還，以通溫豆拔等音問。始阿那瑰殺元整，亦謂溫豆拔等不存，既見無駒，微懷感愧。興和二年春，復遣龍無駒等朝貢東魏。然猶未款誠。

In the fifth month of Yuanxiang year one he raided Fanyang in Youzhou as far south as Yishui. In the ninth month he raided Xiurong in Sizhou to Santui. He killed Yuan Zheng and turned to open aggression. Eastern Wei imprisoned his envoys Wendouba and others. Qi Emperor Wen, wishing to win him despite his treachery, sent Long Wuju north to contact the imprisoned envoys. He had thought Wendouba dead; seeing Wuju, he felt a twinge of shame. In the spring of Xinghe year two he again sent Long Wuju to Eastern Wei with tribute. Yet his submission was still not sincere.

阿那瑰女妻文帝者遇疾死，齊神武因遣相府功曹參軍張徽纂使于阿那瑰，間說之。雲文帝及周文既害孝武，又殺阿那瑰之女，妄以疏屬假公主之號，嫁彼為親。又阿那瑰度河西討時，周文燒草，使其馬饑，不得南進，此其逆詐反覆難信之狀。又論東魏正統所在，言其往者破亡歸命，魏朝保護，得存其國，以大義示之。兼詐阿那瑰云：近有赤鋪步落堅胡行於河西，為蠕蠕主所獲。雲蠕蠕主問之：「汝從高王？為從黑獺？」一人言從黑獺，蠕蠕主殺之；二人言從高王，蠕蠕主放遣。此即蠕蠕主存大國宿昔仁義。彼女既見害，欺詐相待，不仁不信，宜見討伐。且守逆一方，未知歸順，朝廷亦欲加誅。彼若深念舊恩，以存和睦，當以天子懿親公主結成姻媾，為遣兵將，伐彼叛臣，為蠕蠕主雪恥報惡。

When the daughter who had married Emperor Wen died, Qi Emperor Shenwu sent Zhang Huizuan to win him over. Zhang said Western Wei had murdered Emperor Xiaowu and Anagui's daughter, then palmed off a distant cousin as a princess. When Anagui crossed west to campaign, Zhou Wen burned the pasture so his horses starved—proof of their treachery. He spoke of Eastern Wei as the true succession, reminding Anagui that Wei had once preserved his broken realm—appealing to gratitude and right. He also told a tale of a Hu traveler seized in the Hexi by the Rouran king. The king had asked the man, "Do you serve the High King? Or the Black Badger? One said the Black Badger, and was killed; two said the High King, and were released. This, he said, showed the Rouran king's old loyalty to a great ally. They had harmed his daughter and dealt in fraud—such men deserved punishment. They held a rebel corner of the realm; the court too meant to strike them. If Anagui cherished old kindness, let an imperial princess wed his house and Eastern Wei send troops to avenge his wrongs.

徽纂既申齊神武意，阿那瑰乃召其大臣與議之，便歸誠於東魏。遣其俟利、莫何莫緣游大力等朝貢，因為其子庵羅辰請婚。靜帝詔兼散騎常侍太府卿羅念、兼通直散騎常侍中書舍人穆景相等使于阿那瑰。八月，阿那瑰遣莫何去折豆渾十升等朝貢，復因求婚。齊神武請遂其意，以招四遠。詔以常山王騭妹樂安公主許之，改封為蘭陵郡長公主。十二月，阿那瑰復遣折豆渾十升詣東魏請婚。三年四月，阿那瑰遣吐豆登鬱久閭譬渾、俊利莫何折豆常侯煩等奉馬千疋，以為聘禮，請迎公主。詔兼宗正卿元壽、兼太常卿孟韶等送公主自晉陽北邁，資用器物，齊神武親自經紀，咸出豐氵屋。阿那瑰遣其吐豆登鬱久閭匿伏、俊利阿夷普掘、蒱提棄之伏等迎公主于新城之南。六月，齊神武慮阿那瑰難信，又以國事加重，躬送公主于樓煩之北，接勞其使，每皆隆厚。阿那瑰大喜，自是朝貢東魏相尋。四年，阿那瑰請以其孫女號鄰和公主妻齊神武第九子長廣公湛，靜帝詔為婚焉。阿那瑰遣其吐豆登鬱久閭譬掘、俊利莫何遊大刀送女于晉陽。武定四年，阿那瑰有愛女，號為公主，以齊神武威德日盛，又請致之，靜帝聞而詔神武納之。阿那瑰遣其吐豆發鬱久閭汗拔姻姬等送女于晉陽。自此東魏邊塞無事，至於武定末，使貢相尋。

When Huizuan had spoken for Shenwu, Anagui consulted his chiefs and turned sincerely to Eastern Wei. He sent Youdali and others with tribute and asked a bride for his son Anluochen. Emperor Jing sent Luo Nian and Mu Jingxiang as envoys to him. In the eighth month he sent Shisheng and others with tribute and again asked for marriage. Shenwu urged that the match be made to win the distant tribes. Princess Le'an, sister of the Prince of Changshan, was betrothed to him and ennobled Princess of Lanling. In the twelfth month he again sent Shisheng to request the wedding. In the fourth month of year three he sent a thousand horses as bride-price and asked that the princess be sent. Yuan Shou and Meng Shao escorted the princess north from Jinyang; Shenwu himself oversaw a lavish trousseau. Anagui sent Yinfu, Ayipujue, and others to meet the princess south of Xincheng. In the sixth month Shenwu, doubting Anagui's faith, personally escorted the princess north of Loufan and lavished honor on every envoy. Anagui was overjoyed; tribute to Eastern Wei flowed without cease. In the fourth year he asked that his granddaughter Princess Linhe wed Shenwu's ninth son, Duke Zhan of Changgong; the emperor consented. He sent Pijue, Youdadao, and others to bring the girl to Jinyang. In the fourth year of Wuding he had another beloved daughter whom, seeing Shenwu's power grow, he offered to the court; Emperor Jing ordered Shenwu to accept her. He sent Hanbayinyiji and others to escort her to Jinyang. Thereafter the Eastern Wei border knew peace; through the end of the Wuding era tribute never ceased.

始阿那瑰初復其國，盡禮朝廷。明帝之後，中原喪亂，未能外略，阿那瑰統率北方，頗為強盛，稍敢驕大，禮敬頗闕，遣使朝貢，不復稱臣。天平以來，逾自踞慢。汝陽王暹之為秦州也，遣其典簽齊人淳于覃使于阿那瑰。遂留之，親寵任事。阿那瑰因入洛陽，心慕中國，立官號，僭擬王者，遂有侍中、黃門之屬。以覃為秘書監、黃門郎，掌其文墨。覃教阿那瑰，轉至不遜，每奉國書，鄰敵抗禮。及齊受東魏禪，亦歲時往來不絕。

When Anagui first restored his realm he observed every courtesy toward the court. After Emperor Ming the heartland collapsed in chaos; Anagui grew mighty in the north, turned proud, slackened in courtesy, and though he still sent tribute he no longer called himself subject. From the Tianping era on he grew ever more insolent. When the Prince of Ruyang, Xian, governed Qinzhou, he sent his registrar Chunyu Tan, a man of Qi, to Anagui. Anagui kept him and favored him with intimate trust. Having seen Luoyang he admired China, set up offices, aped a king's court, and kept attendants and secretaries like a Chinese ruler. He made Tan Director of the Secretariat and Yellow Gate Attendant, keeper of his records. Tan taught him insolence; in every state letter he claimed the standing of an equal neighbor. When Qi succeeded Eastern Wei, envoys still came and went each year.

天保三年，阿那瑰為突厥所破，自殺。其太子庵羅辰及瑰從弟登注俟利、登注子庫提，並擁眾奔齊。其餘眾立注次子鐵伐為主。四年，齊文宣送登注及子庫提還北。鐵伐尋為契丹所殺，其國人仍立登注為主。又為大人阿富提等所殺，其國人復立庫提為主。是歲，復為突厥所攻，舉國奔齊。文宣乃北討突厥，迎納蠕蠕，廢其主庫提，立阿那瑰子庵羅辰為主，致之馬邑川，給其廩餼、繒帛。親追突厥于朔方，突厥請降，許之而還。於是蠕蠕貢獻不絕。

In the third year of Tianbao the Turks broke him and he took his own life. His heir Anluochen, his cousin Dengzhu Houli, and Houli's son Kuti all fled to Qi with their followers. The remnant tribes raised Zhuzi's son Tiefa. In the fourth year Wenxuan sent Dengzhu and Kuti back north. Soon Tiefa was killed by the Khitan and Dengzhu was raised again. Afuti and other chiefs killed him in turn; the people raised Kuti. That year the Turks struck again and the whole nation fled to Qi. Wenxuan marched north against the Turks, received the Rouran, deposed Kuti, installed Anluochen, and settled them at Mayi River with grain and silk. He pursued the Turks to Shuofang; they sued for peace and he withdrew. Rouran tribute flowed without interruption.

五年三月，庵羅辰叛，文宣親討，大破之。庵羅辰父子北遁。四月，寇肆州。帝自晉陽討之，至恆州黃瓜堆，虜散走。時大軍已還。帝麾下千餘騎，遇蠕蠕別部數萬，四面圍逼。帝神色自若，指畫形勢，虜眾披靡，遂縱兵潰圍而出。虜退走，追擊之，伏屍二十五里，獲庵羅辰妻子及生口三萬餘人。五月，帝又北討蠕蠕，大破之。六月，蠕蠕帥部眾東徙，將南侵，帝帥輕騎于金川下邀擊，蠕蠕聞而遠遁。六年六月，文宣又親討蠕蠕。七月，帝頓白道，留輜重，親率輕騎五千追蠕蠕，躬犯矢石，頻大破之，遂至沃野，大獲而還。

In the third month of the fifth year Anluochen rebelled; Wenxuan took the field and crushed him. Anluochen and his son fled north. In the fourth month they raided Sizhou. The emperor marched from Jinyang to Huangguadui in Hengzhou; the enemy scattered. The main army had already withdrawn. With barely a thousand horse he met tens of thousands of a Rouran splinter band and was ringed on every side. His face never changed as he directed the fight; the enemy wavered and he burst through the ring. He pursued the fleeing foe for twenty-five li of corpses and took Anluochen's family and more than thirty thousand captives. In the fifth month he marched north again and broke the Rouran utterly. In the sixth month their chief moved east intending to raid south; Wenxuan intercepted him at Jinchuan with light horse and the Rouran fled. In the sixth month of the sixth year he campaigned against them again in person. In the seventh month he left his baggage at Baidao, led five thousand light horse in pursuit, took arrow and stone himself, routed them again and again to Woye, and returned laden with spoil.

是時，蠕蠕既累為突厥所破，以西魏恭帝二年，遂率部千餘家奔關中。突厥既恃兵強，又藉西魏和好，恐其遺類依憑大國，使驛相繼，請盡殺以甘心。周文議許之，遂收縛蠕蠕主已下三千餘人付突厥使，於青門外斬之。中男以下免，並配王公家。

Broken repeatedly by the Turks, in Western Wei's second year of Emperor Gong more than a thousand Rouran households fled into Guanzhong. The Turks, strong and allied with Western Wei, feared the survivors would cling to a great power and sent messenger after messenger demanding their deaths. Zhou Emperor Wen agreed; more than three thousand Rouran from the chief down were bound and beheaded outside the Qing Gate for the Turks. Those below middle age were spared and distributed among the princely houses.

匈奴宇文莫槐，出遼東塞外，其先南單于之遠屬也，世為東部大人。其語與鮮卑頗異。人皆翦發而留其頂上，以為首飾，長過數寸則截短之。婦女被長襦及足，而無裳焉。秋收烏頭為毒藥，以射禽獸。莫槐虐用其人，為部下所殺，更立其弟普撥為大人。蓋撥死，子丘不勤立，尚平帝女。兵不勤死，子莫廆立。本名犯道武諱。莫廆遣弟屈雲攻慕容廆，慕容廆擊破之。又遣別部素延伐慕容廆於棘城，復為慕容廆所破，時莫廆部眾強盛，自稱單于，塞外諸部咸憚之。

Yuwen Mohuai of the Xiongnu came from beyond the Liaodong passes; his line were distant kin of the Southern Shanyu and for generations chiefs of the eastern tribes. Their tongue differed markedly from Xianbei. Men shaved the sides but left the crown as ornament, trimming it when it grew past a few inches. Women wore long coats to the feet and wore no skirts. In autumn they gathered aconite for poisoned arrows to hunt game. Mohuai tyrannized his people and was killed; his younger brother Pubo was raised up. When Pubo died his son Qiubuqin succeeded and wed a daughter of Emperor Ping. When Qiubuqin died his son Mohui took his place. His birth name violated Emperor Daowu's taboo. Mohui sent his brother Quyun against Murong Hui and was beaten. He sent Suyan against Murong Hui at Jicheng and was beaten again; Mohui's power was then at its height and he styled himself Shanyu, feared by every tribe beyond the passes.

莫廆死，子遜昵延立，率眾攻慕容廆於棘城。廆子翰先戍於外，遜昵延謂其眾曰：「翰素果勇，必為人患，宜先取之，城不足憂也。」乃分騎數千襲翰，翰聞之，使人詐為段末波使者，逆謂遜昵延曰：「翰數為吾患，久思除之，今聞來討，甚善。戒嚴相待，宜兼路早赴。」翰設伏待之。遜昵延以為信然。長驅不備，至於伏所，為翰所虜。翰馳使告，乘勝遂進，及晨而至。廆亦盡銳應之。遜昵延見而方嚴，率眾逆擊戰，前鋒始交，而翰已入其營，縱火燎之，眾乃大潰，遜昵延單馬奔還，悉俘其眾。遜昵延父子世雄漠北，又先得玉璽三紐，自言為天所相，每自誇大。及此敗也，乃卑辭厚幣，遣使朝貢於昭帝，帝嘉之，以女妻焉。

When Mohui died his son Xunniyan attacked Murong Hui at Jicheng. Hui's son Han held an outer camp; Xunniyan told his men, "Han is bold and dangerous—take him first; the city can wait. He sent several thousand horse against Han; Han feigned an envoy of Duan Mobo who told Xunniyan, "Han has long been our bane—we rejoice that you come to destroy him. Keep strict watch and come early by another road." Han laid an ambush. Xunniyan believed every word. He charged carelessly into the trap and was seized. Han sent word and pressed on at dawn. Murong Hui marched out with his full strength. As battle joined, Han was already in his camp setting fires; the army collapsed, Xunniyan fled alone, and the whole host was taken. Father and son had lorded over the northern desert and boasted of a triple-knobbed jade seal as Heaven's sign. After this defeat he sent humble tribute to Emperor Zhao, who praised him and gave him an imperial daughter.

遜昵延死，子乞得龜立。復伐慕容廆，廆拒之。惠帝三年，乞得龜屯保澆水，固壘不戰，遣其兄悉跋堆襲廆子仁于柏林。仁逆擊，斬悉跋堆。廆又攻乞得龜克之，乞得龜單騎夜奔，悉虜其眾。乘勝長驅，入其固城，收資財億計，徙部人數萬戶以歸。先是，海出大龜，枯死于平郭，至是而乞得龜敗。

When Xunniyan died his son Qidegui succeeded. He attacked Murong Hui again; Hui met him in the field. In the third year of Emperor Hui, Qidegui camped on the Jiaoshui and refused battle, sending his brother Xibadui against Hui's son Ren at Bolin. Ren met him and beheaded Xibadui. Hui attacked again, broke him, and Qidegui fled alone by night while his army was taken. Hui drove into their stronghold, seized untold wealth, and moved tens of thousands of households away. A great turtle had earlier washed ashore and died at Pingguo—an omen fulfilled in Qidegui's fall.

別部人逸豆歸殺乞得龜而自立，與慕容晃迭相攻擊。遣其國相莫渾伐晃，而莫渾荒酒縱獵，為晃所破，死者萬餘人。建國八年，晃伐逸豆歸，逸豆歸拒之。為晃所敗，殺其驍將涉亦幹。逸豆歸遠遁漠北，遂奔高麗。晃徙其部眾五千餘落于昌黎，自是散滅矣。

Yidougui of a splinter line killed Qidegui and fought Murong Huang in turn. He sent his minister Mohun against Huang; Mohun drank and hunted and lost more than ten thousand men. In the eighth year of Jian'guo, Huang marched against Yidougui, who resisted. Huang defeated him and slew his champion Sheyigan. Yidougui fled to the far north, then to Goguryeo. Huang resettled five thousand of his households in Changli; the Yuwen were scattered and lost.

徒何段就六眷，出於遼西。其伯祖日陸眷，因亂被賣為漁陽烏丸大人庫辱官家奴。諸大人集會幽州，皆持唾壺，唯庫辱官獨無，乃唾日陸眷口中。日陸眷因咽之，西向拜天曰：「願使主君之智慧祿相，盡移入我腹中。」其後漁陽大饑。庫辱官以日陸眷為健，使將人詣遼西逐食，詔誘亡叛，遂至強盛。日陸眷死，弟乞珍代立。乞珍死，子務目塵代立，即就六眷父也。據遼西之地而臣于晉。其所統三萬餘家，控弦上馬四五萬騎。穆帝時，幽州刺史王浚以段氏數為己用，深德之，乃表封務目塵為遼西公，假大單于印綬。浚使務目塵率萬餘騎伐石勒于常山封龍山下，大破之。

Duan Jiuliujuan of the Tuge came from Liaoxi. His great-uncle Rilujuan, in troubled times, was sold as a slave to the Wuhuan chief Kuruguan. When chiefs met in Youzhou each had a spittoon; Kuruguan alone had none and spat into Rilujuan's mouth. Rilujuan swallowed and prayed westward, "May my master's wisdom and fortune pass into me. Later Yuyang suffered famine. Kuruguan sent the able Rilujuan to Liaoxi for food; he gathered fugitives and grew mighty. When Rilujuan died his brother Qizhen succeeded. Qizhen's son Wumuchen succeeded—the father of Jiuliujuan. He held Liaoxi and submitted to Jin. He ruled thirty thousand households and forty to fifty thousand horse. Under Emperor Mu, Wang Jun of Youzhou, indebted to the Duan, had Wumuchen enfeoffed Duke of Liaoxi with the great Shanyu seal. Jun sent Wumuchen with ten thousand horse against Shi Le at Fenglongshan and crushed him.

務目塵死，就六眷立。就六眷與弟疋磾、從弟末波等率五萬餘騎圍石勒于襄國。勒登城望之，見將士皆釋伏寢臥，無警備之意。勒因其懈怠，選募勇健，穿城突出，直沖末波，生禽之。置之座上，與飲宴盡歡，約為父子，盟誓而遣之。末波既得免，就六眷等遂攝軍而還，不復報浚，歸於遼西。自此以後，末波常不敢南向溲焉。人問其故，末波曰：「吾父在南。」其感勒不害己也如此。

When Wumuchen died, Jiuliujuan took his place. Jiuliujuan, his brother Pidi, and cousin Mobo besieged Shi Le at Xiangguo with fifty thousand horse. Le climbed the wall and saw the besiegers sleeping without guard. Le chose brave men, burst out, and seized Mobo alive. He seated Mobo, feasted with him, swore brotherhood, and sent him home. Mobo freed, the Duan withdrew without reporting to Jun and returned to Liaoxi. After that Mobo never relieved himself facing south. Asked why, he said, "My father is in the south. Such was his gratitude that Le had spared him.

就六眷死，其子幼弱，疋磾與劉琨世子群奔喪。疋磾陰卷甲而往，欲殺其叔羽鱗及末波而奪其國。末波等知之，遣軍逆擊疋磾。劉群為末波所獲。疋磾走還薊，懼琨禽己，請琨宴會，因執而害之。疋磾既殺劉琨，與羽鱗、末波自相攻擊，部眾乖離。欲擁其眾徙保上穀，阻軍都之險，以距末波等。平文帝聞之，陰嚴精騎，將擊之。疋磾恐懼，南奔樂陵。後石勒遣石季龍擊段文鴦于樂陵，破之，生禽文鴦。疋磾遂率其屬及諸塢壁降于石勒。

When Jiuliujuan died his sons were infants; Pidi went with Liu Kun's heir Qun to the funeral. Pidi marched in secret armor intending to kill his uncles Yulin and Mobo and seize the tribe. Mobo learned of it and sent troops to intercept him. Liu Qun was taken by Mobo. Pidi fled to Ji, then invited Kun to a feast and murdered him. After killing Kun he warred with Yulin and Mobo until the tribe split. He meant to move his people to Shanggu and hold Jundu Pass against Mobo. Hearing of this, Emperor Pingwen quietly assembled elite horsemen to attack him. Terrified, Pidi fled south to Leling. Later Shi Le sent Shi Jilong against Duan Wenyang at Leling, broke his force, and took him alive. Pidi then led his kin and the walled settlements to submit to Shi Le.

高車，蓋古赤狄之餘種也。初號為狄曆，北方以為高車、丁零。其語略與匈奴同而時有小異。或云：其先匈奴甥也。其種有狄氏、袁紇氏、斛律氏、解批氏、護骨氏、異奇斤氏。俗云：匈奴單于生二女，姿容甚美，國人皆以為神。單于曰：「吾有此女，安可配人？將以與天。」乃于國北無人之地築高臺，置二女其上曰：「請天自迎之。」經三年，其母欲迎之。單于曰：「不可，未徹之間耳。」復一年，乃有一老狼，晝夜守台嗥呼，因穿台下為空穴，經時不去。其小女曰：「吾父處我于此，欲以與天，而今狼來，或是神物，無使之然。」將下就之。其姊夫驚曰：「此是畜生，無乃辱父母？」妹不從，下為狼妻而產子。後遂滋繁成國。故其人好引聲長歌，又似狼嗥。

The Gaoche were descendants of the ancient Red Di. They were first known as the Dili; northerners called them the Gaoche or Dingling. Their language was largely like the Xiongnu tongue, with minor variations. Some hold that they sprang from Xiongnu kin by marriage. Their tribes included the Di, Yuanhe, Hulü, Jiepi, Hugu, and Yiqijin. Legend says the Xiongnu chanyu had two daughters of rare beauty whom the people revered as divine. The chanyu said, "These daughters of mine cannot be wed to mortal men. I will offer them to Heaven. He built a high platform in empty country north of his realm, placed the girls upon it, and prayed, "Let Heaven come and take them." After three years their mother wished to fetch them home. The chanyu refused: "No—the rite is not yet finished. Another year on, an old wolf kept the platform day and night, howling and burrowing beneath it without departing. The younger daughter said, "Father set us here for Heaven; if this wolf is a divine being, we must not resist. She prepared to go down to the wolf. Her sister cried out, "It is only an animal—would that not disgrace our parents? The girl disobeyed, went down, wed the wolf, and bore his young. Their line multiplied until it formed a people. For this reason they favor long, drawn-out songs that sound like wolves howling.

無都統大帥，當種各有君長。為性粗猛，黨類同心，至於寇難，翕然相依。鬥無行陣，頭別衝突，乍出乍入，不能堅戰。其俗，蹲踞褻黷，無所忌避。婚姻用牛馬納聘以為榮，結言既定，男党營車闌馬，令女黨恣取上馬，袒乘出闌，馬主立闌外，振手驚馬，不墜者即取之，墜則更取，數滿乃止。俗無穀，不作酒。迎婦之日，男女相將，振馬酪熟肉節解。主人延賓，亦無行位，穹廬前叢坐，飲宴終日，復留其宿。明日，將婦歸。既而夫黨還入其家馬群，極取良馬，父母弟兄雖惜，終無言者。頗諱取寡婦，而優憐之。其畜產自有記識，雖闌縱在野，終無妄取。俗不清潔，喜致震霆。每震，則叫呼射天而棄之移去。來歲秋，馬肥，復相率候於震所，埋羖羊，燃火拔刀，女巫祝說，似如中國祓除，而群隊馳馬旋繞，百匝乃止。人持一束柳桋回，豎之，以乳酪灌焉。婦人以皮裹羊骸，戴之首上，縈屈髮鬢而綴之，有似軒冕。其死亡葬送，掘地作坎，坐屍于中，張臂引弓，佩刀挾槊，無異於生，而露坎不掩。時有震死及疫癘，則為之祈福；若安全無他，則為報賽。多殺雜畜，燒骨以燎，走馬繞旋，多者數百匝。男女無小大，皆集會。平吉之人，則歌舞作樂；死喪之家，則悲吟哭泣。其遷徙隨水草，衣皮食肉，牛、羊畜產，盡與蠕蠕同。唯車輪高大，輻數至多。

They had no single overlord—each branch kept its own leader. Fierce and unruly by nature, they stood together in a crisis and backed one another in raids. They fought without formation, each warrior charging alone in sudden rushes, and could not sustain a pitched battle. They squatted informally in daily life and observed few proprieties. Marriage honor lay in bride-wealth of cattle and horses; when the match was set, the groom's kin penned horses in a ring while the bride's kin mounted bareback and rode out; owners outside startled each mount—whoever stayed seated kept the horse, and the ritual continued until the required number was won. They ate no grain by custom and brewed no wine. On the wedding day men and women went together, sharing fermented mare's milk and boiled meat in celebration. Hosts entertained guests without order of seat, drinking all day in a circle before the tent and lodging them overnight. On the morrow the bride was brought to her new home. The groom's kin then entered the bride's herd and took the best horses; parents and brothers grieved but held their tongues. They shunned marrying widows yet showed them unusual kindness. Every beast was marked; even on the open steppe none was stolen by mistake. They cared little for cleanliness and dreaded thunder. When thunder struck they cried out, shot arrows at the sky, and moved camp. Next autumn, when the herds were fat, they returned to the thunder site, buried a ram, kindled fire, and with knives drawn let a shamaness pray as in Chinese exorcism while riders circled a hundred times on horseback. Each man took willow branches home, planted them upright, and poured mare's milk upon them. Women bound sheep bones in hide, wore them on the head, and coiled their hair about them like a ceremonial crown. They buried the dead in open pits, seating the corpse with bow arm extended, knife belted and spear at the side as in life, without covering the grave. Death by lightning or plague called for blessing rites; when fortune held, they offered thanksgiving sacrifices. They killed many animals, burned the bones as offering, and galloped in circles—sometimes hundreds of times. Young and old of both sexes gathered together. In good fortune they sang and danced; in mourning they wailed in lament. They followed pasture and water, dressed in hides and lived on meat; their herds matched the Rouran in every way. Only their cart wheels were unusually high, with many spokes.

徙于鹿渾海西北百餘里，部落強大，常與蠕蠕為敵，亦每侵盜于魏。魏道武襲之，大破其諸部。後道武復度弱洛水，西行至鹿渾海，停駕簡輕騎，西北行百餘里，襲破之，虜獲生口、牛馬羊二十餘萬。復討其餘種於狼山，大破之。車駕北巡，分命諸將為東西二道，道武親勒六軍從中道，自駁髯水西北，徇略其部，諸軍同時雲合，破其雜種三十餘落。衛王儀別督諸將從西北絕漠千餘里，復破其遺迸七部。於是高車大懼，諸部震駭。道武自牛川南引，大校獵，以高車為圍，騎徒遮列，周七百餘里，聚雜獸於其中，因驅至平城，即以高車眾起鹿苑，南因台陰，北距長城，東包白登，屬之西山。尋而高車侄利曷莫弗敕力犍率其九百餘落內附，拜敕力犍為揚威將軍，置司馬、參軍，賜谷二萬斛。後高車解批莫弗幡豆建復率其部三十餘落內附，亦拜為威遠將軍，置司馬、參軍，賜衣服，歲給廩食。

They settled northwest of the Luhun Sea; as their tribes grew mighty they fought the Rouran and raided Wei as well. Emperor Daowu struck them and shattered their confederacies. Daowu later crossed the Ruoluo, reached the Luhun Sea, chose light horse, and riding northwest over a hundred li smashed them, taking captives and more than two hundred thousand head of livestock. He pursued the remnant clans at Langshan and broke them again. On a northern tour Daowu split his generals east and west while he led the main host from Boyan Water northwest, and the columns united to crush more than thirty Gaoche settlements. Prince Yi of Wei took another column more than a thousand li across the desert and destroyed seven fleeing bands. The Gaoche were terrified and every tribe trembled. Leaving Niuchuan southward, Daowu held a grand hunt, ringed seven hundred li with Gaoche horsemen as a living fence, drove game within, and brought it to Pingcheng, where he made a royal park bounded by the terrace, the Long Wall, Baideng, and the western hills. Soon the Gaoche chief Chilijian brought nine hundred settlements to submit and was made General Who Displays Might with staff and twenty thousand hu of grain. Later Fandoujian of the Jiepi line led thirty settlements inward and received the title General of Far Might, staff, robes, and annual grain.

蠕蠕社侖破敗之後，收拾部落，轉徙廣漠之北，侵入高車之地。斛律部帥倍侯利患之，曰：「新侖新集，兵貧馬少，易與耳！」乃舉眾掩擊，入其國落。高車昧利，不顧後患，分其廬室，妻其婦女，安息寢臥不起。社侖登高望見，乃招集亡散得千人，晨振殺之，走而脫者十二三。倍侯利遂奔魏，賜爵孟都公。侯利質直，勇健過人，奮戈陷陣，有異於眾。北方人善用五十蓍筮吉凶，每中，故得親幸，賞賜豐厚，命其少子曷堂內侍。及倍侯利卒，道武悼惜，葬以魏禮，諡曰忠壯王。後詔將軍伊謂帥二萬騎北襲高車余種袁紇烏，頻破之。道武時，分散諸部，唯高車以類粗獷，不任使役，故得別為部落。

After his defeat Shelun of the Rouran regathered his people, shifted deep into the northern desert, and encroached on Gaoche territory. Beihouli, chief of the Hulü, said, "Shelun is newly gathered—few men and poor horses; we can crush him! He struck by surprise and overran Shelun's camps. The Gaoche, greedy for plunder, ignored the aftermath, seized Shelun's tents and wives, and slept at ease. Shelun watched from a height, rallied a thousand fugitives, attacked at dawn, and routed them—only one or two in ten escaped. Beihouli fled to Wei and was created Duke of Mengdu. Beihouli was plain and surpassingly brave, breaking ranks with his spear like no other. Northerners divined with fifty yarrow stalks, and he was never wrong; favored and richly rewarded, he had his son Yetang serve at court. At Beihouli's death Daowu mourned him, buried him with Wei ceremony, and titled him Loyal and Valiant King. Later General Yiwei was sent with twenty thousand horse to strike the Yuanhe remnant of the Gaoche and defeated them again and again. Under Daowu the tribes were broken up; only the Gaoche, deemed too rough for labor service, were left as a distinct people.

後太武征蠕蠕，破之而還。至漠南，聞高車東部在巳尼陂，人畜甚眾，去官軍千餘里，將遣左僕射安原等討之。司徒長孫翰、尚書令劉潔等諫，太武不聽。乃遣原等併發新附高車合萬騎，至於巳尼陂，高車諸部望軍而降者數十萬落，獲馬牛羊亦百餘萬，皆徙置漠南千里之地。乘高車，逐水草，畜牧蕃息，數年之後，漸知粒食，歲致獻貢。由是國家馬及牛、羊遂至於賤，氈皮委積。文成時，五部高車合聚祭天，眾至數萬，大會走馬，殺牲遊繞，歌吟忻忻。其俗稱自前世以來，無盛於此會。車駕臨幸，莫不忻悅。後孝文召高車之眾，隨車賀南討，高車不願南行，遂推袁紇樹者為主，相率北叛，游踐金陵。都督宇文福追討，大敗而還。又詔平北將軍、江陽王繼為都督討之。繼先遣人慰勞樹者。樹者入蠕蠕。尋悔，相率而降。

Later Emperor Taiwu campaigned against the Rouran, broke them, and marched back. South of the desert he learned that eastern Gaoche held Shinipo with huge herds a thousand li away and prepared to send Anyuan and others against them. Changsun Han and Liu Jie advised against it, but Taiwu refused to heed them. Anyuan marched with ten thousand horse including newly submitted Gaoche; at Shinipo hundreds of thousands of encampments surrendered and more than a million head were taken and resettled south of the desert. They followed pasture in their high carts, their herds flourished, and within years they learned grain and paid yearly tribute. Thereafter imperial horses, cattle, and sheep grew abundant and cheap, and felts and hides heaped high. Under Emperor Wencheng the five Gaoche divisions met to worship Heaven—tens of thousands strong—with horse races, sacrifice, circling sport, and joyful song. By their reckoning no gathering in memory had ever matched it. When the emperor attended in person, all rejoiced. Later Xiaowen called the Gaoche to join his southern campaign; refusing to go south, they made Yuanhe Shuzhe chief, rebelled north in a body, and raided about Jinling. Yuwen Fu pursued them, suffered a heavy defeat, and withdrew. The court again named Prince Ji of Jiangyang, General Who Pacifies the North, to command the campaign. Ji first sent envoys to reassure Shuzhe. Shuzhe fled among the Rouran. He soon regretted it and surrendered with his followers.

高車之族又有十二姓：一曰泣伏利氏，二曰吐盧氏，三曰乙旃氏，四曰大連氏，五曰窟賀氏，六曰達薄氏，七曰阿侖氏，八曰莫允氏，九曰俟分氏，十曰副伏羅氏，十一曰乞袁氏，十二曰右叔沛氏。

The Gaoche also counted twelve clans: Qifuli, Tulü, Yizhan, Dalian, Kugu, Dabo, Alun, Moyun, Houfen, Fufuluo, Qiyuan, and Youshupei.

先是，副伏羅部為蠕蠕所役屬。豆侖之世，蠕蠕亂離，國部分散，副伏羅阿伏至羅與從弟窮奇俱統領高車之眾十餘萬落。太和十一年，豆侖犯塞，阿伏至羅等固諫不從，怒率所部之眾西叛，至前部西北，自立為王。國人號之曰候婁匐勒，猶魏言大天子也；窮奇號候倍，猶魏言儲主也。二人和穆，分部而立，阿伏至羅居北，窮奇在南。豆侖追討之，頻為阿伏至羅所敗，乃引眾東徙。十四年，阿伏至羅遣商胡越者至京師，以二箭奉貢。云：「蠕蠕為天子之賊，臣諫之不從，遂叛來此，而自豎立，當為天子討除蠕蠕。」孝文未之信也，遣使者于提往觀虛實。阿伏至羅與窮奇遣使者薄頡隨提來朝，貢其方物。詔員外散騎侍郎可足渾長生復與于提使高車，各賜繡褲褶一具，雜彩百匹。

Earlier the Fufuluo had been vassals of the Rouran. When Doulun ruled, Rouran disorder split the realm; Afozheluo and his cousin Qiongqi led more than a hundred thousand Gaoche tents. In Taihe year eleven Doulun raided the border; Afozheluo urged restraint in vain, then led his people west beyond the Former Qian and proclaimed kingship. His people titled him Hou Lou Fule—"great Son of Heaven" in Wei parlance; Qiongqi was called Hou Bei—"heir lord" in Wei speech. They ruled in amity, Afozheluo in the north and Qiongqi in the south. Doulun pursued, was beaten again and again, and finally moved his host east. In year fourteen Afozheluo sent the trader Yuezhe to court with two arrows as tribute. He declared, "The Rouran are the emperor's foes; when I warned Doulun in vain I came west and set myself up to fight them for the Son of Heaven. Xiaowen doubted him and sent Yuti to learn the facts. Afozheluo and Qiongqi sent Boie with Yuti to court with regional gifts. The court sent Changsheng with Yuti back to the Gaoche, each man receiving embroidered riding dress and a hundred bolts of silk.

窮奇後為嚈噠所殺，虜其子彌俄突等。其眾分散，或來奔附，或投蠕蠕。詔遣宣威將軍、羽林監孟威撫納降人，置之高平鎮。阿伏至羅長子蒸阿伏至羅余妻，謀害阿伏至羅，阿伏至羅殺之。阿伏至羅又殘暴，大失眾心，眾共殺之，立其宗人跋利延為主。歲餘，嚈噠伐高車，將納彌俄突。國人殺跋利延，迎彌俄突而立之。

Later the Hephthalites killed Qiongqi and took his sons, including Mie'etuo. His people scattered—some submitted to Wei, some to the Rouran. The court sent General Meng Wei of the Feathered Forest to settle the refugees at Gaoping garrison. Afozheluo's eldest son Zheng plotted against his stepmother, and Afozheluo executed him. Afozheluo grew tyrannical and lost his people, who slew him and raised his kinsman Baliyan. A year later the Hephthalites invaded the Gaoche to place Mie'etuo on the throne. The tribes killed Baliyan and enthroned Mie'etuo.

彌俄突既立，復遣朝貢，又奉表獻金方一、銀方一、金杖二、馬七匹、駝十頭。詔使者慕容坦賜彌俄突雜彩六十匹。宣武詔之曰：「卿遠據沙外，頻申誠款，覽捐忠志，特所欽嘉。蠕蠕、嚈噠、吐谷渾所以交通者，皆路由高昌，掎角相接。今高昌內附，遣使迎引。蠕蠕往來路絕，奸勢。不得妄令群小敢有陵犯，擁塞王人，罪在不赦。彌俄突尋與蠕蠕主伏圖戰于蒲類海北，為伏圖所敗，西走三百餘里。伏圖次於伊吾北山。先是，高昌王麹嘉表求內徙，宣武遣孟威迎之。至伊吾，蠕蠕見威軍，怖而遁走。彌俄突聞其離駭；追擊大破之，殺伏圖于薄類海北，割其發，送于孟威。又遣使獻龍馬五匹，金、銀、貂皮及諸方物。詔東城子於亮報之，賜樂器一部、樂工八十人、赤槹十匹，雜彩六十匹。彌俄突遣其莫何去汾屋引叱賀真貢其方物。

Mie'etuo then sent tribute again, including gold and silver blocks, two gold staffs, seven horses, and ten camels. Envoy Murong Tan was ordered to give Mie'etuo sixty bolts of colored silk. Emperor Xuanwu wrote, "You rule far beyond the desert and have often proved your loyalty; we hold your devotion in special regard. The Rouran, Hephthalites, and Tuyuhun traffic with one another along roads that all run through Gaochang, so their realms interlock like pincers. Gaochang has now submitted, and we are sending envoys to receive them. With the Rouran road severed, their treacherous designs are frustrated as well. Do not let petty chiefs harass or block the court's messengers—such offense will not be forgiven. Soon Mie'etuo fought Futou of the Rouran north of the Pulei Sea, was beaten, and fled west over three hundred li. Futou camped on the northern hills of Yiwu. Earlier King Qu Jia of Gaochang had asked to migrate inward, and Xuanwu sent Meng Wei to escort him. At Yiwu the Rouran sighted the Wei host and fled in fear. Mie'etuo heard they had gone and seized the moment; he pursued, routed them utterly, slew Futou north of the Pulei Sea, and sent his hair to Meng Wei. He sent envoys again with five dragon-steeds, gold, silver, sable, and other gifts. Yu Liang of Dongcheng was sent to reply with instruments, eighty musicians, ten bolts of red cloth, and sixty of colored silk. Mie'etuo sent his minister Fenwuyin Chihozhen with regional tribute.

明帝初，彌俄突與蠕蠕主醜奴戰敗，被禽。醜奴系其兩腳于駑馬之上，頓曳殺之，漆其頭為飲器。其部眾悉入嚈噠。經數年，嚈噠聽彌俄突弟伊匐還國。伊匐既復國，遣使奉表，於是詔遣使者谷楷等拜為鎮西將軍、西海郡開國公、高車王。伊匐復大破蠕蠕，蠕蠕主婆羅門走投涼州。正光中，伊匐遣使朝貢，因乞硃畫步挽一乘並幔褥、鞦鹁必一副、傘扇各一枚、青曲蓋五枚、赤漆扇五枚、鼓角十枚，詔給之。伊匐後與蠕蠕戰，敗歸，其弟越居殺伊匐而自立。天平中，越居復為蠕蠕所破，伊匐子比適復殺越居而自立。興和中，比適又為蠕蠕所破，越居子去賓自蠕蠕奔東魏。齊神武欲招納遠人，上言封去賓為高車王，拜安北將軍、肆州刺史。既而病死。

Early in Ming's reign Mie'etuo lost to the Rouran chief Chounu and was taken prisoner. Chounu lashed his feet to a pony, dragged him until he died, and lacquered his skull for a cup. His people passed entirely under Hephthalite rule. Years later the Hephthalites let Mie'etuo's brother Yifu go home. Yifu then sent a memorial, and the court sent Gu Kai to invest him General Who Guards the West, Duke of Western Sea, and King of the Gaoche. Yifu routed the Rouran again, and their chief Poluomen fled to Liangzhou. In Zhengguang he sent tribute and asked for a painted carriage, hangings, swing gear, parasol, fans, canopies, lacquered fans, and drums—the court granted all. Later, defeated again by the Rouran, he was slain at home by his brother Yueju, who seized the throne. In Tianping the Rouran broke Yueju, and Yifu's son Bishi killed him and became king. In Xinghe the Rouran defeated Bishi, and Yueju's son Qubin fled to Eastern Wei. Gao Huan sought distant allies, had Qubin enfeoffed King of the Gaoche, and made him General Who Pacifies the North and governor of Sizhou. He soon died of illness.

初，道武時有吐突鄰部在女水上，常與解如部相為脣齒，不供職事。登國三年，道武親西征，度弱洛水，復西行趣其國。至女水上，討解如部落，破之。明年春，盡略徙其部落畜產而還。

Early in Daowu's reign the Tutuling lived on the Nü River, allied with the Jieru, and refused service. In Dengguo year three Daowu marched west in person, crossed the Ruoluo, and pressed on toward their lands. At the Nü River he struck the Jieru and broke them. Next spring he drove off their people and livestock and returned.

又有紇突鄰，與紇奚世同部落，而各有大人長帥，擁集種類，常為寇于意辛山，登國五年，道武勒眾親討焉。慕容駖率師來會，大破之。紇突鄰大人屋地鞬，紇奚大人庫寒等皆舉部歸降。皇始二年，車駕伐中山，軍于柏肆。慕容寶夜來攻營，軍人驚，走還于國。路由并州，遂反，將攻晉陽，并州刺史元延討平之。紇突鄰部帥匿物尼、紇奚部帥叱奴根等復聚党反于陰館，南安西元順討之不克，死者數千人。道武聞之，遣安遠將軍庾岳還討匿物尼等，皆殄之。

The Hetuling shared ancestry with the Hexi but kept separate chiefs; they raided Yixin Mountain until Dengguo year five, when Daowu attacked in person. Murong Lin brought his troops to the rendezvous and they were shattered. Chiefs Wudijian of the Hetuling and Kuhan of the Hexi submitted with their clans. In Huangshi year two the emperor besieged Zhongshan and camped at Baixi. Murong Bao attacked by night; the army panicked and marched home. Passing Bingzhou they rose in revolt against Jinyang until Governor Yuan Yan put them down. Niwuni and Chinugen rebelled again at Yinguan; Yuan Shun failed to crush them and thousands fell. Daowu sent Yu Yue back, who exterminated Niwuni and his fellows.

又有侯呂鄰部，眾萬餘口，常依險畜牧。登國中，其大人叱伐為寇於苦水河。八年夏，道武大破之，並禽其別帥焉古延等。

The Houlüling numbered more than ten thousand and pastured in strong country. Midway through Dengguo their chief Chifa raided the Kushui. In summer of year eight Daowu routed them and took the sub-chief Yanguyan.

薛幹部常屯聚於三城之間，及滅衛辰後，其部帥太悉伏望軍歸順，道武撫安之。車駕還，衛辰子屈丐奔其部。道武聞之，使使詔太悉伏執送之。太悉伏出屈丐以示使者曰：「今窮而見投，寧與俱亡，何忍送之！」遂不遣。道武大怒，車駕親討之。會太悉伏先出擊曹覆寅，官軍乘虛，遂屠其城，獲太悉伏妻子、珍寶，徙其人而還。太悉伏來赴不及，送奔姚興。未幾，亡歸嶺北。上郡以西諸鮮卑、雜胡聞而皆應之。天賜五年，屈丐盡劫掠總服之。及平統萬，薛幹種類皆得為編戶矣。

The Xiegan held the Three Cities until, after Wei Chen fell, chief Taisifu submitted and Daowu received him. On the emperor's return, Qubugai son of Wei Chen fled to the Xiegan. Daowu sent orders for Taisifu to seize and hand him over. Taisifu produced Qubugai and told the envoy, "He comes to me in ruin—I will die with him rather than betray him. He refused to surrender him. Daowu raged and marched against him in person. Taisifu was away attacking Cao Fuyin; the Wei army took his city, his family and wealth, and relocated his people. Taisifu returned too late and fled to Yao Xing. He soon died on the northern steppe. Xianbei and other Hu west of Shang commandery rose at the news. In Tianxi year five Qubugai ravaged every tribe that had submitted. After Tongwan fell the Xiegan were registered as common households.

而牽屯山鮮卑別種破多蘭部世傳主部落。至木易幹，有武力壯勇，劫掠左右，西及金城，東侵安定，數年間，諸種患之。天興四年，遣常山王遵討之于高平。木易幹將數千騎棄國遁走，盡徙其人于京師、餘種分迸，其後，為赫連屈丐所滅。

On Qiantun Mountain the Poduolan Xianbei had long ruled their branch. Muyigan was strong and bold, raiding west to Jincheng and east into Anding until the tribes groaned under him. In Tianxing year four Prince Zun of Changshan was sent against him at Gaoping. Muyigan fled with a few thousand horse; his people were moved to the capital, the remnant scattered, and Helian Qubugai later wiped them out.

又黜弗、素古延等諸部，富而不恭。天興五年，材官將軍和突率六千騎襲而獲之。

The Chufu and Suguyan were wealthy but insolent. In Tianxing year five He Tu surprised them with six thousand horse and took them captive.

又越勤倍泥部，永興五年，轉牧跋那山西。七月，遣奚斤討破之，徙其人而還。

The Yueqinbeini moved their herds west of Mount Bana in Yongxing year five. In the seventh month Xi Jin defeated them and resettled the captives.

論曰：周之獫狁，漢之匈奴。其作害中國，故久矣。魏、晉之世，種族瓜分，去來沙漠之陲，窺擾鄣塞之際，猶皆東胡之緒余，冒頓之枝葉。至如蠕蠕者，匈奴之裔，根本莫尋，逃形集醜，自小為大，風馳鳥赴，倏來忽往，代京由之屢駭，戎車所以不寧。是故魏氏祖宗，揚威曜武，驅其畜產，收其部落，翦之窮發之野，逐之無人之鄉。豈好肆兵極銳，凶器不戢？蓋亦急病除惡，事不得已。其狡狄強弱之由，猾虜服叛之跡，故備錄云。

The historians remark: the Xianyun of Zhou were the Xiongnu of Han. Their raids on China are ancient. Under Wei and Jin the tribes split and wandered the desert edge, probing the frontier—yet all sprang from the Eastern Hu and Modun's line. The Rouran, Xiongnu kin of unknown origin, gathered outcasts and swelled from nothing; they swept in like birds on the wind, again and again terrifying the capital and keeping the armies uneasy. So the Wei founders flung out their power, seized herds and tribes, cut them down in the farthest wilds, and drove them into empty lands. Was it love of war and the sword left forever bare? No—they fought as one fights a grave sickness, because there was no choice. The rise and fall of these peoples and the record of their submission and revolt are therefore given here in full.

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