1
隱公三年「二月己巳，日有食之」。 穀梁傳曰，言日不言朔，食晦。 公羊傳曰，食二日，董仲舒、劉向以為其後戎執天子之使，鄭獲魯隱，滅戴，衛、魯、宋咸殺君。 左氏劉歆以為正月二日，燕、越之分野也。 凡日所躔而有變，則分野之國失政者受之。 人君能修政，共御厥罰，則災消而福至； 不能，則災息而禍生。 故經書災而不記其故，蓋吉凶亡常，隨行而成禍福也。 周衰，天子不班朔，魯曆不正，置閏不得其月，月大小不得其度。 史記曰食，或言朔而實非朔，或不言朔而實朔，或脫不書朔與日，皆官失之也。 京房易傳曰：「亡師茲謂不御，厥異日食，其食也既，並食不一處。 誅眾失理，茲謂生叛，厥食既，光散。 縱畔茲謂不明，厥食先大雨三日，雨除而寒，寒即食。 專祿不封，茲謂不安，厥食既，先日出而黑，光反外燭。 君臣不通茲謂亡，厥蝕三既。 同姓上侵，茲謂誣君，厥食四方有雲，中央無雲，其日大寒。 公欲弱主位，茲謂不知，厥食中白青，四方赤，已食地震。 諸侯相侵，茲謂不承，厥食三毀三復。 君疾善，下謀上，茲謂亂，厥食既，先雨雹，殺走獸。 弒君獲位茲謂逆，厥食既，先風雨折木，日赤。 內臣外鄉茲謂背，厥食食且雨，地中鳴。 冢宰專政茲謂因，厥食先大風，食時日居雲中，四方亡雲。 伯正越職，茲謂分威，厥食日中分。 諸侯爭美於上茲謂泰，厥食日傷月，食半，天營而鳴。 賦不得茲謂竭，厥食星隨而下。 受命之臣專征云試，厥食雖侵光猶明，若文王臣獨誅紂矣。 小人順受命者征其君云殺，厥食五色，至大寒隕霜，若紂臣順武王而誅紂矣。 諸侯更制茲謂叛，厥食三復三食，食已而風，地動。 適讓庶茲謂生欲，厥食日失位，光晻晻，月形見。 酒亡節茲謂荒，厥蝕乍青乍黑乍赤，明日大雨，發霧而寒。」 凡食二十占，其形二十有四，改之輒除； 不改三年，三年不改六年，六年不改九年。 推隱三年之食，貫中央，上下竟而黑，臣弒從中成之形也。 後衛州吁弒君而立。
In Duke Yin year three: "In the second month, jisi day, the sun was eclipsed." The Guliang Tradition says that because the record names the day of the sun but not the new moon, the eclipse fell on the last day of the month. The Gongyang Tradition says the eclipse lasted two days. Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that afterward the Rong seized the Son of Heaven's envoy; Zheng captured Duke Yin of Lu and destroyed Dai; and Wei, Lu, and Song all killed their rulers. Liu Xin, following Zuo, held this was the second day of the first month, in the sectors of Yan and Yue. Whenever the sun passes through a celestial sector and an omen appears, the states assigned to that sector whose rulers have lost good governance suffer the consequences. If a ruler can repair governance and together ward off the punishment, disaster fades and blessing arrives; otherwise disasters breed and calamity follows. Thus the Classic records disasters but not their specific causes, for fortune and misfortune are not fixed; blessings and calamities form according to conduct. As Zhou declined, the Son of Heaven no longer promulgated the calendar. Lu's reckoning became inaccurate: intercalary months were misplaced, and the lengths of months lost their proper measure. The Records of the Grand Historian notes eclipses thus: sometimes it records the new moon when it was not, sometimes omits the new moon when it was, and sometimes leaves out both day and new moon—all failures of the calendar officials. Jing Fang's Yi Tradition says: "Lacking guidance is called failing to control; its anomaly is a solar eclipse. When it is total, combined eclipses do not occur in one place. If punishments of the masses are mishandled, this is called breeding rebellion; in a total eclipse, light scatters. If one indulges treachery, this is called lack of clarity; its eclipse is preceded by three days of heavy rain, then cold after the rain clears, and then the eclipse. If one monopolizes salaries and does not enfeoff, this is called instability; in a total eclipse, the sun first rises black and its light shines outward in reversal. If ruler and ministers do not communicate, this is called extinction; its eclipse totals three times. When same-surname lines encroach upward, this is called deceiving the ruler; during its eclipse there are clouds in the four quarters but no cloud at the center, and the day is very cold. When dukes seek to weaken the ruler's position, this is called ignorance; during its eclipse the center is white-blue and the four quarters red, and after the eclipse there is an earthquake. If feudal lords invade one another, this is called failure to uphold; its eclipse has three diminishings and three recoveries. If the ruler hates the good and inferiors plot against superiors, this is called disorder; in a total eclipse, hail and rain come first and kill running beasts. If one kills the ruler and seizes the throne, this is called rebellion; in a total eclipse, wind and rain first break trees, and the sun turns red. If inner ministers turn toward outsiders, this is called betrayal; at the eclipse there is rain, and the earth rumbles underground. If the chief minister monopolizes government, this is called usurpative continuation; before the eclipse comes great wind, and during the eclipse the sun sits in cloud while the four quarters are cloudless. If regional chiefs overstep office, this is called divided authority; in eclipse the sun splits at center. If feudal lords compete for display before the throne, this is called excess; in the eclipse the sun injures the moon, half is eaten, and Heaven rings and sounds. If taxation cannot be collected, this is called exhaustion; in eclipse stars follow and fall. If a commissioned minister conducts campaigns on his own, this is called trial; in the eclipse, though the light is invaded, it remains bright, like King Wen's minister alone executing King Zhou. When petty men obediently accept commands to attack their ruler, this is called killing; its eclipse shows five colors, followed by severe cold and falling frost, like King Zhou's ministers following King Wu in executing King Zhou. If feudal lords alter institutions, this is called rebellion; in the eclipse there are three recoveries and three eatings, followed by wind and movement of the earth. If the legitimate yields to the secondary, this is called rising desire; in the eclipse the sun loses its position, the light is dim and dark, and the moon's form is visible. If drinking lacks restraint, this is called dissipation; its eclipse turns blue, then black, then red; next day heavy rain, rising mist, and cold." In all there are twenty eclipse divinations and twenty-four forms; if one reforms, they are removed at once; if not in three years, then six; if not in six, then nine. For the Yin year three eclipse, a band ran through the center, black from top to bottom—the sign of ministers who finish killing their ruler from within. Afterward Zhou Xu of Wei murdered his ruler and installed himself on the throne.
2
桓公三年「七月壬辰朔，日有食之，既」。 董仲舒、劉向以為前事已大，後事將至者又大，則既。 先是魯、宋弒君，魯又成宋亂，易許田，亡事天子之心； 楚僭稱王。 後鄭岠王師，射桓王，又二君相篡。 劉歆以為六月，趙與晉分。 先是，晉曲沃伯再弒晉侯，是歲晉大亂，滅其宗國。 京房易傳以為桓三年日食貫中央，上下竟而黃，臣弒而不卒之形也。 後楚嚴稱王，兼地千里。
In Duke Huan year three: "On renchen, first day of seventh month, the sun was eclipsed, total." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that when prior events are already great and later events to come are greater, the eclipse is total. Before this, Lu and Song had murdered rulers; Lu further deepened Song's disorder, exchanged the Xu fields, and lacked the heart to serve the Son of Heaven; Chu presumptuously claimed kingship. Afterward Zheng resisted the royal army and wounded Duke Huan of Zhou with an arrow; two rulers in succession each usurped the throne. Liu Xin held this was the sixth month, sector of Zhao and Jin. Before this, the earl of Quwo in Jin had twice murdered marquises of Jin; that year Jin fell into great chaos and extinguished its own ancestral state. Jing Fang's Yi Tradition held that the Huan year three eclipse ran through the center, yellow from top to bottom throughout—the sign of ministers who kill their ruler but do not finish the act. Afterward Chu solemnly styled itself king and annexed a thousand li.
3
十七年「十月朔，日有食之」。 穀梁傳曰，言朔不言日，食二日也。 劉向以為是時衛侯朔有罪出奔齊，天子更立衛君。 朔藉助五國，舉兵伐之而自立，王命遂壞。 魯夫人淫失於齊，卒殺威公。 董仲舒以為言朔不言日，惡魯桓且有夫人之禍，將不終日也。 劉歆以為楚、鄭分。
In year seventeen: "On first day of tenth month, the sun was eclipsed." The Guliang Tradition says: mentioning first day but not day means an eclipse lasting two days. Liu Xiang held that then Marquis Shuo of Wei, guilty, fled to Qi, and the Son of Heaven installed another ruler of Wei. Shuo borrowed aid of five states, raised troops to attack, and reinstalled himself, so royal commands were broken. The lady of Lu became licentious with Qi and eventually killed Duke Huan. Dong Zhongshu held that mentioning the first day but not the day-stem condemned Duke Huan of Lu and signaled the coming disaster involving the lady, showing that he would not complete his days. Liu Xin held this belonged to the sectors of Chu and Zheng.
4
嚴公十八年「三月，日有食之」。 穀梁傳曰，不言日，不言朔，夜食。 史推合朔在夜，明旦日食而出，出而解，是為夜食。 劉向以為夜食者，陰因日明之衰而奪其光，象周天子不明，齊桓將奪其威，專會諸侯而行伯道。 其後遂九合諸侯，天子使世子會之，此其效也。 公羊傳曰食晦。 董仲舒以為宿在東壁，魯象也。 後公子慶父、叔牙果通於夫人以劫公。 劉歆以為晦魯、衛分。
In Duke Zhuang year eighteen: "In the third month, the sun was eclipsed." The Guliang Tradition says: not mentioning day and not mentioning first day means a night eclipse. Astronomical reconstruction places conjunction at night: at dawn the sun emerged eclipsed, then cleared after rising; this is called night eclipse. Liu Xiang held that in a night eclipse, yin takes advantage of the sun's waning brightness to seize its light, symbolizing the Zhou Son of Heaven's lack of clarity while Duke Huan of Qi was about to seize his authority, monopolize feudal meetings, and practice hegemony. Afterward he indeed convened feudal lords nine times, and the Son of Heaven sent the heir apparent to attend him; this was its fulfillment. The Gongyang Tradition says eclipse at month's end. Dong Zhongshu held the lodge was Eastern Wall, symbol of Lu. Afterward Prince Qingfu and Shuya indeed colluded with the lady to coerce the duke. Liu Xin held that month-end meant sectors of Lu and Wei.
5
二十五年「六月辛未朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為宿在畢，主邊兵夷狄象也。 後狄滅邢、衛。 劉歆以為五月二日魯、趙分。
In year twenty-five: "On xinwei, first day of sixth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held the lodge was Bi, governing frontier armies and symbols of border tribes. Afterward the Di destroyed Xing and Wei. Liu Xin held this was the second day of fifth month, sectors of Lu and Zhao.
6
二十六年「十二月癸亥朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為宿在心，心為明堂，文武之道廢，中國不絕若悋之象也。 劉向以為時戎侵曹，魯夫人淫於慶父、叔牙，將以弒君，故比年再蝕以見戒。 劉歆以為十月二日楚、鄭分。
In year twenty-six: "On guihai, first day of twelfth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held that the lodge was Heart, and Heart is the Bright Hall. This signaled the abandonment of the civil and martial Way, with the central states not yet cut off but on the edge of collapse. Liu Xiang held that at that time the Rong invaded Cao, and the lady of Lu was licentious with Qingfu and Shuya and would murder their ruler; therefore eclipses came in successive years as warnings. Liu Xin held this was second day of tenth month, sectors of Chu and Zheng.
7
三十年「九月庚午朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為後魯二君弒，夫人誅，兩弟死，狄滅邢，徐取舒，晉殺世子，楚滅弦。 劉歆以為八月秦、周分。
In year thirty: "On gengwu, first day of ninth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that afterward two rulers of Lu were slain, the lady was executed, two younger brothers died, the Di destroyed Xing, Xu took Shu, Jin killed its heir, and Chu destroyed Xian. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Qin and Zhou in the eighth month.
8
僖公五年「九月戊申朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為先是齊桓行伯，江、黃自至，南服彊楚。 其後不內自正，而外執陳大夫，則陳、楚不附，鄭伯逃盟，諸侯將不從桓政，故天見戒。 其後晉滅虢，楚國許，諸侯伐鄭，晉弒二君，狄滅溫，楚伐黃，桓不能救。 劉歆以為七月秦、晉分。
In Duke Xi year five: "On wushen, first day of ninth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that before this, Duke Huan of Qi practiced hegemony, and Jiang and Huang came of themselves; powerful Chu in the south was checked. Afterward he failed to correct himself within and instead seized a Chen grandee abroad; Chen and Chu then no longer adhered to him, and the earl of Zheng fled the covenant. The feudal lords would no longer follow Huan's policy, and so Heaven gave warning. Afterward Jin destroyed Guo, Chu reduced Xu, the feudal lords attacked Zheng, Jin murdered two rulers, the Di destroyed Wen, and Chu attacked Huang; Huan could not rescue them. Liu Xin held this was the sectors of Qin and Jin in seventh month.
9
十二年「三月庚午朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為是時楚滅黃，狄侵衛、鄭，莒滅杞。 劉歆以為三月齊、衛分。
In year twelve: "On gengwu, first day of third month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that then Chu destroyed Huang, Di invaded Wei and Zheng, and Ju destroyed Qi. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Qi and Wei in third month.
10
十五年「五月，日有食之」。 劉向以為象晉文公將行伯道，後遂伐衛，執曹伯，敗楚城濮，再會諸侯，召天王而朝之，此其效也。 日食者臣之惡也，夜食者掩其罪也，以為上亡明王，桓、文能行伯道，攘夷狄，安中國，雖不正猶可，蓋春秋實與而文不與之義也。 董仲舒以為後秦獲晉侯，齊滅項，楚敗徐于婁林。 劉歆以為二月朔齊、越分。
In year fifteen: "In fifth month, the sun was eclipsed." Liu Xiang held that this symbolized Duke Wen of Jin about to practice hegemony: he later attacked Wei, captured the earl of Cao, defeated Chu at Chengpu, convened the feudal lords twice, and summoned the Son of Heaven to receive homage. This was its fulfillment. A solar eclipse marks ministerial evil; a night eclipse conceals the crime. Liu held that when there was no enlightened king above, if Huan and Wen could practice hegemony, repel the tribes, and stabilize the central states, then although this was not fully orthodox it was still acceptable. The Spring and Autumn principle is to approve in substance while withholding approval in wording. Dong Zhongshu held that afterward Qin captured the marquis of Jin, Qi destroyed Xiang, and Chu defeated Xu at Loulin. Liu Xin held this was first day of second month, sectors of Qi and Yue.
11
文公元年「二月癸亥，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為先是大夫始執國政，公子遂如京師，後楚世子商臣殺父，齊公子商人弒君，皆自立，宋子哀出奔，晉滅江，楚滅六，大夫公孫敖、叔彭生並專會盟。 劉歆以為正月朔燕、越分。
In Duke Wen year one: "On guihai in second month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that before this, great ministers had begun to hold state power, and Prince Sui went to the capital; afterward the Chu heir Shangchen killed his father, the Qi prince Shangren murdered his lord, and each set himself up; Zi Ai of Song fled, Jin destroyed Jiang, Chu destroyed Liu, and the great ministers Gongsun Ao and Shu Pengsheng both monopolized alliance meetings. Liu Xin held this was first day of first month, sectors of Yan and Yue.
12
十五年「六月辛丑朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為後宋、齊、莒、晉、鄭八年之間五君殺死，夷滅舒蓼。 劉歆以為四月二日魯、衛分。
In year fifteen: "On xinchou, first day of sixth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that afterward, within eight years, five rulers were killed among Song, Qi, Ju, Jin, and Zheng, and Shu and Liao were exterminated. Liu Xin held this was the second day of fourth month, sectors of Lu and Wei.
13
宣公八年「七月甲子，日有食之，既」。 董仲舒、劉向以為先是楚商臣弒父而立，至于嚴王遂彊。 諸夏大國唯有齊、晉，齊、晉新有篡弒之禍，內皆未安，故楚乘弱橫行，八年之間六侵伐而一滅國； 伐陸渾戎，觀兵周室； 後又入鄭，鄭伯肉袒謝罪； 北敗晉師于邲，流血色水； 圍宋九月，析骸而炊之。 劉歆以為十月二日楚、鄭分。
In Duke Xuan year eight: "On jiazi of seventh month, the sun was eclipsed, total." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that before this, Shangchen of Chu killed his father and took the throne; by King Zhuang of Chu's time, the state had grown powerful. Among the Xia states, only Qi and Jin were major powers, yet both had recently suffered usurpation and regicide and remained unstable within, so Chu exploited their weakness and ran rampant, launching six invasions and destroying one state within eight years; it attacked the Luhun Rong and reviewed troops before Zhou's royal house; later it entered Zheng, and the earl of Zheng stripped his upper body to apologize; to the north it defeated Jin at Bi, with blood reddening the waters; it besieged Song for nine months, until they split bones for fuel and cooked them. Liu Xin held this was the second day of tenth month, sectors of Chu and Zheng.
14
十年「四月丙辰，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為後陳夏徵舒弒其君，楚滅蕭，晉滅二國，王札子殺召伯、毛伯。 劉歆以為二月魯、衛分。
In year ten: "On bingchen day of fourth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that afterward Xia Zhengshu of Chen killed his ruler; Chu destroyed Xiao; Jin destroyed two states; and Prince Zha killed Duke Zhao and Duke Mao. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Lu and Wei in second month.
15
十七年「六月癸卯，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為後邾支解鄫子，晉敗王師于貿戎，敗齊于鞍。 劉歆以為三月晦朓魯、衛分。
In year seventeen: "On guimao day of sixth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that afterward Zhu dismembered the ruler of Zeng, Jin defeated the royal army at Mao-Rong, and Jin defeated Qi at An. Liu Xin held this was month-end conjunction in third month, sectors of Lu and Wei.
16
成公十六年「六月丙寅朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為後晉敗楚、鄭于鄢陵，執魯侯。 劉歆以為四月二日魯、衛分。
In Duke Cheng year sixteen: "On bingyin, first day of sixth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that afterward Jin defeated Chu and Zheng at Yanling and captured the ruler of Lu. Liu Xin held this was the second day of fourth month, sectors of Lu and Wei.
17
十七年「十二月丁巳朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為後楚滅舒庸，晉弒其君，宋魚石因楚奪君邑，莒滅鄫，齊滅萊，鄭伯弒死。 劉歆以為九月周、楚分。
In year seventeen: "On dingsi, first day of twelfth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that afterward Chu destroyed Shuyong, Jin murdered its ruler, Song's Yu Shi used Chu to seize the ruler's towns, Ju destroyed Zeng, Qi destroyed Lai, and the earl of Zheng was murdered. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Zhou and Chu in ninth month.
18
襄公十四年「二月乙未朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為後衛大夫孫、甯共逐獻公，立孫剽。 劉歆以為前年十二月二日宋、燕分。
In Duke Xiang year fourteen: "On yiwei, first day of second month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that afterward Sun and Ning, grandees of Wei, jointly expelled Duke Xian and installed Sun Piao. Liu Xin held this was the second day of the previous year's twelfth month, sectors of Song and Yan.
19
十五年「八月丁巳，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為先是晉為雞澤之會，諸侯盟，又大夫盟，後為溴梁之會，諸侯在而大夫獨相與盟，君若綴斿，不得舉手。 劉歆以為五月二日魯、趙分。
In year fifteen: "On dingsi of eighth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that before this, Jin held the Jize assembly, where the feudal lords covenanted and then the grandees covenanted; later, at the Chouliang assembly, the feudal lords were present while the grandees covenanted by themselves, leaving the rulers like hanging tassels, unable to raise a hand. Liu Xin held this was the second day of fifth month, sectors of Lu and Zhao.
20
二十年「十月丙辰朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為陳慶虎、慶寅蔽君之明，邾庶其有叛心，後庶其以漆、閭丘來奔，陳殺二慶。 劉歆以為八月秦、周分。
In year twenty: "On bingchen, first day of tenth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held that in Chen, Qing Hu and Qing Yin obscured their ruler's clarity, and in Zhu, Shuqi harbored rebellion; later Shuqi fled with Qi and Lüqiu, and Chen killed the two Qings. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Qin and Zhou in eighth month.
21
二十一年「九月庚戌朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為晉欒盈將犯君，後入于曲沃。 劉歆以為七月秦、晉分。
In year twenty-one: "On gengxu, first day of ninth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held that Luan Ying of Jin would offend the ruler; later he entered Quwo. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Qin and Jin in seventh month.
22
「十月庚辰朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為宿在軫、角，楚大國象也。 後楚屈氏譖殺公子追舒，齊慶封脅君亂國。 劉歆以為八月秦、周分。
"On gengchen, first day of tenth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held the lodge was Zhen and Jiao, symbols of the great state Chu. Afterward the Qu clan of Chu slander-killed Prince Zhuishu, and Qing Feng of Qi coerced his ruler and disordered the state. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Qin and Zhou in eighth month.
23
二十三年「二月癸酉朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為後衛侯入陳儀，甯喜弒其君剽。 劉歆以為前年十二月二日宋、燕分。
In year twenty-three: "On guiyou, first day of second month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held that afterward the marquis of Wei entered with Chen Yi, and Ning Xi murdered his ruler Piao. Liu Xin held this was the second day of the previous twelfth month, sectors of Song and Yan.
24
二十四年「七月甲子朔，日有食之，既」。 劉歆以為五月魯、趙分。
In year twenty-four: "On jiazi, first day of seventh month, the sun was eclipsed, total." Liu Xin held this was sectors of Lu and Zhao in fifth month.
25
「八月癸巳朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為比食又既，象陽將絕，夷狄主上國之象也。 後六君弒，楚子果從諸侯伐鄭，滅舒鳩，魯往朝之，卒主中國，伐吳討慶封。 劉歆以為六月晉、趙分。
"On guisi, first day of eighth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held that repeated eclipses, again including totality, symbolized yang nearing extinction and border peoples about to dominate the central states. Afterward six rulers were murdered; the ruler of Chu indeed joined the feudal lords in attacking Zheng, destroyed Shujiu, received court homage from Lu, ultimately led the central states, attacked Wu, and punished Qing Feng. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Jin and Zhao in sixth month.
26
二十七年「十二月乙亥朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為禮義將大滅絕之象也。 時吳子好勇，使刑人守門； 蔡侯通於世子之妻； 莒不早立嗣。 後閽戕吳子，蔡世子般弒其父，莒人亦弒君而庶子爭。 劉向以為自二十年至此歲，八年間日食七作，禍亂將重起，故天仍見戒也。 後齊崔杼弒君，宋殺世子，北燕伯出奔，鄭大夫自外入而篡位，指略如董仲舒。 劉歆以為九月周、楚分。
In year twenty-seven: "On yihai, first day of twelfth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held this was an image that rites and righteousness were nearing complete extinction. At that time the ruler of Wu delighted in valor and put penal men as gate guards; the marquis of Cai had relations with his heir's wife; and Ju failed to establish succession early. Afterward gatekeepers killed the ruler of Wu, the heir Ban of Cai murdered his father, and in Ju too the people killed the ruler and secondary sons contended. Liu Xiang held that from year twenty to this year, seven eclipses occurred in eight years: disasters and disorder were about to rise heavily again, and so Heaven repeatedly gave warning. Afterward Cui Zhu of Qi murdered his ruler, Song killed its heir, the earl of Northern Yan fled, and a Zheng grandee entered from abroad and usurped the throne; in broad outline this agrees with Dong Zhongshu. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Zhou and Chu in ninth month.
27
昭公七年「四月甲辰朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為先是楚靈王弒君而立，會諸侯，執徐子，滅賴，後陳公子招殺世子，楚因而滅之，又滅蔡，後靈王亦弒死。 劉歆以為二月魯、衛分。 傳曰晉侯問於士文伯曰：「誰將當日食？」 對曰：「魯、衛惡之，衛大魯小。」 公曰：「何故？」 對曰：「去衛地，如魯地，於是有災，其衛君乎？ 魯將上卿。」 是歲，八月衛襄公卒，十一月魯季孫宿卒。 晉侯謂士文伯曰：「吾所問日食從矣，可常乎？」 對曰：「不可。 六物不同，民心不壹，事序不類，官職不則，同始異終，胡可常也？ 《詩》曰：『或宴宴居息，或盡悴事國。』 其異終也如是。」 公曰：「何謂六物？」 對曰：「
In Duke Zhao year seven: "On jiachen, first day of fourth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that before this, King Ling of Chu had murdered his ruler and taken the throne, convened the feudal lords, seized the ruler of Xu, and destroyed Lai; afterward Prince Zhao of Chen killed the heir, and Chu then destroyed Chen and then Cai; later King Ling himself was murdered. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Lu and Wei in second month. The Tradition says the marquis of Jin asked Shi Wenbo: "Who will bear this eclipse?" He replied: "Lu and Wei will bear it; Wei will suffer the greater harm, Lu the lesser." The duke said: "Why?" He replied: "From Wei's territory to Lu's territory, thus there is disaster. Will it be the ruler of Wei? Lu will lose its highest minister." That year, in eighth month Duke Xiang of Wei died; in eleventh month Jisun Su of Lu died. The marquis of Jin said to Shi Wenbo: "What I asked about eclipse was fulfilled. Can this be constant?" He replied: "It cannot. The six things differ, the people's hearts are not one, the order of affairs is not the same, and offices and duties do not follow one rule; with the same beginning but different ends, how could there be constancy? The Odes says: "Some dwell at ease in banquet-rest, others are worn out serving the state." Their endings differ just so." The duke said: "What are the six things?" He replied, “
28
歲、時、日、月、星、辰是謂。」 公曰：「何謂辰？」 對曰：「日月之會是謂。」 公曰：「詩所謂『此日而食，于何不臧』，何也？」 對曰：「不善政之謂也。 國無政，不用善，則自取適于日月之災。 故政不可不慎也，務三而已：一曰擇人，二曰因民，三曰從時。」 此推日食之占循變復之要也。 《易》曰：「縣象著明，莫大於日月。」 是故聖人重之，載于三經。 於易在豐之震曰：「豐其沛，日中見昧，折其右肱，亡咎。」 於詩十月之交，則著卿士、司徒，下至趣馬、師氏，咸非其材。 同於右肱之所折，協於三務之所擇，明小人乘君子，陰侵陽之原也。
He replied: "Year, season, day, month, stars, and constellations—these are the six." The duke said: "What is meant by constellation?" He replied: "It means where the sun and moon meet in conjunction." The duke said: "The poem says, 'On this day the sun was eclipsed—why was it not auspicious?' What does that mean?" He replied: "It means bad governance. If a state lacks governance and does not use the good, it draws onto itself the disasters of sun and moon. Therefore governance must be handled with care, and concerns only three tasks: first choosing people, second adapting to the people, third following the season." This infers from eclipse divination the key to cyclical change and return. The Changes says: "Of hanging signs made manifest, nothing is greater than sun and moon." Therefore sages gave them great weight and recorded them in the three classics. In the Changes, under Feng changing to Zhen, it says: "Abundance under heavy cover; at noon one sees dimness; his right arm is broken; no blame." In the Odes, "Crossing of the Tenth Month" names everyone from high ministers and the Minister of Works down to horse keepers and masters, all unfit for their offices. This matches the broken right arm and accords with the selection made through the three duties, showing petty men riding over gentlemen and yin invading yang at its root.
29
十五年「六月丁巳朔，日有食之」。 劉歆以為三月魯、衛分。
In year fifteen: "On dingsi, first day of sixth month, the sun was eclipsed." Liu Xin held this was sectors of Lu and Wei in third month.
30
十七年「六月甲戌朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為時宿在畢，晉國象也。 晉厲公誅四大夫，失眾心，以弒死。 後莫敢復責大夫，六卿遂相與比周，專晉國，君還事之。 日比再食，其事在春秋後，故不載於經。 劉歆以為魯、趙分。 左氏傳平子曰：「唯正月朔，慝未作，日有食之，於是乎天子不舉，伐鼓於社，諸侯用幣於社，伐鼓於朝，禮也。 其餘則否。」 太史曰：「在此月也，日過分而未至，三辰有災，百官降物，君不舉，避移時，樂奏鼓，祝用幣，史用辭，嗇夫馳，庶人走，此月朔之謂也。 當夏四月，是謂孟夏。」 說曰：正月謂周六月，夏四月，正陽純乾之月也。 慝謂陰爻也，冬至陽爻起初，故曰復。 至建巳之月為純乾，亡陰爻，而陰侵陽，為災重，故伐鼓用幣，責陰之禮。 降物，素服也。 不舉，去樂也。 避移時，避正堂，須時移災復也。 嗇夫，掌幣吏。 庶人，其徒役也。 劉歆以為六月二日魯、趙分。
In year seventeen: "On jiaxu, first day of sixth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held the lodge then was Bi, symbol of Jin. Duke Li of Jin executed four great officers, lost the people's support, and was murdered. Afterward none dared again restrain grandees; the six ministers then allied and monopolized Jin, and rulers in turn served them. The sun was eclipsed repeatedly; since this occurred after the Spring and Autumn period, it was not recorded in the Classic. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Lu and Zhao. The Zuo Tradition records Zi Ping as saying: "Only when the sun is eclipsed on the new moon of the first month, before hidden evils have arisen, does the Son of Heaven suspend court and beat drums at the altar, while feudal lords present silks at the altar and beat drums in their courts—that is the proper rite. At other times, no." The Grand Historian said: "In this month, the sun has passed the division but has not yet arrived; if the three celestial bodies suffer anomaly, the hundred offices lower their insignia, the ruler suspends affairs and withdraws for a period, music and drums are played, invocators use offerings, scribes use formulas, tally officers hurry, and commoners run. This is what is meant by the first day of this month. By Xia reckoning this is fourth month, called early summer." The explanation says first month means Zhou sixth month, Xia fourth month, month of pure yang and pure Qian. Hidden evil means yin lines; at winter solstice the first yang line arises, therefore it is called Return. By the jisi month it becomes pure Qian, with no yin lines; yet if yin invades yang, the disaster is grave, and therefore drums and silk offerings are used as the ritual for reproaching yin. Lowering insignia means plain mourning dress. Not undertaking means removing music. Withdrawing for a time-shift means leaving the main hall, awaiting the time for disaster to pass and return. The sefu was the official in charge of tally silk offerings. Commoners means the laboring attendants. Liu Xin held this was the second day of sixth month, sectors of Lu and Zhao.
31
二十一年「七月壬午朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為周景王老，劉子、單子專權，蔡侯朱驕，君臣不說之象也。 後蔡侯朱果出奔，劉子、單子立王猛。 劉歆以為五月二日魯、趙分。
In year twenty-one: "On renwu, first day of seventh month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held that King Jing of Zhou was old, Liuzi and Danzi monopolized power, and Marquis Zhu of Cai was arrogant: an image of ruler and ministers not being in accord. Afterward Marquis Zhu of Cai indeed fled, and Liuzi and Danzi installed Prince Meng. Liu Xin held this was the second day of fifth month, sectors of Lu and Zhao.
32
二十二年「十二月癸酉朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為宿在心，天子之象也。 後尹氏立王子朝，天王居于狄泉。 劉歆以為十月楚、鄭分。
In year twenty-two: "On guiyou, first day of twelfth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held the lodge was Heart, symbol of the Son of Heaven. Afterward the Yin clan installed Prince Chao, and the Son of Heaven resided at Diquan. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Chu and Zheng in tenth month.
33
二十四年「五月乙未朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為宿在胃，魯象也。 後昭公為季氏所逐。 劉向以為自十五年至此歲，十年間天戒七見，人君猶不寤。 後楚殺戎蠻子，晉滅陸渾戎，盜殺衛侯兄，蔡、莒之君出奔，吳滅巢，公子光殺王僚，宋三臣以邑叛其君。 它如仲舒。 劉歆以為二日魯、趙分。 是月斗建辰。 左氏傳梓慎曰：「將大水。」 昭子曰：「旱也。 日過分而陽猶不克，克必甚，能無旱乎！ 陽不克，莫將積聚也。」 是歲秋，大雩，旱也。 二至二分，日有食之，不為災。 日月之行也，春秋分日夜等，故同道； 冬夏至長短極，故相過。 相過同道而食輕，不為大災，水旱而已。
In year twenty-four: "On yiwei, first day of fifth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held the lodge was Stomach, symbol of Lu. Afterward Duke Zhao was expelled by the Ji clan. Liu Xiang held that from year fifteen to this year, in ten years Heaven gave warning seven times, yet rulers still did not awaken. Afterward Chu killed the ruler of Rongmanzi; Jin destroyed the Luhun Rong; bandits murdered the elder brother of the marquis of Wei; the rulers of Cai and Ju fled; Wu destroyed Chao; Prince Guang killed King Liao; and three ministers of Song rebelled against their ruler with their fiefs. Other points are as in Zhongshu. Liu Xin held this was the sectors of Lu and Zhao on the second day. That month Jupiter was in Chen. The Zuo Tradition says Zishen said: "There will be great flooding." Zhaozi said: "It will be drought. The sun has passed its division, yet yang still cannot prevail; when it does prevail, it will be severe. How could there not be drought? If yang does not prevail, nothing can accumulate." That autumn there was Great Yu rain-prayer: it was drought. At the two solstices and two equinoxes, if there is a solar eclipse it is not counted as disaster. In the movement of sun and moon, at spring and autumn equinox day and night are equal, so their paths coincide; at winter and summer solstice length and shortness reach extremes, so they pass one another. When they pass and eclipse on coincident paths, the eclipse is light and not a great disaster, only flood or drought.
34
三十一年「十二月辛亥朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為宿在心，天子象也。 時京師微弱，後諸侯果相率而城周，宋中幾亡尊天子之心，而不衰城。 劉向以為時吳滅徐，而蔡滅沈，楚圍蔡，吳敗楚入郢，昭王走出。 劉歆以為二日宋、燕分。
In year thirty-one: "On xinhai, first day of twelfth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held the lodge was Heart, symbol of the Son of Heaven. At that time the royal capital was weak; later the feudal lords indeed jointly fortified Zhou. Song nearly lost all respect for the Son of Heaven and did not repair the walls. Liu Xiang held that then Wu destroyed Xu, Cai destroyed Shen, Chu besieged Cai, Wu defeated Chu and entered Ying, and King Zhao fled. Liu Xin held this was the sectors of Song and Yan on the second day.
35
定公五年「三月辛亥朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為後鄭滅許，魯陽虎作亂，竊寶玉大弓，季桓子退仲尼，宋三臣以邑叛。 劉歆以為正月二日燕、趙分。
In Duke Ding year five: "On xinhai, first day of third month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that afterward Zheng destroyed Xu, Yang Hu of Lu created disorder and stole the treasured jade and great bow, Ji Huanzi dismissed Confucius, and three ministers of Song rebelled with their towns. Liu Xin held this was the second day of first month, sectors of Yan and Zhao.
36
十二年「十一月丙寅朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒、劉向以為後晉三大夫以邑叛，薛弒其君，楚滅頓、胡，越敗吳，衛逐世子。 劉歆以為十二月二日楚、鄭分。
In year twelve: "On bingyin, first day of eleventh month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that afterward three grandees of Jin rebelled with their towns; Xue murdered its ruler; Chu destroyed Dun and Hu; Yue defeated Wu; and Wei expelled its heir. Liu Xin held this was the second day of twelfth month, sectors of Chu and Zheng.
37
十五年「八月庚辰朔，日有食之」。 董仲舒以為宿在柳，周室大壞，夷狄主諸夏之象也。 明年，中國諸侯果累累從楚而圍蔡，蔡恐，遷于州來。 晉人執戎蠻子歸于楚，京師楚也。 劉向以為盜殺蔡侯，齊陳乞弒其君而立陽生，孔子終不用。 劉歆以為六月晉、趙分。
In year fifteen: "On gengchen, first day of eighth month, the sun was eclipsed." Dong Zhongshu held the lodge was Willow, image of the Zhou house greatly collapsing and the border peoples ruling the Xia states. The next year, feudal lords of the central states indeed followed Chu in numbers to besiege Cai; Cai, fearful, moved to Zhoulai. Men of Jin captured Rongmanzi and returned him to Chu; the capital authority was now Chu. Liu Xiang held that bandits killed the marquis of Cai, Chen Qi of Qi murdered his ruler and installed Yangsheng, and Confucius was ultimately never employed. Liu Xin held this was sectors of Jin and Zhao in sixth month.
38
哀公十四年「五月庚申朔，日有食之」。 在獲麟後。 劉歆以為三月二日齊、衛分。
In Duke Ai year fourteen: "On gengshen, first day of fifth month, the sun was eclipsed." This was after the capture of the qilin. Liu Xin held this was the second day of third month, sectors of Qi and Wei.
39
凡春秋十二公，二百四十二年，日食三十六。 穀梁以為朔二十六，晦七，夜二，二日一。 公羊以為朔二十七，二日七，晦二。 左氏以為朔十六，二日十八，晦一，不書日者二。
Across the twelve dukes of Spring and Autumn, over 242 years, there were 36 solar eclipses. Guliang counts 26 on first day, 7 at month-end, 2 night eclipses, and 1 lasting two days. Gongyang counts 27 on first day, 7 lasting two days, and 2 at month-end. Zuo counts 16 on first day, 18 lasting two days, 1 at month-end, and 2 without day recorded.
40
高帝三年十月甲戌晦，日有食之，在斗二十度，燕地也。 後二年，燕王臧荼反，誅，立盧綰為燕王，後又反，敗。
In the tenth month of Emperor Gao's third year, on jiaxu at month-end, the sun was eclipsed at 20 degrees of Dou, the territory of Yan. Two years later, King Zang Tu of Yan rebelled and was executed; Lu Wan was made king of Yan, and later he too rebelled and was defeated.
41
十一月癸卯晦，日有食之，在虛三度，齊地也。 後二年，齊王韓信徙為楚王，明年廢為列侯，後又反，誅。
On guimao at month-end in eleventh month, the sun was eclipsed at 3 degrees of Xu, territory of Qi. Two years later King Han Xin of Qi was transferred to be king of Chu; the next year he was reduced to marquis, and later he rebelled and was executed.
42
九年六月乙未晦，日有食之，既，在張十三度。
In sixth month of year nine, on yiwei at month-end, the sun was eclipsed, total, at 13 degrees of Zhang.
43
惠帝七年正月辛丑朔，日有食之，在危十三度。 谷永以為歲首正月朔日，是為三朝，尊者惡之。
In first month of Emperor Hui year seven, on xinchou first day, the sun was eclipsed at 13 degrees of Wei. Gu Yong held that at year's first month first day, one of the three court mornings, the honored should fear it.
44
五月丁卯，先晦一日，日有食之，幾盡，在七星初。 劉向以為五月微陰始起而犯至陽，其占重。 至其八月，宮車晏駕，有呂氏詐置嗣君之害。 京房易傳曰：「凡日食不以晦朔者，名曰薄。 人君誅將不以理，或賊臣將暴起，日月雖不同宿，陰氣盛，薄日光也。」
On dingmao of fifth month, one day before month-end, the sun was eclipsed nearly to totality at the beginning of Seven Stars. Liu Xiang held that in fifth month slight yin first rises and infringes utmost yang, so this divination is weighty. By that eighth month, the imperial carriage had passed away, and there was the Lü clan's false placement of a successor. Jing Fang's Yi Tradition says: "Any eclipse not at new moon or month-end is called bo (encroachment). The ruler will punish generals without due principle, or traitorous ministers will suddenly rise. Though the sun and moon are in different lodges, yin qi is excessive and dims the sun's light."
45
高后二年六月丙戌晦，日有食之。
In second year of Empress Gao, on bingxu at month-end in sixth month, the sun was eclipsed.
46
七年正月己丑晦，日有食之，既，在營室九度，為宮室中。 時高后惡之，曰：「此為我也！」 明年應。
In year seven, on jichou at month-end in first month, the sun was eclipsed, total, at 9 degrees of Encampment, within palace-sector. At that time Empress Gao disliked it, saying: "This is for me!" The next year it was fulfilled.
47
文帝二年十一月癸卯晦，日有食之，在婺女一度。
In Emperor Wen year two, on guimao at month-end in eleventh month, the sun was eclipsed at 1 degree of Wunü.
48
三年十月丁酉晦，日有食之，在斗二十三度。
In year three, on dingyou at month-end in tenth month, the sun was eclipsed at 23 degrees of Dou.
49
十一月丁卯晦，日有食之，在虛八度。
In eleventh month, on dingmao at month-end, the sun was eclipsed at 8 degrees of Xu.
50
後四年四月丙辰晦，日有食之，在東井十三度。
Four years later, on bingchen at month-end in fourth month, the sun was eclipsed at 13 degrees of Eastern Well.
51
七年正月辛未朔，日有食之。
In year seven, on xinwei first day of first month, the sun was eclipsed.
52
景帝三年二月壬午晦，日有食之，在胃二度。
In Emperor Jing year three, on renwu at month-end in second month, the sun was eclipsed at 2 degrees of Stomach.
53
七年十一月庚寅晦，日有食之，在虛九度。
In year seven, on gengyin at month-end in eleventh month, the sun was eclipsed at 9 degrees of Xu.
54
中元年十二月甲寅晦，日有食之。
In Zhongyuan year one, on jiayin at month-end in twelfth month, the sun was eclipsed.
55
中二年九月甲戌晦，日有食之。
In Zhongyuan year two, on jiaxu at month-end in ninth month, the sun was eclipsed.
56
三年九月戊戌晦，日有食之，幾盡，在尾九度。
In year three, on wuxu at month-end in ninth month, the sun was eclipsed nearly total at 9 degrees of Tail.
57
六年七月辛亥晦，日有食之，在軫七度。
In year six, on xinhai at month-end in seventh month, the sun was eclipsed at 7 degrees of Zhen.
58
後元年七月乙巳，先晦一日，日有食之，在翼十七度。
In Houyuan year one, on yisi in seventh month, one day before month-end, the sun was eclipsed at 17 degrees of Wing.
59
武帝建元二年二月丙戌朔，日有食之，在奎十四度。 劉向以為奎為卑賤婦人，後有衛皇后自至微興，卒有不終之害。
In Jianyuan year two under Emperor Wu, on bingxu first day of second month, the sun was eclipsed at 14 degrees of Kui. Liu Xiang held Kui signifies low-status women; later Empress Wei rose from very humble origins and in the end suffered harm before natural completion.
60
三年九月丙子晦，日有食之，在尾二度。
In year three, on bingzi at month-end in ninth month, the sun was eclipsed at 2 degrees of Tail.
61
五年正月己巳朔，日有食之。
In year five, on jisi first day of first month, the sun was eclipsed.
62
元光元年二月丙辰晦，日有食之。
In Yuanguang year one, on bingchen at month-end in second month, the sun was eclipsed.
63
七月癸未，先晦一日，日有食之，在翼八度。 劉向以為前年高園便殿災，與春秋御廩災後日食於翼、軫同。 其占，內有女變，外為諸侯。 其後陳皇后廢，江都、淮南、衡山王謀反，誅。 日中時食從東北，過半，晡時復。
On guiwei in seventh month, one day before month-end, the sun was eclipsed at 8 degrees of Wing. Liu Xiang held that the previous year's fire at the side hall of Gao Garden corresponded to the Spring and Autumn pattern of a granary fire followed by an eclipse in Wing and Zhen. Its divination: internally female change, externally troubles from feudal lords. Afterward Empress Chen was deposed, and the kings of Jiangdu, Huainan, and Hengshan plotted rebellion and were executed. At noon the eclipse began from the northeast, passed half, and recovered by late afternoon.
64
元朔二年二月乙巳晦，日有食之，在胃三度。
In Yuanshuo year two, on yisi at month-end in second month, the sun was eclipsed at 3 degrees of Stomach.
65
六年十一月癸丑晦，日有食之。
In year six, on guichou at month-end in eleventh month, the sun was eclipsed.
66
元狩元年五月乙巳晦，日有食之，在柳六度。 京房易傳推以為是時日食從旁右，法曰君失臣。 明年丞相公孫弘薨。 日食從旁左者，亦君失臣； 從上者，臣失君； 從下者，君失民。
In Yuanshou year one, on yisi at month-end in fifth month, the sun was eclipsed at 6 degrees of Willow. Jing Fang's Yi Tradition infers that at this time the eclipse came from the right side; by rule this means ruler losing ministers. The next year Chancellor Gongsun Hong died. If the eclipse comes from the left side, this also means ruler losing ministers; from above means ministers losing the ruler; from below means ruler losing the people.
67
元鼎五年四月丁丑晦，日有食之，在東井二十三度。
In Yuanding year five, on dingchou at month-end in fourth month, the sun was eclipsed at 23 degrees of Eastern Well.
68
元封四年六月己酉朔，日有食之。
In Yuanfeng year four, on jiyou first day of sixth month, the sun was eclipsed.
69
太始元年正月乙巳晦，日有食之。
In Taishi year one, on yisi at month-end in first month, the sun was eclipsed.
70
四年十月甲寅晦，日有食之，在斗十九度。
In year four, on jiayin at month-end in tenth month, the sun was eclipsed at 19 degrees of Dou.
71
征和四年八月辛酉晦，日有食之，不盡如鉤，在亢二度。 晡時食從西北，日下晡時復。
In Zhenghe year four, on xinyou at month-end in eighth month, the sun was eclipsed, not total and hook-shaped, at 2 degrees of Kang. By late afternoon the eclipse came from the northwest, and recovered as the sun lowered in late afternoon.
72
昭帝始元三年十一月壬辰朔，日有食之，在斗九度，燕地也。 後四年，燕剌王謀反，誅。
In Emperor Zhao's third Shiyuan year, on the renchen first day of the eleventh month, the sun was eclipsed at 9 degrees of Dou, the territory of Yan. Four years later the Prince of Yan plotted rebellion and was executed.
73
元鳳元年七月己亥晦，日有食之，幾盡，在張十二度。 劉向以為己亥而既，其占重。 後六年，宮車晏駕，卒以亡嗣。
In Yuanfeng year one, on jihai at month-end in seventh month, the sun was eclipsed nearly to totality at 12 degrees of Zhang. Liu Xiang held that because it was jihai and nearly total, its divination was weighty. Six years later the imperial carriage passed away and the line ended without heir.
74
宣帝地節元年十二月癸亥晦，日有食之，在營室十五度。
In Dijie year one under Emperor Xuan, on guihai at month-end in twelfth month, the sun was eclipsed at 15 degrees of Encampment.
75
五鳳元年十二月乙酉朔，日有食之，在婺女十度。
In Wufeng year one, on yiyou first day of twelfth month, the sun was eclipsed at 10 degrees of Wunü.
76
四年四月辛丑朔，日有食之，在畢十九度。 是為正月朔，慝未作，左氏以為重異。
In year four, on xinchou first day of fourth month, the sun was eclipsed at 19 degrees of Bi. This was first day of proper month before hidden evils arose; Zuo regarded it as a grave anomaly.
77
元帝永光二年三月壬戌朔，日有食之，在婁八度。
In Yongguang year two under Emperor Yuan, on renxu first day of third month, the sun was eclipsed at 8 degrees of Lou.
78
四年六月戊寅晦，日有食之，在張七度。
In year four, on wuyin at month-end in sixth month, the sun was eclipsed at 7 degrees of Zhang.
79
建昭五年六月壬申晦，日有食之，不盡如鉤，因入。
In Jianzhao year five, on renshen at month-end in sixth month, the sun was eclipsed, incomplete and hook-shaped, then entered cloud.
80
成帝建始三年十二月戊申朔，日有食之，其夜未央殿中地震。 谷永對曰：「日食婺女九度，占在皇后。 地震蕭牆之內，咎在貴妾。 二者俱發，明同事異人，共掩制陽，將害繼嗣也。 亶日食，則妾不見； 亶地震，則后不見。 異日而發，則似殊事； 亡故動變，則恐不知。 是月后妾當有失節之郵，故天因此兩見其變。 若曰，違失婦道，隔遠眾妾，妨絕繼嗣者，此二人也。」 杜欽對亦曰：「日以戊申食，時加未。 戊未，土也，中宮之部。 其夜殿中地震，此必適妾將有爭寵相害而為患者。 人事失於下，變象見於上。 能應之司德，則咎異消； 忽而不戒，則禍敗至。 應之，非誠不立，非信不行。」
In Emperor Cheng's third Jianshi year, on the wushen first day of the twelfth month, the sun was eclipsed; that night the ground shook inside Weiyang Hall. Gu Yong replied: "An eclipse at 9 degrees of Wunü is a divination aimed at the empress. An earthquake inside the inner walls places blame on favored consorts. The two occurring together makes clear one affair involving different persons: together they would cover and constrain yang and harm succession. If only an eclipse occurs, the consort is not implicated; if only an earthquake occurs, the empress is not implicated. If they occur on different days, they seem separate matters; if change stirs without cause, people may fail to understand. In this month empress and consorts should have had a failing in proper conduct, so Heaven displayed both anomalies through this. It is as if saying: those who violate women's duty, keep the many consorts apart, and block succession are these two women." Du Qin likewise replied: "The eclipse fell on wushen with the hour at wei. Wu and wei are earth, the central palace sector. An earthquake in the palace that night means the principal wife and favored concubine would contend for favor and harm each other, becoming calamity. When human affairs fail below, changing signs appear above. If one responds through governance in virtue, blame and anomaly are dispelled; if one neglects warning, disaster and ruin arrive. To respond, sincerity must stand and trust must be carried out."
81
河平元年四月己亥晦，日有食之，不盡如鉤，在東井六度。 劉向對曰：「四月交於五月，月同孝惠，日同孝昭。 東井，京師地，且既，其占恐害繼嗣。」 日蚤食時，從西南起。
In Heping year one, on jihai at month-end in fourth month, the sun was eclipsed, incomplete and hook-shaped, at 6 degrees of Eastern Well. Liu Xiang replied: "The fourth month crossing into fifth shares month with Emperor Xiaohui and day with Emperor Zhao. Eastern Well is the capital's sector, and with this near-totality the divination likely threatens succession." The eclipse began early in daylight from the southwest.
82
三年八月乙卯晦，日有食之，在房。
In year three, on yimao at month-end in eighth month, the sun was eclipsed in Fang.
83
四年三月癸丑朔，日有食之，在昴。
In year four, on guichou first day of third month, the sun was eclipsed in Mao.
84
陽朔元年二月丁未晦，日有食之，在胃。
In Yangshuo year one, on dingwei at month-end in second month, the sun was eclipsed in Stomach.
85
永始元年九月丁巳晦，日有食之。 谷永以京房易占對曰：「元年九月日蝕，酒亡節之所致也。 獨使京師知之，四國不見者，若曰，湛湎于酒，君臣不別，禍在內也。」
In Yongshi year one, on dingsi at month-end in ninth month, the sun was eclipsed. Gu Yong, using Jing Fang's Yi divination, replied: "The eclipse in ninth month of year one was caused by lack of restraint in drink. That only the capital knew while the four quarters did not see it is as if saying: sunk in drink, with no distinction between ruler and ministers, the calamity lies within."
86
永始二年二月乙酉晦，日有食之。 谷永以京房易占對曰：「今年二月日食，賦斂不得度，民愁怨之所致也。 所以使四方皆見，京師陰蔽者，若曰，人君好治宮室，大營墳墓，賦斂茲重，而百姓屈竭，禍在外也。」
In Yongshi year two, on yiyou at month-end in second month, the sun was eclipsed. Gu Yong, using Jing Fang's Yi divination, replied: "This year's second-month eclipse came from taxation and levies exceeding measure, producing popular sorrow and resentment. That all directions saw it while the capital was clouded is as if saying: the ruler delights in building palaces and grand tombs, exactions grow heavy, the people are exhausted, and the calamity lies outside."
87
三年正月己卯晦，日有食之。
In year three, on jimao at month-end in first month, the sun was eclipsed.
88
四年七月辛未晦，日有食之。
In year four, on xinwei at month-end in seventh month, the sun was eclipsed.
89
元延元年正月己亥朔，日有食之。
In Yuanyan year one, on jihai first day of first month, the sun was eclipsed.
90
哀帝元壽元年正月辛丑朔，日有食之，不盡如鉤，在營室十度，與惠帝七年同月日。
In Emperor Ai's first Yuanshou year, on the xinchou first day of the first month, the sun was eclipsed, incomplete and hook-shaped, at 10 degrees of Encampment, the same month and day as in Emperor Hui's seventh year.
91
二年三月壬辰晦，日有食之。
In year two, on renchen at month-end in third month, the sun was eclipsed.
92
平帝元始元年五月丁巳朔，日有食之，在東井。
In Yuanshi year one under Emperor Ping, on dingsi first day of fifth month, the sun was eclipsed in Eastern Well.
93
二年九月戊申晦，日有食之，既。
In year two, on wushen at month-end in ninth month, the sun was eclipsed, total.
94
凡漢著紀十二世，二百一十二年，日食五十三，朔十四，晦三十六，先晦一日三。
Across twelve recorded Han reigns over 212 years, there were fifty-three solar eclipses: fourteen on the new moon, thirty-six at month-end, and three one day before month-end.
95
成帝建始元年八月戊午，晨漏未盡三刻，有兩月重見。 京房易傳曰：「『婦貞厲，月幾望，君子征，凶。』 言君弱而婦彊，為陰所乘，則月並出。 晦而月見西方謂之朓，朔而月見東方謂之仄慝，仄慝則侯王其肅，朓則侯王其舒。」 劉向以為朓者疾也，君舒緩則臣驕慢，故日行遲而月行疾也。 仄慝者不進之意，君肅急則臣恐懼，故日行疾而月行遲，不敢迫近君也。 不舒不急，以正失之者，食朔日。 劉歆以為舒者侯王展意顓事，臣下促急，故月行疾也。 肅者王侯縮朒不任事，臣下弛縱，故月行遲也。 當春秋時，侯王率多縮朒不任事，故食二日仄慝者十八，食晦日朓者一，此其效也。 考之漢家，食晦朓者三十六，終亡二日仄慝者，歆說信矣。 此皆謂日月亂行者也。
In Emperor Cheng's first Jianshi year, on wuwu in the eighth month, at dawn before three quarters had run out on the water-clock, two moons were seen together. Jing Fang's Yi Tradition says: ""A woman's constancy is peril; the moon almost full; if a gentleman campaigns, misfortune. It means when ruler is weak and wife strong, with yin riding over it, then double moons appear. Seeing the moon in the west at month-end is called tiao; seeing the moon in the east at new moon is called ze-te. With ze-te, feudal lords should be stern; with tiao, they should be relaxed." Liu Xiang held that tiao means haste: when ruler is lax, ministers grow arrogant, so the sun moves slowly and moon quickly. Ze-te means unwillingness to advance: when the ruler is severe and urgent, ministers are fearful, so the sun moves quickly and the moon slowly, not daring to press close to the ruler. When one is neither lax nor urgent yet still misses the mean, eclipse comes on new-moon day. Liu Xin held that in "relaxed," feudal lords stretch out their intentions and monopolize affairs while ministers below become tense and hurried; hence the moon moves quickly. In "stern," kings and lords shrink back and fail to take up affairs while ministers below become loose and indulgent; hence the moon moves slowly. In the Spring and Autumn era, feudal rulers mostly shrank from responsibility; therefore there were eighteen two-day eclipses with ze-te and one month-end tiao eclipse. This is the verification. Examined against Han: month-end tiao eclipses are thirty-six, and there are no two-day ze-te eclipses at all; thus Xin's explanation is trustworthy. All these are cases of sun and moon moving disorderly.
96
元帝永光元年四月，日色青白，亡景，正中時有景亡光。 是夏寒，至九月，日乃有光。 京房易傳曰：「美不上人，茲謂上弱，厥異日白，七日不溫。 順亡所制茲謂弱，日白六十日，物亡霜而死。 天子親伐，茲謂不知，日白，體動而寒。 弱而有任，茲謂不亡，日白不溫，明不動。 辟鳗公行，茲謂不伸，厥異日黑，大風起，天無雲，日光晻。 不難上政，茲謂見過，日黑居仄，大如彈丸。」
In Emperor Yuan's first Yongguang year, in the fourth month, the sun's color turned bluish-white and cast no shadow; at true noon there was shadow but no light. That summer was cold; only by ninth month did the sun regain light. Jing Fang's Yi Tradition says: "When merit does not rise to others, this is called weakness above; its anomaly is a white sun and seven days without warmth. When compliance has no controlling principle, this is called weakness; the sun is white for sixty days, and things die without frost. When the Son of Heaven campaigns personally, this is called not knowing; the sun is white, body trembling and cold. When weak yet still bearing burdens, this is called not perishing; sun white and not warm, brightness unmoving. When the ruler's conduct is disordered and public, this is called not stretching forth; its anomaly is a black sun, great wind rising, a cloudless sky, and dim sunlight. Not finding governance difficult is called seeing fault; the black sun sits to the side, as large as a pellet."
97
成帝河平元年正月壬寅朔，日月俱在營室，時日出赤。 二月癸未，日朝赤，且入又赤，夜月赤。 甲申，日出赤如血，亡光，漏上四刻半，乃頗有光，燭地赤黃，食後乃復。 京房易傳曰：「辟不聞道茲謂亡，厥異日赤。」 三月乙未，日出黃，有黑氣大如錢，居日中央。 京房易傳曰：「祭天不順茲謂逆，厥異日赤，其中黑。 聞善不予，茲謂失知，厥異日黃。」 夫大人者，與天地合其德，與日月合其明，故聖王在上，總命群賢，以亮天功，則日之光明，五色備具，燭燿亡主； 有主則為異，應行而變也。 色不虛改，形不虛毀，觀日之五變，足以監矣。 故曰「縣象著明，莫大乎日月」，此之謂也。
In Emperor Cheng's first Heping year, on the renyin first day of the first month, the sun and moon were both in Encampment; at sunrise the sun was red. On guiwei in second month, the sun was red at dawn and red again at setting; at night the moon was red. On jiashen, the sun rose blood-red and lightless; only after four and a half water-clock quarters did it gain some light, casting red-yellow illumination on the ground, and only after the eclipse did it recover. Jing Fang's Yi Tradition says: "When rulers do not hear the Way, this is called extinction; its anomaly is a red sun." On yiwei in third month, the sun rose yellow with a black vapor as large as a coin at its center. Jing Fang's Yi Tradition says: "If sacrifice to Heaven is not aligned, this is called rebellion; its anomaly is a red sun with black at the center. Hearing the good but not granting it, this is called loss of knowledge; its anomaly is yellow sun." Now the great person joins his virtue with Heaven and Earth and his brightness with the sun and moon. Thus when a sage king is above and gathers worthy ministers to complete Heaven's work, the sun's light is bright, complete in five colors, and shines without irregularity; if there is an irregularity, it is anomaly, a response and change to conduct. Color does not change in vain, form is not damaged in vain. Observing the sun's five transformations is enough for scrutiny. Therefore it is said, "Of hanging signs made manifest, none are greater than sun and moon"; this is what it means.
98
嚴公七年「四月辛卯夜，恆星不見，夜中星隕如雨」。 董仲舒、劉向以為常星二十八宿者，人君之象也； 眾星，萬民之類也。 列宿不見，象諸侯微也； 眾星隕墜，民失其所也。 夜中者，為中國也。 不及地而復，象齊桓起而救存之也。 鄉亡桓公，星遂至地，中國其良絕矣。 劉向以為夜中者，言不得終性命，中道敗也。 或曰象其叛也，言當中道叛其上也。 天垂象以視下，將欲人君防惡遠非，慎卑省微，以自全安也。 如人君有賢明之材，畏天威命，若高宗謀祖己，成王泣金縢，改過修正，立信布德，存亡繼絕，修廢舉逸，下學而上達，裁什一之稅，復三日之役，節用儉服，以惠百姓，則諸侯懷德，士民歸仁，災消而福興矣。 遂莫肯改寤，法則古人，而各行其私意，終於君臣乖離，上下交怨。 自是之後，齊、宋之君弒，譚、遂、邢、衛之國滅，宿遷於宋，蔡獲於楚，晉相弒殺，五世乃定，此其效也。 左氏傳曰：「恆星不見，夜明也； 星隕如雨，與雨偕也。」 劉歆以為晝象中國，夜象夷狄。 夜明，故常見之星皆不見，象中國微也。 「星隕如雨」，如，而也，星隕而且雨，故曰「與雨偕也」，明雨與星隕，兩變相成也。 洪範曰：「庶民惟星。」 《易》曰：「雷雨作，解。」 是歲歲在玄枵，齊分野也。 夜中而星隕，象庶民中離上也。 雨以解過施，復從上下，象齊桓行伯，復興周室也。 周四月，夏二月也，日在降婁，魯分野也。 先是，衛侯朔奔齊，衛公子黔牟立，齊帥諸侯伐之，天子使使救衛。 魯公子溺專政，會齊以犯王命，嚴弗能止，卒從而伐衛，逐天王所立。 不義至甚，而自以為功。 名去其上，政繇下作，尤著，故星隕於魯，天事常象也。
In Duke Zhuang year seven: "On xinchou night of fourth month, regular stars were not seen, and at midnight stars fell like rain." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that the regular stars and twenty-eight lodges symbolize rulers; the multitude of stars are of the same class as the myriad people. The lodges not appearing symbolizes feudal lords becoming weak; the many stars falling signifies people losing their place. Midnight signifies the central states. Not reaching the ground and then returning symbolizes Duke Huan of Qi rising to rescue and preserve them. Once Duke Huan was gone, stars reached the ground; the central states' good order was truly cut off. Liu Xiang held that "at midnight" means they could not complete their allotted lives and failed halfway. Another view says it symbolized rebellion, meaning they would rebel against superiors halfway through. Heaven hangs down signs to show those below, wishing rulers to guard against evil, keep far from wrong, be cautious about lowly beginnings, and examine the subtle, thereby preserving their own safety. If a ruler has worthy and clear ability and fears Heaven's awesome command, then like Gaozong consulting Zu Ji and King Cheng weeping over the metal-bound casket, he corrects faults and rectifies conduct, establishes trust and spreads virtue, preserves what is about to perish and continues what has been cut off, restores what is abandoned and raises the overlooked, learns below to reach above, reduces taxes to one-tenth, restores three-day corvée, and uses resources frugally and dresses plainly to benefit the people. Then the feudal lords cherish virtue, scholars and commoners return to benevolence, disasters vanish, and blessings rise. Yet none would awaken and reform: they invoked ancient models while each followed private intentions, ending in estrangement between ruler and ministers and mutual resentment above and below. After this, the rulers of Qi and Song were murdered; Tan, Sui, Xing, and Wei were destroyed; Su was moved to Song; Cai was captured by Chu; and Jin ministers killed one another. Only in the fifth generation did things settle. This was the effect. The Zuo Tradition says: "Regular stars not seen means the night was bright; stars falling like rain means they fell together with rain." Liu Xin held day images the central states, and night images the border peoples. With night bright, the stars usually seen were all not seen, symbolizing weakness of the central states. In "stars fell like rain," ru means "and": stars fell and rain also fell, hence "fell together with rain," showing that the two anomalies completed one another. The Great Plan says: "The common people are the stars." The Changes says: "Thunder and rain arise: Release." That year Jupiter was in Xuanxiao, sector of Qi. Stars falling at midnight symbolizes common people separating from superiors. Rain to release excessive measures and restore from above to below symbolizes Duke Huan of Qi practicing hegemony and reviving the Zhou house. Zhou fourth month is Xia second month, with the sun in Jianglou, sector of Lu. Before this, Marquis Shuo of Wei fled to Qi and Prince Qianmou was established in Wei; Qi led the feudal lords to attack him, and the Son of Heaven sent envoys to rescue Wei. Prince Ni of Lu monopolized governance and joined Qi in violating the royal command. Duke Zhuang could not stop him and ultimately joined the attack on Wei, expelling the ruler established by the Son of Heaven. The unrighteousness was extreme, yet he took it as merit. When the title loses what stands above it, governance is made from below; this is especially manifest, and so stars fell in Lu, the usual image of Heaven's affairs.
99
成帝永始二年二月癸未，夜過中，星隕如雨，長一二丈，繹繹未至地滅，至雞鳴止。 谷永對曰：「日月星辰燭臨下土，其有食隕之異，則遐邇幽隱靡不咸睹。 星辰附離于天，猶庶民附離王者也。 王者失道，綱紀廢頓，下將叛去，故星叛天而隕，以見其象。 春秋記異，星隕最大，自魯嚴以來，至今再見。 臣聞三代所以喪亡者，皆繇婦人群小，湛湎於酒。 《書》云：『乃用其婦人之言，四方之逋逃多罪，是信是使。』 《詩》曰：『赫赫宗周、褒姒醤之。』 『顛覆厥德，荒沈于酒。』 及秦所以二世而亡者，養生大奢，奉終大厚。 方今國家兼而有之，社稷宗廟之大憂也。」 京房易傳曰：「君不任賢，厥妖天雨星。」
In Emperor Cheng's second Yongshi year, on guiwei in the second month, after midnight, stars fell like rain, each one or two zhang long, trailing in succession and vanishing before reaching the ground; this continued until cockcrow. Gu Yong replied: "Sun, moon, and stars shine down upon the earth; when anomalies of eclipse or falling stars occur, all can see them, whether near or far, hidden or exposed. Stars are attached and aligned with Heaven, just as common people are attached and aligned with the king. When the king loses the Way and the framework of order collapses, those below will rebel and depart; therefore stars rebel from Heaven and fall, displaying this image. Spring and Autumn records anomalies, and star-fall is among the greatest. Since Duke Zhuang of Lu, it has appeared twice down to now. I have heard the reason the Three Dynasties perished was always women and petty men in groups, sunk in drink. The Documents says: "Then they used the words of their women, and those fleeing from the four quarters, many guilty, were trusted and employed." The Odes says: "Brilliant ancestral Zhou, Bao Si destroyed it." They overturned their virtue and sank into drink." As for Qin perishing in only two generations, it came from extreme luxury in life and excessive lavishness in funerary service. At present the state combines both; this is the great worry of altars of soil and grain and ancestral temples." Jing Fang's Yi Tradition says: "When the ruler does not employ the worthy, its portent is stars raining from Heaven."
100
文公十四年「七月，有星孛入于北斗」。 董仲舒以為孛者惡氣之所生也。 謂之孛者，言其孛孛有所防蔽，闇亂不明之貌也。 北斗，大國象。 後齊、宋、魯、莒、晉皆弒君。 劉向以為君臣亂於朝，政令虧於外，則上濁三光之精，五星贏縮，變色逆行，甚則為孛。 北斗，人君象； 孛星，亂臣類，篡殺之表也。 星傳曰「魁者，貴人之牢」。 又曰「孛星見北斗中，大臣諸侯有受誅者」。 一曰魁為齊、晉。 夫彗星較然在北斗中，天之視人顯矣，史之有占明矣，時君終不改寤。 是後，宋、魯、莒、晉、鄭、陳六國咸弒其君，齊再弒焉。 中國既亂，夷狄並侵，兵革從橫，楚乘威席勝，深入諸夏，六侵伐，一滅國，觀兵周室。 晉外滅二國，內敗王師，又連三國之兵大敗齊師于鞍，追亡逐北，東臨海水，威陵京師，武折大齊。 皆孛星炎之所及，流至二十八年。 星傳又曰：「彗星入北斗，有大戰。 其流入北斗中，得名人； 不入，失名人。」 宋華元，賢名大夫，大棘之戰，華元獲於鄭，傳舉其效云。 左氏傳曰有星孛北斗，周史服曰：「不出七年，宋、齊、晉之君皆將死亂。」 劉歆以為北斗有環域，四星入其中也。 斗，天之三辰，綱紀星也。 宋、齊、晉，天子方伯，中國綱紀。 彗所以除舊布新也。 斗七星，故曰不出七年。 至十六年，宋人弒昭公； 十八年，齊人弒懿公； 宣公二年，晉趙穿弒靈公。
In Duke Wen year fourteen: "In seventh month, a broom star entered the Northern Dipper." Dong Zhongshu held that broom stars are generated by malignant qi. It is called "bo" because its bristling aspect veils and obstructs, dark and disorderly, lacking clarity. The Northern Dipper is image of great states. Afterward Qi, Song, Lu, Ju, and Jin all had rulers murdered. Liu Xiang held that when ruler and ministers are chaotic at court and policies are deficient abroad, then above they foul the essences of the three lights: the five planets expand and contract, change color, and move in reverse; in extreme cases this becomes a broom star. The Northern Dipper is image of the ruler; the broom star is of the type of disorderly ministers, a sign of usurpation and regicide. The Star Tradition says, "Kui is the prison of noble men." It also says, "When a broom star appears in the Northern Dipper, there are great ministers or feudal lords who receive punishment." Another view says Kui stands for Qi and Jin. Now a conspicuous broom star within the Dipper shows that Heaven's warning to men was clear and the historian's divination was explicit, yet the rulers of the time still did not reform. After this, six states - Song, Lu, Ju, Jin, Zheng, and Chen - all had rulers murdered, and Qi had two rulers murdered. Once the central states were in chaos, border peoples invaded together and warfare spread everywhere; Chu rode its momentum and victories, drove deep into the Xia states, launched six invasions, destroyed one state, and reviewed troops before the Zhou royal house. Jin destroyed two states abroad and defeated the royal army at home; then, with the forces of three states, it crushed Qi at An, pursued the fugitives east to the sea, overawed the capital, and broke mighty Qi's military power. All this lay within the blaze reached by the broom star, extending to year twenty-eight. The Star Tradition also says: "If a broom star enters the Northern Dipper, there will be great war. If its tail enters the Dipper, named men are gained; if it does not enter, named men are lost." Hua Yuan of Song was a worthy and renowned grandee; in the battle of Daji, Hua Yuan was captured by Zheng, and the Tradition cites this as fulfillment. The Zuo Tradition says that there was a broom star in the Northern Dipper, and Zhou historian Fu said, "Within seven years, the rulers of Song, Qi, and Jin will all die in disorder." Liu Xin held that the Northern Dipper has a circled domain into which four stars entered. The Dipper is one of Heaven's three standards, the star of governing order. Song, Qi, and Jin were the Son of Heaven's regional lords, the governing framework of the central states. A broom star serves to sweep out the old and distribute the new. The Dipper has seven stars, hence "within seven years." By year sixteen, men of Song murdered Duke Zhao; in year eighteen, men of Qi murdered Duke Yi; and in Duke Xuan year two, Zhao Chuan of Jin murdered Duke Ling.
101
昭公十七年「冬，有星孛于大辰」。 董仲舒以為大辰心也，心在明堂，天子之象。 後王室大亂，三王分爭，此其效也。 劉向以為星傳曰「心，大星，天王也。 其前星，太子； 後星，庶子也。 尾為君臣乖離。」 孛星加心，象天子適庶將分爭也。 其在諸侯，角、亢、氐，陳、鄭也； 房、心，宋也。 後五年，周景王崩，王室亂，大夫劉子、單子立王猛，尹氏、召伯、毛伯立子晁。 子晁，楚出也。 時楚彊，宋、衛、陳、鄭皆南附楚。 王猛既卒，敬王即位，子晁入王城，天王居狄泉，莫之敢納。 五年，楚平王居卒，子晁奔楚，王室乃定。 後楚帥六國伐吳，吳敗之于雞父，殺獲其君臣。 蔡怨楚而滅沈，楚怒，圍蔡。 吳人救之，遂為柏舉之戰，敗楚師，屠郢都，妻昭王母，鞭平王墓。 此皆孛彗流炎所及之效也。 左氏傳曰：「有星孛于大辰，西及漢。 申繻曰：『彗，所以除舊布新也，天事恆象。 今除於火，火出必布焉。 諸侯其有火災乎？』 梓慎曰：『往年吾見，是其徵也。 火出而見，今茲火出而章，必火入而伏，其居火也久矣，其與不然乎？ 火出，於夏為三月，於商為四月，於周為五月。 夏數得天，若火作，其四國當之，在宋、衛、陳、鄭乎？ 宋，大辰之虛； 陳，太昊之虛； 鄭，祝融之虛：皆火房也。 星孛及漢； 漢，水祥也。 衛，顓頊之虛，其星為大水。 水，火之牡也。 其以丙子若壬午作乎？ 水火所以合也。 若火入而伏，必以壬午，不過見之月。』」 明年「夏五月，火始昏見，丙子風。 梓慎曰：『是謂融風，火之始也。 七日其火作乎？』 戊寅風甚，壬午太甚，宋、衛、陳、鄭皆火。」 劉歆以為大辰，房、心、尾也，八月心星在西方，孛從其西過心東及漢也。 宋，大辰虛，謂宋先祖掌祀大辰星也。 陳，太昊虛，虙羲木德，火所生也。 鄭，祝融虛，高辛氏火正也。 故皆為火所舍。 衛，顓頊虛，星為大水，營室也。 天星既然，又四國失政相似，及為王室亂皆同。
In Duke Zhao year seventeen: "In winter, a broom star appeared at Great Chen." Dong Zhongshu held Great Chen is Heart; Heart is in the Bright Hall, image of the Son of Heaven. Afterward the royal house fell into great disorder and three kings contended; this was its fulfillment. Liu Xiang held the Star Tradition says: "Heart—the great star is the Heavenly King. Its front star is the heir apparent; its rear star is the secondary son. Tail signifies ruler and ministers at odds." A broom star upon Heart symbolized the legitimate Son of Heaven and a secondary son about to contend. Among the feudal lords, Horn, Neck, and Root correspond to Chen and Zheng; Room and Heart correspond to Song. Five years later King Jing of Zhou died, and the royal house fell into disorder: the great officers Liuzi and Danzi installed Prince Meng, while the Yin clan, Duke of Shao, and Duke of Mao installed Prince Chao. Prince Chao was a Chu exile. At that time Chu was strong, and Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng all attached themselves to Chu in the south. After Prince Meng died, King Jing took the throne; Prince Chao entered the Royal City while the Heavenly King dwelt at Diquan, and none dared admit him. Five years later King Ping of Chu died; Prince Chao fled to Chu, and the royal house was then settled. Afterward Chu led the six states to attack Wu; Wu defeated them at Jifu, killing and capturing their rulers and ministers. Cai resented Chu and destroyed Shen; Chu grew angry and besieged Cai. Wu came to the rescue, and the battle of Boju followed; Wu defeated the Chu army, slaughtered the capital Ying, took King Zhao of Chu's mother as wife, and flogged King Ping's tomb. These were all effects reached by broom stars, comets, and streaming blaze. The Zuo Tradition says: "There was a broom star at Great Chen, reaching west to the Han River. Shen Xu said: 'A comet is what sweeps away the old and spreads the new; celestial affairs are constantly imaged. Now the sweeping is at Fire; when Fire emerges it must spread. Will the feudal lords have fire calamity?' Zi Shen said: 'In former years I saw it—this is its sign. Fire emerged and was seen; now Fire emerges and is manifest. It must enter Fire and hide; it has dwelt long at Fire, has it not? When Fire emerges, in Xia it is third month, in Shang fourth month, in Zhou fifth month. Xia's reckoning accorded with Heaven; if fire arises, the four states that should bear it—are they Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng? Song is the void of Great Chen; Chen is the void of Great Taihao; Zheng is the void of Zhurong: all are Fire lodges. The broom star reached the Han River; the Han is a water omen. Wei is the void of Zhuanxu; its star is great water. Water is the mate of fire. Will it arise on bingzi or renwu? This is how water and fire join. If fire enters and hides, it must be on renwu, no later than the month it is seen.'" The next year: "In summer, fifth month, Fire first appeared at dusk; on bingzi there was wind. Zi Shen said: 'This is called melting wind—the beginning of fire. In seven days will fire arise?' On wuyin the wind was severe; on renwu it was extremely severe, and Song, Wei, Chen, and Zheng all had fire." Liu Xin held that Great Chen consists of Room, Heart, and Tail; in the eighth month Heart was in the west, and the broom passed west of it, east of Heart, reaching the Han River. Song is the void of Great Chen, meaning Song's ancestors presided over sacrifice to the Great Chen star. Chen is the void of Great Taihao; Fuxi's wood virtue is what fire generates. Zheng is the void of Zhurong; Gaoxin's Director of Fire. Therefore all were lodges where fire dwelt. Wei is the void of Zhuanxu; its star is great water, Encampment. The celestial stars being thus manifest, the four states' loss of government was alike, and their falling into royal-house disorder was the same.
102
哀公十三年「冬十一月，有星孛于東方」。 董仲舒、劉向以為不言宿名者，不加宿也。 以辰乘日而出，亂氣蔽君明也。 明年，春秋事終。 一曰，周之十一月，夏九月，日在氐。 出東方者，軫、角、亢也。 軫，楚； 角、亢，陳、鄭也。 或曰角、亢大國象，為齊、晉也。 其後楚滅陳，田氏篡齊，六卿分晉，此其效也。 劉歆以為孛，東方大辰也，不言大辰，旦而見與日爭光，星入而彗猶見。 是歲再失閏，十一月實八月也。 日在鶉火，周分野也。 十四年冬，「有星孛」，在獲麟後。 劉歆以為不言所在，官失之也。
In Duke Ai year thirteen: "In winter, eleventh month, a broom star appeared in the east." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held that not naming a lodge means it was not fixed to one lodge. Emerging while riding the sun means disorderly qi veiling rulerly brightness. The next year, Spring and Autumn affairs came to an end. Another view: Zhou eleventh month is Xia ninth month, with the sun in Di. Appearing in the east means Zhen, Jiao, and Kang. Zhen is Chu; Jiao and Kang are Chen and Zheng. Another says Jiao and Kang symbolize great states, namely Qi and Jin. Afterward Chu destroyed Chen, the Tian clan usurped Qi, and the six ministers divided Jin; this was its fulfillment. Liu Xin held that the broom star was Great Chen in the east. The text did not say Great Chen because it appeared at dawn, contending with the sun's light; even after the star entered, the broom-tail was still visible. That year intercalation was missed twice, so eleventh month was actually eighth month. The sun was in Quail Fire, sector of Zhou. In winter of year fourteen, "there was a broom star," after the capture of the qilin. Liu Xin held that not stating its position was an official omission.
103
高帝三年七月，有星孛于大角，旬餘乃入。 劉向以為是時項羽為楚王，伯諸侯，而漢已定三秦，與羽相距滎陽，天下歸心於漢，楚將滅，故彗除王位也。 一曰，項羽阬秦卒，燒宮室，弒義帝，亂王位，故彗加之也。
In year three under Emperor Gao, in seventh month, there was a broom star at Great Horn, entering after more than ten days. Liu Xiang held that at the time Xiang Yu was king of Chu and hegemon over the feudal lords, while Han had already pacified the Three Qins and faced Xiang at Xingyang; hearts under Heaven were turning to Han, Chu was about to perish, and so the broom swept away his kingship. Another view: Xiang Yu buried alive Qin troops, burned palaces, and murdered Emperor Yi, disrupting royal order, so the broom came upon him.
104
文帝後七年九月，有星孛于西方，其本直尾、箕，末指虛、危，長丈餘，及天漢，十六日不見。 劉向以為尾宋地，今楚彭城也。 箕為燕，又為吳、越、齊。 宿在漢中，負海之國水澤地也。 是時景帝新立，信用晁錯，將誅正諸侯王，其象先見。 後三年，吳、楚、四齊與趙七國舉兵反，皆誅滅云。
In the seventh year of Emperor Wen's later period, in the ninth month, there was a broom star in the west. Its root lay straight at Tail and Basket, its tip pointed to Void and Rooftop, and it was over one zhang long, reaching the Milky River before disappearing after sixteen days. Liu Xiang held Tail is Song territory, now Pengcheng of Chu. Basket is Yan, and also Wu, Yue, and Qi. This lodge lay within Han and touched sea-facing states and marshy lands. At that time Emperor Jing was newly enthroned and trusted Chao Cuo, preparing to punish and rectify the feudal kings; the sign appeared first. Three years later, Wu, Chu, the four Qi states, and Zhao, seven states in all, raised troops in rebellion, and all were executed and destroyed.
105
武帝建元六年六月，有星孛于北方。 劉向以為明年淮南王安入朝，與太尉武安侯田蚡有邪謀，而陳皇后驕恣，其後陳后廢，而淮南王反，誅。
In Jianyuan year six under Emperor Wu, in sixth month, there was a broom star in the north. Liu Xiang held that the next year King An of Huainan came to court and had illicit plots with Grand Commandant Tian Fen, Marquis Wu'an, while Empress Chen was arrogant and unrestrained; later Empress Chen was deposed, and the King of Huainan rebelled and was executed.
106
八月，長星出于東方，長終天，三十日去。 占曰：「是為蚩尤旗，見則王者征伐四方。」 其後兵誅四夷，連數十年。
In eighth month, a long star emerged in the east, spanning to the end of heaven, and departed after thirty days. The divination says: "This is Chi You's banner; when seen, the king campaigns in all directions." Afterward troops punished the four border peoples for decades in succession.
107
元狩四年四月，長星又出西北，是時伐胡尤甚。
In the fourth Yuanshou year, in the fourth month, a long star again emerged in the northwest; at this time campaigns against the Hu were especially intense.
108
元封元年五月，有星孛于東井，又孛于三台。 其後江充作亂，京師紛然。 此明東井、三台為秦地效也。
In Yuanfeng year one, in fifth month, there was a broom star at Eastern Well, and again at Three Terraces. Afterward Jiang Chong raised disorder, and the capital was thrown into turmoil. This shows that Eastern Well and Three Terraces were omens for the Qin homeland.
109
宣帝地節元年正月，有星孛于西方，去太白二丈所。 劉向以為太白為大將，彗孛加之，掃滅象也。 明年，大將軍霍光薨，後二年家夷滅。
In Dijie year one under Emperor Xuan, in first month, there was a broom star in the west, about two zhang from Venus. Liu Xiang held Venus is the great general; when broom-star falls upon it, it images sweeping annihilation. The next year Grand General Huo Guang died; two years later his household was exterminated.
110
成帝建始元年正月，有星孛于營室，青白色，長六七丈，廣尺餘。 劉向、谷永以為營室為後宮懷任之象，彗星加之，將有害懷任絕繼嗣者。 一曰，後宮將受害也。 其後許皇后坐祝詛後宮懷任者廢。 趙皇后立妹為昭儀，害兩皇子，上遂無嗣。 趙后姊妹卒皆伏辜。
In Emperor Cheng's first Jianshi year, in the first month, there was a broom star in Encampment, bluish-white, six or seven zhang long and over one chi wide. Liu Xiang and Gu Yong held that Encampment symbolizes the empress's quarters and pregnancy; a broom star falling there meant there would be harm to pregnancy and a cutting off of succession. Another view: the harem itself would suffer harm. Afterward Empress Xu was deposed for cursing those in the harem who were pregnant. Empress Zhao established her younger sister as Zhaoyi; she harmed two imperial sons, and the emperor ended without heir. In the end the Zhao sisters both met punishment.
111
元延元年七月辛未，有星孛于東井，踐五諸侯，出河戍北率行軒轅、太微，後日六度有餘，晨出東方。 十三日夕見西方，犯次妃、長秋、斗、填，蜂炎再貫紫宮中。 大火當後，達天河，除於妃后之域。 南逝度犯大角、攝提，至天市而按節徐行，炎入市，中旬而後西去，五十六日與倉龍俱伏。 谷永對曰：「上古以來，大亂之極，所希有也。 察其馳騁驟步，芒炎或長或短，所歷奸犯，內為後宮女妾之害，外為諸夏叛逆之禍。」 劉向亦曰：「三代之亡，攝提易方； 秦、項之滅，星孛大角。」 是歲，趙昭儀害兩皇子。 後五年，成帝崩，昭儀自殺。 哀帝即位，趙氏皆免官爵，徙遼西。 哀帝亡嗣。 平帝即位，王莽用事，追廢成帝趙皇后、哀帝傅皇后，皆自殺。 外家丁、傅皆免官爵，徙合浦，歸故郡。 平帝亡嗣，莽遂篡國。
In the first Yuanyan year, on xinwei in the seventh month, there was a broom star at Eastern Well, treading the Five Feudal Lords. Emerging north of River Guard, it led the way through Chariot Pivot and Supreme Palace Enclosure, lagged the sun by more than six degrees, and appeared in the morning in the east. On the thirteenth day it was seen in the west at evening, offending Secondary Consort, Long Autumn, Dipper, and Fill, its fiery tail twice piercing the Purple Palace. Great Fire followed behind, reaching the Celestial River, sweeping through the domain of consorts and empresses. Moving south, it crossed Great Horn and Sheti, reached Celestial Market, and proceeded slowly by measured pace; its blaze entered the market, and after mid-month it went west, vanishing together with Azure Dragon after fifty-six days. Gu Yong replied: "Since high antiquity, the extreme of great disorder—rare indeed. Observe its galloping and sudden steps, its fiery tail now long and now short, and the wicked offenses it traversed: within, harm to palace women and concubines; without, the calamity of rebellion among the central states." Liu Xiang also said: "When the Three Dynasties perished, Sheti shifted position; when Qin and Xiang were destroyed, broom stars at Great Horn." That year Zhaoyi Zhao harmed two imperial sons. Five years later Emperor Cheng died, and Zhaoyi killed herself. When Emperor Ai took the throne, the Zhao clan were all stripped of office and rank and exiled to Liaoxi. Emperor Ai died without heir. When Emperor Ping took the throne, Wang Mang held power; he posthumously deposed Emperor Cheng's Empress Zhao and Emperor Ai's Empress Fu, and both killed themselves. The maternal clans Ding and Fu were all stripped of office and rank, exiled to Hepu, and returned to their home commanderies. Emperor Ping died without heir, and Mang then usurped the state.
112
釐公十六年「正月戊申朔，隕石于宋，五，是月六鶂退飛過宋都」。 董仲舒、劉向以為象宋襄公欲行伯道將自敗之戒也。 石陰類，五陽數，自上而隕，此陰而陽行，欲高反下也。 石與金同類，色以白為主，近白祥也。 鶂水鳥，六陰數，退飛，欲進反退也。 其色青，青祥也，屬於貌之不恭。 天戒若曰，德薄國小，勿持炕陽，欲長諸侯，與彊大爭，必受其害。 襄公不寤，明年齊威死，伐齊喪，執滕子，圍曹，為盂之會，與楚爭盟，卒為所執。 後得反國，不悔過自責，復會諸侯伐鄭，與楚戰于泓，軍敗身傷，為諸侯笑。 左氏傳曰：隕石，星也； 鶂退飛，風也。 宋襄公以問周內史叔興曰：「是何祥也？ 吉凶何在？」 對曰：「今茲魯多大喪，明年齊有亂，君將得諸侯而不終。」 退而告人曰：「是陰陽之事，非吉凶之所生也。 吉凶繇人，吾不敢逆君故也。」 是歲，魯公子季友、鄫季姬、公孫茲皆卒。 明年齊威死，適庶亂。 宋襄公伐齊行伯，卒為楚所敗。 劉歆以為是歲歲在壽星，其衝降婁。 降婁，魯分野也，故為魯多大喪。 正月，日在星紀，厭在玄枵。 玄枵，齊分野也。 石，山物； 齊，大嶽後。 五石象齊威卒而五公子作亂，故為明年齊有亂。 庶民惟星，隕於宋，象宋襄將得諸侯之眾，而治五公子之亂。 星隕而鶂退飛，故為得諸侯而不終。 六鶂象後六年伯業始退，執於盂也。 民反德為亂，亂則妖災生，言吉凶繇人，然后陰陽衝厭受其咎。 齊、魯之災非君所致，故曰「吾不敢逆君故也」。 京房易傳曰：「距諫自彊，茲謂卻行，厥異鶂退飛。 適當黜，則鶂退飛。」
In Duke Xi's sixteenth year: "On the wushen first day of the first month, five stones fell in Song; in that same month six yi birds flew backward past the Song capital." Dong Zhongshu and Liu Xiang held this warned Duke Xiang of Song, who wished to practice hegemony and would ruin himself. Stone is a yin kind; five is a yang number. Falling from above is yin acting as yang, seeking height but reversing downward. Stone is of the same kind as metal and chiefly white in color, near a white portent. Yi are water birds; six is a yin number. Flying backward means wishing to advance but instead retreating. Their color is blue, a blue portent, belonging to irreverent bearing. Heaven's warning seemed to say: with thin virtue and a small state, do not persist in overbearing yang and seek to dominate the feudal lords by contending with the great and strong; you will certainly suffer harm. Duke Xiang did not awaken. The next year Duke Wei of Qi died; Xiang attacked Qi during mourning, seized the ruler of Teng, besieged Cao, held the Meng assembly, contended with Chu for alliance, and was eventually captured by Chu. After returning to his state, he did not repent or blame himself, but again assembled the feudal lords to attack Zheng, fought Chu at Hong, was defeated and wounded, and became the laughingstock of the feudal lords. The Zuo Tradition says: fallen stones are stars; and yi flying backward is wind. Duke Xiang asked Zhou internal historian Shu Xing: "What omen is this? Where do fortune and misfortune lie?" He replied: "This year Lu has many great deaths; next year Qi will have disorder. You will gain the feudal lords but will not complete your end." After withdrawing he told others: "These are matters of yin and yang, not what gives rise to fortune and misfortune. Fortune and misfortune come from men; I dared not oppose my ruler, therefore I spoke so." That year Prince Jiyou of Lu, Ji Ji of Zeng, and Gongsun Zi all died. The next year Duke Wei of Qi died, and disorder broke out between legitimate and secondary heirs. Duke Xiang of Song attacked Qi to practice hegemony, but was ultimately defeated by Chu. Liu Xin held that that year Jupiter was in Shouxing, with its opposing position in Jianglou. Jianglou is Lu's sector, hence Lu suffered many great deaths. In first month, the sun was in Xingji, with opposition in Xuanxiao. Xuanxiao is Qi's sector. Stone is a mountain thing; and Qi descends from the line after the Great Peak. Five stones symbolized Duke Wei of Qi dying and five princes causing disorder, hence "next year Qi will have disorder." "The common people are stars"; stars fell in Song, symbolizing that Duke Xiang would obtain the following of the feudal lords and quell the disorder of the five princes. Since stars fell and yi birds flew backward, it signified obtaining the feudal lords yet not completing his end. The six yi birds symbolized that six years later his hegemonic enterprise would begin to decline, and he would be captured at Meng. When the people turn against virtue and produce disorder, portents and disasters arise; fortune and misfortune come from men, and only afterward do yin-yang opposition and affliction impose their blame. The calamities of Qi and Lu were not caused by the ruler of Song, and therefore he said, "I did not dare oppose my ruler, therefore I spoke so." Jing Fang's Yi Tradition says: "Rejecting remonstrance and strengthening oneself is called retrograde conduct; its anomaly is yi birds flying backward. When the legitimate should be demoted, yi birds fly backward."
113
惠帝三年，隕石綿諸，一。
In Emperor Hui year three, one meteorite fell at Mianzhu.
114
武帝征和四年二月丁酉，隕石雍，二，天晏亡雲，聲聞四百里。
On dingyou in the second month of Emperor Wu's fourth Zhenghe year, two meteorites fell in Yong; the sky was calm and cloudless, and the sound was heard for four hundred li.
115
元帝建昭元年正月戊辰，隕石梁國，六。
On the Wuchen day of the first month in the first year of Jianzhao under Emperor Yuan, six meteorites fell in Liang.
116
成帝建始四年正月癸卯，隕石槁，四，肥累，一。
On guimao day of first month, Jianshi year four under Emperor Cheng, four meteorites fell at Gao and one at Feilei.
117
陽朔三年二月壬戌，隕石白馬，八。
On renxu day of second month, Yangshuo year three, eight meteorites fell at Baima.
118
鴻嘉二年五月癸未，隕石杜衍，三。
On guiwei day of fifth month, Hongjia year two, three meteorites fell at Duyan.
119
元延四年三月，隕石都關，二。
In third month of Yuanyan year four, two meteorites fell at Duguan.
120
哀帝建平元年正月丁未，隕石北地，十。 其九月甲辰，隕石虞，二。
On dingwei day of first month, Jianping year one under Emperor Ai, ten meteorites fell in Beidi. That ninth month, on jiachen day, two meteorites fell at Yu.
121
平帝元始二年六月，隕石鉅鹿，二。
In sixth month of Yuanshi year two under Emperor Ping, two meteorites fell in Julu.
122
自惠盡平，隕石凡十一，皆有光燿雷聲，成、哀尤屢。
From Emperor Hui through Emperor Ping there were eleven meteorite-fall events in all, all with flashes and thunderous sound, and they were especially frequent under Emperors Cheng and Ai.