Volume 68: Huo Guang and Jin Midi

霍光字子孟，票騎將軍去病弟也。父中孺，〈師古曰：「中讀曰仲。」〉河東平陽人也，以縣吏給事平陽侯家，〈師古曰：「縣遣吏於侯家供事也。」〉與侍者衞少兒私通而生去病。中孺吏畢歸家，娶婦生光，因絕不相聞。乆之，少兒女弟子夫得幸於武帝，立爲皇后，去病以皇后姊子貴幸。旣壯大，迺自知父爲霍中孺，未及求問。會爲票騎將軍擊匈奴，道出河東，河東太守郊迎，負弩矢先驅，〈師古曰：「郊迎，迎於郊界之上也。先驅者，導其路也。」〉至平陽傳舍，遣吏迎霍中孺。中孺趨入拜謁，將軍迎拜，因跪曰：「去病不早自知爲大人遺體也。」中孺扶服叩頭，〈師古曰：「服音蒲北反。」〉曰：「老臣得託命將軍，此天力也。」去病大爲中孺買田宅奴婢而去。還，復過焉，迺將光西至長安，時年十餘歲，任光爲郎，稍遷諸曹侍中。去病死後，光爲奉車都尉光祿大夫，出則奉車，入侍左右，出入禁闥二十餘年，〈師古曰：「宮中小門謂之闥。」〉小心謹慎，未甞有過，甚見親信。

Huo Guang, styled Zimeng, was the younger brother of Huo Qubing, the general who led the agile cavalry against the Xiongnu. His father was Huo Zhongru. Yan Shigu notes that the character written for his given name should be read with the same sound as the name Zhong, the ordinal "second." He was from Pingyang in Hedong. As a county clerk, he was detailed to serve in the household of the Marquis of Pingyang. Yan Shigu says: "The county sent a clerk to perform duties in the marquis's house." He had an affair with a maid in the household, Wei Shao'er, and she gave birth to Qubing. Zhongru eventually went home when his posting ended, married, and fathered Guang, after which he and Shao'er lost touch entirely. Years later Shao'er's daughter Wei Zifu caught Emperor Wu's eye and became empress, and Qubing, as her nephew, rose with her into wealth and imperial favor. When Qubing came of age he discovered that Huo Zhongru was his father, though he had not yet found time to look him up. "It happened that, as General of Agile Cavalry attacking the Xiongnu, his route led through Hedong; the governor of Hedong met him with a ceremony at the border, bearing crossbows and arrows and riding ahead as escort. Yan Shigu says: "Meeting at the suburbs refers to receiving him at the commandery border. The vanguard guided the route ahead." At the Pingyang post station he sent for Zhongru. Zhongru rushed in to bow; Qubing returned the courtesy, dropped to his knees, and said, "I did not know until now that I was your son." Zhongru collapsed forward and kowtowed. Yan Shigu gives the pronunciation of the character in "prostrate." He said, "This old subject has been able to entrust his fate to the general; this is Heaven's power." Qubing bought him land, a house, and servants in abundance, then left. On the way back he stopped again and brought Guang to Chang'an; the boy was just past ten. Qubing enrolled him as a gentleman and steadily moved him up until he served among the palace attendants. After Qubing died, Guang became Commandant of the Imperial Carriage and Grandee of the Palace. When the emperor went out, he attended the carriage; when inside, he served at the emperor's side. For more than twenty years he passed in and out of the forbidden inner gates. Yan Shigu says: "The small doors within the palace are called inner portals." He was meticulous and never slipped; the emperor came to rely on him completely.

征和二年，衞太子爲江充所敗，而燕王旦、廣陵王胥皆多過失。是時上年老，寵姬鈎弋趙倢伃有男，〈師古曰：「倢伃居鉤弋宮，故稱之。」〉上心欲以爲嗣，命大臣輔之。察羣臣唯光任大重，可屬社稷。〈師古曰：「任，堪也。屬，委也。任音壬。屬音之欲反。」〉上迺使黃門畫者畫周公負成王朝諸侯以賜光。〈師古曰：「黃門之署，職任親近，以供天子，百物在焉，故亦有畫工。」〉後元二年春，上游五柞宮，病篤，光涕泣問曰：「如有不諱，誰當嗣者？」〈師古曰：「不諱，言不可諱也。」〉上曰：「君未諭前畫意邪？〈師古曰：「諭，曉也。」〉立少子，君行周公之事。」光頓首讓曰：「臣不如金日磾。」日磾亦曰：「臣外國人，不如光。」上以光爲大司馬大將軍，日磾爲車騎將軍，及太僕上官桀爲左將軍，搜粟都尉桑弘羊爲御史大夫，皆拜卧內牀下，〈師古曰：「於天子所卧床前拜職。」〉受遺詔輔少主。明日，武帝崩，太子襲尊號，是爲孝昭皇帝。帝年八歲，政事壹決於光。

In 91 BCE the crown prince Wei fell to Jiang Chong's intrigue, and Princes Dan of Yan and Xu of Guangling were both flawed candidates in their own ways. At that time the emperor was advanced in years; his favored concubine Zhao Jieyu of Gouyi had borne a son. Yan Shigu says: "Jieyu dwelt in Gouyi Palace, hence she was so called." The emperor meant to make that child his successor and wanted senior ministers to support him. Looking over the court he saw only Huo Guang as strong enough to shoulder the realm itself. 〈Yan Shigu: "Ren (to bear) means to be equal to the task. Zhu means to commit something to someone's charge. The name ren (to bear) is pronounced like the ninth heavenly stem. Zhu (to entrust) is read with the fanqie gloss given in the commentary." He then had an artist of the Yellow Gate paint the Duke of Zhou bearing young King Cheng on his back as the feudal lords did homage, and presented the scroll to Guang. 〈Yan Shigu says: "The Yellow Gate office served near the Son of Heaven and supplied his needs, so it kept all kinds of items and therefore also had painters."〉 In the spring of 87 BCE, as the emperor lay dying at the Five Oaks Palace, Guang wept and asked who would inherit the throne if the worst came. Yan Shigu glosses "the unmentionable" as death. 〈Yan Shigu says: "The unmentionable means what cannot be hid from mention—i.e., death."〉 The emperor said, "Surely you understood that painting I gave you? 〈Yan Shigu: "Yu means to grasp or understand."〉 Raise the young prince and act as the Duke of Zhou did for King Cheng." Guang kowtowed and declined, saying, "Your servant is not the equal of Jin Midi." Midi too said, "Your servant is a man from abroad; I am not the equal of Guang." The emperor appointed Guang Grand Marshal and General-in-Chief, Midi General of Chariots and Cavalry, Shangguan Jie, the Grand Coachman, General of the Left, and Sang Hongyang, Superintendent for Grain, Censor-in-Chief; all received their appointments at the foot of the bed in the inner chamber. Yan Shigu says: "They received their commissions before the couch where the Son of Heaven lay." They took the deathbed edict to govern for the boy emperor. Wu died the next day; the crown prince ascended as Emperor Zhao. The boy was eight; every state decision passed through Guang alone.

先是，後元元年，侍中僕射莽何羅與弟重合侯通謀爲逆，〈師古曰：「莽音莫戶反。」〉時光與金日磾、上官桀等共誅之，功未錄。武帝病，封璽書曰：「帝崩發書以從事。」遺詔封金日磾爲秺侯，上官桀爲安陽侯，光爲博陸侯，〈文穎曰：「博，大。陸，平。取其嘉名，無此縣也，食邑北海河東城。」師古曰：「蓋亦取鄉聚之名以爲國號，非必縣也，公孫弘平津鄉則是矣。」〉皆以前捕反者功封。時衞尉王莽子男忽侍中，〈師古曰：「即右將軍王莽也。其子名忽。」〉揚語曰：〈師古曰：「揚謂宣唱之。」〉「帝崩，忽常在左右，安得遺詔封三子事！〈師古曰：「安猶焉。」〉羣兒自相貴耳。」光聞之，切讓王莽，〈師古曰：「切，深也。讓，責也。」〉莽酖殺忽。

Earlier, in the first Houyuan year, the Palace Attendant and Supervisor of Attendants Mang Heluo and his younger brother Tong, Marquis of Chonghe, plotted rebellion. Yan Shigu says: "Mang is pronounced mo-hu." Guang, Midi, Jie, and others had put them down together, though the court had not yet ennobled them for it. When Emperor Wu fell ill, he sealed an edict with the imperial seal reading, "When the emperor dies, open the document and act accordingly." The will made Midi marquis of Du, Jie marquis of Anyang, and Guang marquis of Bolu. Wen Ying explains the compound as "great and level"—an auspicious title without a matching county. Lu means "level" or "plain. The name was chosen for its good sense; the income came from parcels in Beihai and Hedongcheng." Yan Shigu adds that a noble title could be taken from a hamlet, not necessarily a full county, as with Gongsun Hong's "Pingjin." All three were now rewarded for having crushed the plotters. At that time Hu, son of Wang Mang, Commandant of the Guards, was Attendant-in-Ordinary. Yan Shigu says: "This is the Wang Mang who became General of the Right. His son was named Hu. The son's name was Hu." He publicly declared, Yan Shigu says: "Yang means to proclaim aloud." "I was at the emperor's side when he died—where was any sealed order ennobling the three of them? 〈Yan Shigu explains that an here means how then or how possibly.〉 It is only those fellows puffing each other up." When Guang heard it, he sharply rebuked Wang Mang. Yan Shigu says: "Qie means deeply; rang means to blame. Rang means to take someone to task." Mang silenced his son with poisoned wine.

光爲人沈靜詳審，長財七尺三寸，〈師古曰：「財與纔同。」〉白晢，疏眉目，美須䫇。〈師古曰：「晢，潔白也。䫇，頰毛也。晢音先歷反。䫇音人占反。」〉每出入下殿門，止進有常處，郎僕射竊識視之，不失尺寸，〈師古曰：「識，記也，音式志反。」〉其資性端正如此。初輔幼主，政自己出，〈師古曰：「自，從也。」〉天下想聞其風采。〈師古曰：「采，文采。」〉殿中甞有怪，一夜羣臣相驚，光召尚符璽郎，〈師古曰：「恐有變難，故欲收取璽。」〉郎不肯授光。光欲奪之，郎按劔曰：「臣頭可得，璽不可得也！」光甚誼之。明日，詔增此郎秩二等。衆庶莫不多光。〈師古曰：「多猶重也。以此事爲多足重也。」〉

Guang was steady and deliberate, a little over seven feet three inches tall. Yan Shigu notes that cai here means "only" or "barely," the same graph as the word for "talent" read differently. His complexion was fair, his brows and eyes finely drawn, his beard full. 〈Yan Shigu: "Zhe means luminous white. Ran denotes the whiskers at the cheek. The commentary gives the fanqie spelling for reading the graph zhe (fair-skinned). Ran is read ren-zhan." Each time he passed the lower gate he halted and paced to the same marks; a gentleman secretly chalked his steps and found he never deviated. Yan Shigu glosses shi as "to mark" or "to record." His habits were that exacting. At first, with a child on the throne, every edict issued from Guang alone. Yan Shigu: zi means "from." The empire strained to catch word of his manner and reputation. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Cai means literary brilliance."〉 There had once been a strange portent in the hall; one night the officials were all startled. Guang summoned the Gentleman of the Imperial Seal. Yan Shigu says: "Fearing sudden change, he wished to take the seal." That clerk would not surrender it. Guang would have wrested it; the gentleman pressed his sword and said, "You may have my head—the seal you will not have!" Guang admired his integrity. Next day an edict promoted him two steps in rank. Word spread and the people thought more of Guang for it. 〈Yan Shigu: "Duo means to hold in high regard. They counted that gesture as proof of his weight."〉"

光與左將軍桀結婚相親，光長女爲桀子安妻。有女年與帝相配，〈晉灼曰：「漢語光嫡妻東閭氏生安夫人，昭后之母也。」〉桀因帝姊鄂邑蓋主內安女後宮爲倢伃，〈師古曰：「鄂邑，所食邑，爲蓋侯所尚，故云蓋主也。」〉數月立爲皇后。父安爲票騎將軍，封桑樂侯。光時休沐出，桀輒入代光決事。桀父子旣尊盛，而德長公主。〈師古曰：「懷其恩德也。」〉公主內行不修，近幸河間丁外人。桀、安欲爲外人求封，幸依國家故事以列侯尚公主者，光不許。又爲外人求光祿大夫，欲令得召見，又不許。長主大以是怨光。而桀、安數爲外人求官爵弗能得，亦慙。自先帝時，桀已爲九卿，位在光右。〈師古曰：「右，上也。」〉及父子並爲將軍，有椒房中宮之重，〈師古曰：「椒房殿，皇后所居。」〉皇后親安女，光迺其外祖，而顧專制朝事，〈師古曰：「顧猶反也。」〉繇是與光爭權。〈師古曰：「繇讀與由同。」〉

Guang cemented ties with Left General Shangguan Jie by marrying his elder daughter to Jie's son An. He had a daughter whose age matched the emperor's. Jin Zhuo says: "According to the Han Yu, Guang's principal wife of the Donglu clan bore Lady An, mother of Empress Zhao." Jie therefore had the emperor's elder sister, Princess Eyi, the Lady of Gai, bring An's daughter into the rear palace as Jieyu. Yan Shigu says: "Eyi was her food-town; she had married the Marquis of Gai, hence she is called the Lady of Gai." Within months she was made empress. An became cavalry general and marquis of Sanglo. Whenever Guang left on rest days, Jie stepped in and ran the government from his desk. Once the Jies were powerful they curried favor with the elder princess. 〈Yan Shigu says: "They cherished her kindness."〉 The princess's morals were loose; her lover was Ding Wairen from Hejian. Jie and An asked Guang to ennoble the lover by the precedent used for men who married princesses; Guang refused. They tried again for a grand counsellor's title so Ding could attend court; Guang blocked that too. The princess came to hate Guang for it. Jie and An were embarrassed at their repeated failure to win Ding any honor. Under the late emperor Jie had already ranked among the nine ministers and senior to Guang. 〈Yan Shigu: in court seating, "right" meant the more honored side.〉 When father and son both held generalships and enjoyed the influence of the empress's palace—Yan Shigu says: "The Pepper Chamber was the empress's residence." The empress was An's own child and Guang only her mother's father, yet Guang held every rein. Yan Shigu glosses gu as "yet" or "on the contrary." From that they vied with Guang for authority. 〈Yan Shigu notes that yao here is read like you, meaning "thereby" or "from that."〉

日磾自在左右，目不忤視者數十年。師古曰：「忤，逆也。」賜出宮女，不敢近。上欲內其女後宮，不肯。其篤慎如此，師古曰：「篤，厚也。」上尤竒異之。及上病，屬霍光以輔少主，師古曰：「屬音之欲反。」光讓日磾。日磾曰：「臣外國人，且使匈奴輕漢。」於是遂爲光副。光以女妻日磾嗣子賞。初，武帝遺詔以討莽何羅功封日磾爲秺侯，師古曰：「秺音丁故反。」日磾以帝少不受封。輔政歲餘，病困，大將軍光白封日磾，卧授印綬。一日，薨，賜葬具冢地，送以輕車介士，軍陳至茂陵，謚曰敬侯。

Midi served at the emperor's side; for decades he never met the emperor's eyes in an improper way. Yan Shigu says: "Wu means to go against." When palace women were sent out to him as gifts, he would not go near them. The emperor wanted to take his daughter into the harem; he refused. His earnest caution was like this. Yan Shigu says: "Du means thick or steadfast." The emperor especially admired him. When the emperor fell ill, he entrusted Huo Guang to assist the young lord. Yan Shigu says: "Shu is pronounced zhi-yu." Guang offered the post to Midi. Midi said, "I am a foreigner; it would make the Xiongnu look down on Han." He therefore served as Guang's deputy. Guang married his daughter to Midi's heir Shang. Initially Emperor Wu's testament enfeoffed Midi as marquis of Du for the merit of executing Mang Heluo. Yan Shigu says: "Du is pronounced ding-gu." Because the emperor was still young, Midi declined the enfeoffment. After a year in office he fell gravely ill; Grand Marshal Guang petitioned to enfeoff him and laid the seal and ribbon on him in bed. He died the next day. The court granted burial goods and tomb land, sent light chariots and armored soldiers in procession to Maoling, and gave him the posthumous title Marquis Jing.

燕王旦自以昭帝兄，常懷怨望。及御史大夫桑弘羊建造酒榷鹽鐵，爲國興利，伐其功，〈師古曰：「伐，矜也。」〉欲爲子弟得官，亦怨恨光。於是蓋主、上官桀、安及弘羊皆與燕王旦通謀，詐令人爲燕王上書，言「光出都肄郎羽林，〈孟康曰：「都，試也。肄，習也。」師古曰：「謂緫閱試習武備也。」〉道上稱䟆，太官先置。〈師古曰：「供飲食之具。」〉又引蘇武前使匈奴，拘留二十年不降，還迺爲典屬國，而大將軍長史敞亡功爲搜粟都尉。〈師古曰：「楊敞也。」〉又擅調益莫府校尉。〈師古曰：「調，選也。莫府，大將軍府也。調音徒釣反。」〉光專權自恣，疑有非常。臣旦願歸符璽，入宿衞，察姦臣變。」候司光出沐日奏之。桀欲從中下其事，〈師古曰：「下謂下有司也，音胡稼反。」〉桑弘羊當與諸大臣共執退光。書奏，帝不肯下。

Prince Dan of Yan, older brother to the boy emperor, nursed a grievance. And Censor-in-Chief Sang Hongyang, who had instituted the wine monopoly and the salt and iron monopolies and brought profit to the state, boasted of his merit. Yan Shigu says: "Fa means to boast." He wanted posts for his sons and kin and blamed Guang when they were denied. Thereupon the Lady of Gai, Shangguan Jie, An, and Sang Hongyang all conspired with the King of Yan; they had someone forge a memorial in the king's name saying, "When Guang reviewed the Gentlemen-of-the-Palace and the Feathered Forest guard at the capital drill ground—" Meng Kang says: "Du means to review; yi means to drill. Yi means to exercise or drill." Yan Shigu clarifies that Guang was holding a full-dress military rehearsal. The memorial claimed he had cleared the road as for an imperial progress and ordered the imperial kitchen to go ahead of him. 〈Yan Shigu explains that the grand provisioner had set out the emperor's meal service.〉 The forgery also claimed Guang had slighted Su Wu—twenty years a captive among the Xiongnu, never yielding, yet rewarded only as superintendent of dependent states—while Yang Chang, the commander's chief clerk, had won the grain commission with no achievement to show. 〈Yan Shigu identifies Chang as Yang Chang.〉 It accused him of arbitrarily reshuffling the staff colonels of his field headquarters. 〈Yan Shigu: diao means to select or assign. Mo fu is the commander's headquarters. The commentary gives the reading for diao." Guang was running the state as his private fief; I fear he plots usurpation. I, Dan, will surrender my credentials, take up palace guard duty, and help expose any traitors." They waited for Guang's statutory bath day to file the memorial. Jie wanted the matter issued from inside the palace to the officials in charge. Yan Shigu says: "Xia here means forwarding something to the proper offices; it is pronounced hu-jia." Sang Hongyang and the senior ministers would then arrest Guang and strip him of power. The memorial reached the throne; the young emperor refused to endorse it.

明旦，光聞之，止畫室中不入。〈如淳曰：「近臣所止計畫之室也，或曰彫畫之室。」師古曰：「彫畫是也。」〉上問「大將軍安在？」左將軍桀對曰：「以燕王告其罪，故不敢入。」有詔召大將軍。光入，免冠頓首謝，上曰：「將軍冠。〈師古曰：「令復著冠也。」〉朕知是書詐也，將軍亡罪。」光曰：「陛下何以知之？」上曰：「將軍之廣明，都郎屬耳。〈師古曰：「之，往也。廣明，亭名也。屬耳，近耳也。屬音之欲反。」〉調校尉以來未能十日，燕王何以得知之？且將軍爲非，不須校尉。」〈文穎曰：「帝云將軍欲反，不由一校尉。」〉是時帝年十四，尚書左右皆驚，而上書者果亡，捕之甚急。桀等懼，白上小事不足遂，〈師古曰：「遂猶竟也。不須窮竟也。」〉上不聽。

At dawn Guang heard the news and stopped in the painted chamber, refusing to enter court. 〈Ru Chun says: "It is the chamber where intimate ministers stop to plan; some say the carved-and-painted chamber." Yan Shigu sides with the reading "painted chamber." The emperor asked, "Where is the supreme commander?" Left General Jie replied, "Because the Prince of Yan has accused him of crimes, he does not dare enter." An edict called Guang in at once. Guang entered, removed his cap, kowtowed, and apologized. The emperor said, "General, put on your cap. 〈Yan Shigu notes the ruler was telling him to dress properly again.〉 I know that memorial is a lie; you are innocent." Guang said, "How does Your Majesty know?" The boy said, "You drilled the guards at Guangming within earshot of the throne. 〈Yan Shigu: zhi means "went to. Guangming was a post station on the drill ground. Shu er means the emperor could hear it nearby. The commentary gives the fanqie for shu." The colonel transfers were less than ten days old—how could a prince in Yan already know the details? Besides, a general plotting revolt would not bother with petty colonel appointments." 〈Wen Ying says: "The emperor means that if the general wished to rebel, it would not hinge on one colonel."〉 The emperor was fourteen; the secretaries gaped at his reasoning, while the accuser vanished and a manhunt began. Jie and the others were afraid and reported to the emperor that the affair was minor and not worth pursuing to the end. Yan Shigu says: "Sui means to carry through to the end. They said there was no need to press the investigation." The emperor would not let it go.

後桀黨與有譖光者，上輒怒曰：「大將軍忠臣，先帝所屬以輔朕身，〈師古曰：「屬，委也，音之欲反。其下亦同。」〉敢有毀者坐之。」自是桀等不敢復言，迺謀令長公主置酒請光，伏兵格殺之，因廢帝，迎立燕王爲天子。事發覺，光盡誅桀、安、弘羊、外人宗族。燕王、蓋主皆自殺。光威震海內。昭帝旣冠，遂委任光，訖十三年，百姓充實，四夷賔服。

Later, when members of Jie's faction slandered Guang, the emperor would angrily say, "The General-in-Chief is a loyal minister, whom the late emperor entrusted to assist me. Yan Shigu says: "Zhu means to entrust; pronounced zhi-yu; below the same. The same gloss applies wherever the word appears below." Anyone who defames him will answer for it." Jie fell silent in public but plotted with the princess to lure Guang to a feast and cut him down, depose Zhao, and put Dan on the throne. When the plot surfaced, Guang extirpated the Jies, Sang Hongyang, Ding Wairen, and their kin. Prince Dan and the Lady of Gai killed themselves. Guang's authority now filled the empire. Once Zhao came of age he still left the reins to Guang; for thirteen years the people prospered and the border peoples submitted.

元平元年，昭帝崩，亡嗣。武帝六男獨有廣陵王胥在，羣臣議所立，咸持廣陵王。王本以行失道，先帝所不用。光內不自安。郎有上書言「周太王廢太伯立王季，文王舍伯邑考立武王，唯在所宜，〈師古曰：「太伯者，王季之兄。伯邑考，文王長子也。」〉雖廢長立少可也。廣陵王不可以承宗廟。」言合光意。光以其書視丞相敞等，〈師古曰：「視讀曰示。敞即楊敞也。」〉擢郎爲九江太守，即日承皇太后詔，遣行大鴻臚事少府樂成、宗正德、光祿大夫吉、中郎將利漢迎昌邑王賀。

In 74 BCE Emperor Zhao died childless. Among Wu's six sons only Xu of Guangling remained alive, and the court leaned toward naming him. Xu was the prince the late emperor had already rejected for his depravity. Guang was privately appalled at the prospect. A Gentleman-of-the-Palace submitted a memorial saying, "King Tai of Zhou set aside Taibo and established Wang Ji; King Wen passed over Bo Yikao and established King Wu; only what is fitting matters. Yan Shigu says: "Taibo was Wang Ji's elder brother. Bo Yikao was King Wen's firstborn." So setting aside the senior prince for a junior could be justified. The Prince of Guangling must not receive the imperial shrines." The argument tracked exactly what Guang wanted said. Guang passed the memorial to Chancellor Yang Chang and his colleagues. Yan Shigu notes shi here means "show. This Chang is Yang Chang." He raised that clerk to governor of Jiujiang, then that very hour, under the empress dowager's order, sent Yuecheng as acting grand herald, the director of the imperial clan De, the grand counsellor Ji, and General Li Han to escort Prince He of Changyi to the capital.

賀者，武帝孫，昌邑哀王子也。旣至，即位，行淫亂。光憂懣，〈師古曰：「懣音滿，又音悶。」〉獨以問所親故吏大司農田延年。延年曰：「將軍爲國柱石，〈師古曰：「柱者，梁下之柱；石者，承柱之礎也。言大臣負國重任，如屋之柱及其石也。」〉審此人不可，何不建白太后，〈師古曰：「立議而白之。」〉更選賢而立之？」光曰：「今欲如是，於古甞有此否？」〈師古曰：「光不涉學，故有此問也。」〉延年曰：「伊尹相殷，廢太甲以安宗廟，後世稱其忠。〈師古曰：「商書太甲篇曰『太甲旣立，弗明，伊尹放諸桐』是也。」〉將軍若能行此，亦漢之伊尹也。」光迺引延年給事中，陰與車騎將軍張安世圖計，〈師古曰：「圖，謀也。」〉遂召丞相、御史、將軍、列侯、中二千石、大夫、博士會議未央宮。光曰：「昌邑王行昬亂，恐危社稷，如何？」羣臣皆驚鄂失色，〈師古曰：「凡言鄂者，皆謂阻礙不依順也，後字作愕，其義亦同。」〉莫敢發言，但唯唯而已。田延年前，離席按劔，曰：「先帝屬將軍以幼孤，寄將軍以天下，以將軍忠賢能安劉氏也。今羣下鼎沸，社稷將傾，且漢之傳謚常爲孝者，以長有天下，令宗廟血食也。如令漢家絕祀，〈師古曰：「如，若也。」〉將軍雖死，何面目見先帝於地下乎？今日之議，不得旋踵。〈師古曰：「宜速決。」〉羣臣後應者，臣請劔斬之。」光謝曰：「九卿責光是也。天下匈匈不安，光當受難。」〈師古曰：「受其憂責也。」〉於是議者皆叩頭，曰：「萬姓之命在於將軍，唯大將軍令。」〈師古曰：「言一聽之也。」〉

He was Wu's grandson, the son of the late Prince Ai of Changyi. Once enthroned he gave himself to lewdness and chaos. Guang was anxious and distressed. Yan Shigu says: "Men is pronounced man, also men (melancholy)." He confided only in Tian Yannian, the minister of finance and an old retainer. Yannian said, "You are the state's load-bearing timber. Yan Shigu likens the minister to a roof pillar. The stone is the pedestal that takes the pillar's weight. The image is of a great officer shouldering the realm as architecture bears a roof." If this man is unfit, why not frame a memorial for the empress dowager? Yan Shigu explains jian bai as laying the case before her. Then choose a worthier man and enthrone him?" Guang said, "I wish to do thus; in antiquity was there such a thing?" 〈Yan Shigu says: "Guang was not learned, hence he asked this."〉 Yannian said, "yiyin day served Yin, set aside Tai Jia to secure the ancestral temples, and later ages called him loyal. 〈Yan Shigu quotes the document on Tai Jia's banishment to Tong.〉 Do that, he said, and Guang would be Han's yiyin day." Guang then brought Yannian in as a palace attendant and secretly consulted with Zhang Anshi, General of Chariots and Cavalry. Yan Shigu says: "Tu means planning." He called a plenary session at Weiyang Palace—chancellor, counsellor, generals, nobles, senior two-thousand-shi officials, grandees, and academicians. Guang said, "The King of Changyi is behaving foolishly and lawlessly, and I fear he may endanger the state. What should we do?" The gathered ministers were shocked and went pale. Yan Shigu says: "In every case, this graph means being blocked and unable to comply; the later graph read e has the same meaning." No one would speak except to mumble agreement. Tian Yannian stepped forward, left his mat, pressed his hand to his sword, and said, "The late emperor entrusted the general with the young orphan and committed the realm to you because the general was loyal and worthy and could secure the Liu house. Now the court boiled over and the state tottered; Han's emperors bore the posthumous epithet Filial precisely so the sacrifices might continue forever. If the Han line were to end—Yan Shigu glosses ru as if. Even in death, how could Guang face the late emperor? Today's decision cannot wait or waver. 〈Yan Shigu explains the idiom as demanding an immediate resolution.〉 Anyone who hangs back, he said, he would cut down himself." Guang apologized and said, "The nine ministers' reproof of Guang is correct. The realm was in turmoil and he must bear the blame." 〈Yan Shigu says: "To receive its anxious responsibility."〉 Thereupon all those in council kowtowed and said, "The fate of the people lies with the general; we obey only the supreme commander's command." 〈Yan Shigu says: "It means to obey him in everything."〉

光即與羣臣俱見白太后，具陳昌邑王不可以承宗廟狀。皇太后迺車駕幸未央承明殿，詔諸禁門毋內昌邑羣臣。王入朝太后還，乘輦欲歸溫室，中黃門宦者各持門扇，王入，門閉，昌邑羣臣不得入。王曰：「何爲？」大將軍跪曰：「有皇太后詔，毋內昌邑羣臣。」王曰：「徐之，何迺驚人如是！」光使盡驅出昌邑羣臣，置金馬門外。車騎將軍安世將羽林騎收縛二百餘人，皆送廷尉詔獄。令故昭帝侍中中臣侍守王。光勑左右：「謹宿衞，卒有物故自裁，令我負天下，有殺主名。」〈師古曰：「卒讀曰猝。物故，死也。自裁，自殺也。」〉王尚未自知當廢，謂左右：「我故羣臣從官安得罪，〈師古曰：「安，焉也。」〉而大將軍盡繫之乎。」頃之，有太后詔召王。王聞召，意恐，迺曰：「我安得罪而召我哉！」太后被珠襦，〈如淳曰：「以珠飾襦也。」晉灼曰：「貫珠以爲襦，形若今革襦矣。」師古曰：「晉說是也。」〉盛服坐武帳中，侍御數百人皆持兵，期門武士陛戟，〈師古曰：「陛戟謂執戟以衞陛下也。」〉陳列殿下。羣臣以次上殿，召昌邑王伏前聽詔。光與羣臣連名奏王，尚書令讀奏曰：

Guang led the ministers to the empress dowager and laid out Prince He's unfitness to continue the imperial line. She proceeded by carriage to Weiyang's Chenming Hall and ordered every gate closed to He's retinue. The King of Changyi paid his respects to the empress dowager, turned back toward the Warm Chamber, and found eunuchs shutting each leaf of the doors behind him—his Changyi officials shut out. The king said, "What is this?" The supreme commander knelt and said, "There is an empress dowager's edict: do not admit the Changyi ministers." The king said, "Slowly—why alarm people thus!" Guang had He's entire suite expelled to wait beyond the Golden Horse Gate. Zhang Anshi rode at the head of the imperial guard, bound over two hundred of them, and sent them to the capital jail. He left Zhao's old chamberlains to watch the king. Guang instructed those at his side: "Guard him carefully; if some sudden mishap should cause his death or suicide, it would make me bear blame under Heaven and give me the name of having killed my lord." 〈Yan Shigu says: "Zu is read as cu (suddenly). Wu gu means death in office or by mischance. Zi cai means suicide." He still did not grasp that he would be removed, and asked his attendants what crime his old followers had committed. Yan Shigu glosses an. Has the commander-in-chief clapped every one of my followers in fetters?" Soon an edict from the empress dowager called him to audience. The summons filled him with dread. "What crime have I committed," he cried, "that they should drag me in?" The empress dowager wore a pearl-embroidered jacket. Ru Chun says: "They used pearls to ornament the jacket." Jin Zhuo says: "They threaded pearls to make a jacket; its form was like today's leather jacket." Yan Shigu says: "Jin's explanation is correct." In full regalia she sat inside the martial canopy; several hundred attendants and guards all held weapons, and Qimen warriors stood on the steps with halberds. Yan Shigu says: "Bi ji means holding halberds to guard the steps below the throne." They filled the courtyard below the dais. The ministers filed up in order; Changyi was ordered forward to kneel for the reading. Guang and the council had framed a joint indictment, and the secretary began to read it aloud:

丞相臣敞、〈師古曰：「楊敞也。」〉大司馬大將軍臣光、車騎將軍臣安世、〈師古曰：「張子孺。」〉度遼將軍臣明友、〈師古曰：「范明友。」〉前將軍臣增、〈師古曰：「韓增。」〉後將軍臣充國、〈師古曰：「趙充國。」〉御史大夫臣誼、〈師古曰：「蔡誼。」〉宜春侯臣譚、〈師古曰：「王訢子。」〉當塗侯臣聖、〈師古曰：「姓魏也。」〉隨桃侯臣昌樂、〈師古曰：「姓趙，故蒼梧王趙光子。」〉杜侯臣屠耆堂、〈師古曰：「故胡人。」〉太僕臣延年、〈師古曰：「杜延年。」〉太常臣昌、〈師古曰：「蒲侯蘇昌。」〉大司農臣延年、〈師古曰：「田延年。」〉宗正臣德、〈師古曰：「劉向父。」〉少府臣樂成、〈師古曰：「姓史也。」〉廷尉臣光、〈師古曰：「李光。」〉執金吾臣延壽、〈師古曰：「李延壽。」〉大鴻臚臣賢、〈師古曰：「韋賢。」〉左馮翊臣廣明、〈師古曰：「田廣明。」〉右扶風臣德、〈師古曰：「周德。」〉長信少府臣嘉、〈師古曰：「不知姓。」〉典屬國臣武、〈師古曰：「蘇武。」〉京輔都尉臣廣漢、〈師古曰：「趙廣漢。」〉司隷校尉臣辟兵、〈師古曰：「不知姓。」〉諸吏文學光祿大夫臣遷、〈師古曰：「王遷。」〉臣畸、〈師古曰：「宋畸。」〉臣吉、〈師古曰：「景吉。」〉臣賜、臣管、臣勝、臣梁、臣長幸、〈師古曰：「並不知姓也。」〉臣夏侯勝、〈李竒曰：「同官同名，故以姓別也。」〉太中大夫臣德、〈師古曰：「不知姓。」〉臣卬〈師古曰：「趙充國子也。」〉昧死言皇太后陛下：臣敞等頓首死罪。天子所以永保宗廟緫壹海內者，以慈孝禮誼賞罰爲本。孝昭皇帝早棄天下，亡嗣，臣敞等議，禮曰「爲人後者爲之子也」，昌邑王宜嗣後，遣宗正、大鴻臚、光祿大夫奉節使徵昌邑王典喪。服斬縗，〈師古曰：「典喪服，言爲喪主也。斬縗，謂縗裳下不緶，直斬割之而已。緶音步千反。」〉亡悲哀之心，廢禮誼，居道上不素食，〈師古曰：「素食，菜食無肉也。言王在道常肉食，非居喪之制也。而鄭康成解喪服素食云『平常之食』，失之遠矣。素食，義亦見王莽傳。」〉使從官略女子載衣車，內所居傳舍。始至謁見，立爲皇太子，常私買雞豚以食。受皇帝信璽、行璽大行前，〈孟康曰：「漢初有三璽，天子之璽自佩，行璽、信璽在符節臺。大行前，昭帝柩前也。」韋昭曰：「大行，不反之辭也。」〉就次發璽不封。〈師古曰：「璽旣國器，常當緘封，而王於大行前受之，退還所次，遂爾發漏，更不封之，得令凡人皆見，言不重慎也。」〉從官更持節，〈師古曰：「更音工衡反。次下亦同。」〉引內昌邑從官騶宰官奴二百餘人，常與居禁闥內敖戲。自之符璽取節十六，〈師古曰：「之，往也。自往至署取節也。」〉朝暮臨，〈師古曰：「臨，哭臨也，音力禁反。」〉令從官更持節從。〈師古曰：「更互執節，從至哭臨之所。」〉爲書曰「皇帝問侍中君卿：〈師古曰：「昌邑之侍中名君卿也。」〉使中御府令高昌奉黃金千斤，賜君卿取十妻。」大行在前殿，發樂府樂器，引內昌邑樂人，擊鼓歌吹作俳倡。〈師古曰：「俳優，諧戲也。倡，樂人也。俳音排。」〉會下還，上前殿，〈如淳曰：「下謂柩之入冢。葬還不居喪位，便處前殿也。」師古曰：「下音胡稼反。」〉擊鐘磬，召內泰壹宗廟樂人輦道牟首，〈鄭氏曰：「祭泰壹神樂人也。」孟康曰：「牟首，地名也，上有觀。」如淳曰：「輦道，閣道也。牟首，屏面也。以屏面自隔，無哀戚也。」臣瓚曰：「牟首，池名也，在上林苑中。方在衰絰而輦游於池，言無哀戚也。」師古曰：「召泰壹樂人，內之於輦道牟首而鼓吹歌舞也。牟首，瓚說是也。屏面之說，失之遠矣。又左思吳都賦云『長塗牟首』，劉逵以爲牟首閣道有室屋也，此說更無所出。或者思及逵據此『輦道牟首』便誤用之乎？」〉鼓吹歌舞，悉奏衆樂。發長安厨三太牢具祠閣室中，〈如淳曰：「黃圖北出中門有長安厨，故謂之厨城門。閣室，閣道之有室者。不知禱何淫祀也。」〉祀已，與從官飲啗。〈師古曰：「啗，食也，音徒敢反。」〉駕法駕，皮軒鸞旗，驅馳北宮、桂宮，〈師古曰：「皮軒鸞旗皆法駕所陳也。北宮、桂宮並在未央宮北。」〉弄彘鬬虎。召皇太后御小馬車，〈張晏曰：「皇太后所駕遊宮中輦車也。漢廄有果下馬，高三尺，以駕輦。」師古曰：「小馬可於果樹下乘之，故號果下馬。」〉使官奴騎乘，遊戲掖庭中。與孝昭皇帝宮人蒙等淫亂，詔掖庭令敢泄言要斬。

"Chancellor Yang Chang"—Yan Shigu names him. Grand marshal supreme commander, your servant Guang; general of chariots and cavalry, your servant Anshi. Yan Shigu says: "Zhang Ziru." General who crosses the Liao, your servant Mingyou. Yan Shigu says: "Fan Mingyou." Former general, your servant Zeng. Yan Shigu says: "Han Zeng." Rear general, your servant Chongguo. Yan Shigu says: "Zhao Chongguo." Imperial counsellor, your servant Yi. Yan Shigu says: "Cai Yi." Marquis of Yichun, your servant Tan. Yan Shigu says: "Wang Xin's son." Marquis of Dangtu, your servant Sheng. Yan Shigu says: "The surname is Wei." Marquis of Suitao, your servant Changle. Yan Shigu says: "The surname is Zhao; he is the son of former Prince of Cangwu Zhao Guang." Marquis of Du, your servant Tuqitang. Yan Shigu says: "Formerly a Hu man." Grand coachman, your servant Yannian. Yan Shigu says: "Du Yannian." Grand Master of ceremonies, your servant Chang. Yan Shigu says: "Su Chang, marquis of Pucheng." Grand minister of agriculture, your servant Yannian. Yan Shigu says: "Tian Yannian." Director of the imperial clan, your servant De. Yan Shigu says: "Liu Xiang's father." Privy treasurer, your servant Yuecheng. Yan Shigu says: "The surname is Shi." Commandant of justice, your servant Guang. Yan Shigu says: "Li Guang." Commandant of the guard, your servant Yanshou. Yan Shigu says: "Li Yanshou." Grand herald, your servant Xian. Yan Shigu says: "Wei Xian." Governor of the left capital region, your servant Guangming. Yan Shigu says: "Tian Guangming." Governor of the right capital region, your servant De. Yan Shigu says: "Zhou De." Privy treasurer of Changgxin, your servant Jia. Yan Shigu says: "The surname is not known." Superintendent of dependent states, your servant Wu. Yan Shigu says: "Su Wu." Metropolitan commandant, your servant Guanghan. Yan Shigu says: "Zhao Guanghan." Metropolitan superintendent, your servant Bing. Yan Shigu says: "The surname is not known." Superintendent of miscellaneous affairs, grand counsellor of the household, your servant Qian. Yan Shigu says: "Wang Qian." Your servant Ji. Yan Shigu says: "Song Ji." Your servant Ji. Yan Shigu says: "Jing Ji." Your servants Ci, Guan, Sheng, Liang, and Changxing. Yan Shigu says: "Their surnames are all not known." Your servant Xiahou Sheng. Li Qi says: "They held the same office and the same name, hence the surname is used to distinguish." Grand counsellor of the household, your servant De. Yan Shigu says: "The surname is not known." Your servant Ang. Yan Shigu says: "Zhao Chongguo's son." They addressed the throne: "We, Yang Chang and the rest, kowtow, guilty of a capital fault." The emperor keeps the shrines and holds the realm together through compassion, filial duty, ritual, right conduct, and even-handed reward and punishment. Emperor Zhao the Filial early abandoned the world and left no heir. Your servants Chang and the rest deliberated; the Rites say, "One who becomes another's heir is his son." The King of Changyi was fitting to succeed the line, so we sent the Director of the Imperial Clan, the Grand Herald, and the Grandee of the Palace, bearing credentials, to summon the King of Changyi to preside over the mourning. Wearing the severest hemp mourning. Yan Shigu says: "To preside over mourning dress means to be chief mourner. The zhan cui robe has a rough-cut hem, left unsewn, as mourning dress requires. The commentary gives the fanqie reading for bian." He showed no grief, discarded ritual propriety, and while traveling on the road failed to keep to plain fare. Yan Shigu says: "Plain fare means vegetable food without meat. The accusation is that he kept to rich meat dishes on the road instead of the spare diet of bereavement. Yan Shigu rejects Zheng Xuan's gloss of "vegetarian" as everyday diet as far off the mark. The same point is argued again in Wang Mang's biography." He let his retinue abduct women into curtained carts and lodge them in the post houses he occupied. Even after he was named heir apparent he secretly bought chickens and pigs for his kitchen. He received the emperor's seal of trust and traveling seal before the catafalque. Meng Kang says: "In the early Han there were three seals: the Son of Heaven wore his own seal, while the traveling seal and the seal of trust were kept at the office of tallies and credentials. The phrase means at the late emperor's coffin." Wei Zhao says: "Da xing is a term for what does not return." He retired to his quarters and broke the seal cords without resealing the cases. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Since the seal was an instrument of state, it should ordinarily have been kept sealed. But the king received it before the catafalque, returned to his lodging, then opened and exposed it, and did not seal it again, so that common people could all see it. This shows that he was not cautious or respectful."〉 His followers took turns holding the staff of office. Yan Shigu says: "Geng is pronounced gong-heng; below the same. The same gloss applies in the sentences below." He brought over two hundred grooms and stableboys from his princedom and frolicked with them inside the palace. He walked into the tallies bureau and helped himself to sixteen tallies. Yan Shigu glosses zhi as "went to. He personally seized the tallies from the office." Morning and evening he attended the catafalque. Yan Shigu says: "Lin means the weeping at the catafalque; pronounced li-jin." He had attendants rotate carrying the staff of office when he moved about. 〈Yan Shigu says: "They took turns holding the staff, following to the place of weeping at the catafalque."〉 He forged an imperial note to his favorite attendant Junqing. Yan Shigu identifies the man. He told the eunuch Gaochang to deliver a thousand pounds of gold so Junqing could buy ten concubines." With Zhao's body still in the front hall he summoned the imperial instruments, imported musicians from Changyi, and staged drums, pipes, and comic turns. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Pai you are comic entertainers. Chang means singers. Pai is read like the word for comic skit." When the funeral party returned from burial, he went to the front hall. Ru Chun says: "Xia means the coffin's entering the tomb; instead of keeping mourning quarters he moved into the state hall." Yan Shigu says: "Xia is pronounced hu-jia." He struck the bells and chimes and summoned, from the carriage way, Mou Shou, a musician for the Grand Unity and ancestral temples. Zheng Shi says: "These were musicians for sacrifices to the spirit of Grand Unity." Meng Kang says: "Mou shou is a place name; above it there is a lookout." Ru Chun says: "The elevated walk is a covered bridge; and Mou shou as a screen held before the face— meaning they hid behind screens and felt no grief." Chen Zan says: "Mou shou is the name of a pond in the Shanglin Park. still in mourning weeds he drove the gallery to amuse himself on the water—utter heartlessness." Yan Shigu says: "He called in the Grand Unity musicians, brought them into Mou Shou on the carriage way, and had them play wind instruments, sing, and dance. Mou shou is the pond name—Chen Zan is right; the screen reading is wrong; and Zuo Si's rhapsody and Liu Kui's gloss on a "long road Mou shou" gallery have no other textual support. Perhaps later scholars misread the phrase from that poem." They ran through the full repertoire of palace music. He drew on the Chang'an kitchen for three full sacrificial sets and offered them in a chamber of the covered walk. Ru Chun says: "According to the Yellow Map, north of the central gate was the Chang'an kitchen; for this reason it was called the Kitchen Gate. Ge shi is a gallery with rooms built into it. The text does not say which illicit deity he meant to honor." When the offering ended he feasted his companions there. 〈Yan Shigu glosses dan as "to eat."〉 He had the prescribed imperial procession harnessed, including the leather-screened carriage and phoenix banner, and raced through the Northern Palace and Gui Palace. Yan Shigu says: "The leather-screened carriage and phoenix banner were both items displayed in the prescribed procession. Both palaces lay north of Weiyang." He set pigs and tigers against each other for sport. He called for the empress dowager's small horse-drawn carriage. Zhang Yan says: "This was the small carriage the empress dowager used when riding around within the palace. the imperial studs kept orchard ponies barely three feet high to pull it." Yan Shigu says: "Small horses that could be ridden under fruit trees were therefore called under-tree horses." He made eunuch slaves drive the carriage and race through the ladies' courts for amusement. He took Emperor Zhao's concubines, including Meng, as his lovers and ordered the keeper of the ladies' quarters to execute anyone who spoke of it.

太后曰：「止！〈師古曰：「令且止讀奏。」〉爲人臣子當悖亂如是邪！」〈師古曰：「責王也。悖，乖也，音布內反。」〉王離席伏。尚書令復讀曰：

The empress dowager cried, "Enough! 〈Yan Shigu explains she meant to halt the reading of the indictment.〉 Should a subject and a son of the house behave in such treasonous disorder!" 〈Yan Shigu says: "She is reproaching the king. Bei means perverse; the commentary gives its reading." He slid from his cushion and kowtowed. The secretary resumed reading:

取諸侯王列侯二千石綬及墨綬黃綬以并佩昌邑郎官者免奴。〈師古曰：「免奴謂免放爲良人者。」〉變易節上黃旄以赤。〈師古曰：「以劉屈氂與戾太子戰，加節上黃旄，遂以爲常。賀今輒改之。」〉發御府金錢刀劔玉器采繒，賞賜所與遊戲者。與從官官奴夜飲，湛沔於酒。〈師古曰：「湛讀曰沈，又讀曰耽。沈沔，荒迷也。」〉詔太官上乘輿食如故。食監奏未釋服未可御故食，〈師古曰：「釋謂解脫也。」〉復詔太官趣具，無關食監。〈師古曰：「趣讀曰促。關，由也。」〉太官不敢具，即使從官出買雞豚，詔殿門內，以爲常。〈師古曰：「內，入也。令每日常入雞豚也。」〉獨夜設九賔溫室，〈師古曰：「於溫室中設九賔之禮也。九賔，解在叔孫通傳。」〉延見姊夫昌邑關內侯。祖宗廟祠未舉，爲璽書使使者持節，以三太牢祠昌邑哀王園廟，〈師古曰：「時在喪服，故未祠宗廟而私祭昌邑哀王也。」〉稱嗣子皇帝。受璽以來二十七日，使者旁午，〈如淳曰：「旁午，分布也。」師古曰：「一從一橫爲旁午，猶言交橫也。」〉持節詔諸官署徵發，凡千一百二十七事。文學光祿大夫夏侯勝等及侍中傅嘉數進諫以過失，使人簿責勝，〈師古曰：「簿音步戶反。簿責，以文簿具責之。」〉縛嘉繫獄。荒淫迷惑，失帝王禮誼，亂漢制度。臣敞等數進諫，不變更，〈師古曰：「更，改也。」〉日以益甚，恐危社稷，天下不安。

He seized nobles' seals and cords—black and yellow—and pinned them on his Changyi attendants, including freed slaves. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Manumitted slaves means those freed to become commoners."〉 He replaced the yellow yak-hair pennant on the credential staff with red. 〈Yan Shigu says: "When Liu Quli fought the Heir Apparent Li, a yellow yak-tail was added to the staff, and from then on this became the norm. He had now changed that emblem without authority." He looted the imperial treasury of coin, blades, jades, and silks and showered them on his playmates. He caroused nights with his men and eunuchs, dead drunk. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Zhan is read as chen, also read as dan. Chen mian means stupefied with drink." He ordered the imperial kitchen to serve him the full imperial menu again. The steward replied that while still in mourning he could not take the old diet. Yan Shigu glosses shi as "put off" mourning dress. He countermanded: tell the kitchen to hurry and bypass the steward. 〈Yan Shigu reads cu as "hasten. Guan means "through" or "by way of." The kitchen refused; his men bought chickens and pigs in the market instead, and he ordered the inner hall gates to let the supplies through as a standing practice. 〈Yan Shigu glosses nei as "bring in. He made daily delivery of meat through the gates routine." At night, by himself, he arranged the nine-guest ceremony in the Warm Chamber. Yan Shigu says: "He arranged the rite of the nine guests inside the Warm Chamber. The protocol is explained in the biography of Shusun Tong." He received his sister's husband, the guannei marquis from Changyi, in formal audience. The rites at the ancestral temples had not yet been held, but by sealed edict he sent envoys with credentials to offer three full sacrificial sets at the park temple of Prince Ai of Changyi. Yan Shigu says: "At that time he was still dressed in mourning, so he had not sacrificed at the ancestral temples, but privately sacrificed to Prince Ai of Changyi." He called himself the emperor who was heir. Within twenty-seven days of receiving the seals, envoys crisscrossed the capital. Ru Chun says: "Pang wu means distributed." Yan Shigu says: "One vertical and one horizontal is pang wu; it is like saying criss-cross." Staff-bearing orders flew to every bureau—1,127 separate commands in all. Xiahou Sheng, the Erudite who was a Grandee of Splendor, and the Attendant-in-Ordinary Fu Jia repeatedly remonstrated over his faults, so he had someone record charges against Sheng and rebuke him. Yan Shigu says: "Bu is pronounced as in bu-hu. Bu ze means to call someone to account with paperwork." He had Fu Jia bound and thrown in jail. He abandoned every norm of kingship and turned Han law upside down. Your servants Chang and the rest several times advanced remonstrance; he did not change. Yan Shigu says: "Geng means to alter." Each day he grew worse, threatening the realm and unsettling the empire.

臣敞等謹與博士臣霸、臣雋舍、〈晉灼曰：「雋姓，舍名也。下有臣虞舍，故以姓別之。」師古曰：「雋音辭阮反，又音字阮反。」〉臣德、臣虞舍、臣射、臣倉議，皆曰：「高皇帝建功業爲漢太祖，孝文皇帝慈仁節儉爲太宗，今陛下嗣孝昭皇帝後，行淫辟不軌。〈師古曰：「軌，法也。辟讀曰僻。」〉詩云：『籍曰未知，亦旣抱子。』〈師古曰：「大雅抑之詩。衞武公刺厲王也。籍，假也。此言假令人云王尚幼少，未有所知，亦已長大而抱子矣，實不幼少也。」〉五辟之屬，莫大不孝。〈師古曰：「五辟即五刑也。辟音頻亦反。」〉周襄王不能事母，春秋曰『天王出居于鄭』，繇不孝出之，絕之於天下也。〈師古曰：「襄王，惠王子也。僖二十四年經書『天王出居于鄭』。公羊傳曰：『王者無外，此其言出何？不能乎母也。』繇讀與由同。」〉宗廟重於君，陛下未見命高廟，不可以承天序，奉祖宗廟，子萬姓，當廢。」臣請有司御史大夫臣誼、宗正臣德、太常臣昌與太祝以一太牢具，告祠高廟。臣敞等昧死以聞。

Your servants Chang and the others, together with the Erudites Ba and Juan She—Jin Zhuo says: "Juan is the surname and She the personal name. because another man named She appears below, the surname is spelled out." Yan Shigu says: "Juan is pronounced ci-ruan, also zi-ruan." Your servants Liu De, Yu She, She, and Cang deliberated and all said: "The High Emperor founded the achievement and enterprise of Han and became its Grand Progenitor; Emperor Xiaowen was compassionate, humane, temperate, and frugal, and became its Grand Exemplar. Now Your Majesty has succeeded Emperor Xiaozhao, yet acts with licentious perversity and disregard for the law. 〈Yan Shigu: gui means the statutory norm. Pi (depraved) is read like pi, perverse." They quoted the Shijing: "Though men say the king is still a child and knows nothing, he already cradles a son." 〈Yan Shigu identifies the stanza in the Da Ya. The poem is Duke Wu of Wei's rebuke of King Li. Ji means "suppose" or "pretend. The sense is: even if one pretended the ruler were still a boy, he already had a child in his arms—he was no infant." Of the five grave offenses none outweighs impiety toward parents. 〈Yan Shigu identifies the five pi with the five punishments. Pi is read pin-yi." When King Xiang of Zhou failed his mother, the Chunqiu wrote "the Son of Heaven went out to dwell at Zheng"—blaming filial failure and casting him off from the world. 〈Yan Shigu identifies Xiang as Hui's son. The Duke Xi annal carries that line for the twenty-fourth year. Gongyang asks why the Son of Heaven, who should have no "outside," is said to have "gone out. The answer: he could not obey his mother. Yao is read like you, meaning "from" or "thereby." The shrines matter more than the man on the throne: you have not been presented at Gaozu's temple and cannot continue the line or be shepherd to the people—you must be set aside." We ask that Yi, De, Chang, and the grand invocator sacrifice a single bull at Gaozu's shrine to announce the deposition. We kowtow and lay this before the throne at peril of our lives.

皇太后詔曰：「可。」光令王起拜受詔，王曰：「聞天子有爭臣七人，雖無道不失天下。」〈師古曰：「引孝經之言。」〉光曰：「皇太后詔廢，安得天子！」迺即持其手，〈師古曰：「即，就也。」〉解脫其璽組，奉上太后，扶王下殿，出金馬門，羣臣隨送。王西面拜，曰：「愚戇不任漢事。」起就乘輿副車。大將軍光送至昌邑邸，光謝曰：「王行自絕於天，臣等駑怯，不能殺身報德。臣寧負王，不敢負社稷。願王自愛，臣長不復左右。」〈師古曰：「言不復得侍見於左右。」〉光涕泣而去。羣臣奏言：「古者廢放之人屏於遠方，不及以政，〈師古曰：「言不豫政令。」〉請徙王賀漢中房陵縣。」太后詔歸賀昌邑，賜湯沐邑二千戶。昌邑羣臣坐亡輔導之誼，陷王於惡，光悉誅殺二百餘人。出死，號呼巿中曰：〈師古曰：「呼音火故反。」〉「當斷不斷，反受其亂。」〈師古曰：「悔不早殺光等也。」〉

The empress dowager answered: "Granted." Guang ordered the king to stand, bow, and receive the edict. The king said, "I have heard that if the Son of Heaven has seven ministers willing to argue with him, then even if he lacks the Way, he will not lose the realm." 〈Yan Shigu says: "He is quoting the Classic of Filial Piety."〉 Guang cut him short: "The empress dowager has deposed you—there is no Son of Heaven here!" He seized the king's wrist at once. Yan Shigu glosses ji as "went to" or "immediately." He stripped the jade from He's sash, handed it to the empress dowager, helped him down the steps and out through the Golden Horse Gate while the ministers trailed behind. The king bowed toward the west and said, "Foolish and blunt, I am not equal to Han affairs." He climbed into the escort carriage behind the imperial equipage. Guang saw him to the Changyi hostel and said, "You have cut yourself off from heaven; we were too timid to die for your favor. We would rather wrong you than wrong the state. Guard your health, for I shall never attend you again." 〈Yan Shigu says: "It means he will not again obtain attendance and audience at left and right."〉 Guang left in tears. The ministers asked to exile him as antiquity treated the disgraced—far from power, never again in office. Yan Shigu glosses the phrase. They proposed Fangling in Hanzhong as his place of banishment." She instead sent him back to Changyi with an income of two thousand households for his upkeep. Guang executed over two hundred of He's officials for failing to guide their prince into duty. Led out to execution, they shouted in the marketplace. Yan Shigu says: "Hu is pronounced huo-gu." They chanted, "Hesitate to strike and you suffer the turmoil yourself." 〈Yan Shigu says: "They regretted not having killed Guang and the others early."〉

光坐庭中，會丞相以下議定所立。廣陵王已前不用，及燕剌王反誅，其子不在議中。近親唯有衞太子孫號皇曾孫在民間，咸稱述焉。光遂復與丞相敞等上奏曰：「禮曰『人道親親故尊祖，尊祖故敬宗。』太宗亡嗣，擇支子孫賢者爲嗣。孝武皇帝曾孫病已，武帝時有詔掖庭養視，至今年十八，師受詩、論語、孝經，躬行節儉，慈仁愛人，可以嗣孝昭皇帝後，奉承祖宗廟，子萬姓。臣昧死以聞。」皇太后詔曰：「可。」光遣宗正劉德至曾孫家尚冠里，洗沐賜御衣，太僕以軨獵車迎曾孫就齋宗正府，入未央宮見皇太后，封爲陽武侯。〈師古曰：「解並在宣紀。軨音零。」〉已而光奉上皇帝璽綬，謁于高廟，是爲孝宣皇帝。明年，下詔曰：「夫襃有德，賞元功，古今通誼也。大司馬大將軍光宿衞忠正，宣德明恩，守節秉誼，以安宗廟。其以河北、東武陽益封光萬七千戶。」與故所食凡二萬戶。賞賜前後黃金七千斤，錢六千萬，雜繒三萬疋，奴婢百七十人，馬二千疋，甲第一區。

Guang took his seat in the court and called a council from the chancellor downward to choose the next heir. Xu of Guangling was already ruled out; Dan of Yan had been executed, so his sons were not considered. The only near kinsman left was the grown great-grandson of Crown Prince Wei, living as a commoner, whom everyone praised. Guang then again joined Chancellor Chang and the others in submitting a memorial: "The Rites say, 'Human duty begins with affection for kin; because one honors ancestors, one therefore reveres the lineage head. Because the "Grand Exemplar" line had failed, they asked to pick a worthy from a cadet branch. They named Bingyi, great-grandson of Emperor Wu. In Emperor Wu's time an edict had ordered that he be reared and watched over in the Yeeting; he was now eighteen, had studied the Odes, the Analects, and the Classic of Filial Piety with teachers, personally practiced frugality, and was kindly and loving toward others. He could succeed after Emperor Zhao, serve the ancestral temples, and be father to the people. They closed with a formula: they laid the matter before the throne at peril of their lives." She replied: "Granted." Guang sent Liu De to bathe the youth, dress him in imperial robes, and bring him by carriage to the clan director's house to observe abstinence, then into Weiyang to meet the empress dowager and receive the marquisate of Yangwu. 〈Yan Shigu says: "The explanations are together in Emperor Xuan's annals. Ling is read ling." Soon Guang invested him with the imperial seal before Gaozu's shrine: he became Emperor Xuan. The next year an edict said: "To ennoble the virtuous and reward the first founders is a principle common to antiquity and the present. It praised Grand Marshal and Supreme Commander Huo Guang for loyally and uprightly guarding the palace, making virtue and enlightened favor manifest, keeping his integrity and holding to righteousness, and thereby securing the ancestral temples. It added seventeen thousand households from Hebei and Dongwuyang to his fief." Together with his old lands the total came to twenty thousand households. His gifts over the years included seven thousand jin of gold, sixty million cash, thirty thousand rolls of silk, a hundred and seventy servants, two thousand horses, and a top-tier mansion.

自昭帝時，光子禹及兄孫雲皆中郎將，雲弟山奉車都尉侍中，領胡越兵。光兩女壻爲東西宮衞尉，昆弟諸壻外孫皆奉朝請，爲諸曹大夫，騎都尉，給事中。黨親連體，根據於朝廷。光自後元秉持萬機，及上即位，迺歸政。上謙讓不受，諸事皆先關白光，然後奏御天子。光每朝見，上虛己斂容，禮下之已甚。師古曰：「下音胡稼反。」

From Zhao's reign, Huo Yu and his cousin Yun were both commanders of the palace guard; Yun's younger brother Shan served as chief charioteer and palace attendant, leading Hu and Yue horse regiments. His two sons-in-law held the eastern and western palace guard commands; brothers, sons-in-law, and grandsons all attended court as guests, filling bureau posts, cavalry commands, and palace attendance. Kin and clients formed a single bloc entrenched at court. From Houyuan on Guang ran the government; when the new emperor acceded, he offered the reins back. The emperor modestly refused; every matter still went to Guang first before reaching the throne. At every audience the emperor humbled himself and composed his bearing, deferring to Guang beyond measure. Yan Shigu says: "Xia is pronounced hu-jia."

光秉政前後二十年，地節二年春病篤，車駕自臨問光病，上爲之涕泣。光上書謝恩曰：「願分國邑三千戶，以封兄孫奉車都尉山爲列侯，奉兄票騎將軍去病祀。」事下丞相御史，即日拜光子禹爲右將軍。

Guang dominated the government for two decades; in the spring of 68 BCE, dying, he received a bedside visit from the emperor himself, who wept over him. Guang submitted a memorial of thanks: "I wish to take three thousand households from my fief and use them to enfeoff Shan, my elder brother's grandson and Commandant of Attendant Chariots, as a ranked marquis, so that he may maintain the sacrifices to my elder brother, General of Agile Cavalry Qubing." The ministers approved at once and named his son Huo Yu right general.

光薨，上及皇太后親臨光喪。太中大夫任宣與侍御史五人持節護喪事。中二千石治莫府冢上。如淳曰：「典爲冢者。」賜金錢、繒絮，繡被百領。衣五十篋，璧珠璣玉衣，師古曰：「漢儀注以玉爲襦，如鎧狀連綴之，以黃金爲縷，要已下玉爲札，長尺，廣二寸半爲甲，下至足，亦綴以黃金鏤。」梓宮、服虔曰：「棺也。」師古曰：「以梓木爲之，親身之棺也。爲天子制，故亦稱梓宮。」便房、黃膓題湊各一具，服虔曰：「便房，藏中便坐也。」蘇林曰：「以柏木黃心致累棺外，故曰黃腸。木頭皆內向，故曰題湊。」如淳曰：「漢儀注天子陵中明中高丈二尺四寸，周二丈，內梓宮，次楩槨，柏黃腸題湊。」師古曰：「便房，小曲室也。如氏以爲楩木名，非也。」樅木外臧椁十五具。服虔曰：「在正臧外，婢妾臧也。或曰厨廄之屬也。」蘇林曰：「樅木，柏葉松身。」師古曰：「《爾雅》及《毛詩傳》並云樅木松葉柏身，檜木乃柏葉松身耳。蘇說非也。樅音七庸反。檜音工闊反，字亦作栝。」東園溫明，服虔曰：「東園處此器，形如方漆桶，開一面，漆畫之，以鏡置其中，以懸屍上，大斂并蓋之。」師古曰：「東園，署名也，屬少府。其署主作此器也。」皆如乘輿制度。載光尸柩以轀輬車，文穎曰：「轀輬車，如今喪轜車也。」孟康曰：「如衣車有窗牖，閉之則溫，開之則涼，故名之轀輬車也。」臣瓚曰：「秦始皇道崩，祕其事，載以轀輬車，百官奏事如故，此不得是轜車類也。案杜延年奏，載霍光柩以輬車，駕大廄白虎駟，以轀車駕大廄白鹿駟爲倅。」師古曰：「轀輬本安車也，可以卧息。後因載喪，飾以柳翣，故遂爲喪車耳。轀者密閉，輬者旁開窗牖，各別一乘，隨事爲名。後人旣專以載喪，又去其一，緫爲藩飾，而合二名呼之耳。倅，副也，音千內反。」黃屋左纛，師古曰：「解在高紀也。」發材官輕車北軍五校士軍陳至茂陵，以送其葬。謚曰宣成侯。發三河卒穿復土，起冢祠堂，置園邑三百家，長丞奉守如舊法。

When Guang died, the emperor and empress dowager attended his mourning in person. Grand palace doctor Ren Xuan and five attendant censors with staffs supervised the funeral. Two-thousand-shi officials managed affairs at the tomb mound. Ru Chun says: "This means those in charge of the tomb." The court granted gold, cash, silk floss, and a hundred embroidered quilts. Fifty cases of garments, together with jade burial suits, disks, pearls, and beads. Yan Shigu says: "The Han ritual regulations say that jade was made into an under-robe, shaped like linked armor and sewn with gold thread. Below the waist, jade tablets one foot long and two and a half inches wide formed armor extending down to the feet, also joined with gold filigree." A coffin of catalpa wood. Fu Qian says: "This means the coffin." Yan Shigu says: "It was catalpa wood, the coffin for the body itself. Being the imperial form, it is also called a catalpa palace." One set each of the side chamber and the yellow-heart cypress end-joined timbers. Fu Qian says: "The side chamber was a place for convenient seating inside the tomb repository." Su Lin says: "Yellow-heart cypress piled outside the nested coffins is called yellow intestine. The timber ends face inward, hence joined head-timbers." Ru Chun says: "The Han ritual regulations state that in an emperor's tomb the illuminated central chamber is one zhang, two chi, and four cun high and two zhang around. Inside is the catalpa coffin, next a nan-wood outer coffin, and then cypress heartwood timbers joined end to end." Yan Shigu says: "Bian fang is a small side chamber. Ru's reading it as nan wood is wrong." Fifteen outer fir burial cases were added. Fu Qian says: "Outside the main chamber—for concubines and maids. Others say for kitchens and stables." Su Lin says: "Fir wood has cypress leaves and pine trunks." Yan Shigu says: "The Erya and Mao's Commentary on the Odes both say that the fir has pine-like leaves and a cypress-like trunk, while the juniper has cypress-like leaves and a pine-like trunk. Su is wrong. Cong is read qi-yong. Gui is read gong-kuo; the character is also written gua." An Eastern Park 'warm-bright' vessel. Fu Qian says: "The Eastern Park office made this implement. It was shaped like a square lacquered tub, open on one side and decorated with lacquer painting. A mirror was placed inside it and hung above the corpse; at the great encoffining, it too was covered." Yan Shigu says: "Eastern Park is an office name subordinate to the privy treasury. That office made this vessel." All followed imperial carriage standards. Guang's bier was carried in a wen-liang carriage. Wen Ying says: "A wen-liang carriage is like today's mourning hearse." Meng Kang says: "Like a clothing carriage with windows—closed it is warm, opened it is cool; hence it is called a wen-liang carriage." Chen Zan says: "When the First Emperor of Qin died on the road, the matter was kept secret. He was carried in a wenliang carriage, and the officials continued presenting business as before. This cannot have been the same kind of vehicle as a funeral hearse. Du Yannian's memorial says Guang's bier used a liang carriage with white-tiger teams and a wen carriage with white-deer teams as escort." Yan Shigu says: "Wen-liang was originally a comfort carriage in which one could lie and rest. Later it carried the dead with willow fans and became a mourning carriage. Wen means sealed; liang means side windows—separate carriages named by use. Later users combined the two names for a single mourning carriage. Cui means deputy; read qian-nei." Yellow canopy and left banner. Yan Shigu says: "Explained in the Annals of Emperor Gao." Material officers, light chariots, and northern-army colonels marched in array to Maoling for the burial. His posthumous title was Marquis Xuancheng. Three Rivers laborers reburied the earth, built mound and shrine, settled three hundred park households, and appointed officials to maintain them by old law.

旣葬，封山爲樂平侯，以奉車都尉領尚書事。天子思光功德，下詔曰：「故大司馬大將軍愽陸侯宿衞孝武皇帝三十有餘年，輔孝昭皇帝十有餘年，遭大難，躬秉誼，率三公九卿大夫定萬世冊以安社稷，天下蒸庶咸以康寧。功德茂盛，朕甚嘉之。復其後世，疇其爵邑，〈應劭曰：「疇，等也。」師古曰：「復音方目反。」〉世世無有所與，功如蕭相國。」〈師古曰：「與讀曰豫。」〉明年夏，封太子外祖父許廣漢爲平恩侯。復下詔曰：「宣成侯光宿衞忠正，勤勞國家。善善及後世，〈師古曰：「善善者，謂襃寵善人也。」〉其封光兄孫中郎將雲爲冠陽侯。」

After the funeral Shan became marquis of Leping and, still chief charioteer, headed the secretariat. The Son of Heaven remembered Guang's merit and virtue and issued an edict: "The late Grand Marshal and Commander-in-Chief, Marquis of Bolu, guarded Emperor Xiaowu for more than thirty years and assisted Emperor Xiaozhao for more than ten. When great crisis struck, he personally upheld righteousness, led the Three Dukes, Nine Ministers, and grandees, settled a plan for ten thousand generations to secure the altars of state, and all the common people under heaven were brought to peace. His achievements were towering, and the emperor praised them. The throne promised his heirs perpetual favor equal to the fief itself. Ying Shuo glosses chou as parity. Yan Shigu gives the reading for fu (restore). His line would never pay corvée like Xiao He's descendants." 〈Yan Shigu says: "Yu is read as yu (participation)."〉 Next summer the emperor ennobled Empress Xu's father, Xu Guanghan, as marquis of Ping'en. Again they issued an edict saying: "Marquis of Xuancheng Guang, in night guard loyal and upright, toiled for the state. Good done to worthy men should extend to their descendants. Yan Shigu explains the phrase. They therefore made Huo Yun, gentleman of the palace and Guang's grandnephew, marquis of Guanyang."

禹旣嗣爲博陸侯，大夫人顯改光時所自造塋制而侈大之。〈師古曰：「塋，墓域也，音營。」〉起三山闕，築神道，北臨昭靈，南出承恩，〈服虔曰：「昭靈、承恩，皆館名也。」李竒曰：「昭靈，高祖母冢園也。」文穎曰：「承恩，宣平侯冢園也。」師古曰：「服說是也，文、李並失之。」〉盛飾祠室，輦閣通屬永巷，而幽良人婢妾守之。〈晉灼曰：「閣道乃通屬至永巷中也。」師古曰：「此亦其冢上作輦閣之道及永巷也，非謂掖庭之永巷也。」〉廣治第室，作乘輿輦，加畫繡絪馮，黃金塗，〈如淳曰：「絪亦茵。馮謂所馮者也，以黃金塗飾之。」師古曰：「茵，蓐也，以繡爲茵馮而黃金塗輿輦也。」〉韋絮薦輪，〈晉灼曰：「御輦以韋緣輪，著之以絮。」師古曰：「取其行安，不搖動也。著音張呂反。」〉侍婢以五采絲輓顯，游戲第中。〈師古曰：「輓謂牽引車輦也，音晚。」〉初，光愛幸監奴馮子都，常與計事，及顯寡居，與子都亂。〈晉灼曰：「漢語東閭氏亡，顯以婢代立，素與馮殷姦也。」師古曰：「監奴，謂奴之監知家務者也，殷者，子都之名。」〉而禹、山亦並繕治第宅，走馬馳逐平樂館。雲當朝請，數稱病私出，〈師古曰：「請音才姓反。」〉多從賔客，張圍獵黃山苑中，使蒼頭奴上朝謁，〈文穎曰：「朝當用謁，不自行而令奴上謁者也。」師古曰：「上謁，若今參見尊貴而通名也。」〉莫敢譴者。而顯及諸女，晝夜出入長信宮殿中，亡期度。〈師古曰：「長信宮，上官太后所居。」〉

When Yu inherited the Bolu title, Lady Xian tore up Guang's modest tomb plan and built a vast mortuary park. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Ying is the tomb precinct; pronounced ying."〉 She erected the Three Mountains gate-towers and built a spirit road, with Zhaoling to the north and Chengen to the south. Fu Qian says: "Zhaoling and Chengen were both names of lodges." Li Qi says: "Zhaoling is the park tomb of the High Emperor's mother." Wen Ying says: "Chengen is the park tomb of Marquis Xuanping." Yan Shigu says: "Fu's explanation is correct; Wen and Li are both wrong." She built lavish shrine halls linked by covered walks to the Eternal Lane and locked innocent women inside as guardians. 〈Jin Zhuo says: "The gallery way thus connected through to the Eternal Lane within." Yan Shigu says: "This also refers to making carriage galleries and a Long Lane on top of the tomb; it does not mean the Long Lane of the palace women's quarters." She greatly expanded her residences and made imperial conveyances, adding painted and embroidered cushions and armrests, all gilded with gold. Ru Chun says: "Yin also means cushion. Ping are the arm-rests, gilded." Yan Shigu says: "Yin is a mat; they made embroidered yin and ping and yellow-gold coated the palanquins." Leather wrapping and floss padding the wheels. Jin Zhuo says: "The imperial palanquin had leather on the wheel rims and floss affixed." Yan Shigu says: "They took this so the going would be secure and not jolt. The commentary gives the reading for zhuo." Maidens in colored silks hauled Lady Xian's carriage for sport around the compound. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Wan means to pull the palanquin; pronounced wan."〉 Guang once doted on his steward-slave Feng Zidu; after Guang's death the widow Xian took Zidu as her lover. 〈Jin Zhuo says: "The Han yu says that when the Lady of Donglu died, Xian, who had been a maidservant, was installed in her place, and she had long been having an affair with Feng Yin." Yan Shigu says: "Overseer slave means a slave who supervised household affairs; Yin is Zidu's personal name." Yu and Shan likewise threw up mansions and raced horses at the Pingle racing lodge. Yun, when due at court for audience, several times claimed illness and went out privately. Yan Shigu says: "Qing is pronounced cai-xing." He often took guests with him, spread hunting nets in Huangshan Park, and sent a household slave to court with his calling card. Wen Ying says: "For attendance at court one should present a card; he did not go himself, but had a slave submit the card." Yan Shigu says: "Shang ye means like today's visiting the exalted and passing one's name." No one dared call him to account. Lady Xian and her daughters came and went in Empress Dowager Shangguan's Changxin halls at all hours without restraint. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Changxin Palace is where Empress Dowager Shangguan dwelt."〉

宣帝自在民間聞知霍氏尊盛日久，內不能善。光薨，上始躬親朝政，御史大夫魏相給事中。顯謂禹、雲、山：「女曹不務奉大將軍餘業，師古曰：「女音汝。曹，輩也。」今大夫給事中，他人壹間，女能復自救邪？」師古曰：「間音居莧反。」後兩家奴爭道，師古曰：「謂霍氏及御史家。」霍氏奴入御史府，欲躢大夫門，御史爲叩頭謝，迺去。人以謂霍氏，師古曰：「告語也。」顯等始知憂。會魏大夫爲丞相，數燕見言事。平恩侯與侍中金安上等徑出入省中。時霍山自若領尚書，師古曰：「自若猶言如故也。」上令吏民得奏封事，不關尚書，羣臣進見獨往來，師古曰：「謂各各得盡言於上也。」於是霍氏甚惡之。

Even as a commoner Xuan had long known how mighty the Huo clan was, and he inwardly resented it. After Guang's death the emperor took government into his own hands and made Wei Xiang imperial counsellor and palace attendant. Lady Xian told Yu, Yun, and Shan, "You people neglect the grand marshal's legacy." Yan Shigu says nu is read ru. Cao means a group." Now the counsellor attends within the palace—if someone drives one wedge in, can you still save yourselves?" Yan Shigu says: "Jian is pronounced ju-xian." Later slaves of the two households quarreled over the road. Yan Shigu says: "This means the Huo household and the counsellor's household." A Huo slave entered the counsellor's compound and tried to kick in the gate; Wei Xiang kowtowed in apology before the man left. People reported this to the Huo clan. Yan Shigu says: "This means to inform." Only then did Xian and her kin begin to worry. When Wei Xiang became chancellor, he was repeatedly summoned for informal audiences. The Marquis of Ping'en and Jin Anshang, among others, moved freely in and out of the inner palace. At the time Huo Shan as before headed the masters of writing. Yan Shigu says: "Zi ru means as before." The emperor ordered that officials and commoners could submit sealed memorials without passing them through the Masters of Writing, and that ministers coming for audience should enter and leave one by one. Yan Shigu says: "This means that each person could speak fully to the emperor." The Huo clan hated this deeply.

宣帝始立，立微時許妃爲皇后。顯愛小女成君，欲貴之，私使乳醫淳于衍行毒藥殺許后，〈師古曰：「乳醫，視產乳之疾者。乳音而樹反。」〉因勸光內成君，代立爲后。語在外戚傳。始許后暴崩，吏捕諸醫，劾衍侍疾亡狀不道，下獄。吏簿問急，〈師古曰：「簿音步戶反。」〉顯恐事敗，即具以實語光。光大驚，欲自發舉，不忍，猶與。〈師古曰：「猶與，不決也。與讀曰豫。」〉會奏上，因署衍勿論。〈師古曰：「署者，題其奏後也。」〉光薨後，語稍泄。於是上始聞之而未察，〈師古曰：「未知其虛實。」〉迺徙光女壻度遼將軍未央衞尉平陵侯范明友爲光祿勳，次壻諸吏中郎將羽林監任勝出爲安定太守。數月，復出光姊壻給事中光祿大夫張朔爲蜀郡太守，羣孫壻中郎將王漢爲武威太守。頃之，復徙光長女壻長樂衞尉鄧廣漢爲少府。更以禹爲大司馬，冠小冠，亡印綬，罷其右將軍屯兵官屬，特使禹官名與光俱大司馬者。〈蘇林曰：「特，但也。」〉又收范明友度遼將軍印綬，但爲光祿勳。及光中女壻趙平爲散騎騎都尉光祿大夫將屯兵，又收平騎都尉印綬。諸領胡越騎、羽林及兩宮衞將屯兵，悉易以所親信許、史子弟代之。

At his accession Xuan made his old love from common days, Lady Xu, empress. Xian loved her youngest daughter Chengjun and wanted to raise her status, so in secret she had Chunyu Yan, a physician for nursing women, administer poison and kill Empress Xu. Yan Shigu says: "A nursing physician was one who treated illnesses connected with childbirth and nursing. Ru (milk) is read with the given fanqie." Then she pressed Guang to install Chengjun in Xu's place. The full story stands in the treatise on the imperial in-laws. When Xu died suddenly the court seized the doctors and charged Yan with malpractice. The officials pressed the register interrogation urgently. Yan Shigu says: "Bu is pronounced bu-hu." Fearing exposure, Xian confessed the whole plot to Guang. Guang was stunned and thought of denouncing his own household but shrank from it and wavered. 〈Yan Shigu says: "You yu means not deciding. Yu is read like the graph for hesitation." When the case reached him he scribbled on the docket that Yan should not be prosecuted. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Shu means to write on the back of the memorial."〉 After Guang's death hints of the murder began to spread. Thereupon the emperor first heard of it but had not yet investigated. Yan Shigu says: "He did not yet know its truth or falsehood." He began stripping the Huo in-laws of military power: Fan Mingyou became a household superintendent; Ren Sheng was sent out as governor of Anding. Months later he posted Zhang Shuo to Shu and Wang Han, another in-law of the Huo grandsons, to Wuwei—more of the clan stripped of capital posts. Soon Deng Guanghan went from guarding Changle Palace to the harmless post of privy treasurer. Yu was kept as grand marshal in name only—small cap, no seals, no troops—a hollow echo of his father's title. 〈Su Lin says: "Te means only."〉 He stripped Fan Mingyou of the Liao command, leaving him a household superintendent in title alone. Zhao Ping lost his cavalry command as well. Every Huo-held commission—barbarian horse guards, feathered guard, twin-palace garrisons—went to youths of the Xu and Shi clans whom the emperor trusted.

禹爲大司馬，稱病。禹故長史任宣候問，禹曰：「我何病？縣官非我家將軍不得至是，〈如淳曰：「縣官謂天子。」〉今將軍墳墓未乾，盡外我家，〈師古曰：「外謂疏斥之。」〉反任許、史，奪我印綬，令人不省死。」〈師古曰：「不自省有過也。」〉宣見禹恨望深，〈師古曰：「望，怨也。」〉迺謂曰：「大將軍時何可復行！〈師古曰：「言今何得復如此也。」〉持國權柄，殺生在手中。廷尉李种、王平、〈師古曰：「种音沖。」〉左馮翊賈勝胡及車丞相女壻少府徐仁皆坐逆將軍意下獄死。使樂成小家子得幸將軍，至九卿封侯。〈師古曰：「即上所云少府樂成者也。使者，其姓也，字或作史。」〉百官以下但事馮子都、王子方等，〈服虔曰：「皆光奴。」〉視丞相亡如也。〈師古曰：「亡如猶言無所象似也。」〉各自有時，今許、史自天子骨肉，貴正宜耳。大司馬欲用是怨恨，愚以爲不可。」禹默然。數日，起視事。

Huo Yu feigned illness once he was gutted of real authority. His old chief clerk Ren Xuan visited; Yu snapped, "What illness? The throne owes everything to our general. Ru Chun glosses xian guan as the emperor. His grave is still fresh and they are already casting us off. Yan Shigu glosses wai as cold-shouldering. They hand our offices to the Xu and Shi and take our chops—it's maddening." 〈Yan Shigu says: "Not to recognize that one has fault."〉 Xuan saw that Yu's resentment ran deep. Yan Shigu says: "Wang means resentment." Xuan told him, "You cannot relive the days when your father held the realm in his hand! 〈Yan Shigu explains: those times are gone.〉 He held the power of life and death over the court. He named judges Li Chong and Wang Ping—Yan Shigu gives the reading for Chong. Jia Sheng Hu and Xu Ren died in prison for crossing Guang's will—examples Yu recalled. Yuecheng rose from nowhere to nine minister rank on Guang's nod. 〈Yan Shigu identifies him as the same Shi Yuecheng. The surname is Shi, sometimes written with the history graph." Every clerk answered to Guang's slaves Feng Zidu and Wang Zifang. Fu Qian identifies them as household bondsmen. They regarded the chancellor as beneath notice. 〈Yan Shigu explains wu ru as having no one to look up to.〉 Ren Xuan continued, "Times change: the Xu and Shi are the emperor's kin, and it is right that they be honored. For you, Grand Marshal, to nurse a grudge over that would be folly," he said." Yu said nothing. A few days later Yu went back to his duties.

顯及禹、山、雲自見日侵削，數相對啼泣，自怨。山曰：「今丞相用事，縣官信之，盡變易大將軍時法令，以公田賦與貧民，發揚大將軍過失。又諸儒生多窶人子，〈師古曰：「窶，貧而無禮，音其羽反。」〉遠客飢寒，喜妄說狂言，〈師古曰：「喜音許吏反。」〉不避忌諱，大將軍常讎之，〈師古曰：「言嫉之如仇讎也。」〉今陛下好與諸儒生語，人人自使書對事，多言我家者。甞有上書言大將軍時主弱臣強，專制擅權，今其子孫用事，昆弟益驕恣，恐危宗廟，灾異數見，盡爲是也。其言絕痛，山屏不奏其書。後上書者益黠，盡奏封事，輒下中書令出取之，不關尚書，益不信人。」顯曰：「丞相數言我家，獨無罪乎？」山曰：「丞相廉正，安得罪？我家昆弟諸壻多不謹。又聞民間讙言霍氏毒殺許皇后，〈師古曰：「讙，衆聲也，音許爰反。」〉寧有是邪？」顯恐急，即具以實告山、雲、禹。山、雲、禹驚曰：「如是，何不早告禹等！縣官離散斥逐諸壻，用是故也。此大事，誅罰不小，柰何？」於是始有邪謀矣。

Lady Xian and her sons Yu, Shan, and Yun, watching their power erode day by day, often wept together in mutual reproach. Shan said, "The chancellor now runs the government, and the court trusts him. He has overturned every statute from our father's day, handed out public land to the poor, and trumpeted the supreme commander's faults. Many of the scholars, he added, are poor men's sons without breeding. Yan Shigu glosses ju. Wandering guests, cold and hungry, love reckless talk. Yan Shigu gives the reading for xi. They ignored taboo, and the supreme commander always hated them for it. Yan Shigu explains chou as enmity. Now the emperor likes to talk with the scholars; everyone submits memorials on his own, and many attack our house. Someone once wrote that under the supreme commander the ruler was weak and ministers strong, that his kin now monopolize office and grow haughtier still, that omens warn the shrines are at risk—and that all of it stems from us. The language was vicious; Shan suppressed the memorial and never forwarded it. Later writers grew craftier still: they sealed their submissions, and the emperor had palace attendants pull them aside, bypassing the secretariat—he trusts no one." Lady Xian asked, "The chancellor keeps denouncing our house—are we the only ones without fault?" Shan replied, "The chancellor is incorrupt—how could he invent crimes? The fault lies with our brothers and sons-in-law, who have been careless. I have also heard the crowd murmur that the Huos poisoned Empress Xu. Yan Shigu glosses huan as the clamor of the multitude." Could that really be true?" Panicked, Lady Xian confessed everything to Shan, Yun, and Yu. The three brothers cried, "Why did you not warn us sooner? This is why the emperor has been stripping our in-laws of their posts. It is capital treason—what can we do?" From that moment they began to plot rebellion.

初，趙平客石夏善爲天官，〈師古曰：「曉星文者。」〉語平曰：「熒惑守御星，御星，太僕奉車都尉也，不黜則死。」平內憂山等。雲舅李竟所善張赦見雲家卒卒，〈師古曰：「卒讀曰猝，怱遽之貌也。」〉謂竟曰：「今丞相與平恩侯用事，可令太夫人言太后，先誅此兩人。移徙陛下，在太后耳。」長安男子張章告之，事下廷尉。執金吾捕張赦、石夏等，後有詔止勿捕。山等愈恐，相謂曰：「此縣官重太后，故不竟也。〈師古曰：「重，難也。竟，窮竟其事也。」〉然惡端已見，又有弒許后事，陛下雖寬仁，恐左右不聽，乆之猶發，發即族矣，不如先也。」〈師古曰：「言先反。」〉遂令諸女各歸報其夫，皆曰：「安所相避？」〈師古曰：「言無處相避，當受禍也。」〉

Earlier, Zhao Ping's retainer Shi Xia was skilled in celestial patterns. Yan Shigu says: "Those who understand star patterns." He told Ping, "Mars is guarding the Imperial Chariot star. That star corresponds to the Grand Coachman and the Commandant of Attendant Chariots; if there is no demotion, there will be death." Zhao Ping began to fear for Shan and his kin. Zhang She, a friend of Li Jing, Yun's maternal uncle, saw Yun's household in a sudden state of alarm. Yan Shigu says: "Zu is read cu, describing haste and urgency." He said to Jing, "The chancellor and the Marquis of Ping'en now control affairs. You can have the grand lady speak to the empress dowager and execute these two men first. Deposing the emperor, he said, was only a word away for the empress dowager." Zhang Zhang denounced the plot to the throne, and the case landed with the commandant of justice. Guards seized Zhang She and Shi Xia, then a counter-edict halted the arrests. Shan and the others became even more afraid and said to one another, "This is because the court places great weight on the empress dowager and therefore has not pursued the matter to the end. 〈Yan Shigu glosses zhong as difficulty. Jing means pressing an inquiry to its conclusion." Yet the first sign of evil has already appeared, and there is also the matter of murdering Empress Xu. Although Your Majesty is generous and humane, I fear those around you will not accept this. In time it will still come out, and when it comes out, the clan will be executed. It would be better to act first." 〈Yan Shigu says: "It means to rebel first."〉 They sent their wives home to their husbands with one message: all said, "Where can any of us hide from one another?" 〈Yan Shigu says: "It means there is nowhere to hide from one another—they must receive disaster."〉

會李竟坐與諸侯王交通，辭語及霍氏，有詔雲、山不宜宿衞，免就第。光諸女遇太后無禮，〈服虔曰：「光諸女自以於上官太后爲姨母，遇之無禮。」〉馮子都數犯法，上并以爲讓，〈師古曰：「揔以此事責之也。」〉山、禹等甚恐。顯夢第中井水溢流庭下，竈居樹上，又夢大將軍謂顯曰：「知捕兒不？〈師古曰：「知兒見捕否？」〉亟下捕之。」〈蘇林曰：「且疾下捕之。」師古曰：「亟音居力反。」〉第中鼠暴多，與人相觸，以尾畫地。鴞數鳴殿前樹上。〈師古曰：「鴞，惡聲之鳥也。古者室屋高大，則通呼爲殿耳，非止天子宮中。其語亦見黃霸傳。鴞音羽驕反。」〉第門自壞。雲尚冠里宅中門亦壞。巷端人共見有人居雲屋上，徹瓦投地，就視，亡有，大怪之。禹夢車騎聲正讙來捕禹，舉家憂愁。山曰：「丞相擅減宗廟羔、菟、鼃，〈如淳曰：「高后時定令，敢有擅議宗廟者，棄市。」師古曰：「羔、菟、鼃所以供祭也。」〉可以此罪也。」謀令太后爲博平君置酒，〈文穎曰：「宣帝外祖母也。」〉召丞相、平恩侯以下，使范明友、鄧廣漢承太后制引斬之，因廢天子而立禹。約定未發，雲拜爲玄菟太守，太中大夫任宣爲代郡太守。山又坐寫祕書，顯爲上書獻城西第，入馬千匹以贖山罪。書報聞。〈師古曰：「不許之。」〉會事發覺，雲、山、明友自殺，顯、禹、廣漢等捕得。禹要斬，顯及諸女昆弟皆弃市。唯獨霍后廢處昭臺宮。與霍氏相連坐誅滅者數千家。

When Li Jing was convicted of dealing with princes, his confession implicated the Huos; an edict stripped Yun and Shan of palace guard duty and sent them home. Guang's daughters treated the empress dowager without proper courtesy. Fu Qian says: "Guang's daughters considered themselves maternal aunts of Empress Dowager Shangguan, and so treated her without ritual courtesy." Feng Zidu repeatedly violated the law; the emperor jointly blamed them for this. Yan Shigu says: "He altogether blamed them with these matters." Shan and Yu were terrified. Xian dreamed that the well in the mansion overflowed into the courtyard below and that the stove stood up in a tree. She also dreamed that the great general said to her, "Do you know they are arresting the boy? 〈Yan Shigu clarifies the dream question.〉 Act at once to seize them." 〈Su Lin says: "Hasten down and arrest them." Yan Shigu says: "Ji is pronounced ju-li." Rats swarmed the house, bumping into people and tracing lines on the floor with their tails. Owls shrieked in the hall trees night after night. 〈Yan Shigu says: "The owl is a bird of evil omen. In old usage any tall house could be called a hall, not only the palace. The same omen language appears in Huang Ba's chapter. Yan Shigu gives the reading for xiao (owl)." The main gate of the mansion collapsed on its own. The inner gate of Yun's house in Shangguan ward fell the same way. Neighbors saw a figure on Yun's roof hurling tiles; when they climbed up, no one was there. Yu dreamed of officers thundering up to arrest him, and the whole family sank in dread. Shan proposed framing the chancellor for cutting sacrificial victims without authority—a capital offense since Empress Lü's statute. Yan Shigu lists the animals used at the shrines. That statute, he said, could send the chancellor to his death." They plotted to have the empress dowager hold a banquet for Dowager Ping'en. Wen Ying says: "She is Emperor Xuan's maternal grandmother." They would call Wei and the chancellor to the feast and have Mingyou and Guanghan cut them down in the empress dowager's name, then depose Xuan and enthrone Yu. Before the coup fired, Yun was posted to Xuantu and Ren Xuan to Dai—a deliberate split of the conspirators. When Shan was charged with copying sealed archives, Lady Xian offered a mansion west of the city and a thousand horses to buy off his sentence. The throne acknowledged the memorial without granting it. 〈Yan Shigu says: "It means it was not permitted."〉 When the plot broke, Yun, Shan, and Mingyou killed themselves; Xian, Yu, and Guanghan were taken alive. Yu died by waist-sawing; Lady Xian and her kin were executed in the public market. Empress Huo alone was spared death but cast into Zhaotai Palace as a commoner. Several thousand households linked to the Huos were extirpated.

上迺下詔曰：「迺者東織室令史張赦使魏郡豪李竟報冠陽侯雲謀爲大逆，〈師古曰：「解在宣紀也。」〉朕以大將軍故，抑而不揚，兾其自新。今大司馬博陸侯禹與母宣成侯夫人顯及從昆弟子冠陽侯雲、樂平侯山諸姊妺壻謀爲大逆，欲詿誤百姓。賴宗廟神靈，先發得，咸伏其辜，〈師古曰：「事發而捕得。」〉朕甚悼之。諸爲霍氏所詿誤，事在丙申前，未發覺在吏者，皆赦除之。男子張章先發覺，以語期門董忠，忠告左曹楊惲，惲告侍中金安上。惲召見對狀，後章上書以聞。侍中史高與金安上建發其事，〈師古曰：「言共立意發之也。」〉言無入霍氏禁闥，卒不得遂其謀，〈師古曰：「遂，成也。」〉皆讎有功。〈晉灼曰：「讎，等也。」師古曰：「言其功相等類也。」〉封章爲博成侯，忠高昌侯，惲平通侯，安上都成侯，高樂陵侯。」

Xuan published the case: Zhang She and Li Jing had denounced Yun's treason—Yan Shigu defers detail to the annals of Xuan. He said he had hushed the first reports out of respect for Guang, hoping the family would mend its ways. Instead Yu, Lady Xian, Yun, Shan, and the sons-in-law had plotted treason and tried to deceive the people. Thanks to the shrines the plot surfaced in time and all confessed. Yan Shigu notes they were caught once exposed. The emperor professed grief even at punishing them. Anyone implicated before the bingyin date who had not yet been charged was amnestied. A man named Zhang Zhang first discovered it and told Dong Zhong, a Gentleman of the Expectant Gates. Dong Zhong informed Yang Yun of the Left Bureau, and Yang Yun informed the Palace Attendant Jin Anshang. Yun was examined and confirmed the chain; Zhang Zhang then filed a formal memorial. Shi Gao and Jin Anshang together urged the emperor to move. Yan Shigu glosses jian fa. They argued that had guards not penetrated the Huo compound, the coup might have succeeded. Yan Shigu glosses sui. Each informer had earned equal credit. 〈Jin Zhuo reads chou as equal rank. Yan Shigu agrees their rewards matched. The edict ennobled Zhang Zhang, Dong Zhong, Yang Yun, Jin Anshang, and Shi Gao."

初，霍氏奢侈，茂陵徐生曰：「霍氏必亡。夫奢則不遜，不遜必侮上。侮上者，逆道也。在人之右，衆必害之。〈師古曰：「右，上也。」〉霍氏秉權日乆，害之者多矣。天下害之，而又行以逆道，不亡何待！」迺上疏言「霍氏泰盛，陛下即愛厚之，宜以時抑制，無使至亡。」書三上，輒報聞。其後霍氏誅滅，而告霍氏者皆封。人爲徐生上書曰：「臣聞客有過主人者，見其竈直突，傍有積薪，客謂主人，更爲曲突，遠徙其薪，不者且有火患。主人默然不應。俄而家果失火，鄰里共救之，幸而得息。於是殺牛置酒，謝其鄰人，灼爛者在於上行，〈師古曰：「灼謂被燒炙者也。行音胡郎反。」〉餘各以功次坐，而不錄言曲突者。人謂主人曰：『鄉使聽客之言，不費牛酒，終亡火患。〈師古曰：「鄉讀曰嚮。次下亦同也。」〉今論功而請賔，曲突徙薪亡恩澤，燋頭爛額爲上客耶？』主人迺寤而請之。今茂陵徐福數上書言霍氏且有變，宜防絕之。鄉使福說得行，則國亡裂土出爵之費，臣亡逆亂誅滅之敗。往事旣已，而福獨不蒙其功，唯陛下察之，貴徙薪曲突之策，使居焦髮灼爛之右。」〈師古曰：「右，上也。」〉上迺賜福帛十疋，後以爲郎。

Initially, when the Huo clan was extravagant, Xu Sheng of Maoling said, "The Huo clan will surely perish. Luxury breeds arrogance, arrogance breeds contempt for the throne. Contempt for the ruler is rebellion against heaven's pattern. Whoever stands above the crowd draws every man's malice. 〈Yan Shigu glosses you as "above" or senior.〉 The Huos had been on top so long that enemies had piled up. The realm hated them, and they added outrage to power—how could they survive?" He submitted a memorial saying, "The Huo clan is far too powerful. Though Your Majesty loves and richly favors them, you should restrain them in time and not let them come to ruin." He filed three memorials; each came back with a noncommittal acknowledgment. When the Huos fell, every informer received a fief. Someone submitted a memorial on Xu Sheng's behalf: "Your servant has heard that a guest once visited a host and saw that his stove had a straight flue, with firewood piled beside it. The guest told the host, 'Change it to a bent flue and move the fuel far away; otherwise there will be danger of fire. The master ignored the warning. Soon the house burned; neighbors saved it just in time. He feasted his rescuers, giving the scarred survivors the place of honor. Yan Shigu defines zhuo. Yan Shigu gives the reading for hang (row)." Others were seated by merit, but the man who had warned about the chimney was forgotten. A neighbor reminded him: had he heeded advice, he would have saved the feast and the fire. 〈Yan Shigu reads xiang as "if formerly. The same gloss applies below." Now you reward the burned brows but not the man who told you to move the kindling? Only then did the host honor his prophet. Xu Fu of Maoling had warned repeatedly that the Huos would turn traitor. Had Xuan listened, the throne would have spared fiefs to informers and heads to rebels. The memorial asked Xuan to honor Xu Fu as the man who moved the brushwood—more deserving than the late informers." 〈Yan Shigu says: "You means superior."〉 Xuan gave Xu Fu ten rolls of silk and later a gentleman appointment.

宣帝始立，謁見高廟，大將軍光從驂乘，上內嚴憚之，若有芒刺在背。後車騎將軍張安世代光驂乘，天子從容肆體，甚安近焉。〈師古曰：「肆，放也，展也。近音鉅靳反。」〉及光身死而宗族竟誅，故俗傳之曰：「威震主者不畜，霍氏之禍萌於驂乘。」〈師古曰：「萌謂始生也。」〉

On his first visit to Gaozu's shrine Xuan rode beside Guang and felt a spine of dread, as if sitting on needles. When Zhang Anshi took Guang's place beside him, the emperor could breathe and sit at ease. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Si means to release, to unfold. Yan Shigu gives the reading for jin (near)." After Guang himself died and his clan was eventually executed, common tradition passed down the saying, "One whose authority shakes the ruler cannot be maintained; the Huo clan's disaster began when he rode beside the imperial carriage." 〈Yan Shigu says: "Meng means what first arises."〉

至成帝時，爲光置守冢百家，吏卒奉祠焉。元始二年，封光從父昆弟曾孫陽爲博陸侯，千戶。

Chengdi assigned a hundred families to tend Guang's tomb with official sacrifices. In 2 CE the court revived the Bolu marquisate for a distant kinsman named Yang with a thousand households.

金日磾

Jin Midi (biography).

金日磾字翁叔，〈師古曰：「磾音丁奚反。」〉本匈奴休屠王太子也。〈師古曰：「休音許蚪反。屠音儲。」〉武帝元狩中，票騎將軍霍去病將兵擊匈奴右地，多斬首，虜獲休屠王祭天金人。其夏，票騎復西過居延，攻祁連山，大克獲。於是單于怨昆邪、休屠居西方多爲漢所破，〈師古曰：「昆音下門反。」〉召其王欲誅之。昆邪、休屠恐，謀降漢。休屠王後悔，昆邪王殺之，并將其衆降漢。封昆邪王爲列侯。日磾以父不降見殺，與母閼氏、弟倫俱沒入官，輸黃門養馬，時年十四矣。

Jin Midi, courtesy name Wengshu. Yan Shigu says: "Di is pronounced ding-xi." He was a Xiongnu prince, heir to the Xiutu king in the west. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Xiu is pronounced xu-dou. Tu is read chu." During Emperor Wu’s Yuanshou era, General of Agile Cavalry Huo Qubing led troops against the Xiongnu’s western lands, beheaded many, and captured the Xiutu king’s golden image used in sacrifices to Heaven. The same summer Qubing swept past Juyan, stormed the Qilian range, and took huge booty. Thereupon the chanyu resented Kunye and Xiutu in the west being repeatedly broken by Han. Yan Shigu says: "Kun is pronounced xia-men." He summoned both kings to the court tent intending to kill them. The two kings panicked and agreed to defect to the Han. When Xiutu wavered, Kunye murdered him and led the combined tribes in to Han. The Han court ennobled Kunye as a marquis. Midi's father died resisting; the boy, his mother, and brother Lun became government slaves and were sent to the imperial stables at fourteen.

乆之，武帝游宴見馬，〈師古曰：「方於宴游之時，而召閱諸馬。」〉後宮滿側。日磾等數十人牽馬過殿下，莫不竊視，〈師古曰：「視宮人。」〉至日磾獨不敢。日磾長八尺二寸，容貌甚嚴，馬又肥好，上異而問之，具以本狀對。上竒焉，即日賜湯沐衣冠，拜爲馬監，遷侍中駙馬都尉光祿大夫。日磾旣親近，未甞有過失，上甚信愛之，賞賜累千金，出則驂乘，入侍左右。貴戚多竊怨，曰：「陛下妄得一胡兒，反貴重之！」上聞，愈厚焉。

After some time, Emperor Wu inspected the horses during an outing and banquet. Yan Shigu says: "It was just during a banquet outing that he summoned and reviewed the horses." Concubines crowded his couch while he watched the mounts. Midi and several dozen others led horses past beneath the hall, and all of them stole glances. Yan Shigu says: "They were looking at the palace women." When Midi's turn came he kept his eyes down. Tall, grave, with splendid horses, he caught the emperor's eye; he answered every question about his princely origins. Wu was so struck that he bathed Midi, dressed him in court clothes, and jumped him from groom to gentleman and chief commandant of cavalry in a day. Once at the ruler's elbow he never slipped; gifts ran to a thousand pounds of gold and he rode beside the chariot on every outing. The honored kin mostly secretly resented, saying, "Your Majesty for nothing got one Hu lad and instead honors him heavily!" Wu only favored Midi the more when he heard the gossip.

日磾母敎誨兩子，甚有法度，上聞而嘉之。病死，詔圖畫於甘泉宮，署曰「休屠王閼氏。」〈師古曰：「題其畫。」〉日磾每見畫常拜，鄉之涕泣，然後迺去。〈師古曰：「鄉讀曰嚮。」〉日磾子二人皆愛，爲帝弄兒，常在旁側。弄兒或自後擁上項，〈師古曰：「擁，抱也。」〉日磾在前，見而目之。〈師古曰：「目，視怒也。」〉弄兒走且啼曰：「翁怒。」上謂日磾「何怒吾兒爲？」其後弄兒壯大，不謹，自殿下與宮人戲，日磾適見之，惡其淫亂，遂殺弄兒。弄兒即日磾長子也。上聞之大怒，日磾頓首謝，具言所以殺弄兒狀。上甚哀，爲之泣，已而心敬日磾。

His mother raised her sons with strict discipline; the emperor praised her when he heard of it. She died of illness, and he ordered her portrait to be painted in Ganquan Palace with the inscription, "Queen of King Xiutu of Xiutu." 〈Yan Shigu says: "He wrote the inscription on the painting."〉 Midi always kowtowed to her image and wept before he could leave. 〈Yan Shigu reads xiang as "face toward."〉 His two sons became Wu's toddler playmates, always at his knee. The playing boy sometimes from behind embraced the emperor's neck. Yan Shigu says: "Yong means to embrace." Midi, standing forward, shot the boy a furious look. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Mu means to look in anger."〉 The playing boy ran off crying, saying, "Old man is angry." The emperor said to Midi, "Why be angry at Our son?" When the same youth grew lustful with a palace girl under the hall, Midi killed him for shaming the harem. The dead boy was Midi's firstborn. Wu raged until Midi kowtowed and explained why a father had struck down his own son. The emperor wept for the child, then respected Midi more than ever.

初，莽何羅與江充相善，及充敗衞太子，何羅弟通用誅太子時力戰得封。後上知太子冤，迺夷滅充宗族黨與。何羅兄弟懼及，〈師古曰：「及謂及於禍也。」〉遂謀爲逆。日磾視其志意有非常，心疑之，陰獨察其動靜，與俱上下。〈師古曰：「上下於殿也。」〉何羅亦覺日磾意，以故乆不得發。是時上行幸林光宮，〈服虔曰：「甘泉一名林光。」師古曰：「秦之林光宮，胡亥所造，漢又於其旁起甘泉宮。」〉日磾小疾卧廬。〈師古曰：「殿中所止曰廬。」〉何羅與通及小弟安成矯制夜出，共殺使者，發兵。明旦，上未起，何羅亡何從外入。〈師古曰：「亡何猶言無故也。」〉日磾奏厠心動，〈師古曰：「奏，向也。日磾方向厠而心動。」〉立入坐內戶下。須臾，何羅褏白刃從東箱上，〈師古曰：「置刃於衣褏中也。褏，古袖字。」〉見日磾，色變，走趨卧內欲入，〈師古曰：「趨讀曰趣，嚮也。卧內，天子卧處。」〉行觸寶瑟，僵。日磾得抱何羅，因傳曰：「莽何羅反！」〈師古曰：「傳謂傳聲而唱之。」〉上驚起，左右拔刃欲格之，上恐并中日磾，〈師古曰：「中音竹仲反。」〉止勿格。日磾捽胡投何羅殿下，〈孟康曰：「胡音互。捽胡，若今相僻卧輪之類也。」晉灼曰：「胡，頸也，捽其頸而投殿下也。」師古曰：「晉說是也。捽音才乞反。」〉得禽縛之，窮治皆伏辜。繇是著忠孝節。〈師古曰：「繇讀與由同。」〉

Mang Heluo had been Jiang Chong's ally; when Chong destroyed Crown Prince Wei, Heluo's brother Tong won a marquisate for fighting in the purge. When Wu learned the prince had been wronged, he wiped out Jiang Chong's entire faction. Heluo and his brothers feared they would be implicated. Yan Shigu says: "Ji means to reach into disaster." They began to plot regicide. Midi sensed their intent, watched them alone, and never let them out of his sight in the halls. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Ascending and descending on the hall."〉 Heluo knew Midi was watching and could not strike. At that time the emperor was traveling to Linguang Palace. Fu Qian says: "Ganquan was also called Linguang." Yan Shigu says: "Qin's Linguang Palace was built by Hu Hai; Han later raised Ganquan Palace beside it." Midi was ill and resting in the chamber cubicle. 〈Yan Shigu says: "What stops movement within the hall is called lu."〉 Heluo, Tong, and Ancheng forged an edict, slipped out at night, murdered the courier, and called out arms. Next dawn, before Wu had left his couch, Heluo walked in unannounced. 〈Yan Shigu glosses wu he as "without cause."〉 Midi submitted that toward the privy his heart stirred. Yan Shigu says: "Zou means toward. The foreboding struck as he headed for the privy." He rushed in and seated himself inside the inner portal. A moment later, Heluo came up from the eastern side-chamber with a bare blade hidden in his sleeve. Yan Shigu says: "He had placed the blade inside his sleeve. Mei is the old form for sleeve." Seeing Midi he blanched and bolted for the emperor's bedroom. Yan Shigu reads qu as "hasten toward. The inner bedchamber is the ruler's sleeping alcove." He tripped on a jade-inlaid zither and fell flat. Midi seized and embraced Heluo, thereupon shouted, "Mang Heluo rebels!" 〈Yan Shigu says: "Chuan means to transmit the voice and cry it aloud."〉 The emperor started up in alarm, and his attendants drew their blades to strike the attacker; the emperor feared they would hit Midi as well. Yan Shigu says: "Zhong is pronounced as in zhu-zhong." He forbade them to hack at the grappling pair. Midi seized Hu and cast Heluo below the hall. Meng Kang says: "Hu is pronounced hu. Meng compares zuo hu to a wrestling throw." Jin Zhuo says: "Hu is the neck; seizing the neck he cast him below the hall." Yan Shigu says: "Jin's explanation is correct. Zuo is read cai-qi." Guards bound Heluo; under torture the whole plot confessed. That exploit made his name synonymous with loyalty and duty. 〈Yao is read like you, meaning "from this."〉

日磾兩子，賞、建，俱侍中，與昭帝略同年，共卧起。賞爲奉車、建駙馬都尉。及賞嗣侯，佩兩綬，上謂霍將軍曰：「金氏兄弟兩人不可使俱兩綬邪？」霍光對曰：「賞自嗣父爲侯耳。」上笑曰：「侯不在我與將軍乎？」光曰：「先帝之約，有功迺得封侯。」時年俱八九歲。宣帝即位，賞爲太僕，霍氏有事萌牙，上書去妻。〈師古曰：「萌牙者，言始有端緒，若草之始生。」〉上亦自哀之，獨得不坐。元帝時爲光祿勳，薨，亡子，國除。元始中繼絕世，封建孫當爲秺侯，奉日磾後。

Shang and Jian, both gentlemen, grew up beside Emperor Zhao as playfellows. Shang became chief charioteer, Jian chief commandant of cavalry. When Shang succeeded as marquis and wore two ribbons, the emperor said to General Huo, "Cannot the two Jin brothers both wear two ribbons?" Huo Guang replied, "Shang himself succeeded his father as marquis." The emperor laughed: "Are marquises not ours to give?" Guang said, "The late emperor's covenant: only with merit may one be enfeoffed marquis." The boys had been only eight or nine at the time. After Xuan's accession Shang served as grand coachman; when the Huo conspiracy first appeared he filed for divorce to cut ties with the Huo women. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Meng ya means it first had a tip, like grass first sprouting."〉 The emperor pitied him and alone among the affines he was not prosecuted. Under Yuandi he rose to palace superintendent, died sonless, and the marquisate lapsed. In the Yuanshi era the court revived the Du marquisate for Dang to continue Midi's line.

初，日磾所將俱降弟倫，字少卿，爲黃門郎，早卒。日磾兩子貴，及孫則衰矣，而倫後嗣遂盛，子安上始貴顯封侯。

Lun, Midi's younger brother who had surrendered with him, styled Shaoqing, became a Yellow Gate gentleman but died young. Midi's own sons rose high then thinned in the next generation, while Lun's branch flourished and Anshang became the first of that line to win a marquisate.

安上字子侯，少爲侍中，惇篤有智，宣帝愛之。頗與發舉楚王延壽反謀，師古曰：「與讀曰豫。」賜爵關內侯，食邑三百戶。後霍氏反，安上傳禁門闥，無內霍氏親屬，師古曰：「禁，止也。門闥，宮中大小之門也。傳聲而止諸門闥也。」封爲都成侯，至建章衞尉。薨，賜冢塋杜陵，謚曰敬侯。四子，常、敞、岑、明。岑、明皆爲諸曹中郎將，常光祿大夫。元帝爲太子時，敞爲中庶子，幸有寵，帝即位，爲騎都尉光祿大夫，中郎將侍中。元帝崩，故事，近臣皆隨陵爲園郎，敞以世名忠孝，太后詔留侍成帝，爲奉車水衡都尉，至衞尉。敞爲人正直，敢犯顏色，左右憚之，唯上亦難焉。師古曰：「臣下皆敬憚，唯有天子一人，亦難之。」病甚，上使使者問所欲，以弟岑爲託。上召岑，拜爲使主客。服虔曰：「官名，屬鴻臚，主胡客也。」敞子涉本爲左曹，上拜涉爲侍中，使待幸綠車載送衞尉舍。李竒曰：「輦綠車，常設以待幸也。臨敞病困，拜子爲侍中，以此車送，欲敞見其榮寵也。」如淳曰：「幸綠車常置左右以待召載皇孫，今遣涉歸，以皇孫車載之，寵之也。」晉灼曰：「漢注綠車名皇孫車，太子有子乘以從。」師古曰：「如、晉二說是也。」須臾卒。敞三子，涉、參、饒。

Anshang, styled Zihou, became a palace attendant while young; steadfast and clever, he won Emperor Xuan's favor. He took part in exposing the King of Chu Yan Shou's rebellion plot. Yan Shigu says: "Yu is read yu (to participate)." He was made metropolitan marquis within the passes with three hundred households. When the Huo clan rebelled, Anshang ordered the palace gates shut to Huo kin. Yan Shigu says: "Jin means to stop. Men ta are the great and small gates of the palace. He stopped every gate by relaying the order." He was enfeoffed as marquis of Ducheng and rose to commandant of the Jianzhang guard. He died, was granted a tomb plot at Duling, and received the posthumous title Marquis Jing. He had four sons: Chang, Chang, Cen, and Ming. Cen and Ming became bureau commanders of the palace guard; Chang became grand palace doctor. When Yuandi was heir, Chang served as his tutor and favorite; on accession he became cavalry commandant, grand palace doctor, palace guard commander, and palace attendant. By custom Yuan's intimates became tomb park guards; the empress dowager kept Chang at Chengdi's side for the family's loyalty, making him chief charioteer and water-and-parks commandant, then guard commandant. Chang was upright and dared contradict the emperor; courtiers feared him and even the emperor found him hard to manage. Yan Shigu says: "The ministers all revered and feared him; only the Son of Heaven alone also found him difficult." Gravely ill, he was asked his wishes and recommended his brother Cen. The emperor summoned Cen and made him envoy master of guests. Fu Qian says: "An office title subordinate to the grand herald, in charge of barbarian guests." His son She, formerly in the left bureau, was made palace attendant and sent in the imperial green carriage to the guard quarters. Li Qiji says: "The fortunate green carriage is always kept ready to await imperial summons. As Chang lay dying the emperor ennobled his son and sent this carriage so Chang could see the honor." Ru Chun says: "The favored green carriage was always kept nearby, ready to be summoned to carry the imperial grandson. Now She was sent home in the imperial grandson's carriage as a mark of favor." Jin Zhuo says: "The Han notes call the green carriage the imperial grandson's carriage. When the heir apparent had a son, the child rode in it in attendance." Yan Shigu says: "The explanations of Ru and Jin are both correct." He died soon after. Chang's three sons were She, Can, and Rao.

涉明經儉節，諸儒稱之。成帝時爲侍中騎都尉，領三輔胡越騎。〈師古曰：「胡越騎之在三輔者，若長水、長楊、宣曲之屬是也。」〉哀帝即位，爲奉車都尉，至長信少府。而參使匈奴，匈奴中郎將，〈師古曰：「以其出使匈奴，故拜爲匈奴中郎將也。」〉越騎校尉，關內都尉，安定、東海太守。饒爲越騎校尉。

Jin She mastered the classics and lived frugally; the scholars praised him. Under Chengdi Jin She served as gentleman and cavalry commandant, leading Hu and Yue horse regiments around the capital. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Hu and Yue cavalry in the three metropolitan regions—such as Changshui, Changyang, Xuanqu, and the like."〉 Under Aidi he rose to chief charioteer and privy treasurer of Changxin. Shen was sent as envoy to the Xiongnu and appointed Gentleman General for the Xiongnu. Yan Shigu says: "Because he went as envoy to the Xiongnu, he was appointed Gentleman General for the Xiongnu." He went on to colonel of Yue cavalry, metropolitan guannei marquis, and governor of Anding and Donghai. Jin Rao served as colonel of Yue cavalry.

涉兩子，湯、融，皆侍中諸曹將大夫。師古曰：「將亦謂中郎將也。」而涉之從父弟欽舉明經，爲太子門大夫，哀帝即位，爲太中大夫給事中，欽從父弟遷爲尚書令，兄弟用事。帝祖母傅太后崩，欽使護作，師古曰：「監主葬送之事也。」職辦，擢爲泰山、弘農太守，著威名。平帝即位，徵爲大司馬司直、京兆尹。帝年幼，選置師友，大司徒孔光以明經高行爲孔氏師，京兆尹金欽以家世忠孝爲金氏友。徙光祿大夫侍中，秩中二千石，封都成侯。

Jin She's sons Tang and Rong were both palace attendants and bureau-commanding grandees. Yan Shigu says: "Jiang also means commander of the palace guard." She's cousin Qin passed the classics exam and became a gate grandee to the heir; under Aidi he rose to grand palace doctor and palace attendant, while another cousin Qian became master of writing—the brothers dominated court. When the emperor's grandmother, Empress Dowager Fu, died, Qin was sent to supervise the preparations. Yan Shigu says: "This means overseeing the burial and funeral procession." After the funeral he was promoted to governor of Taishan and Hongnong and gained a strong reputation. When Pingdi acceded, he was called to serve as grand marshal rectifier and metropolitan governor of Jingzhao. The boy emperor needed tutors; Grand Minister Kong Guang became the Kong family mentor for his learning and conduct, and Jin Qin became the Jin family companion for his family's loyalty. He was made grand palace doctor and palace attendant at two-thousand-shi rank and enfeoffed as marquis of Ducheng.

時王莽新誅平帝外家衞氏，召明禮少府宗伯鳳〈如淳曰：「宗伯，姓。」〉入說爲人後之誼，白令公卿、將軍、侍中、朝臣並聽，〈師古曰：「白令皆聽之。」〉欲以內厲平帝而外塞百姓之議。〈師古曰；「塞，止也。」〉欽與族昆弟秺侯當俱封。初，當曾祖父日磾傳子節侯賞，而欽祖父安上傳子夷侯常，皆亡子，國絕，故莽封欽、當奉其後。當母南即莽母功顯君同產弟也。當上南大行爲太夫人。〈文穎曰：「南，名也。大行，官名也。當上名狀於大行也。」鄧展曰：「當上南爲太夫人，恃莽姨母故耳。爲父立廟，非也。」〉欽因緣謂當：「詔書陳日磾功，亡有賞語。當名爲以孫繼祖也，自當爲父、祖父立廟。〈晉灼曰：「當是賞弟建之孫，此言自當爲其父及祖父建立廟也。」〉賞故國君，使大夫主其祭。」〈如淳曰；「以賞故國君，使大夫掌其祭事。」臣瓚曰：「當是支庶上繼大宗，不得顧其外親也。而欽見當母南爲太夫人，遂尊其父祖以續日磾，不復爲後賞，而令大夫主賞祭事。」師古曰：「瓚說是也。」〉時甄邯在旁，庭叱欽，〈師古曰：「於朝庭中叱之也。」〉因劾奏曰：「欽幸得以通經術，超擢侍帷幄，重蒙厚恩，〈師古曰：「重音直用反。」〉封襲爵號，知聖朝以世有爲人後之誼。前遭故定陶太后背本逆天，孝哀不獲厥福，迺者呂寬、衞寶復造姦謀，至於反逆，咸伏厥辜。太皇太后懲艾悼懼，〈師古曰：「艾讀曰乂。乂，創也。」〉逆天之咎，非聖誣法，大亂之殃，誠欲奉承天心，遵明聖制，專壹爲後之誼，以安天下之命，數臨正殿，延見羣臣，講習禮經。孫繼祖者，謂亡正統持重者也。賞見嗣日磾，後成爲君，持大宗重，則禮所謂『尊祖故敬宗』，大宗不可以絕者也。欽自知與當俱拜同誼，即數揚言殿省中，敎當云云。〈師古曰：「云云者，多言也。謂上所陳以孫繼祖也。」〉當即如其言，則欽亦欲爲父明立廟而不入夷侯常廟矣。進退異言，頗惑衆心，亂國大綱，開禍亂原，誣祖不孝，罪莫大焉。尤非大臣所宜，大不敬。秺侯當上母南爲太夫人，失禮不敬。」莽白太后，下四輔、公卿、大夫、博士、議郎，皆曰：「欽宜以時即罪。」〈師古曰：「即，就也。」〉謁者召欽詣詔獄，欽自殺。邯以綱紀國體，亡所阿私，忠孝尤著，益封千戶。更封長信少府涉子右曹湯爲都成侯。湯受封日，不敢還歸家，以明爲人後之誼。益封之後，莽復用欽弟遵，封侯，歷九卿位。

At the time Wang Mang had recently executed Emperor Ping's maternal relatives, the Wei clan. He summoned Zongbo Feng, the Lesser Treasurer who understood ritual. Ru Chun says: "Zongbo is the surname." He had him enter and explain the propriety of becoming another man's heir, and gave notice ordering the dukes, ministers, generals, Attendants-in-Ordinary, and court officials all to listen. Yan Shigu says: "He gave notice and ordered them all to listen." Mang meant to brace the boy emperor and silence public criticism. Yan Shigu glosses sai as block. 〈A fragment of Yan Shigu's commentary opens here. Sai means to choke off debate." Wang Mang enfeoffed Jin Qin together with his kinsman by marriage, Marquis of Du Dang. Dang descended from Midi through Marquis Shang of Jie; Qin descended from Anshang through Marquis Chang of Yi; both lines had failed for lack of heirs, so Mang used Qin and Dang to carry on the sacrifices. Dang's mother was Wang Mang's maternal aunt. Dang had his mother honored as grand lady at her obsequies. 〈Wen Ying says: "Nan is a personal name. Da xing was the title of the officer who oversaw grand funeral rites. Dang filed the petition for his mother's honors with the grand herald." Deng Zhan says: "Dang presented Nan as grand lady because he relied on being Mang's aunt. He condemned erecting a private shrine to Dang's father as illegitimate." Qin took the occasion to say to Dang, "The edict sets forth Midi's merit; there is no language of reward. As a grandson continuing the main line, Dang should erect shrines to his father and grandfather. 〈Jin Zhuo identifies Dang's descent from Jian and clarifies the temple argument.〉 Let a grand officer tend the offerings to Marquis Shang, the former fief-holder." 〈Ru Chun's gloss begins here. Ru Chun means a minister should keep Shang's ancestral rites." Chen Zan says: "Dang is a collateral line ascending to the great descent line; he may not turn to his mother's kin. Yet Qin pushed Dang to glorify his own parents under Midi's name, abandoning his duty to Shang's line and handing Shang's rites to a mere official." Yan Shigu says: "Zan's explanation is correct." Zhen Han was standing nearby at the time and rebuked Qin in open court. Yan Shigu says: "He shouted at him in the court." He memorialized that Qin had risen on scholarship and imperial favor—Yan Shigu gives the reading for chong (repeated). Qin knew the state's adoption law yet twisted it. He cited Dingtao's mother defying heaven, Ai's misfortune, and Lü Kuan's plot as warnings. The grand empress dowager was chastened and afraid. Yan Shigu reads ai as yi. Yi means the wound of experience." She meant to uphold adoption law, meet ministers in the main hall, and drill the canon of rites. The gloss defines grandson succession when the direct line has failed. Shang had continued Midi's line as the great-house heir, which the canon forbids to sever. Qin knew he and Dang had been ennobled on the same legal basis yet coached Dang in public. 〈Yan Shigu glosses yunyun as wordy instruction. He refers to the grandson-succeeds-grandfather argument." If Dang obeyed, Qin would get his own father's shrine while dodging duty to Marquis Chang of Yi. Their shifting claims confused the public, subverted the law of succession, insulted the ancestors, and amounted to the gravest unfilial crime. For a minister it was supreme irreverence. The memorial charged Dang with promoting his mother beyond ritual bounds." Mang reported to the empress dowager and circulated the case to the four supports, dukes, ministers, grandees, erudits, and deliberation gentlemen; all said, "Qin ought speedily to receive punishment." 〈Yan Shigu says: "Ji means to go to."〉 An usher led Qin to the imperial jail; he killed himself first. Zhen Han was rewarded with another thousand households for upholding public duty over private ties. The court transferred Jin She son Tang from the right bureau to the marquisate of Ducheng. On his enfeoffment day Tang did not go home, to show he was now heir to another line. Afterward Mang still used Qin's brother Zun, made him a marquis, and moved him through ministerial rank.

【贊】

The chapter ends with Ban Gu's summative eulogy.

贊曰：霍光以結髮內侍，起於階闥之閒，確然秉志，誼形於主。〈師古曰：「形，見也。」〉受襁褓之託，任漢室之寄，當廟堂，擁幼君，摧燕王，仆上官，〈師古曰：「仆，頓也，音赴。」〉因權制敵，以成其忠。處廢置之際，臨大節而不可奪，遂匡國家，安社稷。擁昭立宣，光爲師保，雖周公、阿衡，何以加此！〈師古曰：「阿衡，伊尹官號也。阿，倚也。衡，平也。言天子所倚，群下取平也。」〉然光不學亡術，闇於大理，陰妻邪謀，〈晉灼曰：「不揚其過也。」〉立女爲后，湛溺盈溢之欲，〈師古曰：「湛讀曰沈。」〉以增顛覆之禍，死財三年，〈師古曰：「財與纔同。」〉宗族誅夷，哀哉！昔霍叔封於晉，〈師古曰：「霍叔，文王之子，武王之弟也。」〉晉即河東，光豈其苗裔乎？金日磾夷狄亡國，羈虜漢庭，而以篤敬寤主，忠信自著，勒功上將，傳國後嗣，世名忠孝，七世內侍，何其盛也！本以休屠作金人爲祭天主，故因賜姓金氏云。

The eulogy opens: from groom of the inner palace Guang rose with unwavering purpose and loyalty plain to his ruler. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Xing means to appear."〉 He received the charge entrusted to him when the ruler was still in swaddling clothes, bore the mandate of the Han house, stood in the council hall, supported the young lord, crushed the Prince of Yan, and overthrew Shangguan. Yan Shigu says: "Pu means 'to bring down'; it is pronounced fu." He wielded authority against foes and so fulfilled his trust. At the crisis of deposing one king and raising another he did not bend, and the realm was set right. He set Zhao on the throne, then Xuan, as regent—no tutor in history, says Ban Gu, surpassed him. 〈Yan Shigu says: "Ah Heng was yiyin day's office title. Ah means to lean upon. Heng means to level the scales for all below. The compound names the minister who steadies the ruler's hand." Yet Guang was unlearned and without skill in statecraft; he was blind to the larger principles and secretly enabled his wife's wicked plot. Jin Zhuo says: "He did not make her wrongdoing public." He established his daughter as empress, sank and drowned in overflowing desire. Yan Shigu says: "Zhan is read as chen (sink)." Thereby he increased the disaster of overturning; three years after death—Yan Shigu says: "Cai is the same as cai (only, barely)." His whole clan was extirpated—how pitiful! Formerly Huo Shu was enfeoffed in Jin. Yan Shigu says: "Huo Shu was King Wen's son, King Wu's younger brother." Jin lay in Hedong; might Guang's bloodline run from that house? Midi, a conquered barbarian slave, won the emperor by steadfast duty, rose to chief general, left a name for seven generations of palace service—Ban Gu marvels at the Jin house. The surname Jin was an imperial gift, from the golden heaven idols of Xiutu.

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