Volume 40a: Biography of Ban Biao 1

1

後漢書卷四十上班彪列傳第三十上

Book of Later Han, scroll 40a: Biography of Ban Biao, part one.

2

自東都主人以下分為下卷*

Material from "The Host of the Eastern Capital" onward appears in the following scroll.*

3

班彪字叔皮，扶風安陵人也。祖況，成帝時為越騎校尉。父稚，哀帝時為廣平太守。 [一]注[一]廣平，郡，今洺州永* (平) **[年]*縣也，隋室諱廣改焉。

Ban Biao, courtesy name Shupi, came from Anling in Fufeng commandery. His grandfather Ban Kuang held the post of colonel of the agile cavalry under Emperor Cheng. His father Ban Zhi served as governor of Guangping under Emperor Ai. Note: Guangping was a commandery; its seat corresponds to Yongnian in present-day Mingzhou.* (The character "ping," completing the place-name.) It was a county; the Sui dynasty renamed it to avoid the taboo on the character guang.

4

彪性沉重好古。年二十餘，更始敗，三輔大亂。時隗囂擁觿天水，彪乃避難從之。囂問彪曰：「往者周亡，戰國並爭，天下分裂，數世然後定。意者從橫之事復起於今乎？將承運迭興，在於一人也？願生試論之。」對曰：「周之廢興，與漢殊異。昔周爵五等，諸侯從政，本根既微，枝葉強大，故其末流有從橫之事，埶數然也。漢承秦制，改立郡縣，主有專己之威，臣無百年之柄。至於成帝，假借外家，[一]哀、平短祚，國嗣三絕，[二]故王氏□朝，因竊號位。危自上起，傷不及下，[三]是以即真之後，天下莫不引領而歎。十餘年閒，中外搔擾，遠近俱發，假號雲合，咸稱劉氏，不謀同辭。 [四]方今雄桀帶州域者，皆無七國世業之資，而百姓謳吟，思仰漢德，已可知矣。」囂曰：「生言周、漢之埶可也；至於但見愚人習識劉氏姓號之故，而謂漢家復興，□矣。昔秦失其鹿，劉季逐而羈之，時人復知漢乎？」[五]

Ban Biao was sober-minded by temperament and drawn to classical learning. In his twenties he lived through the collapse of the Gengshi regime and the turmoil that swept the capital region. Wei Xiao had seized control of Tianshui, so Ban Biao took refuge and threw in his lot with him. Wei Xiao asked him: "When the Zhou fell and the Warring States tore one another apart, the empire shattered and generations passed before order returned. Do you think we are heading into another age of rival alliances and betrayals? Or will Heaven raise successive heirs to the mandate under a single ruler? I should like to hear your view. Ban Biao replied: "The fall and revival of Zhou bear little resemblance to our Han situation. Under Zhou the feudal order ran five ranks deep: barons shared power at court while the royal trunk grew weak and the regional houses grew strong, which is why the age ended in shifting leagues and betrayals—the logic of that political geometry. Han took over Qin's bureaucratic order of commanderies and counties: the sovereign holds concentrated authority, and no minister can cling to office across generations. Under Cheng the throne leaned on the Wang in-laws; Ai and Ping ruled briefly, and the succession failed three times over, so the Wangs moved into the palace and usurped the markers of sovereignty. The danger came from the court, not from the common people, [three] which is why, once Guangwu took the throne, everyone looked up with longing. For more than a decade the heartland and the marches were in uproar; rebels sprouted everywhere, borrowed banners clustered like clouds, and claimant after claimant declared himself a Liu—yet no conspiracy coordinated their slogans. [Four] Today's warlords who dominate whole provinces lack the entrenched dynastic foundations the Warring States barons enjoyed, while ordinary folk sing their loyalty—everyone can see where hearts still lie. Wei Xiao replied: "Your contrast between Zhou and Han rings true. But to hear rustics chant the old Liu name and conclude that Han must rise again is badly mistaken. When Qin dropped the prize of empire, Liu Bang seized it—did anyone then foresee the Han dynasty? Close of Wei Xiao's quoted speech; superscript commentary note five.

5

注[一]外家謂王鳳、王商等，並輔政領尚書事也。

Note: The Wang uncles—Wang Feng, Wang Shang, and their ilk—held the reins of government and ran the Secretariat.

6

注[二]哀帝在位六年，平帝在位五年，故曰短祚。成、哀、平俱無子，是三絕也。

Note: Ai ruled six years and Ping five, hence "short reigns." None of the three—Cheng, Ai, or Ping—left an heir; that is the "three breaks" in the succession.

7

注[三]成帝威權借於外家，是危自上起也。漢德無害於百姓，是傷不及下也。

Note: Cheng delegated real power to his in-laws, so the crisis began at court. Han had done the common people no wrong, so the suffering did not rise from the countryside.

8

注[四]謂王郎、盧芳等並詐稱劉氏也。

Note: Rebels such as Wang Lang and Lu Fang falsely claimed Liu descent.

9

注[五]太公六韜曰：「取天下如逐鹿，鹿得，天下共分其肉也。」

Note: The Six Secret Teachings ascribed to Taigong compares winning the empire to hunting a deer—once it falls, everyone claims a slice.

10

彪既疾囂言，又傷時方艱，乃著王命論，以為漢德承堯，有靈命之符，王者興祚，非詐力所致，欲以感之，而囂終不寤，遂避河西。河西大將軍竇融以為從事，深敬待之，接以師友之道。彪乃為融畫策事漢，總西河以拒隗囂。

Angered by Wei Xiao's cynicism and distressed by the strife around him, Ban Biao wrote his Discourse on the King's Mandate, arguing that Han inherited Yao's legitimacy and bore Heaven's signs—that true kingship rests on mandate, not fraud—and hoping to sway Wei Xiao. When Xiao would not listen, Ban crossed into Hexi. Dou Rong, supreme commander west of the Yellow River, appointed him adjutant, honored him deeply, and treated him as both mentor and companion. Ban drafted the strategy by which Dou pledged loyalty to Han and rallied the northwest against Wei Xiao.

11

及融征還京師，光武問曰：「所上章奏，誰與參之？」融對曰：「皆從事班彪所為。」帝雅聞彪才，因召入見，舉司隸茂才，拜徐令，以病免。 [一]後數應三公之命，輒去。注[一]司隸舉為茂才也。徐，縣，屬臨淮郡。

When Dou Rong was recalled to Luoyang, Guangwu asked him who had helped draft his memorials. Dou answered, "My adjutant Ban Biao wrote every one of them." The emperor had heard of Ban's abilities and summoned him, nominated him as recommended talent through the metropolitan governor, named him magistrate of Xu, then accepted his resignation on grounds of ill health. [One] He was repeatedly summoned by the Three Excellencies but each time declined the appointment. Note: The metropolitan governor had recommended him as an outstanding talent. Xu county lay in Linhuai commandery.

12

彪既才高而好述作，遂專心史籍之閒。武帝時，司馬遷著史記，自太初以後，闕而不錄，[一]後好事者頗或綴集時事，然多鄙俗，不足以踵繼其書。 [二]彪乃繼采前史遺事，傍貫異聞，作後傳數十篇，因斟酌前史而譏正得失。其略論曰：注[一]太初，武帝年號。

Gifted and devoted to writing, Ban threw himself into historical scholarship. Under Emperor Wu, Sima Qian wrote the Records of the Grand Historian, but he stopped with the Taichu era; [one] later enthusiasts patched together continuations, yet most were crude and unworthy sequels. [Two] Ban gathered what earlier histories had left unsaid, worked in corroborating anecdotes, and wrote several dozen chapters of Later Traditions, reassessing prior accounts and weighing their strengths and faults. His synopsis opens thus: Note: Taichu was Emperor Wu's reign title.

13

注[二]好事者謂楊雄、劉歆、陽城衡、褚少孫、史孝山之徒也。

Note: The enthusiasts Ban refers to include Yang Xiong, Liu Xin, Yangcheng Heng, Chu Shaosun, Shi Xiaoshan, and others like them.

14

唐虞三代，詩書所及，世有史官，以司典籍，[一]暨於諸侯，國自有史，[二]故孟子曰「楚之檮杌，晉之乘，魯之春秋，其事一也」。 [三]定哀之閒，[四]魯君子左丘明論集其文，作左氏傳三十篇，又撰異同，號曰國語，二十一篇，由是乘、檮杌之事遂闇，[五]而左氏、國語獨章。又有記錄黃帝以來至春秋時帝王公侯卿大夫，號曰世本，一十五篇。春秋之後，七國並爭，秦並諸侯，則有戰國策三十三篇。漢興定天下，太中大夫陸賈記錄時功，作楚漢春秋九篇。孝武之世，太史令司馬遷采左氏、國語，刪世本、戰國策，據楚、漢列國時事，上自黃帝，下訖獲麟，[六]作本紀、世家、列傳、書、表凡百三十篇，而十篇缺焉。 [七]遷之所記，從漢元至武以絕，則其功也。至於采經摭傳，分散百家之事，甚多□略，不如其本，務欲以多聞廣載為功，論議淺而不篤。其論術學，則崇黃老而薄五經； [八]序貨殖，則輕仁義而羞貧窮； [九]道遊俠，則賤守節而貴俗功：[一０]此其大敝傷道，所以遇極刑之咎也。 [一一]然善述序事理，辯而不華，質而不野，文質相稱，蓋良史之才也。誠令遷依五經之法言，同聖人之是非，意亦庶幾矣。 [一二]注[一]禮記曰：「動則左史書之，言則右史書之。」見於史籍者，夏太史終古、殷太史向摯、周太史儋也。見呂氏春秋。

From the legendary sage-kings through the Three Dynasties, the Classics show every court employing chroniclers; [one] among the feudal states each kept its own annals, [two] which is why Mencius observed that Chu called its records Taowu, Jin called theirs Sheng, and Lu called theirs Spring and Autumn—yet they performed the same office. [Three] During the reigns of Dukes Ding and Ai of Lu, [four] Zuo Qiuming compiled Lu's archives into thirty chapters of what we call the Zuo Commentary and assembled twenty-one chapters of parallel traditions as the Discourses of the States; [five] older state chronicles such as Jin's Sheng and Chu's Taowu then faded while Zuo's works carried the field. Another compilation traced imperial and noble lines from the Yellow Emperor through the Spring and Autumn period under the title Genealogical Origins in fifteen scrolls. After the Spring and Autumn era the Seven States fought for supremacy until Qin swallowed them; their stratagems were preserved in thirty-three scrolls of Intrigues of the Warring States. After Han's founding, Palace Counsellor Lu Jia chronicled the rise of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu in nine chapters titled Spring and Autumn of Chu and Han. Under Emperor Wu, Sima Qian as Grand Astrologer reworked Zuo, Discourses of the States, Genealogical Origins, and Intrigues of the Warring States into a narrative running from the Yellow Emperor down to the unicorn portent of 122 BC, [six] organizing it as annals, hereditary houses, biographies, treatises, and tables—130 chapters in all, ten of them later lost. [Seven] His lasting achievement was to carry Han history from its beginnings down through Emperor Wu. Yet when he stitched together classics and commentaries and tossed in anecdotes from every school, he often blurred sources and privileged sheer bulk over coherence; his judgments stay shallow. On scholarship he favors Daoist Huang-Lao lore and slight Confucian scripture; [Eight] in his chapter on merchants he treats morality as secondary and poverty as shameful; [nine] in portraying wandering swordsmen he celebrates worldly swagger over steadfast virtue—[ten] grave moral blind spots that foreshadowed his brutal sentence. [Eleven] Still, his sequencing of events is lucid and restrained—precise without ornament, plain without crudeness—a balance worthy of a master historian. Had Sima Qian grounded every judgment in the Classics and the sage's moral scale, he would have come close to perfection. [Twelve] Note: The Record of Rites assigns speeches to the right scribe and deeds to the left. Named holders of that office include Xia's Zhonggu, Yin's Xiang Zhi, and Zhou's Dan. See Master Lü's Spring and Autumn.

15

注[二]左傳，魯季孫召外史掌惡臣。 □史華龍滑「曰我太史」也。楚有左史倚相。

Note: Zuo's Commentary mentions Lu's Jisun summoning outside scribes to record wicked officers. Archivists Hua Long and Hua Huai answered the summons with "We hold the grand scribe's office" (see Zuo's Commentary). Chu employed the chronicler Yi Xiang.

16

注[三]乘者，興於田賦乘馬之事。檮杌者，嚚凶之類，興於記惡之誡。春秋以二始舉四時，以記萬事，遂各因以為名，其記事一也。見趙岐孟子注。

Note: The title Sheng probably derives from levies of horses and grain. Taowu denotes vicious conduct recorded as a moral warning. Spring and Autumn calendars pair two beginnings with the four seasons to encompass every affair; states coined different titles, yet each chronicle served the same purpose. See Zhao Qi's subcommentary on Mencius.

17

注[四]魯定公、哀公也注[五]不行於時為闇也。其書今亡。

Note: The reigns of Dukes Ding and Ai of Lu; [five] texts that fell out of circulation are called "dark." Those works are no longer extant.

18

注[六]武帝太始二年，登隴首，獲白麟，遷作史記，絕筆於此年也。

Note: In Taishi 2 (95 BC) Emperor Wu captured a white unicorn on Longtou; Sima Qian ended his Records at that omen.

19

注[七]十篇謂遷歿之後，亡景紀、武紀、禮書、樂書、兵書、將相年表、日者傳、三王世家、龜策傳、傅靳列傳。

Note: The ten missing chapters include Jing's and Wu's annals, several treatises, one table, and several biographical chapters listed here.

20

注[八]黃帝、老子，道家也。五經，儒家也。遷序傳曰：「道家使人精神專一，動合無形，贍足萬物。」此謂崇黃老也。又曰：「儒者博而寡要，勞而少功。」此為薄五經也。

Note: Huang-Lao denotes the Daoist tradition. The Five Classics belong to Confucian teaching. In his summary chapter Sima Qian writes that Daoism "focuses the spirit, moves with the formless, and nourishes the ten thousand things." That passage illustrates his esteem for Huang-Lao. Elsewhere he complains that Confucians "know a little about everything yet miss the essentials; they labor yet accomplish little." That is how he slighted the canonical texts.

21

注[九]史記貨殖傳序曰：「家貧親老，妻子剁弱，歲時無以祭祀，飲食被服不足以自適，如此不籩恥，則無所比矣。無巖處奇士之行，而長貧賤，語仁義，亦足羞也。」

Note: Sima Qian's preface to "Commodity Exchange" argues that when grinding poverty bars one from caring for parents or maintaining ritual, anyone who feels no shame over it cannot be judged alongside decent men. To lack the recluse's integrity yet linger in poverty while preaching morality—there is shame enough in that."

22

注[一０]史記遊俠傳序曰：「季次、原憲行君子之德，義不苟合當世，當世亦笑之。終身空室蓬戶，褐衣疏食不饜。今遊俠，其行雖不軌於正義，然其言必信，於行必果，已諾必誠，不愛其軀，赴士之□，蓋有足多者。今拘學或抱咫尺之義，久孤於世，豈若卑論齊俗，與世沉浮而取榮名哉！」

Note: In his preface to "Roaming Bravoes" Sima Qian cites Confucius's disciples Jici and Yuan Xian, whose stubborn integrity earned mockery from their contemporaries. They lived out their days in bare rooms with wicker doors, coarse cloth and plain fare never enough to fill them. Today's swordsmen may stray from classical righteousness, yet they keep faith, finish what they begin, honor every pledge, and hazard their lives answering gentlemen in distress—qualities Sima Qian finds genuinely admirable. Compared with pedants who clutch petty scruples and waste away unseen, is it not better to trim one's sails to the crowd and ride the age's currents to renown?"

23

注[一一]極刑謂遷被腐刑也。遷與任安書曰：「最下腐刑，極矣！」

Note: "Extreme punishment" refers to Sima Qian's sentence of castration. As Sima Qian wrote to Ren An, castration was "the lowest" penalty—utter degradation.

24

注[一二]易曰：「顏氏之子，其殆庶幾乎！」

Note: The Zhouyi praises Yan Hui as one who "almost" attained sagehood.

25

夫百家之書，猶可法也。若左氏、國語、世本、戰國策、楚漢春秋、太史公書，今之所以知古，後之所由觀前，聖人之耳目也。司馬遷序帝王則曰本紀，公侯傳國則曰世家，卿士特起則曰列傳。又進項羽、陳涉而黜淮南、衡山，[一]細意委曲，條列不經。若遷之著作，采獲古今，貫穿經傳，至廣博也。一人之精，文重思煩，故其書刊落不盡，尚有盈辭，多不齊一。 [二]若序司馬相如，舉郡縣，著其字，至蕭、曹、陳平之屬，及董仲舒並時之人，不記其字，或縣而不郡者，蓋不暇也。 [三]今此後篇，慎核其事，整齊其文，不為世家，唯紀、傳而已。

Even the miscellaneous writings of the hundred schools retain lessons worth following. Works such as Zuo, Discourses of the States, Genealogical Origins, Intrigues of the Warring States, Lu Jia's Chu-Han chronicle, and Sima Qian's history are how we recover antiquity and how posterity watches our age—they are the senses of the tradition. Sima Qian labeled imperial reigns "basic annals," hereditary noble houses "hereditary houses," and standalone ministers "arrayed traditions." He elevated Xiang Yu and Chen She to annals while relegating imperial princes of Huainan and Hengshan to mere biographies—[one] ingenious yet irregular categorizing. His compilation spans antiquity to his own day and threads every classical source—unsurpassed in breadth. One scholar wrestling so vast a canvas inevitably left rough joints and uneven polish. [Two] He spells out counties for Sima Xiangru yet omits courtesy names for Xiao He, Cao Shen, Chen Ping, Dong Zhongshu, or marks only county seats—likely sheer overload. [Three] My continuation will verify facts, tighten prose, and omit hereditary houses—only annals and biographies remain.

26

傳曰：「殺史見極，平易正直，春秋之義也。」注[一]謂遷著項羽本紀。又陳涉起於壟畝，數月被殺，無子孫相繼，著為世家，淮南、衡山，漢室之王胤，當世家而編之列傳，言進退之失也。

The tradition warns that executing truthful chroniclers lays bare a regime's moral bankruptcy; plain, upright judgment is what Spring and Autumn stood for. Note: This refers to Sima Qian placing Xiang Yu among the imperial annals. Chen She rose from the fields and died within months with no heirs, yet earned a hereditary house; imperial princes of Huainan and Hengshan deserved that slot yet were relegated to mere biographies—clear misjudgments of rank.

27

注[二]刊，削也。謂削落繁蕪，仍有不盡。

Note: Here "carving" means trimming redundant wording. Even after cutting verbiage, excess remained.

28

注[三]史記「□青者，平陽人也」，「張釋之，堵陽人」，並不顯郡之類也。

Note: Sima Qian gives merely the county for figures such as Wei Qing of Pingyang and Zhang Shizhi of Duyang without naming the commandery.

29

彪復辟司徒玉況府。 [一]時東宮初建，諸王國並開，[二]而官屬未備，師保多闕。彪上言曰：注[一]玉音肅。

Ban Biao accepted another summons to serve on Minister of Education Yu Kuang's staff. [One] The heir apparent's residence had just been founded and imperial princes had received their fiefs, [two] but their households lacked full complements of officials, especially preceptors and guardians. Ban submitted a memorial. Note: The surname Yu here rhymes with su.

30

注[二]建武二十三年玉況為司徒，十九年建明帝為太子，十七年封諸王。

Note: Yu Kuang became Minister of Education in Jianwu 23; the crown prince was installed in Jianwu 19; princely kingdoms were created in Jianwu 17.

31

注[一]見論語。

Note: See the Analects.

32

注[二]賈誼上疏之辭。

Note: Quoting Jia Yi's memorial language.

33

注[三]左傳曰：「自郊勞至於贈賄，禮無違者。」

Note: Zuo's Commentary says courtesy ran flawlessly from the greeting outside the capital to the farewell gifts.

34

注[四]左傳□大夫石碏諫□莊公之辭也。

Note: The remonstrance of Minister Shi Que to Duke Zhuang of Wei in Zuo's Commentary.

35

注[五]詩大雅也。詒，遺也。宴，安也。翼，敬也。言文王遺其孫以善謀，武王以安敬之道遺其子。子謂成王也。

Note: The passage comes from the Greater Odes of the Classic of Poetry. Yi here means "to bequeath." Yan means "peace" or "ease." Yi glosses as "reverent care." King Wen left his grandson sound counsel; King Wu left his son the ways of peace and reverence. The "son" is King Cheng.

36

漢興，太宗使□錯導太子以法術，[一]賈誼教梁王以詩書。 [二]及至中宗，亦令劉向、王□、蕭望之、周堪之徒，以文章儒學保訓東宮以下，[三]莫不崇簡其人，就成德器。今皇太子諸王，雖結髮學問，修習禮樂，而傅相未值賢才，官屬多闕舊典。宜博選名儒有威重明通政事者，以為太子太傅，東宮及諸王國，備置官屬。又舊制，太子食湯沐十縣，設周□交戟，五日一朝，因坐東箱，省視膳食，其非朝日，使僕、中允旦旦請問而已，明不媟黷，廣其敬也。 [四]注[一]文帝時□錯為博士，上言曰：「人主所以顯功揚名者，以知術數也。今皇太子所讀書多矣，而未知術數。願陛下擇聖人之術以賜太子。」上善之，拜錯為太子家令。

Early Han saw Emperor Wen commission Chao Cuo to instruct the crown prince in statute law while Jia Yi tutored the Prince of Liang in the Classics. [Two] Under Emperor Xuan, tutors such as Liu Xiang, Wang Bao, Xiao Wangzhi, and Zhou Kan shaped the heir apparent's household through scholarship; [three] each appointment weighed moral substance. Today's heir apparent and princes pursue ritual study from youth, yet their tutors and ministers are not always men of talent, and household offices fall short of classical precedent. Choose eminent scholars of gravity and administrative insight as grand tutor to the crown prince and fill out every office for the Eastern Palace and each princely establishment. By precedent the heir drew revenue from ten counties for bath grants, guards bore crossed halberds, and he greeted his father every five days from the eastern corridor while inspecting the imperial kitchen; on other mornings only stewards and junior attendants carried routine greetings—protocol meant to prevent undue intimacy while deepening respect. [Four] Note: As erudite under Emperor Wen, Chao Cuo argued that a ruler's renown rests on mastering statecraft. The heir reads widely yet lacks practical administrative training. Pray choose sage-approved methods to instruct him. The emperor approved and named Chao Cuo steward of the heir's household.

37

注[二]賈誼為梁王太傅。梁王，文帝之少子，名揖，愛而好書，故令誼傅之。

Note: Jia Yi served as grand tutor to the Prince of Liang. The prince was Emperor Wen's youngest son, Yi, bookish and beloved—hence Jia Yi's appointment.

38

注[三]中宗，宣帝也。時元帝為太子，宣帝使王□、劉向、張子僑等之太子宮，娛侍太子朝夕讀誦，蕭望之為太傅，周堪為少傅。並見前書。

Note: "Zhongzong" here means Emperor Xuan. While Yuan was heir, Xuan detailed Wang Bao, Liu Xiang, Zhang Ziqiao, and others to the Eastern Palace for daily instruction; Xiao Wangzhi served as grand tutor and Zhou Kan as junior tutor. See the earlier Han History.

39

注[四]漢官儀曰：「皇太子五日一至台，因坐東箱，省視膳食，以法制□太官尚食宰吏，其非朝日，使僕、中允旦旦請問，明不媟黷，所以廣敬也。太子僕一人，秩千石；中允一人，四百石，主門□徼巡。」

Note: The Han Official Ceremonial records that the heir attended court every five days from the eastern gallery to review the imperial kitchen; stewards supervised the palace catering office by statute, and on non-audience days only household stewards and junior attendants carried greetings—keeping ritual distance to deepen respect. One steward of the heir apparent at one thousand piculs; one junior attendant at four hundred piculs overseeing gate patrols and rounds."

40

書奏，帝納之。

The emperor endorsed Ban's memorial.

41

後察司徒廉為望都長，吏民愛之。 [一]建武三十年，年五十二，卒官。所著賦、論、書、記、奏事合九篇。注[一]察，舉也。司徒薦為廉。

Recommended as an honest official by the Minister of Education, he became magistrate of Wangdu and won the people's affection. [One] He died in office at fifty-two in Jianwu 30 (54 CE). His collected fu, essays, letters, records, and memorials fill nine pieces. Note: Cha means "recommended for office." The Minister of Education nominated him as an "honest" candidate.

42

二子：固，超。超別有傳。

He had two sons: Ban Gu and Ban Chao. Ban Chao has his own biography elsewhere.

43

論曰：班彪以通儒上才，傾側危亂之閒，行不踰方，[一]言不失正，仕不急進，貞不違人，敷文華以緯國典，守賤薄而無悶容。彼將以世運未弘，非所謂賤焉恥乎？何其守道恬淡之篤也！ [二]注[一]論語孔子曰：「可謂仁之方。」鄭玄注云：「方猶道也。」

Assessed thus: Ban Biao united encyclopedic learning with personal courage amid turmoil—his conduct stayed within moral bounds, [one] his counsel stayed upright, he neither scrambled for promotion nor compromised others, he draped state ritual with fine prose, and bore humble posts without resentment. Should we infer he felt no shame in poverty because the age had not yet fulfilled its promise? How steadfast his quiet devotion to the Way! [Two] Note: Confucius speaks of "the method of benevolence." Zheng Xuan glosses fang as "the Way."

44

注[二]孔子曰：「邦有道，貧且賤焉恥也。」言彪當中興之初，時運未泰，故不以貧賤為恥，何守道清靜之固也！恬淡猶清靜也。篤，固也。

Note: Confucius said shame attaches to poverty only when the state is well governed. Ban lived at the dynasty's revival when fortune still hung in the balance, so modest rank carried no stigma—another measure of his serene fidelity. "Tranquil" here means quietly detached. Du means "firm" or "deep-rooted."

45

固字孟堅。年九歲，能屬文誦詩賦，及長，遂博貫載籍，九流百家之言，無不窮究。 [一]所學無常師，不為章句，舉大義而已。性寬和容觿，不以才能高人，諸儒以此慕之。 [二]注[一]九流謂道﹑儒﹑墨﹑名﹑法﹑陰陽﹑農﹑雜﹑縱橫。

Ban Gu, courtesy name Mengjian. At nine he could compose prose and chant poetry; as an adult he mastered the canonical corpus and explored every school among the nine traditions. [One] He studied without binding himself to a single master, eschewed philological hair-splitting, and pursued overarching significance. Genial and inclusive, he never flaunted his gifts, and scholars everywhere admired him for it. [Two] Note: The "nine traditions" are Daoist, Confucian, Mohist, Sophist, Legalist, Yin-Yang, Agriculturist, Syncretist, and Diplomatist schools.

46

注[二]謝承書曰：「固年十三，王充見之，拊其背謂彪曰：『此兒必記漢事。』」永平初，東平王蒼以至戚為驃騎將軍輔政，開東合，延英雄。時固始弱冠，奏記說蒼曰：[一]注[一]奏，進也。記，書也。前書待詔鄭朋奏記於蕭望之，奏記自朋始也。

Note: Xie Cheng records that at thirteen Ban Gu impressed Wang Chong, who told Ban Biao the boy would one day write Han history. Early in the Yongping era (58–75 CE), Liu Cang, prince of Dongping, served as regent as general of agile cavalry and drew worthy men to his eastern bureau. Ban Gu, newly capped, presented a letter of counsel to Liu Cang. Note: Zou means "to submit" or "present." Ji denotes a formal letter. The History of Western Han credits Zheng Peng with pioneering this genre when he addressed Xiao Wangzhi.

47

將軍以周﹑邵之德，立乎本朝，承休明之策，建威靈之號，[一]昔在周公，今也將軍，詩書所載，未有三此者也。 [二]傳曰：「必有非常之人，然後有非常之事；有非常之事，然後有非常之功。」[三]固幸得生於清明之世，豫在視聽之末，私以螻蟻，竊觀國政，[四]誠美將軍擁千載之任，躡先聖之蹤，[五]體弘懿之姿，據高明之埶，博貫庶事，服膺六蓺，白黑簡心，求善無猒，[六]采擇狂夫之言，不逆負薪之議。 [七]竊見幕府新開，廣延腢俊，四方之士，顛倒衣裳。 [八]將軍宜詳唐﹑殷之舉，察伊﹑戲之薦，[九]令遠近無偏，幽隱必達，期於總覽賢才，收集明智，為國得人，以寧本朝。則將軍養志和神，優遊廟堂，光名宣於當世，遺烈著於無窮。注[一]號驃騎將軍也。

You unite the Duke of Zhou's virtue with the Duke of Shao's statesmanship at court, inherit an enlightened mandate, and bear the awe-inspiring title of general of agile cavalry—[one] the Classics pair only the Duke of Zhou with such honor until yourself. [Two] The tradition runs: extraordinary deeds demand extraordinary men; extraordinary deeds in turn yield extraordinary merit. " [Three] I am privileged to live in this enlightened age and, though no more than an ant among your listeners, [four] admire how you shoulder a millennial charge and walk in the Duke of Zhou's footsteps—[five] gracious yet commanding, omnicompetent yet steeped in the six classics, discerning good and evil as plainly as black and white, insatiable for wise counsel—[six] welcoming blunt speech and weighing woodcutter analogies. [Seven] Your new headquarters already gathers brilliant men from every quarter—they scramble to answer your summons. [Eight] Study how Tang and Yin promoted talent and how Yi Yin and Xi Shi were discovered—[nine] leave no corner unseen so that every worthy serves the state and secures the dynasty. You may cultivate mind and body at ease within the halls of power, win acclaim in your own day, and leave fame undying. Note: The grand title is general of agile cavalry.

48

注[二]唯蒼與周公二人而已。

Note: Only Liu Cang and the Duke of Zhou share such stature.

49

注[三]司馬相如喻蜀之辭。

Note: Quoting Sima Xiangru's rhetoric on Shu.

50

注[四]螻蟻謂細微也。

Note: "Ant" underscores Ban Gu's humble station.

51

注[五]千載謂自周公至明帝時千餘載也。先聖謂周公也。

Note: The thousand-year span runs from the Duke of Zhou to Emperor Ming. "Former sage" denotes the Duke of Zhou.

52

注[六]淮南子曰：「聖人見是非，若白黑之別於目。」左傳曰「求善不□」也。

Note: Huainanzi compares the sage's moral clarity to distinguishing black from white. Zuo's Commentary urges relentless pursuit of moral excellence.

53

注[七]負薪，賤人也。三略曰「負新之諾，廊廟之言」也。

Note: Woodcutters ranked among common laborers. The Three Strategies couples woodland pledges with counsel fit for the throne—the phrase praises weighing humble speech.

54

注[八]詩曰：「東方未明，顛倒衣裳。」言士爭歸之□遽也。

Note: The Classic of Poetry describes scholars stumbling half dressed to serve. Image stresses how eagerly gentlemen rushed to join him.

55

注[九]堯舉戲陶，湯舉伊尹。

Note: Yao elevated worthy men such as Xi Tao; Tang appointed Yi Yin.

56

竊見故司空掾桓梁，宿儒盛名，冠德州裡，七十從心，行不踰矩，[一]蓋清廟之光暉，當世之俊彥也。 [二]京兆祭酒晉馮，結髮修身，白首無違，好古樂道，玄默自守，古人之美行，時俗所莫及。扶風掾李育，[三]經明行著，教授百人，客居杜陵，茅室土階。京兆﹑扶風二郡更請，徒以家貧，數辭病去。溫故知新，論議通明，廉清修絜，行能純備，雖前世名儒，國家所器，韋﹑平﹑孔﹑翟，無以加焉。 [四]宜令考續，以參萬事。京兆督郵郭基，孝行著於州裡，經學稱於師門，政務之績，有絕異之效。如得及明時，秉事下僚，進有羽翮奮翔之用，退有□梁一介之死。 [五]涼州從事王雍，躬卞嚴之節，文之以術蓺，[六]涼州冠蓋，未有宜先雍者也。古者周公一舉則三方怨，曰「奚為而後己」。 [七]宜及府開，以慰遠方。弘農功曹史殷肅，[八]達學洽聞，才能絕倫，誦詩三百，奉使專對。此六子者，皆有殊行絕才，德隆當世，如蒙徵納，以輔高明，此山梁之秋，夫子所為歎也。 [九]昔卞和獻寶，以離斷趾，[一０]靈均納忠，終於沉身，[一一]而和氏之璧，千載垂光，屈子之篇，萬世歸善。願將軍隆照微之明，信日□之聽，[一二]少屈威神，咨嗟下問，令塵埃之中，永無荊山﹑汨羅之恨。注[一]論語孔子曰：「七十而縱心所欲，不踰矩。」言恣心之所為，皆闇合於法則。

I note Huan Liang, formerly clerk to the Minister of Works—a revered scholar whose reputation tops his region; past seventy he follows his heart yet breaks no rule—[one] truly the gleam of the royal shrine, a paragon of our day. [Two] Jin Feng, libationer of Jingzhao, has cultivated himself since youth without lapsing in old age; he loves antiquity and the Way, lives quietly, and embodies virtues beyond ordinary fashion. Li Yu of Fufeng commands the classics, trains a hundred disciples, and rents a hut with earthen steps at Duling—[three] scholarship made visible in conduct. Both commanderies sought him again and again; poverty alone drove him to plead illness and withdraw. Reviewing the past and discerning the new, lucid in debate, incorrupt and meticulous, he rivals the Han state's greatest scholars—Wei, Ping, Kong, and Zhai included. [Four] Summon him for evaluation so he may advise on every branch of administration. Guo Ji of Jingzhao supervision is famed locally for filial piety, excels in classical studies under noted teachers, and delivers administrative results of rare distinction. Given timely employment even at modest rank, he would lend wings in ascent yet pledge his life like a loyal beam should duty demand it. [Five] Wang Yong, aide in Liangzhou, embodies the steadfast honor of Bian Zhuang and adorns it with learning—[six] among Liangzhou notables none ranks ahead of him. When Duke Zhou elevated one candidate, three domains complained he stopped too soon. [Seven] Act while your bureau opens its doors to reassure the distant frontier. Yin Su of Hongnong combines encyclopedic learning with diplomatic flair—he knows the three hundred odes by heart and can debate extemporaneously on embassy—[eight]. These six combine singular virtue with outstanding talent; should you enlist them to aid your enlightened rule, you echo the sigh Confucius breathed over the ridge stag. [Nine] Bian He lost his feet presenting his jade—[ten] Qu Yuan drowned offering loyalty—[eleven] yet the He's disk still shines after ages and Qu Yuan's poems teach goodness forever. Pray lend discerning light and hearing as clear as noon—[twelve] humble your formidable dignity long enough to inquire below—so talent buried in dust never repeats Jing Mountain's jade or Miluo's drowned poet. Note: Confucius says at seventy one follows inclination yet stays within bounds. Every impulse already harmonizes with moral law.

57

注[二]詩周頌曰：「於穆清廟，肅雍顯相，濟濟多士，執文之德。」鄭玄注曰：「顯，光也。」言桓梁可參多士，助祭於清廟為光暉也。爾雅曰：「髦，俊也。」美士為彥。

Note: The Zhou hymn "Pure Temple" praises solemn ministers embodying patterned virtue. Zheng Xuan glosses xian as "radiance." The line ranks Huan Liang among the ministers who serve the royal ancestral shrine—the glory invoked in the hymn. The Erya glosses mao as "preeminent talent." The text calls exemplary gentlemen yan.

58

注[三]育字符春，見儒林傳。

Note: Li Yu's courtesy name was Zichun—see his biography under Confucian Scholars.

59

注[四]韋賢﹑平當﹑孔光﹑翟方進也。流俗本「平」字作「玄」，誤。

Note: The luminaries meant are Wei Xian, Ping Dang, Kong Guang, and Zhai Fangjin. Popular texts wrongly substitute xuan for ping.

60

注[五]說苑曰：「趙簡子游於西河而歎曰：『安得賢士而與處焉？』舟人吉桑對曰：『鴻鵠高飛，所恃者六翮也。背上之毛，腹下之毳，加之滿把，飛不能為之益高。不知門下左右客千人，亦有六翮之用乎？將盡毛毳也？』」又曰「齊莊公攻莒，□梁與華周進□，壞軍陷陣，三軍不敢當。至莒城下，殺二十七人而死」也。

Note: Tales from the Garden of Persuasions relates how Marquis Jian of Zhao sighed by the western Yellow River, longing for worthy companions. Boatsman Ji Sang answered that wild swans depend on their flight feathers. The fluff on back and belly, handfuls of it, adds nothing to altitude. Among your thousand retainers, how many possess real wing feathers? Or are they mere fluff? Another tale describes Zhuang of Qi attacking Ju—Xi Liang and Hua Zhou spearheaded assaults no army could withstand. They fought to Ju's walls, slew twenty-seven foes, and died—a measure of valor cited earlier.

61

注[六]卞嚴，卞莊子也。新序曰：「卞莊子好勇，養母，戰而三北，交遊非之，國君辱之。莊子受命，顏色不變。及母死三年，齊與魯戰，莊子請從。至，見於將軍曰：『初獨與母處，是以戰而三北。今母沒矣，請塞責。』遂赴敵而□，獲甲首而獻，曰：『夫三北，以養母也。吾聞之，節士不以辱生。』遂殺十人而死。」論語孔子曰：「卞莊子之勇，冉求之蓺，文之以禮樂。」

Note: "Bian Yan" here refers to Bian Zhuangzi. New Prefaces tells how Bian Zhuangzi loved valor yet fled thrice to support his mother—friends scorned him and his lord shamed him. He bore the reproach without flinching. After mourning three years, when Qi fought Lu, he begged to join the host. Before the general he explained that earlier duty to his mother alone had forced three retreats. Now she was gone—he asked to redeem his honor. He charged the foe, offered captured helmets, and declared the retreats had nursed his mother. A man of principle, he said, cannot live in disgrace. He slew ten enemies and fell. Confucius paired Bian Zhuangzi's courage with Ran Qiu's skill and urged tempering both with ritual and music.

62

注[七]孫卿子曰：「周公東征，西國怨，曰：『何獨不來也！』南征而北國怨，曰：『何獨後我也！』」注[八]固集「殷」作「段」。

Note: Xunzi records western domains lamenting when Duke Zhou marched east: "Why must we wait?" Northern states cried they were left behind when he turned south. Note: Ban Gu's literary corpus reads Yin as Duan.

63

注[九]秋猶時也。論語孔子曰：「山梁雌雉，時哉！」

Note: "Autumn" here means the fitting moment. Confucius marveled at the hen pheasant on the ridge—"How timely its flight!"

64

注[一０]離，被也。斷趾，刖足也。事見韓子。

Note: Li means "to suffer." Cutting the feet was classical "punishment of slicing the ankles." See Han Feizi for the tale.

65

注[一一]屈原字靈均，納忠於楚，終不見信，自沉於汨羅之水而死。

Note: Qu Yuan, courtesy name Lingjun, offered faithful counsel Chu ignored and drowned himself in the Miluo.

66

注[一二]信音申。

Note: Xin here rhymes with shen.

67

蒼納之。

Liu Cang adopted Ban Gu's recommendations.

68

父彪卒，歸鄉里。固以彪所續前史未詳，乃潛精研思，欲就其業。既而有人上書顯宗，告固私改作國史者，有詔下郡，收固系京兆獄，盡取其家書。先是扶風人蘇朗偽言圖讖事，下獄死。固弟超恐固為郡所核考，不能自明，乃馳詣闕上書，得召見，具言固所著述意，而郡亦上其書。顯宗甚奇之，召詣校書部，[一]除蘭台令史，[二]與前睢陽令陳宗﹑長陵令尹敏﹑司隸從事孟異共成世祖本紀。遷為郎，典校秘書。固又撰功臣﹑平林﹑新市﹑公孫述事，作列傳﹑載記二十八篇，奏之。帝乃復使終成前所著書。注[一]前書固□傳曰：「永平中為郎，典校秘書。」

After Ban Biao died, Ban Gu returned home. Finding his father's continuation of history still incomplete, Ban Gu devoted himself to finishing the project. Someone denounced him to Emperor Ming for privately rewriting the dynastic history; an edict sent him in chains to the Jingzhao jail and confiscated his manuscripts. Su Lang of Fufeng had recently died in prison for forging prophecy texts. Ban Chao raced to Luoyang lest local interrogators condemn his brother, secured an audience, explained Ban Gu's scholarly aims, and the county forwarded the confiscated drafts. Emperor Ming admired the work, summoned Ban to the palace library, [one] named him Lan Terrace clerk, [two] and teamed him with Chen Zong, Yin Min, and Meng Yi to compile the annals of Emperor Guangwu. He rose to gentleman attendant and oversaw the imperial archive. He next drafted twenty-eight chapters of biographies and chronicles on the founding heroes and rebel regimes, which he presented to the throne. The emperor ordered him to finish the history he had begun. Note: The History of Western Han reports Ban served as archive editor while a gentleman under Yongping.

69

注[二]漢官儀曰：「蘭台令史六人，秩百石，掌書劾奏。」

Note: Six Lan Terrace clerks at one hundred piculs drafted indictments and memorials.

70

固以為漢紹堯運，以建帝業，至於六世，史臣乃追述功德，[一]私作本紀，編於百王之末，廁於秦﹑項之列，[二]太初以後，闕而不錄，故探撰前記，綴集所聞，以為《漢書》。起元高祖，終於孝平王莽之誅，十有二世，二百三十年，[三]綜其行事，傍貫五經，上下洽通，為春秋考紀﹑表﹑志﹑傳凡百篇。 [四]固自永平中始受詔，潛精積思二十餘年，至建初中乃成。當世甚重其書，學者莫不諷誦焉。注[一]六代謂武帝，史臣謂司馬遷也。

Ban held that Han inherited Yao's mandate through six reigns before Sima Qian privately drafted annals tacked after ancient sovereigns beside Qin and Xiang Yu—[one][two] and skipped everything after Taichu—so Ban mined earlier records to compose the Book of Han. It runs from Gaozu through Wang Mang's execution—twelve reigns and 230 years—[three] weaving events with the Five Classics into annals, tables, treatises, and biographies totaling one hundred chapters. [Four] Ban worked under imperial commission from mid-Yongping for over twenty years before finishing under Jianchu. His contemporaries prized it and scholars memorized it everywhere. Note: The "sixth reign" is Emperor Wu; the historian is Sima Qian.

71

注[二]史記起自黃帝，漢最居其末也。

Note: Sima Qian began with the Yellow Emperor; Han entries came last.

72

注[三]高﹑惠﹑呂後﹑文﹑景﹑武﹑昭﹑宣﹑元﹑成﹑哀﹑平十二代也。並王莽合二百三十年。

Note: The twelve reigns from Gaozu through Emperor Ping. Including Wang Mang makes 230 years.

73

注[四]紀十二，表八，志十，列傳七十，合百篇。前書音義曰：「春秋考紀謂帝紀也。言考核時事，具四時以立言，如春秋之經。」

Note: Twelve annals, eight tables, ten treatises, seventy biographies—one hundred chapters. An early commentary glosses "examined annals" as imperial annals. They inspect events against the seasons much like the Spring and Autumn Annals."

74

自為郎後，遂見親近。時京師修起宮室，浚繕城隍，而關中耆老猶望朝廷西顧。

After his gentleman appointment he grew close to the throne. While Luoyang rebuilt palaces and moats, elders of Guanzhong still hoped the court might turn west again.

75

固感前世相如﹑壽王﹑東方之徒，造構文辭，終以諷勸，[一]乃上兩都賦，盛稱洛邑制度之美，以折西賓淫侈之論。其辭曰：注[一]相如作上林﹑子虛賦，吾丘壽王作士大夫論及驃騎將軍頌，東方朔作客難及非有先生論，其辭並以諷喻為主也。

Recalling how Sima Xiangru, Wu Shouwang, and Dongfang Shuo wrote moralizing fu, [one] Ban submitted his Two Capitals fu celebrating Luoyang's institutions to silence critics of Luoyang luxury. The fu opens thus. Note: Sima Xiangru's park hunt rhapsodies, Wu Shouwang's essays on grandees and the general of agile cavalry, and Dongfang Shuo's "Guest's Riposte" all aim chiefly at allegorical persuasion.

76

有西都賓問於東都主人曰：[一]「蓋聞皇漢之初經營也，嘗有意乎都河洛矣。輟而弗康，寔用西遷，作我上都。主人聞其故而鶯其制乎？」[二]主人曰：「未也。願賓攄懷舊之蓄念，發思古之幽情，[三]博我以皇道，弘我以漢京。」賓曰：「唯唯。」注[一]中興都洛陽，故以東都為主，而謂西都為賓也。

The Western Capital Guest asks the Eastern Capital Host: [one] "Early Han reportedly planned to settle the capital along the Yellow and Luo rivers. Those plans halted unsettled until the court moved west and built Chang'an as supreme capital. Tell me, sir: do you know why Chang'an was founded and how its walls were planned? " [Two] The Host replies: "Not yet. Pray unfold your nostalgic reflections and awaken antiquarian feeling—[three] enlarge my grasp of imperial principle and magnify our Han metropolis. The Guest assents deferentially. Note: Because the restored dynasty ruled from Luoyang, the dialogue casts Luoyang as host and Chang'an as guest.

77

注[二]皇，大也。尚書曰：「厥既得吉卜則經營。」高祖五年，劉敬說上都關中，上疑之。左右大臣皆山東人，多勸都洛陽，此為有意都河洛矣。張良曰：「洛陽其中小不過數百里，四面受敵，非用武之國。關中金城千里，天府之國也。」於是上即日西都關中，此為輟而弗康也。輟，止也。康，安也。

Note: Huang means "great." The Book of Documents says once oracle bones proved auspicious they laid out the capital. In Gaozu's fifth year Liu Jing urged settling Guanzhong while the emperor hesitated. Eastern ministers favored Luoyang—evidence of early leanings toward the river valleys. Zhang Liang argued Luoyang's cramped plain exposed it on every flank—ill suited for defense. Guanzhong's rampart ranges stretch a thousand li—Heaven's granary. The emperor transferred west the same day—hence "paused yet unsettled" earlier schemes. Chuo means "to halt." Kang means "peace" or "ease."

78

注[三]廣雅曰攄，舒也。

Note: The Guangya glosses shu as "to unfold."

79

漢之西都，在於雍州，寔曰長安。 [一]左據函谷﹑二崤之阻，表以* (泰) **[太]*華﹑終南之山。 [二]右界□斜﹑隴首之險，帶以洪河﹑涇﹑渭之川。 [三]華實之毛，則九州之上腴焉；防禦之阻，則天下之奧區焉。 [四]是故橫被六合，三成帝畿，[五]周以龍興，秦以虎視。及至大漢受命而都之也，[六]仰寤東井之精，俯協河圖之靈，[七]奉春建策，留侯演成，[八]天人合應，以發皇明，乃眷西顧，寔惟作京。 [九]於是睎秦領，睋北阜，挾酆霸，據龍首。 [一０]圖皇基於億載，度宏規而大起，肇自高而終平，世增飾以崇麗，歷十二之延祚，故窮奢而極侈。 [一一]建金城其萬雉，呀周池而成淵，披三條之廣路，立十二之通門。 [一二]內則街衢洞達，閭閻且千，九市開場，貨別隧分，人不得顧，車不得旋，闐城溢郭，傍流百廛，紅塵四合，煙雲相連。 [一三]於是既庶且富，娛樂無疆，都人士女，殊異乎五方，游士擬於公侯，列肆侈於姬﹑姜。 [一四]鄉曲豪俊遊俠之雄，節慕原﹑嘗，名亞春﹑陵，連交合觿，騁騖乎其中。 [一五]注[一]前書音義曰：「長安本秦之鄉名，高祖都焉。」

Han's western capital stands in Yongzhou—the city called Chang'an. [One] To the east lie Hangu Pass and the twin Xiao defiles; outwardly it fronts (the graph tai, completing Taishan) Mount Taihua and the Zhongnan range.* [Two] To the west run the Bao-Xie road and Longtou Ridge; the Yellow, Jing, and Wei loop like belts. [Three] Its fruits and grain rank first among the nine provinces; its terrain forms the empire's inner fortress. [Four] Thus it spans the realm and thrice became the imperial heartland—[five] Zhou rose here like a dragon; Qin glared like a tiger. When mighty Han took the Mandate it matched the Eastern Well constellation and River Chart omens—[six][seven] Liu Jing proposed the move and Zhang Liang perfected it—[eight] Heaven and humanity aligned, divine radiance dawned, and the sovereign turned west to build his capital. [Nine] Builders scanned the Qinling ridge, climbed northern hills, flanked the Feng and Ba streams, and anchored on Dragon Head plateau. [Ten] They laid dynastic foundations for ages, drafted grand blueprints from Gaozu through Emperor Ping, embellished across twelve reigns—hence unmatched opulence. [Eleven] They raised mile-long metal ramparts, ringed a moat like an abyss, opened three great avenues, and twelve monumental gates. [Twelve] Inside, avenues radiate through a thousand wards; nine markets swarm so crowds cannot turn nor carts pivot—dust clouds veil block after block. [Thirteen] Teeming wealth bred endless revelry—nobles and commoners outshone every region, wandering scholars lived like lords, and market stalls rivaled the luxuries of Ji and Jiang. [Fourteen] Local swordsmen emulated Yuan and Chang, rivaled Meng Chun and Xinling, forged leagues, and raced their ambitions through the streets. [Fifteen] Note: Early glossators say Chang'an began as a Qin village name before Gaozu made it capital.

80

注[二]函谷，關名也。左傳曰「崤有二陵，其南陵夏後戲之墓，其北陵文王之所避風雨」，故曰二崤。太華，山也，山海經曰，華首之西六十里曰太華。終南，長安南山也。詩曰：「終南何有。」注云：「終南，周之名山中南也。」

Note: Hangu is the pass name. Zuo's Commentary names the southern and northern ridges of Mount Xiao—the "Twin Xiao." Mount Taihua lies sixty li west of Huashou according to the Classic of Mountains and Seas. Zhongnan is Chang'an's southern barrier. The Classic of Poetry asks "What grows on Zhongnan?" A gloss calls Zhongnan Zhou's celebrated southern peak.

81

注[三]□斜，谷名，南口曰□，北口曰斜，在今梁州。隴首，山名，在今秦州。洪，大也。

Note: The Bao-Xie valley opens south at Bao and north at Xie in modern Liangzhou. Longtou is a hill name in modern Qinzhou. Hong means "vast" (of the river).

82

注[四]華實之毛謂草木也。左傳曰：「食土之毛。」前書曰：「秦地九州膏腴。」尚書雍州「厥田上上」。防禦謂關禁也。楊雄衛尉箴曰：「設置山險，盡為防禦。」奧，深也。言秦地險固，為天下深奧之區域。

Note: "Down of flower and fruit" denotes vegetation. Zuo's Commentary speaks of living off the land's produce. The History of Western Han calls Qin soil among the empire's richest. The Documents ranks Yongzhou's fields highest grade. "Defense" means guarded passes. Yang Xiong's admonition for the capital guard says rugged hills serve as barriers. Ao means "deep" or "recessed." Qin's rugged terrain forms the empire's inner stronghold.

83

注[五]前書音義曰：「關西為橫。」被猶及也。呂氏春秋曰：「神明通於六合。」高誘注云：「四方上下為六合。」周禮曰：「方千里曰王畿。」三成謂周﹑秦﹑漢並都之也。

Note: Glossators call the territory west of the passes "spanning" (heng). Bei here means "to extend over." Master Lü says spiritual power pervades the six directions. Gao You defines the six directions as the four quarters plus up and down. The Zhou Rites defines the royal domain as a thousand li square. Three dynasties—Zhou, Qin, and Han—made it their capital.

84

注[六]龍興虎視，喻盛強也。孔安國尚書序曰：「漢室龍興。」易曰：「虎視眈眈。」

Note: "Dragon rising" and "tiger glaring" image formidable power. Kong Anguo's preface speaks of Han rising like a dragon. The Zhouyi warns of tigers glaring intently."

85

注[七]寤猶曉也。協，合也。高祖至霸上，五星聚於東井。又河圖曰：「帝劉季，日角戴勝，斗匈龍股，長七尺八寸。昌光出軫，五星聚井，期之興，天授圖，地出道，予張兵鈐劉季起。」東井，秦之分野，明漢當代秦都關中。

Note: Wu means "to awaken to" or "grasp." Xie means "accord with." When Gaozu reached Bashang, five planets clustered in the Eastern Well mansion. The River Chart describes Liu Bang's physiognomy—sun-shaped forehead, Dipper-shaped torso, dragon thighs, seven chi eight cun tall. Omens of light from Zhen, five stars in the Well, Heaven granting charts and Earth revealing paths portend Liu Bang's rise. Eastern Well was Qin's celestial correlate—signaling Han would replace Qin in Guanzhong.

86

注[八]奉春君，婁敬也。春者，四時之始。婁敬亦始建遷都之策，故以號焉。留侯，張良也。蒼頡篇曰：「演者引也。」

Note: Lord Fengchun was Lou Jing. Spring opens the four seasons. Lou Jing first proposed moving the capital—hence the honorific. The Marquis of Liu was Zhang Liang. The Cangjie glossary glosses yan as "to draw out" or "expand."

87

注[九]天謂五星聚東井也。人謂婁敬等進說也。皇明謂高祖也。西顧謂入關也。詩云：「乃眷西顧。」

Note: "Heaven" refers to the five planets clustering in Eastern Well. "Human" counsel means Lou Jing and others advocating the move. "August radiance" denotes Gaozu. "Turn west" means crossing into Guanzhong. The Classic of Poetry says God's gaze turned west.

88

注[一０]睎，望也，音希。睋，視也，音蛾。秦領在今藍田東南。北阜即今三原縣北有高阜，東西橫□者是也。豐水出鄠縣南山豐谷。霸水出藍田谷。三秦記曰：「龍首山六十里，頭入渭水，尾達樊川。」在傍曰挾，在上曰據也。

Note: Xi means "to gaze"; pronounced like xi. E means "to survey"; pronounced like e (moth). The Qinling ridge lies southeast of Lantian. The northern mound is the long east-west ridge north of Sanyuan county. The Feng River rises in Feng valley south of Hu county. The Ba River issues from Lantian valley. The Record of Three Qin describes Dragon Head ridge—sixty li with head in the Wei and tail at Fanchuan. "Flank" means beside; "occupy" means commanding from above.

89

注[一一]肇，始也。始自高祖，終於平帝，為十二代也。

Note: Zhao means "to begin." From Gaozu through Emperor Ping spans twelve reigns.

90

注[一二]金城言堅固也。張良曰：「金城千里。」杜預注左傳云：「方丈為堵，三堵為雉。」字林曰：「呀，大空也。」音火加反。周禮：「國方九里，旁三門。」每門有大路，故曰三條。鄭玄注周禮云「天子城十二門，通十二子」也。

Note: "Metal walls" stresses impregnability. Zhang Liang spoke of ramparts stretching a thousand li. Du Yu defines wall units: one square zhang per du, three du per zhi. The Character Forest glosses ya as "wide hollow" (of moats). Pronounced like huo plus jia reversed. The Zhou Rites prescribes nine-li square capitals with three gates per side. Each gate fronts a major avenue—the "three strips." Zheng Xuan notes twelve gates matching the twelve earthly branches.

91

注[一三]字林曰：「閭，里門也。閻，裡中門也。」且千，言多也。漢宮閣疏曰：「長安九市，其六在道西，三在道東。」隧，列肆道也。鄭玄注禮記曰：「廛，市物邸捨也。」

Note: The Character Forest defines lü as a ward gate. Yan is the inner gate of a ward. "Nearly a thousand" stresses sheer number. The Han palace gazetteer lists nine markets—six west of the avenue, three east. Sui means aisles between market stalls. Zheng Xuan defines chan as shop stalls in the market.

92

注[一四]論語：「子適衛，冉有僕。子曰：『庶矣哉！』冉有曰：『既庶矣，又何加焉？』曰：『富之。』」詩周頌云：「惠我無疆。」疆，境也。詩小雅曰：「彼都人士。」毛萇注云：「城郭之域曰都。」五方謂四方及中央也。前書曰：「秦地五方雜錯。」鄭玄注周禮曰：「肆，市中陳物處也。」杜元凱注左傳云「姬﹑姜大國之女」也。

Note: The Analects describes Confucius traveling to Wei with Ran You as driver. The Master exclaimed how populous it was. Ran You asked what more to do once the people multiplied. Confucius answered: "Enrich them." The Zhou hymn prays for boundless blessing. Jiang means "border" or "limit." The lesser ode praises capital gentlemen. Mao Chang defines "capital" as the walled precinct. The five regions are the four quarters plus the center. The History of Western Han calls Qin a mosaic of peoples from every quarter. Zheng Xuan defines si as market stalls displaying goods. Du Yu glosses Ji and Jiang as daughters of great houses.

93

注[一五]豪俊遊俠謂朱家﹑郭解﹑原涉之類也。原﹑嘗*[謂]*平原君趙勝﹑孟嘗君田文也，春、陵謂春申君黃歇﹑信陵君無忌也，並招致賓客，名高天下也。

Note: Bold swordsmen include Zhu Jia, Guo Jie, Yuan She, and their ilk. Yuan and Chang denote Lords Pingyuan and Mengchang; Chun and Ling denote Lords Chunshen and Xinling—all famed for hosting retainers across the realm.

94

若乃觀其四郊，浮游近縣，則南望杜﹑霸，北眺五陵，名都對郭，邑居相承，英俊之域，黻冕所興，冠蓋如雲，七相五公。 [一]與乎州郡之豪桀，五都之貨殖，三選七遷，充奉陵邑，蓋以強幹弱枝，隆上都而觀萬國。 [二]封畿之內，厥土千里，逴犖諸夏，兼其所有。 [三]其陽則崇山隱天，幽林穹谷，陸海珍藏，藍田美玉，商﹑洛緣其隈，鄠﹑杜濱其足，[四]源泉灌注，陂池交屬，竹林果園，芳草甘木，郊野之富，號曰近蜀。 [五]其陰則冠以九嵕，陪以甘泉，乃有靈宮起乎其中。秦﹑漢之所極觀，淵﹑雲之所頌歎，於是乎存焉。 [六]下有鄭﹑白之沃，衣食之源，堤封五萬，疆埸綺分，溝塍刻鏤，原隰龍鱗，決渠降雨，荷臿成雲，五穀垂穎，桑麻敷棻。 [七]東郊則有通溝大漕，潰渭洞河，泛舟山東，控引淮﹑湖，與海通波。 [八]西郊則有上囿禁苑，林麓藪澤，陂池連乎蜀﹑漢，繚以周牆，四百餘里，離宮別館，三十六所，神池靈沼，往往而在。 [九]其中乃有九真之麟，大宛之馬，黃支之犀，條枝之鳥，踰櫫□，越巨海，殊方異類，至三萬里。 [一０]

Survey the capital's outskirts: south lie Duling and Baling; north the Five Imperial Tombs—great towns hugging ward walls, neighborhoods linked in chains—the cradle of nobility whose carriage canopies crowd like clouds: seven chief ministers and five senior dukes. [One] Proud heroes from every province and the Five Metropolises' merchants thrice selected and seven times relocated people the tomb counties—fortifying the core while thinning branches, glorifying the capital to overawe the realm. [Two] Within the royal thousand-li belt Qin towers over the Central States and annexes what they hold. [Three] Sunward lie peaks that veil the sky, shadowed forests and sunken glens, treasures of hill and marsh, Lantian jade; the Shang and Luo hug their bends while Hu and Du spread at their feet; [four] springs feed chained reservoirs, bamboo groves and orchards perfume the belt—wealth rivaling Shu borderlands. [Five] Shadowward Nine Peaks crown the horizon with Sweet Springs Palace companion—spirit halls rising among them. Grand spectacles Qin and Han prized and odes Wang Bao and Yang Xiong sang still stand here. [Six] Below lie Zheng and Bai's irrigated fields—cloth and grain heartland—fifty thousand qing stitched like brocade; ditches carve patterns; wetlands scale like dragon scales; canals pour rain from shovels raised like clouds; grain bows heavy; mulberry and hemp perfume the air. [Seven] Eastward great trenches link Wei and Yellow River traffic—convoys sail Shandong, Huai and Lakes feeding waves that reach the sea. [Eight] Westward stretch the imperial hunting parks—timbered hills and marshes whose ponds reach toward Shu and Han within four hundred li of wall—thirty-six detached halls and spirit pools dotting the preserve. [Nine] The parks harbor unicorns from Jiuzhen, Ferghana horses, Huangzhi rhinos, Tiaozhi birds—crossing forests and seas—exotics from thirty thousand li away. Section marker ten (variant manuscripts omit additional flourish).

95

注[一]浮游謂周流也。杜﹑霸謂杜陵﹑霸陵，在城南，故南望也。五陵謂長陵﹑安陵﹑陽陵﹑茂陵﹑平陵，在渭北，故北眺也。並徙人以置縣邑，故雲名都對郭。蒼頡篇曰：「黻，綬也。冕，冠也。」其所徙者皆豪右﹑富貲﹑吏二千石，故多英俊冠蓋之人。如雲，言多也。詩曰：「出其東門，有女如雲。」七相謂丞相車千秋，長陵人，黃霸﹑王商，並杜陵人也，韋賢﹑平當﹑魏相﹑王嘉，並平陵人也。五公謂田蚡為太尉，長陵人，張安世為大司馬，朱博為司空，並杜陵人，平晏為司徒，韋賞為大司馬，並平陵人也。

Note: "Roaming" means touring the outskirts. Duling and Baling lie south—hence "south gaze." The Five Imperial Tombs north of the Wei explain "north gaze." Settled migrants formed counties hugging the outer wards. The Cangjie glossary defines fu court ribbons. Mian denotes ceremonial crowns. Relocated magnates, rich households, and two-thousand-piculs officials filled the zone with noble carriages. "Like clouds" stresses multitude. The Classic of Poetry compares crowds to clouds outside the east gate. The seven chancellors: Che Qianqiu of Changling; Huang Ba and Wang Shang of Duling; Wei Xian, Ping Dang, Wei Xiang, and Wang Jia of Pingling. The five dukes: Tian Fen (grand commandant) and Zhang Anshi (marshal) of Changling and Duling; Zhu Bo (minister of works); Ping Yan (minister of education); Wei Shang (marshal) of Pingling.

96

注[二]前書音義曰：「五都謂洛陽﹑邯鄲﹑臨淄﹑宛﹑成都也。」三選，選三等之人，謂徙吏二千石及高貲富人及豪桀並兼之家於諸陵，蓋以強幹弱枝，非獨為奉山園也。見前書。自元帝已後不遷，故唯七焉。爾雅曰：「觀，指示也。」「選」或為「徙」，義亦通。

Note: The Five Capitals are Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan, and Chengdu. Triple selection moves two-thousand-piculs officials, magnates, and powerful clans to tomb counties—to strengthen the capital, not merely to tend imperial tombs. See the History of Western Han. After Emperor Yuan stopped relocations only seven waves occurred. The Erya glosses guan as "to survey" or "show forth." Some editions read xuan as xi for relocation—either gloss fits.

97

注[三]前書曰：「秦地沃野千里，人以富饒。」逴犖猶超絕也。逴音卓。犖音呂角反。諸夏謂中國也。

Note: The History of Western Han praises Qin's thousand-li fertile basin and prosperous households. Zhuoluo means standing far above others. Read zhuo like zhuo "table." Luo is read lü-jue reversed. "Zhongxia" denotes the Central States.

98

注[四]穹谷，深谷。東方朔曰：「漢興，去三河之地，止灞﹑滻之西，都涇﹑渭之南，此謂天下陸海之地也。」范子計然曰：「玉出藍田。」商及上洛皆縣名。隈，山曲也。濱猶近也。鄠﹑杜，二縣名，近南山之足。爾雅云：「麓，山足也。」

Note: "Vaulted valleys" means steep ravines. Dongfang Shuo observed that Han abandoned the Three Rivers heartland for the corridor west of the Ba and Chan and south of the Jing and Wei—a "dry sea" of inexhaustible wealth. Fan Li's Jinran adds that fine jade comes from Lantian. Shang and Shangluo are county seats. Wei means a mountain's inner bend. Bin glosses as "alongside." Hu and Du counties hug the southern foothills. The Erya defines "foot" as the mountain base.

99

注[五]孔安國注尚書曰：「澤障曰陂，停水曰池。」前書曰：「巴﹑蜀土地肥美，有山林竹樹蔬食果實之饒。」今南山亦有之，與巴﹑蜀相類，故曰近蜀。爾雅曰：「邑外曰郊，郊外曰野。」

Note: Kong Anguo defines diked marshes as bei and standing water as chi. The History praises Ba-Shu's lush forests and orchards. The Zhongnan foothills rival Shu—hence "near Shu." The Erya distinguishes suburbs from wilds beyond.

100

注[六]陰謂北也。九嵕山尤高峻，故稱冠雲。甘泉山在雲陽北，秦始皇於上置林光宮，漢又起甘泉宮﹑益壽﹑延壽館﹑通天台，故云「秦﹑漢之所極觀」。王□字子泉，作甘泉頌，楊子雲作甘泉賦，故云「泉﹑雲頌歎」。

Note: The shaded or "yin" side faces north. Nine-Zhao Peak towers highest—"crowning the clouds." North of Yunyang Sweet Springs Mountain bore Qin's Lenguang Palace and Han's Sweet Springs complex with longevity halls and sky-piercing towers—the spectacle Qin and Han prized. Wang Ziquan's hymn and Yang Xiong's Sweet Springs fu supply the "springs and cloud" praise.

101

注[七]史記曰：「韓使水工鄭國說秦，令引涇水為渠，傍北山，東注洛，溉田四萬余頃，名曰鄭國渠。」武帝時，趙中大夫白公奏穿渠引涇水，首起谷口，尾入櫟陽，溉田四千餘頃，因名白渠。時人歌之曰：「田於何所？池陽谷口。鄭國在前，白渠起後。舉臿為雲，決渠為雨。涇水一石，其泥數鬥。且溉且糞，長我禾黍。衣食京師，億萬之口。」前書曰：「天子畿方千里，堤封百萬井。」音義曰：「堤謂積土為封限也，音丁奚反。」廣雅曰：「埸，界也。」音亦。周禮曰：「夫閒有遂，十夫有溝。」說文曰：「塍，田畦也。」塍音繩。刻鏤謂交錯如鏤也。爾雅曰：「高平曰原，下濕曰隰。」言如龍鱗之五色也。五穀，黍、稷、菽、麥、稻也。 *[小]*爾雅曰：「禾穗謂之穎。」*[小]*爾雅曰：「敷，布也。」棻，茂盛也，音芬。

Note: Han dispatched engineer Zheng Guo to persuade Qin to divert the Jing east toward the Luo along the northern hills—irrigating over forty thousand qing—the Zheng Guo Canal. Under Emperor Wu Counsellor Bai Gong opened the Bai Canal from Jingkou to Yueyang—four thousand qing. A contemporary song asked: "Where do we farm?" At Chiyang's valley mouth." Zheng Guo's canal came first; Bai's followed. Spades rose like clouds; opening sluices poured rain. Each picul of Jing water carried several dou of fertile silt. Irrigation and muck together fattened millet and panicled grain. They clothed and fed countless mouths in the capital. The History counts the royal thousand-li belt as a million well-fields. Glossators define di as earthen boundary markers—read ding-xi reversed. The Guangya glosses yi as field borders. Pronounced yi. The Zhou Rites prescribes ditches between plots and trenches every ten plots. The Shuowen defines cheng as raised field ridges. Read cheng like sheng "rope." The intricate ditch pattern resembles carved fretwork. The Erya distinguishes high plains from marshy lows. The patchwork gleams like dragon scales. The five grains: millet, panicled millet, beans, wheat, rice. The Minor Erya calls grain heads ying. The Minor Erya glosses fu as "to spread." Fen means luxuriant growth—read fen.

102

注[八]漕，水運也。蒼頡篇曰：「潰，傍決也。」前書武帝穿漕渠通渭。史記曰：「滎陽下引河東南為鴻溝，以與淮、泗會。」

Note: Cao denotes canal shipping. The Cangjie glossary defines kui as breaking out sideways into rivers. Emperor Wu cut transport canals linking to the Wei. Sima Qian describes diverting the Yellow east from Xingyang through the Grand Canal to Huai and Si.

103

注[九]上囿謂林苑也。谷梁傳曰：「林屬於山為麓。」鄭玄注周禮曰：「澤無水曰藪。」繚猶繞也，音了。三輔黃圖曰：「上林有建章、承光等一十一宮，平樂、繭觀等二十五，凡三十六所。」三秦記曰：「昆明池中有神池，通白鹿原。」詩曰：「王在靈沼。」

Note: The upper hunting park is the imperial preserve. The Guliang Commentary defines foothills where forests cling to mountains. Zheng Xuan calls dry marshes sou. Liao means "encircle"—read liao. The Yellow Chart lists thirty-six halls including eleven major palaces such as Jianzhang and twenty-five lodges such as Pingle. Kunming Pond held spirit pools linked to White Deer Plain. The Classic of Poetry celebrates the king at Spirit Pond."

104

注[一０]宣帝詔曰：「九真郡獻奇獸。」晉灼漢書注云：「駒形，麟色，牛角。」武帝時，李廣利斬大宛王首，獲汗血馬來。又黃支國自三萬里貢生犀。條支國臨西海，有大鳥，卵如甕。條支與安息接，武帝時，安息國發使來獻之。又曰：「櫫□山高二千五百里。」並見前書。

Note: Emperor Xuan's edict mentions Jiuzhen presenting exotic animals. Jin Zhuo describes the beast as foal-shaped, unicorn-colored, ox-horned. Li Guangli brought Ferghana's sweat-blood horses after defeating its king. Huangzhi sent live rhinos from thirty thousand li away. Tiaozhi on the western sea breeds giant birds with urn-sized eggs. Bordering Parthia, it sent tribute envoys under Emperor Wu. Another account cites barrier mountains twenty-five hundred li high. See the History of Western Han.

105

其宮室也，體象乎天地，經緯乎陰陽，據坤靈之正位，放* (泰) **[太]*、紫之圓方。 [一]樹中天之華闕，豐冠山之朱堂，因瑰材而究奇，抗應龍之虹梁，列棼橑以布翼，荷棟桴而高驤。 [二]雕玉瑱以居楹，裁金璧以飾璫，發五色之渥采，光爓朗以景彰。 [三]於是左* (□) **[腆]*右平，重軒三階，閨房周通，門闥洞開，列鐘虡於中庭，立金人於端闈，仍增崖而衡閾，臨峻路而啟扉。 [四]徇以離殿別寢，承以崇台閒豫，煥若列星，紫宮是環。 [五]清涼宣溫，神仙長年，金華玉堂，白虎麒麟，區宇若茲，不可殫論。 [六]增盤業峨，登降照爛，殊形詭制，每各異觀，乘茵步輦，唯所息宴。 [七]後宮則有掖庭椒房，后妃之室，合歡增成，安處常寧，□若椒風，披香發越，蘭林蕙草，鴛鸞飛翔之列。 [八]昭陽特盛，隆乎孝成，屋不呈材，牆不露形，裛以藻繡，絡以綸連，隨侯明月，錯落其閒，金釭銜璧，是為列錢，翡翠火齊，流耀含英，懸黎垂棘，夜光在焉。 [九]於是玄墀扣切，玉階彤庭，□磩采致，琳□青熒，珊瑚碧樹，周阿而生。 [一０]紅羅颯纚，綺組繽紛，精曜華燭，俯仰如神。 [一一]後宮之號，十有四位，窈窕繁華，更盛迭貴，處乎斯列者，蓋以百數。 [一二]左右廷中，朝堂百僚之位，蕭曹魏邴，謀謨乎其上。 [一三]佐命則垂統，輔翼則成化，流大漢之愷悌，蕩亡秦之毒螫。 [一四]故令斯人揚樂和之聲，作畫一之歌，功德著於祖宗，膏澤洽於黎庶。 [一五]又有天祿石渠，典籍之府，命夫諄誨故老，名儒師傅，講論乎六蓺，稽合乎同異。 [一六]又有承明金馬，著作之庭，大雅宏達，於茲為腢，元元本本，周見洽聞，啟發篇章，校理秘文。 [一七]周以鉤陳之位，□以嚴更之署，總禮官之甲科，腢百郡之廉孝。 [一八]虎賁贅衣，閹尹閽寺，陛戟百重，各有攸司。 [一九]周廬千列，徼道綺錯。 [二０]輦路經營，修塗飛閣。 [二一]自未央而連桂宮，北彌明光而戇長樂，陵墱道而超西墉，混建章而外屬，設璧門之鳳闕，上柧稜而棲金雀。 [二二]內則別風之嶕嶢，眇麗巧而竦擢，張千門而立萬戶，順陰陽以開闔。 [二三]爾乃正殿崔巍，層構厥高，臨乎未央，經駘蕩而出馺娑，洞枍詣與天梁，上反宇以蓋戴，激日景而納光。 [二四]神明郁其特起，遂偃蹇而上躋，軼雲雨於太半，虹霓回帶於棼楣，雖輕迅與僄狡，猶愕眙而不敢階。 [二五]攀井干而未半，目眴轉而意迷，捨欞檻而卻倚，若顛墜而復稽，魂怳怳以失度，巡迴塗而下低。 [二六]既懲懼於登望，降周流以彷徨，步甬道以縈紆，又杳窱而不見陽。 [二七]排飛闥而上出，若遊目於天表，似無依* (之) **[而]*洋洋。 [二八]前唐中而後太液，攬滄海之湯湯，揚波濤於碣石，激神岳之嶈嶈，濫瀛洲與方壺，蓬萊起乎中央。 [二九]於是靈草冬榮，神木叢生，巖峻崔崒，金石崢嶸。 [三０]抗仙掌* (與) **[以]*承露，擢雙立之金莖，軼埃壒之混濁，鮮顥氣之清英。 [三一]騁文成之丕誕，馳五利之所刑，庶松喬之腢類，時游從乎斯庭，實列仙之攸館，匪吾人之所寧。 [三二]

The palace architecture bodies forth Heaven and Earth, threads Yin and Yang, sits true on earth's numinous axis, patterning itself after (Tai, completing Taishi). It traced the spherical Heaven of Grand Tenuity and the squared Purple Forbidden enclosure.* [One] They raised sky-scraping towers and vermilion halls crowning hills, wrought wonders from precious timber, rainbow beams like dragons arched, rafters fanned like wings, ridgepoles vaulting skyward. [Two] Jade inlays studded the columns, gold disks trimmed the tiles, five-colored richness blazed, flame-bright gloss flashing everywhere. [Three] Westward rose the stair-flanked ascent— (Manuscript gap in one graph.) To the east the pavement stayed level; double galleries and triple stairways joined inner quarters; gates opened on bell stands and bronze Colossi in the vestibules; cliff-like sills spanned steep ramps. [Four] Detached halls and resting lodges ring the core on lofty terraces—sparkling like constellations orbiting the Purple Palace. [Five] Halls named Clear Cool, Declare Warm, Immortals' Longevity, Golden Splendor, Jade Hall, White Tiger, Qilin—the compound cannot be catalogued. [Six] Terraced stacks soar and flare—every tower oddly wrought—guests ride cushions or palanquins wherever they halt to feast. [Seven] Inner quarters include Pepper Chambers for consorts—halls named Together Joy, Layered Bloom, Peace Abode, Pepper Breeze, Spread Fragrance—orchard lanes where paired birds seem to soar. [Eight] Zhaoyang Hall peaked under Cheng—timbers hidden, walls seamless behind brocade hangings—pearls like Suihou's pearls and moon-disks strewn among bronze bosses chained like coins—jade and coral blaze—gems glow night-bright. [Nine] Black lacquered courts, jade stairs in vermilion halls—inlaid panels gleam—blue-green columns flare—coral "trees" branch along curving eaves. [Ten] Red gauze ripples, patterned ribbons riot—gems flare like sacred lamps shifting light at every glance. [Eleven] Fourteen ranks of inner palaces—beauties rivaling one another—number in the hundreds. [Twelve] In the outer court myriad officers stood—Xiao He, Cao Shen, Wei Xiang, Bing Ji—debating policy above. [Thirteen] Ministers sustain the Mandate and transmit governance—Great Han's mercy washes away Qin's cruelty. [Fourteen] They stirred harmonious hymns and songs of unity—merit shining on the ancestral temples, bounty soaking the people. [Fifteen] Celestial Archive and Stone Canal libraries gathered classics—summoning elder scholars to expound the six arts and reconcile divergent glosses. [Sixteen] Chenming Gate and Golden Horse Stable housed compilers—great scholars thronged there tracing origins and variants, editing palace manuscripts. [Seventeen] Hook Array guards ringed night-watch offices; ritual examiners ranked top graduates and summoned county nominees for integrity and filial piety. [Eighteen] Tiger guards and robe-clad attendants, eunuch stewards and gatekeepers—rank on rank of halberds at the stairs—each corps with its duty. [Nineteen] Guard barracks line the perimeter; patrol lanes lace like brocade. [Twenty] Imperial avenues stretch beneath soaring arcades. [Twenty-one] Corridors joined Weiyang to Osmanthus, stretched north through Mingguang toward Changle—raised roads vaulted western walls into Jianzhang—jade gates mounted phoenix towers whose roof ridges bore golden birds. [Twenty-two] Inside rose Separate Wind's dizzy stacks—thousands of gates and myriad doors opening with cosmic rhythm. [Twenty-three] The main hall loomed over Weiyang—corridors threaded Daichang and Sasa, Yiqi and Tianliang—inverted eaves caught sun-shafts. [Twenty-four] Spirit Bright Terrace rose sheer—surmounting clouds—rainbows seemed to ring its beams—even lithe climbers froze awestruck. [Twenty-five] Halfway up the tower sight swims—clutching rails lest one fall—spirit reels until paths spiral downward. [Twenty-six] After vertigo they descended winding cloisters—dim corridors where sunlight vanished. [Twenty-seven] Shooting through flying portals they seemed to scan heaven's rim—as if without support (the particle completing "without support") —yet vast and boundless.* [Twenty-eight] Beyond Tangzhong Pool stretched Taiye—waves like blue seas crashing Jieshi—sacred peaks loom—isles Yingzhou, Fanghu, Penglai rising mid-lake. [Twenty-nine] Winter-green herbs and sacred groves crowded crags—rocks ringing like struck bronze. [Thirty] They set up bronze immortal palms to catch the dew. The gloss supplies yu, meaning "together with." **[With these]** they caught the dew; paired golden pillars rose through turbid dust-haze into clear, radiant air. [Thirty-one] Here shamans like Wencheng and condemned charlatans such as the Five Profits once raced—only immortal companions roam such courts—the realm of transcendents, no mortal rest. Section marker thirty-two.

106

注[一]圓象天，方象地。南北為經，東西為緯。楊雄司空箴曰：「普彼坤靈，侔天作合。」放，像也。太、紫謂太微、紫宮也。劉向七略曰：「明堂之制：內有太室，像紫宮；南出明堂，像太微。」春秋合誠圖曰：「太微，其星十二，四方。」史記天官書曰：「環之匡□十二星，藩臣，皆曰紫宮。」是太微方而紫宮圓也。

Comment [one]: The circle stands for Heaven and the square for Earth. South and north form the warp; east and west form the weft. Yang Xiong's *Admonition for the Minister of Works* says: "Everywhere that earthly spirit pairs itself with Heaven. " *Fang* here means "to resemble" or "image." "Tai" and "zi" denote the Taiwei asterism and the Purple Palace. Liu Xiang's *Seven Summaries* says: "The Bright Hall's design places the Grand Chamber within, modeled on the Purple Palace; where it opens southward it figures the Bright Hall, modeled on Taiwei. " The *Spring and Autumn Accord with Proofs Diagram* says: "Taiwei has twelve stars in the four quarters. " The *Records of the Grand Historian*, "Treatise on Celestial Offices," says: "Twelve stars ring its enclosure [lacuna]; they are the feudatories; all are styled the Purple Palace. " Hence Taiwei is square while the Purple Palace is round.

107

注[二]列子曰：「周穆王作中天之台。」說文曰：「闕，門觀也。」前書蕭何作東闕、北闕。豐，大也。冠山謂在山之上也。埤蒼曰：「瑰瑋，珍奇也。」廣雅曰：「有翼曰應龍。」梁作應龍之形，而又曲如虹也。說文曰：「棼，復屋之棟。」橑，椽也。翼，屋之四阿也。荷，負也。驤，舉也。爾雅曰：「棟謂之桴。」音浮。

Comment [two]: *Liezi* says: "King Mu of Zhou raised a tower at the center of the sky." " The *Shuowen* says: "A *que* is a gate-tower for viewing." " The *Former Han History* records that Xiao He built the eastern and northern gate-towers. *Feng* means "great" or "lush." "Crowning the mountain" means sitting atop the hill. The *Piyang* says: "*Guiwei* denotes rare and marvelous things." " The *Guangya* says: "A dragon with wings is called a 'responding dragon.'" " The crossbeam was fashioned like a responding dragon, sinuous as a rainbow. The *Shuowen* says: "*Fen* is the ridge-beam of a double-layered roof." " *Lao* means rafters." *Yi* here names the four corners or eaves of the roof. *He* means to bear or carry on the shoulder. *Xiang* means to lift or rear upward. The *Erya* says: "The ridge-beam is called *fu.*" " It is read like *fu* (float)."

108

注[三]廣雅曰：「磌，礩也。」音田。「瑱」與「磌」通。楹，柱也。雕玉為礩以承柱也。上林賦曰：「華榱璧璫。」韋昭注曰：「璫，榱頭也。」渥，光潤也。爓音艷。

Comment [three]: The *Guangya* says: "*Tian* is a base or plinth (*zhi*)." " It is read *tian* (field)." The graphs zhen and tian are used interchangeably. *Ying* means a column. Jade was carved into plinths to carry the columns. The *Rhapsody on the Shanglin Park* says: "Gilded purlins and jade dang-ends." " Wei Zhao's note says: "*Dang* is the purlin cap." " *Wo* means glossy and moist." *Yan* is read like *yan* meaning brilliant or gorgeous.

109

注[四]摯虞決疑要注曰：「腆者為階級，平者以文磚相亞次也。」「域」亦作「腆」。言階級勒腆然，音七則反。王逸楚辭注曰：「軒，樓板也。」周禮夏後氏「世室九階」，鄭玄注云「南面三階，三面各二」也。爾雅曰：「宮中之門謂之闈，小者謂之閨。」廣以懸鐘也。史記：「秦始皇收天下兵器，聚之咸陽，銷以為金人十二，置宮中。」端闈，宮正門也。三輔黃圖曰：「秦宮殿端門四達，以則紫宮。」仍，因也。衡，橫也。閾，門限。

Comment [four]: Zhi Yu's *Essential Gloss on Resolving Doubts* says: "Raised courses form steps; level stretches lay patterned bricks in overlapping tiers." The graph for "domain" is sometimes written with the "thick" graph. The steps are described as sharply stacked; the reading follows the *qi ze* fanqie. Wang Yi's commentary on the *Songs of Chu* says: "*Xuan* is the loft flooring." " The *Zhou Rites* records the Xia "earth chamber" with nine steps; Zheng Xuan explains that three lie on the south and two on each of the other three sides. The *Erya* says: "A gate inside the palace precinct is a *wei*; a smaller one is a *gui.*" " It is widened to suspend bells." The *Records* says: "The First Emperor of Qin collected the weapons of the realm at Xianyang, cast them into twelve bronze giants, and set them inside the palace." " *Duan wei* is the palace's main gate." The *Yellow Chart of the Three Adjuncts* says: "The Qin palace's front gates opened four ways, patterned on the Purple Palace." " *Reng* means "thereupon" or "accordingly." *Heng* means crosswise or horizontal. *Yu* is the doorsill or threshold.

110

注[五]徇猶繞也。崇，高也。閒音閒。煥，明也。言周回宮館，明若列星之環繞紫宮也。環，協韻音宦。

Comment [five]: *Xun* means to circle or wind around. *Chong* means lofty or high. *Jian* is read like *jian* meaning interval or leisure. *Huan* means radiant or bright. This describes palaces and lodges ringing the precinct—bright as ranked stars wheeling about the Purple Palace. *Huan* is read *huan* like the word for courtier to fit the verse rhyme.

111

注[六]三輔黃圖曰：「未央宮有清涼殿、宣室殿、中溫室殿、金華殿、大玉堂殿、中白虎殿、麒麟殿，長樂宮有神仙殿。」殫，盡也。

Comment [six]: The *Yellow Chart of the Three Adjuncts* lists Weiyang Palace's Clear-Cool, Proclamation Chamber, Central Warm-Room, Brocade-Blossom, Great Jade, Central White-Tiger, and Unicorn halls, and Eternal Joy Palace's Transcendent Hall. " *Dan* means "exhausted" or "entire."

112

注[七]增，重也。盤，屈也。業峨，高也。業音五臘反。峨音我。詭，異也。茵，褥也。駕人曰輦。

Comment [seven]: *Zeng* means layered or repeated. *Pan* means coiled or bent. *Ye'e* describes height or towering bulk. *Ye* follows the *wu la* fanqie. *E* is read like *wo* (I, me). *Gui* means strange or uncanny. *Yin* is a cushion or mat. A conveyance drawn by people is called a *nian* palanquin.

113

注[八]漢官儀曰：「婕妤以下皆居掖庭。」三輔黃圖曰：「長樂宮有椒房殿。」前書曰：「班婕妤居增成捨。」桓譚新論曰：「董賢女弟為昭儀，居捨號曰椒風。」漢宮閣名長安有披香殿、鴛鸞殿、飛翔殿。余未詳。

Comment [eight]: The *Han Official Regulations* says: "Every rank below Lady of Handsome Fairness lived in the Ye-court harem." " The *Yellow Chart of the Three Adjuncts* notes Eternal Joy Palace's Pepper-Room Hall." " The *Former Han History* says Lady Ban's quarters were called the Increment-Complete Lodge." " Huan Tan's *New Treatises* records that Dong Xian's sister, as Brilliant Companion, lived in a lodge styled Pepper-Wind." " Han palace registers list Chang'an's Drape-Fragrance, Mandarin-Duck, and Soaring Flight halls." I have not verified the rest in detail.

114

注[九]昭陽殿，成帝趙昭儀所居也。說文曰：「裛，纏也。」音於業反。綸，糾，青絲綬也。「綸」或作「編」。淮南子曰：「隨侯之珠，和氏之璧。」高誘注云：「隨侯行見大蛇傷，以藥傅之。後蛇銜珠以報之，因曰隨侯珠。」說文曰：「釭，轂鐵也。」音江，又音工。謂以黃金為釭，其中銜璧，納之於* (璧) **[壁]*帶，為行列歷歷如錢也。前書曰：「昭陽殿璧帶，往往為黃金釭，函藍田玉璧，明珠翠羽飾之。」異物誌曰：「翠鳥形如燕，赤而雄曰翡，青而雌曰翠，其羽可以飾幃帳。」韻集曰：「火齊，珠也。」戰國策曰：「應侯謂秦王曰『梁有縣黎』。」左傳曰：「晉荀息請以垂棘之璧假道於虞。」言懸黎、垂棘之玉，並夜有光輝也。

Comment [nine]: Zhaoyang Hall was the residence of Emperor Cheng's Brilliant Companion, Lady Zhao. The *Shuowen* says: "*Yi* means to wrap or twine." " It follows the *yu ye* fanqie." *Lun* and *jiu* denote green silk cords or ribbons. Some texts write bian instead of lun. The *Huainanzi* mentions "the pearl of the Marquis of Sui and the jade disk of the house of He." " Gao You explains that the Marquis of Sui once dressed a wounded serpent he met on the road." The snake later brought him a pearl in thanks, hence the "Marquis of Sui pearl." " The *Shuowen* defines *gang* as wheel-hub metal." " Read *jiang* or *gong.*" This refers to golden *gang* mounts that clamp jade disks and fit them into (The gloss clarifies bi as "jade disk.") The wall bands, spaced in neat rows like coins. The *Former Han History* says Zhaoyang's wall bands were often capped with golden *gang* mounts enclosing Lantian jades, bright pearls, and kingfisher plumes. " The *Record of Strange Things* describes kingfishers as swallow-shaped; red males are *fei*, green females *cui*, and their feathers trim curtains and bed-canopies." " The *Rhyme Collection* glosses *huo qi* as a pearl." " The *Stratagems of the Warring States* quotes Lord Ying telling the King of Qin that Liang possessed *xuanli* jade." " The *Zuo Tradition* says Jin's Xun Xi asked to borrow a path through Yu with the Chuiji jade." " Both *xuanli* and Chuiji jades glow at night."

115

注[一０]前書曰：「昭陽殿中庭彤朱，而殿上髹漆。」髹音休。漆黑故曰玄。墀，殿上地也。又曰；「切皆銅沓，黃金塗，白玉階。」扣音口。 □、磩，琳、□，並石次玉者。 □音而兗反，磩音戚。彩致，其文理密也。青熒，其光色也。漢武故事曰：「武帝起神堂，植玉樹，葺珊瑚為枝，以碧玉為葉。」淮南子曰：「櫫□山有碧樹在其北。」高誘注云：「碧，青石也。」謂以珠玉假為樹而植之於殿曲。阿，曲也。

Comment [ten]: The *Former Han History* says Zhaoyang's courtyard was red with cinnabar while the hall above was lacquered black. " *Xiu* is read *xiu* (rest)." Because the lacquer was black, it is called "dark" (*xuan*). *Chi* is the paved floor of the hall. The text continues: "Every joint was banded in bronze, gilded, with white-jade steps." " *Kou* is read *kou* (mouth)." The named stones are all grades just below true jade. The first character follows the *er yan* fanqie; *qi* is read like *qi* (urgency). *Cai zhi* describes how tightly figured the grain is. *Qing ying* names the stone's greenish gleam. *Han Wu Tales* says Emperor Wu built a spirit hall and set up jade trees with coral branches and green-jade leaves. " The *Huainanzi* speaks of a green tree north of Zhu[lacuna] Mountain." " Gao You glosses *bi* as bluish stone." " They fashioned pearl and jade into artificial trees and set them in the recesses of the hall." *E* means a bend or niche.

116

注[一一]薛綜注西京賦曰：「颯纚，長袖貌。颯音素合反，纚音山綺反。」綺，文繒也。組，綬也。繽紛，盛魍。燭，照也。言精彩華飾照耀也。戰國策張儀謂秦王曰：「彼周、鄭之女，粉白黛黑立於衢，非知而見之者以為神也。」

Comment [eleven]: Xue Zong's gloss on the *Western Capital Rhapsody* says *sa li* depicts sweeping sleeves. *Sa* follows the *su he* fanqie; *li* follows *shan qi*. " *Qi* is figured silk." *Zu* refers to woven ribbons or cords. *Bin fen* means riotously abundant ornament. *Zhu* means to illuminate. This describes dazzling finery lit up in brilliance. In the *Stratagems*, Zhang Yi tells the King of Qin that Zhou and Zheng girls, powdered and kohled, standing at crossroads seemed divine to passersby who did not know better.

117

注[一二]前書曰：「漢興，因秦之稱號，正嫡稱皇后，妾皆稱夫人。凡十四等，有昭儀、婕妤、娙娥、傛華、美人、八子、充衣、七子、良人、長使、少使、五官、順常，是為十三等；又有無涓、共和、娛靈、保林、良使、夜者，秩祿同，共為一等，合十四位也。」窈窕，幽閒也。繁華，美麗也。百數謂以百而數之也。

Comment [twelve]: The *Former Han History* says that at the dynasty's founding Han kept Qin's nomenclature: the chief consort was empress and lesser wives were ladies. There were nominally fourteen ranks: Brilliant Companion down through Ever Constant count as thirteen; No Impurity, Shared Harmony, Joyful Spirit, Protected Grove, Fair Envoy, and Night Watch shared pay and counted together as one rank, making fourteen posts in all. " *Yao tiao* means secluded grace." *Fan hua* means radiant beauty. "Numbered in the hundreds" means reckoned by hundreds.

118

注[一三]蕭何、曹參並沛人，魏相字弱翁，濟陰人，邴吉字少卿，魯國人，並為丞相。

Comment [thirteen]: Xiao He and Cao Shen were both from Pei; Wei Xiang (Weak Elder) came from Jiyin; Bing Ji (Junior Minister) from Lu—and they all rose to chancellor.

119

注[一四]李陵書曰：「其餘佐命立功之士。」司馬相如曰：「垂統理順易繼也。」統，業也。禮記曰：「保者慎其身以輔翼之。」愷，樂也。悌，易也。楊雄長楊賦曰：「今朝廷出愷悌，行簡易。」王□四子講德論曰：「秦之處位任政者，並施毒螫。」前書曰：「孝惠、高後之時，海內得離戰國之苦，君臣俱欲無為，而天下晏然，衣食滋殖。」又曰：「近觀漢相，高祖開基，蕭、曹為冠。孝宣中興，丙、魏有聲。」是時黜陟有序，觿職修理，公卿多稱其位，海內興於禮讓也。

Comment [fourteen]: Li Ling's letter speaks of "those who aided the dynastic mandate and won merit." " Sima Xiangru says a smooth succession hangs on orderly transmission of the lineage." " *Tong* means the inherited enterprise." The *Record of Rites* says guardians watch themselves closely while supporting the ruler. " *Kai* means joyful kindness." *Ti* here means easygoing gentleness. Yang Xiong's *Tall Poplar Rhapsody* says the court now shows kindness and follows plain, easy rule. " Wang [lacuna]'s *Four Masters Discussing Virtue* says Qin's officials ruled with venomous cruelty." " The *Former Han History* says that under Emperor Hui and Empress Gao the realm escaped Warring States misery; rulers and ministers favored quiet rule, the land grew calm, and livelihoods flourished." " It adds that among Han chancellors since Gaozu's founding Xiao He and Cao Shen stood first." Emperor Xuan's revival brought Bing and Wei renown. " Appointments followed merit, offices ran true, nobles suited their stations, and the realm turned to courtesy and deference."

120

注[一六]三輔故事曰：「天祿、石渠並閣名，在未央宮北，以閣秘書。」諄誨謂殷勤教告也。詩大雅曰：「誨爾諄諄。」鄭玄注云：「我教告王，口語諄諄然。」諄音之純反。六蓺謂詩、書、禮、樂、易、春秋也。稽，考也。前書，甘露中詔諸儒講五經同異，令蕭望之平奏其議。

Comment [sixteen]: The *Three Adjuncts Tales* names Heaven's Blessing and Stone Canal towers north of Weiyang where palace books were stored. " *Zhun hui* means tirelessly instructing." The *Greater Odes* says "I instruct you again and again." " Zheng Xuan explains that the speaker admonishes the king with repeated oral counsel." " *Zhun* follows the *zhi chun* fanqie." The six arts are the Odes, Documents, Rites, Music, Changes, and Spring and Autumn. *Ji* means to investigate or collate. The *Former Han History* records that under Ganlu an edict summoned scholars to debate the Five Classics and ordered Xiao Wangzhi to summarize their findings.

121

注[一七]承明，殿前之廬也。金馬，署名也。門有銅馬，故名金馬門，待詔者皆居之。宏亦大也。元其元，本其本。秘文，秘書也。孝經鉤命決曰「丘掇秘文」也。

Comment [seventeen]: Chengming was the lodge before the hall. Golden Horse names an official bureau. A bronze horse stood by the gate, hence Golden Horse Gate, where expectant scholars lodged. *Hong* likewise means vast. It traces each topic to first principles. *Mi wen* refers to palace archives. The *Hooking Fate Judgment* on the *Classic of Filial Piety* says Kong Qiu "gathered secret texts."

122

注[一八]周，環也。前書音義曰：「鉤陳，紫宮外星也，宮□之位亦象之。」嚴更之署，行夜之司也。禮官，奉常也，有博士掌試策，考其優劣，為甲乙之科，即前書曰「太常以公孫弘為下第」是也。言百郡，舉全數。前書又曰：「興廉舉孝。」

Comment [eighteen]: *Zhou* means to ring or encircle. The *Former Han Sounds and Meanings* says Hook Array is outside the Purple Palace and palace stations mirror it. " These are offices for night watches and patrol duty." The Minister of Rites (Grand Upholder) oversaw examination essays ranked from top to bottom, as when the *Former Han History* notes Gongsun Hong placed in the lowest tier. "The hundred commanderies" states the full tally rhetorically. The *Former Han History* also speaks of promoting the honest and filial.

123

注[一九]虎賁，宿□之臣。贅衣，主衣之官。贅，綴也，音之銳反。尚書曰：「綴衣虎賁。」閹尹、閽寺並宦官，周禮有閹人、寺人。陛戟，執戟於陛也。百重，言多也。攸，所也。司，主也，協韻音伺。

Comment [nineteen]: Tiger Runners are household guards. *Zhui yi* officers oversaw wardrobe. *Zhui* means to tie or attach; it follows the *zhi rui* fanqie. The *Scriptures* pairs wardrobe stewards with Tiger Runners. " Eunuch directors and gatekeepers were palace staff like the Zhou Rites' castrates and temple attendants." Terrace halberdiers stood guard on the steps. "A hundredfold" means simply "many." *You* means "where" or "the place that." *Si* means to oversee; read *si* like "watch" for the rhyme.

124

注[二０]廬謂宿□之廬，周於宮也。千列，言多也。史記：「□令曰周廬，設卒甚謹。」徼道，徼巡之道。綺錯，交錯也。前書曰「中尉掌徼巡京師」也。

Comment [twenty]: These are guard barracks ringing the palace. "Thousand ranks" means simply "many rows." The *Records* says perimeter barracks were posted with strict sentries. " *Jiao dao* are patrol routes." *Qi cuo* means crisscrossed. The *Former Han History* says the commandant patrolled the capital.

125

注[二一]前書音義曰：「輦道，閣道也。」「塗」亦「塗」也，古字通用。

Comment [twenty-one]: The *Former Han Sounds and Meanings* glosses palanquin routes as elevated galleries. " The two graphs for "road" were interchangeable in antiquity."

126

注[二二]未央宮在西，長樂宮在東，桂宮、明光宮在北，言飛閣相連也。墱，陛級也，音丁鄧反。墉，城也。混，同也。建章宮在城西。屬，連也。前書曰：「建章宮，其東則鳳闕，* (門) *高二十餘丈，其南有璧門之屬。」說文曰「柧稜，殿堂上最高之處也。」柧音孤，稜音力登反。其上棲金雀焉。三輔故事曰「建章宮闕上有銅鳳皇」，即金雀也。

Comment [twenty-two]: Weiyang lay west, Eternal Joy east, Cassia and Radiant Light north—linked by flying galleries. *Deng* names stepped terraces; read with the *ding deng* fanqie. *Yong* means the city wall. *Hun* means merged or identical. Establish Splendor Palace stood west of the city. *Shu* means joined or continuous. The *Former Han History* says Establish Splendor's east featured the Phoenix Gate-tower, (The gloss supplies the word "gate.") It rose over twenty zhang tall; to the south stood jade gates and similar structures. " The *Shuowen* defines *gu leng* as the uppermost corners of a hall." " *Gu* sounds like *gu* (orphan); *leng* follows *li deng*." Golden sparrows perched atop them. The *Three Adjuncts Tales* mentions bronze phoenixes on Establish Splendor's towers—the "golden sparrows."

127

注[二三]三輔故事曰：「建章宮東有折風闕。」關中記曰：「折風一名別風。」嶕嶢，高也。嶕音焦，嶢音堯。前書曰，建章宮度為千門萬戶。合謂之陰，開謂之陽。易曰：「闔戶謂之坤，辟戶謂之干。」

Comment [twenty-three]: The *Three Adjuncts Tales* places the Bend Wind tower east of Establish Splendor. " The *Record of the Pass* calls Bend Wind also Separate Wind." " *Jiao yao* means towering." *Jiao* is read *jiao*; *yao* follows the usual reading for the lofty graph. The *Former Han History* says Establish Splendor spanned a thousand gates and myriad doors. Closed panels count as yin; open ones as yang. The *Changes* says shutting the door is kun and opening it is qian.

128

注[二四]正殿即前殿也。層，重也。臨乎未央，言高之極也。關中記建章宮有駘蕩、馺娑、枍詣殿。天梁亦宮名也。駘音殆，蕩音蕩。馺音素合反，娑音素可反。枍音烏計反。小雅曰：「蓋戴，覆也。」反宇謂飛簷上反也。激日謂日影激入於殿內也。

Comment [twenty-four]: The main hall is the front hall. *Ceng* means stacked stories. "Overlooking Weiyang" stresses its extraordinary height. *Record of the Pass* lists Establish Splendor's Idle Sweep, Swift Glide, and Catalpa Reach halls. Heaven Beam is another palace name. *Dai* follows the *dai* fanqie; *dang* as in "to sweep." *Sa* follows the *su he* fanqie; *suo* follows *su ke*. *Yi* follows the *wu ji* fanqie. The *Minor Odes* glosses *gai dai* as "to cover over." " *Fan yu* names the upturned sweep of the flying eaves." "Shot sunlight" describes rays striking deep into the hall.

129

注[二五]神明，台名也。躋，升也。偃蹇，高貌也。軼，過也。前書音義曰：「凡數三分有二為太半。」說文曰：「棼，棟也。」爾雅曰：「楣謂之梁。」郭璞云：「門戶上橫樑也。」方言曰：「僄，輕也。」音匹妙反。鄭玄注禮記曰：「狡，疾也。」字書曰：「愕，驚也。」音五各反。字林曰：「眙，驚貌也。」音丑吏反。

Comment [twenty-five]: Divine Bright was the name of a terrace. *Ji* means to climb. *Yan jian* describes lofty loftiness. *Yi* means to overshoot or pass beyond. The *Former Han Sounds and Meanings* defines "greater half" as two of three parts. " The *Shuowen* glosses *fen* as the ridge-beam." " The *Erya* calls the lintel *mei*." " Guo Pu explains it as the crossbeam above the doorway." " The *Dialects* glosses *piao* as "light" or "fleet." " It follows the *pi miao* fanqie." Zheng Xuan's *Record of Rites* note glosses *jiao* as swift. " The character handbook glosses *e* as alarm." " It follows the *wu ge* fanqie." The *Character Forest* defines *yi* as a stunned look. " It follows the *chou li* fanqie."

130

注[二六]井干，樓名也。前書曰：「武帝作井干樓，高五十丈，輦道相屬焉。」蒼頡篇曰：「眴，視不明也。」音眩。欞檻，樓上欄楯也。欞音零。稽，留也。

Comment [twenty-six]: Well-Crib was the name of a tower. The *Former Han History* says Emperor Wu built Well-Crib Tower fifty zhang high with linked gallery-roads. " The *Cangjie Primer* glosses *xuan* as blurred sight." " Read like *xuan* (dizzy)." *Ling jian* are the railings around an upper story. *Ling* is read *ling* (zero bell). *Ji* means to linger or delay.

131

注[二七]淮南子曰：「甬道相連。」高誘注云：「甬道，飛閣復道也。」廣雅曰：「窈窱，深也。」「杳」與「窈」通。窱音它鳥反。陽，明也。既創前之登望，乃下巡於復道，宮宇深邃，又不見明者。

Comment [twenty-seven]: The *Huainanzi* speaks of linked corridors. " Gao You glosses *yong dao* as elevated galleries and overhead passages." " The *Guangya* glosses *yao tiao* as depth." " The graphs for "dim" and "deep" were interchangeable." *Tiao* follows the *ta niao* fanqie. *Yang* means brightness. Having climbed to view above, one descends into overhead passages where halls run deep and light fails.

132

注[二八]飛闥，閣上門也。王逸注楚辭曰：「洋洋，無所歸魍。」

Comment [twenty-eight]: A flying *ta* is a doorway set in an upper gallery. Wang Yi's *Songs of Chu* note glosses *yang yang* as wandering without refuge.

133

注[二九]前書曰：「建章宮，其西唐中數十里。」音義曰：「唐，庭也。」其北太液池中有蓬萊、方丈、瀛洲、壺梁，像海中神山。湯湯，流貌也。蒼頡篇曰：「濤，大波也。」碣石，海畔山也。說文曰：「濫，泛也。」列子曰：「海中有神山，一曰岱輿，二曰員嶠，三曰方壺，四曰瀛洲，五曰蓬萊。」

Comment [twenty-nine]: The *Former Han History* says Establish Splendor's western yard stretched dozens of li. " The gloss reads *tang* as "court" or "yard." " North lay Grand Fluid Pool with islets modeled on Penglai, Fangzhang, Yingzhou, and Pot Beam—the sea immortals' peaks." *Shang shang* describes rolling surge. The *Cangjie Primer* defines *tao* as great billows. " Jie Rock is a coastal peak." The *Shuowen* glosses *lan* as flooding spread. " *Liezi* lists five fairy peaks in the sea: Dai Yu, Yuan Qiao, Fang Hu, Yingzhou, and Penglai."

134

注[三０]靈草、神本謂不死藥也。史記曰：「海中神山，仙人不死藥在焉。」崢嶸，高峻也。崔音徂回反，崒音才律反。崢音仕耕反，嶸音宏。

Comment [thirty]: Spirit grasses and divine stems mean elixirs of immortality. The *Records* says the sea peaks hold the immortals' deathless drugs. " *Zheng rong* means towering crags." *Cui* follows *zu hui*; *zu* follows *cai lu*. *Zheng* follows *shi geng*; *rong* like *hong* (vast).

135

注[三一]前書曰，武帝時作銅柱承露僊人掌之屬。三輔故事云：「建章宮承露盤，高二十丈，大七圍，以銅為之。上有仙人掌承露，和玉屑飲之。」金莖即銅柱也。軼，過也。埃壒，塵也。鮮，絜也。說文曰：「顥，白魍。」音皓。

Comment [thirty-one]: The *Former Han History* records Emperor Wu's bronze pillars, dew-catching palms, and similar works. The *Three Adjuncts Tales* describes Establish Splendor's dew basin—twenty zhang tall, seven girths around, cast in bronze. Immortal palms caught the dew to mix with powdered jade for drinking. " The golden stems are the bronze pillars." *Yi* means to rise beyond. *Ai ai* is airborne dust and haze. *Xian* means pure or bright-clean. The *Shuowen* glosses *hao* as radiant white. " Read *hao* (bright)."

136

注[三二]丕，大也。誕，欺也。前書曰：「齊人李少翁以方士見上，上拜為文成將軍，言於上曰：『即欲與神通，宮室被服非象神，神物不至。』乃作甘泉宮，中為台，畫天、地、泰一諸鬼神，而置祭具以致天神。」又曰：「膠東人欒大多方略而敢為大言，言曰：『臣常往東海中，見安期、羨門之屬。』乃拜為五利將軍。」刑，法也。列仙傳曰：「赤松子者，神農時雨師也，服水玉以教神農。」又曰：「王子喬者，周靈王太子晉，道士浮丘公接以上嵩山。」

Comment [thirty-two]: *Pi* means grand. *Dan* means boastful deceit. The *Former Han History* says the Qi fangshi Li Shaoweng became General Wencheng and told the emperor that without spirit-like halls and robes the gods would not come. " He built Sweet Springs Palace with terraces painted with Heaven, Earth, Grand Unity, and spirits, and set out offerings to draw down celestial powers." " It adds that Jiaodong's Luan Da was bold and boastful, claiming he had met immortals such as Anqi Sheng and Xianmen Gao in the eastern sea." " He was therefore named Five Profits general." " *Xing* means punishment under law." The *Arrayed Transcendents* names Red Pine Master as Shennong's rain master who taught him after eating "water jade." " It also tells how Daoist Fuqiu Gong lifted Prince Jin of Zhou to Mount Song."

137

爾乃盛娛游之壯觀，奮大武乎上囿，因茲以威戎誇狄，耀威而講事。 [一]命荊州使起鳥，詔梁野而驅獸，毛腢內闐，飛羽上覆，接翼側足，集禁林而屯聚。 [二]水衡虞人，理其營表，種別腢分，部曲有署。 [三]罘罔連紘，籠山絡野，列卒周□，星羅雲布。 [四]於是乘* (鑾) *輿備法駕，帥腢臣，披飛廉，入苑門。 [五]遂繞酆鎬，歷上蘭，六師發冑，百獸駭殫，震震爚爚，雷奔電激，草木塗地，山淵反覆，蹂蹸其十二三，乃拗怒而少息。 [六]爾乃期門佽飛，列刃鑽鍭，要趹追蹤，鳥驚觸絲，獸駭值鋒，機不□掎，弦不再控，矢無單殺，中必疊雙，颮颮紛紛，矰繳相纏，風毛雨血，灑野蔽天。 [七]平原赤，勇士厲，譸狖失木，豺狼攝竄。 [八]爾乃移師趨險，並蹈潛穢，窮虎奔突，狂兕觸□。 [九]許少施巧，秦成力折，掎僄狡，診猛噬，脫角挫脰，徒搏獨殺。 [一０]挾師豹，拖熊螭，頓犀犛，曳豪羆，超迥壑，越峻崖，□巉巖，鉅石隤，松□僕，叢林摧，草木無餘，禽獸殄夷。 [一一]於是天子乃登屬玉之館，歷長楊之榭，覽山川之體埶，觀三軍之殺獲，原野蕭條，目極四裔，禽相鎮厭，獸相枕藉。 [一二]然後收禽會觿，論功賜胙，陳輕騎以行炰，騰酒車而斟酌，割鮮野食，舉燧命爵。 [一三]饗賜畢，勞逸齊，大輅鳴鸞，容與□回，集乎豫章之宇，臨乎昆明之池。 [一四]左牽牛而右織女，似雲漢之無崖，茂樹蔭蔚，芳草被堤，蘭□髮色，曄曄猗猗，若摛錦布繡，燭耀乎其陂。 [一五]玄鶴白鷺，黃鵠鵁鸛，鶬鴰鴇鶂，鳧鷖鴻鴈，朝發河海，夕宿江漢，沉浮往來，雲集霧散。 [一六]於是後宮乘輚路，登龍舟，張鳳蓋，建華旗，袪黼帷，鏡清流，靡微風，澹淡浮。 [一七]棹女謳，鼓吹震，聲激越，謍厲天，鳥腢翔，魚窺淵。 [一八]招白閒，下雙鵠，揄文竿，出比目。

Then came the grand spectacle of royal outings and martial display in the upper hunting park—thereby awing the Rong, vaunting over the Di, brandishing might while holding the martial review. [One] They ordered Jingzhou to flush game birds and summoned the Liang wilderness to drive beasts—fur-clad creatures thronged below while wings darkened the sky above, birds packing wing to wing and talon beside talon, crowding the imperial grove. [Two] The Water Superintendent's foresters set camp boundaries, sorted quarry by species and ground, and assigned each unit its station. [Three] Nets and cords linked roofed the hills and spanned the wilds; ranks closed the ring—spread like stars, arrayed like clouds. [Four] Then he mounted the bell-decked (The gloss supplies "bells" of the state carriage.) He took the bell-decked carriage in full formal escort, led every minister past Flying Gale Gate, and entered the park. [Five] They swept past Feng and Hao, crossed Upper Orchid Terrace; the six hosts threw off helmet straps as beasts scattered and fell—earth shook and light flashed like thunderbolts, flora flattened and hillsides overturned until a tenth or more were trampled; only then did fury slacken. [Six] Gate Guards and flying archers drew blades and broadheads, cutting off every escape—birds struck the nets, beasts ran onto spear-points; triggers snapped without pause, bowstrings thrummed without cease; no arrow claimed one quarry alone, each shot piled kills two deep—shafts whistled, cords tangled, fur flew like wind and blood fell like rain until field and sky went dark. [Seven] The flats ran red and warriors blazed with zeal; long-armed apes fled the woods and wolves slunk away in terror. [Eight] The columns turned into rough ground and plunged through tangled thickets—cornered tigers charged and maddened rhinos crashed [lacuna]. [Nine] Xu Shao fought with craft and Qin Cheng with brute strength—they tripped fleet quarry, seized savage biters, snapped horns and necks, and brought down beasts bare-handed, each hunter claiming his kill alone. [Ten] They grappled leopards, dragged bears and hornless dragons, wrestled rhinos and yaks, hauled giant bears across chasms and cliffs—scree gave way, boulders tumbled, pines crashed, brush shattered; not a blade of grass remained and every beast was wiped out. [Eleven] The emperor climbed the Jade Cockatrice lodge and the Tall Poplar terrace, scanned landforms and watched the hosts tally kills—the wasteland lay bare to the horizon's edge, birds piled in heaps and beasts sprawled flank on flank. [Twelve] Then they gathered quarry and horn knives, ranked merit and handed out sacrificial cuts—light horse swept in roasts, wine carts rolled up for pouring—they carved fresh meat in the field, lit torches, and passed the cups by rank. [Thirteen] When feasting ended and weariness faded alike, the great bell-carriage rolled at ease, circling slowly toward Yu Zhang Hall and halting above Kunming Pool. [Fourteen] Oxherd stood left and Weaver right like figures along the endless Milky Way—thick trees shaded the banks, sweet herbs clothed the dikes, orchids flashed color, gleaming and lush as spread brocade, torch-bright across the slope. [Fifteen] Dark cranes and egrets, swans and herons, orioles and grebes, ducks, gulls, and wild geese—morning flights from river and sea, evening roosts on Yangtze and Han—wheeling aloft and settling again, thick as clouds then gone like mist. [Sixteen] Harem ladies boarded screened coaches and dragon barges, raised phoenix parasols and silken banners, drew aside embroidered curtains, mirrored themselves in clear currents, and drifted gently where breezes barely stirred the waves. [Seventeen] Maidens at the oars sang while drums and pipes shook the air—the notes pierced skyward; birds wheeled overhead and fish stared up from the depths. [Eighteen] They lured whitefish and paired swans, flicked patterned rods, and drew flatfish from the deep.

138

[一九]撫鴻幢，御矰繳，方舟並騖，俛仰極樂。 [二０]遂風舉雲搖，浮游普覽，前乘秦領，後越九嵕，[二一]東薄河華，西涉岐雍，宮館所歷，百有餘區，行所朝夕，儲不改供。 [二二]禮上下而接山川，究休佑之所用，采游童之歡謠，第從臣之嘉頌。 [二三]於斯之時，都都相望，邑邑相屬，國藉十世之基，家承百年之業，士食舊德之名氏，農服先疇之畎畝，商修族世之所鬻，工用高曾之規矩，粲乎隱隱，各得其所。 [二四]注[一]大武謂大陳武事也。月令「孟冬之月，天子乃命將帥講武，習射御」也。

[Nineteen] They skimmed broad pennants, worked fowling arrows, raced paired boats side by side, and bent and lifted with utter delight. [Twenty] Wind-borne and cloud-swung they roamed far—beyond Qin Ridge and past the Nine Peaks, east to the Yellow River and Mount Hua, west across Qi and Yong—more than a hundred palace lodges lined the route, yet dawn-to-dusk travel never outran the granaries. [Twenty-two] They observed ritual above and below and welcomed spirits of hill and stream, sounding out omens of blessing; they gathered children's songs from the roads and ranked ministers' celebratory odes. [Twenty-three] Then capital faced capital and town touched town; houses rested on ten generations of merit and lands on a century of toil—scholars drew old patronymics, farmers worked ancestral plots, merchants traded crafts handed down, artisans followed ancient gauges—and under that steady glow each estate kept its station. [Twenty-four] Comment [one]: "Great Martial" names the grand martial review. The *Monthly Ordinances* says that in the first month of winter the emperor orders commanders to drill troops and practice archery and charioteering.

139

注[二]荊州，江、湘之地，其俗習於捕鳥，故使起之。梁野，巴、漢之人，其俗習於逐獸，故使其人驅之。闐音田。聚音才諭反。

Comment [two]: Jingzhou along Yangzi and Xiang bred bird catchers, hence they were ordered to flush fowl. The Liang wilderness drew Ba and Han folk skilled at driving game, so they were charged with stampeding quarry. *Tian* is read *tian* (field). *Ju* follows the *cai yu* fanqie.

140

注[三]前書曰：「上林苑屬水衡都尉。虞人，掌山澤之官。」周禮曰：「虞人萊所田之野為表。」鄭司農曰：「表，所以識正行列也。」續漢書「將軍領軍皆有部，大將軍營五部，部校尉一人，部下有曲，曲有軍候一人」也。

Comment [three]: The *Former Han History* places Upper Grove Park under the Water Superintendent. Foresters were officers charged with hills and wetlands. " The *Zhou Rites* says foresters clear the hunting ground and set line markers." " Zheng Sinong explains that markers keep the lines straight." " The *Continued Han History* states that every command has companies, a great general has five, each with a colonel, each company with a warden."

141

注[四]鄭玄注禮記曰：「獸□曰罘。」音浮。紘，罘之綱。

Comment [four]: Zheng Xuan's *Record of Rites* glosses the beast-net as *fu*. " Read *fu* (float)." *Hong* is the main rope of the mesh net.

142

注[五]蔡邕獨斷曰：「天子至尊，不敢渫瀆言之，故托於乘輿。天子車駕有大駕、法駕、小駕。大駕則公卿奉引，備千乘萬騎。法駕，公*[卿]*不在鹵簿中，唯執金吾奉引，侍中驂乘。」飛廉，館名也，武帝所作。前書音義曰：「飛廉，神禽，能致風氣，身似鹿，頭如雀，有角而蛇尾，文如豹文。於館上作之，因以名焉。」

Comment [five]: Cai Yong's *Sole Judgments* says subjects avoid blunt references to the emperor by speaking of his carriage instead. Imperial processions were graded grand, formal, or minor. The grand escort paired dukes and ministers as outriders with thousands of chariots and riders. For formal escort the Three Lords stood outside the procession roster; only the Bearer of the Mace led and the attendant rode beside. " Flying Gale was a lodge complex built by Emperor Wu." The *Former Han Sounds and Meanings* describes Flying Gale as a wind-summoning spirit bird—deer-like body, sparrow head, horned, snake tail, leopard markings. They molded the image atop the lodge and named it accordingly."

143

注[六]酆，文王所都，在鄠縣東。鎬，武王所都，在上林苑中。三輔黃圖雲，上林苑有上蘭觀。尚書曰：「司馬掌邦政，統六師。」又曰：「百獸率舞。」駭殫，言驚懼也。震震爚爚，奔走之貌。爚音躍。塗，□也。反覆猶傾動也。車騎既多，視之眩亂，有似傾動。蹂，踐也，音汝九反。蹸，轢也，音力刃反。拗猶抑也，音於六反。言且抑六師之怒而少停也。

Comment [six]: Feng was King Wen's seat east of Hu county. Hao was King Wu's capital within Upper Grove Park. The *Yellow Chart of the Three Adjuncts* lists Upper Orchid Terrace in Upper Grove. The *Scriptures* charges the Minister of War with the six hosts. " It also says the beasts dance in step." " *Hai dan* stresses panic and exhaustion." Quaking and flashing describes the stampede. *Yue* is read like *yue* (leap). *Tu* means smeared flat across the ground. "Overturn" here means tottering as if the hills swayed. So many horsemen blurred the sight until hills seemed to reel. *Rou* means to trample; follow the *ru jiu* fanqie. *Lin* means to crush under wheels; follow *li ren*. *Ao* means to restrain; read with *yu liu*. This describes briefly checking the hosts' fury.

144

注[七]前書曰，武帝與北地良家子期於殿門，故號「期門」。又曰：「募佽飛射士」。音義：「佽飛，本秦左弋官也。武帝改為佽飛官，有一令九丞，在上林中。

Comment [seven]: The *Former Han History* says Emperor Wu drilled Beidi yeomen at the palace gate—hence "Gate Guards." It also mentions recruiting Ci-Fei bowmen. The gloss traces Ci-Fei to Qin's Left Archer bureau. Emperor Wu renamed it the Ci-Fei office—one director and nine assistants inside Upper Grove.

145

紡矰繳，弋鳧鴈，歲萬頭，以供宗廟。」蒼頡篇曰：「攢，聚也。」「鑽」與「攢」通。爾雅曰：「金鏃翦羽謂之鍭。」音侯。廣雅曰：「趹，奔也。」音決。機，弩牙也。說文曰：「掎，偏引也。」音居綺反。颮颮紛紛，觿多也。說文曰：「颮，古坎字。」鄭玄注周禮曰：「結繳於矢謂之矰。」矰，高也。

They spun cords for fowling bolts, shot ducks and geese—tens of thousands yearly—for ancestral offerings. " The *Cangjie Primer* glosses *cuan* as "mass together." " The graphs *zuan* and *cuan* were interchangeable." The *Erya* defines metal broadheads as *hou*. " Read *hou*." The *Guangya* glosses *gui* as bolting. " Read *jue* (decide)." *Ji* is the crossbow catch. The *Shuowen* defines *ji* as hauling sideways. " Follow the *ju qi* fanqie." Whirling chaos means sheer multitude. The *Shuowen* treats *biao* as an old form of *kan*. " Zheng Xuan's *Zhou Rites* note calls corded arrows *zeng*." " *Zeng* also implies lofted shots."

146

注[八]郭璞注山海經曰：「譸似猴而大，臂長，便捷，色黑。」蒼頡書曰：「狖似狸。」音以救反。淮南子曰：「譸狖顛□而失木枝。」懾，懼也，音之葉反。竄，走也，協韻音七外反。

Comment [eight]: Guo Pu's *Classic of Mountains and Seas* calls *zhou* a large black ape with long arms. " The *Cangjie Book* compares *you* to a civet." " Follow *yi jiu*." The *Huainanzi* says zhou and you tumble from the trees. " *She* means terror; read *zhi ye*." *Cuan* means flee; read *qi wai* for the rhyme.

147

注[九]潛，深也。穢謂榛蕪之林，虎兕之所居也。爾雅曰：「兕似牛。」郭璞曰：「一角，青色，重千斤。」廣雅曰：「□，跳也。」音居□反。

Comment [nine]: *Qian* means depth. *Hui* names tangled groves where tigers and rhinos lurk. The *Erya* says the rhino resembles an ox. " Guo Pu adds one horn, green hide, a thousand jin in weight." " The *Guangya* glosses the graph as "to leap." " Follow the commentary's *ju* fanqie as preserved in the text."

148

注[一０]許少、秦成，並未詳。僄狡，獸之輕捷者。說文曰：「搤，捉也。」音□。「搤」與「診」通。噬，囓也。挫，折也。脰，頸也。徒，空也。謂空手搏殺之也。爾雅曰：「暴虎，徒搏也。」殺音所界反。

Comment [ten]: Xu Shao and Qin Cheng are not further identified. *Piao jiao* names fleet-footed quarry. The *Shuowen* glosses *e* as grappling. " Reading follows the gloss." The graphs *e* and *zhen* were used interchangeably. *Shi* means to bite savagely. *Cuo* means to snap. *Dou* is the neck. *Tu* means bare-handed. This describes killing with empty hands. The *Erya* defines tackling a tiger bare-handed. " *Sha* follows *suo jie*."

149

注[一一]師，師子也。說文曰：「拖，曳也。」音徒可反。杜預注左傳云：「螭，山神，獸形。」郭璞注山海經曰：「犀似牛而質頭，黑色，有三角，一在頂上，一在額上，一在鼻上。犛牛黑色，出西南徼外。」犛音力之反。爾雅曰：「羆似熊而黃。」巉巖，山石高峻之貌也。殄，盡也。夷猶殺也。

Comment [eleven]: *Shi* means lion. The *Shuowen* glosses *tuo* as hauling. " Follow *tuo ke*." Du Yu's *Zuo Tradition* calls *chi* a beast-formed mountain spirit. " Guo Pu describes the rhino as ox-like with three horns on crown, brow, and nose." Black yak cattle come from beyond the southwest frontier. " *Mao* follows *li zhi*." The *Erya* calls *pi* a yellow bear. " *Chan yan* depicts sheer cliffs." *Tian* means utterly destroyed. *Yi* likewise means slaughter.

150

注[一二]前書，宣帝幸萯陽宮屬玉觀。音義曰：「屬玉，水鳥也，似鵁鶄，於觀上作之，因以名焉。」三輔黃圖曰：「上林有長揚宮。」鄭玄注禮記曰：「土高曰台，有木曰榭。」獲，協韻音胡卦反。楚詞曰：「山蕭條而無獸。」

Comment [twelve]: The *Former Han History* notes Emperor Xuan visiting Jade Cockatrice Terrace at Fuyang Palace. The gloss identifies *shu yu* as a grebe-like waterfowl modeled atop the terrace. " The *Yellow Chart* lists Tall Poplar Palace in Upper Grove." " Zheng Xuan defines an earthen mound as terrace and a wooded structure as kiosk." " *Huo* reads *hu gua* for the rhyme." The *Chu Lyrics* speaks of bleak hills emptied of game.

151

注[一三]胙，余肉也。左傳曰：「歸胙於公。」詩小雅曰：「炰之燔之。」毛萇注曰：「以毛曰炰。」音步交反。子虛賦曰：「割鮮染輪。」孔安國注尚書曰：「鳥獸新殺曰鮮。」

Comment [thirteen]: *Zuo* is sacrificial meat portions. The *Zuo Tradition* mentions returning sacrificial cuts to the lord. " The *Minor Odes* says "roast and broil." " Mao Chang defines roasting with hair on as *bao*." " Follow *bu jiao*." The *Sir Void Rhapsody* speaks of carving fresh kill and staining wheel rims. " Kong Anguo glosses *xian* as newly slaughtered game."

152

注[一四]大輅，玉輅也。周禮曰：「凡馭輅儀以鑾和為節。」鄭玄注曰：「鑾在衡，和在軾，皆金鈴也。」三輔黃圖曰：「上林苑有豫章觀。」

Comment [fourteen]: The grand carriage is the jade state coach. The *Zhou Rites* times carriage pace with bell and chime. " Zheng Xuan explains bell on the yoke-bar and harmony on the shaft—all bronze bells." " The *Yellow Chart* lists Yu Zhang Terrace in Upper Grove."

153

注[一五]漢宮閣疏曰：「昆明池有二石人，牽牛、織女之象也。」雲漢，天河也。郭璞注爾雅云：「□，香草。」音昌改反。曄曄猗猗，美茂之貌。說文曰：「摛，舒也。」

Comment [fifteen]: The *Han Palace Pavilion Digest* describes Kunming Pool's stone Oxherd and Weaver Maid. " *Yun Han* is the Milky Way." Guo Pu's *Erya* gloss names a sweet-scented plant. " It follows the *chang gai* fanqie." *Ye ye yi yi* depicts splendor in full bloom. The *Shuowen* glosses *chi* as spreading out.

154

注[一六]郭璞注爾雅云：「鵁似鳧，恭近尾，略不能地行，江東謂之魚鵁。」音火交反。說文曰：「鸛，鸛雀也。」爾雅曰：「鶬，麋鴰。」音括。郭璞注曰：「即鶬鴰也，今關西呼為鴰鹿。」鴇似鴈而大，無指。音保。鶂，水鳥也。莊子曰：「白鷁之相視，眸子不運而風化。」李巡注爾雅曰：「在野曰鳧，在家曰鶩。」並鴨也。鄭玄注詩云：「鷖，鳧屬也。」音一兮反。周處風土記曰：「鷖，鷖□也，以名自呼，大如□，生卵於荷葉上。」毛萇注詩云：「大曰鴻，小曰鴈。」

Comment [sixteen]: Guo Pu says *jiao* resembles a duck with its neck tucked toward its tail—it barely walks on land; east of the Yangzi it is called fish-jiao. " Follow *huo jiao*." The *Shuowen* lists *guan* as the stork. " The *Erya* pairs *cang* with *gua*." " Read *kuo*." Guo Pu identifies it as *cang gua*, called gua-deer west of the passes. " The bustard resembles a wild goose but larger and lacks hind toes." Read *bao*. *Yi* is a waterfowl. *Zhuangzi* says paired white grebes need only lock eyes to mate—no movement yet conception follows. " Li Xun's *Erya* distinguishes wild duck from penned goose." " Both are ducks." Zheng Xuan's *Odes* note classes *yi* with ducks. " Follow *yi xi*." Zhou Chu's *Local Customs* describes *yi* calling its own name, sized like a duck, nesting on lotus leaves. " Mao Chang's *Odes* note calls large geese *hong* and smaller ones *yan*."

155

注[一七]埤蒼曰：「輚，臥車也。」音仕板反。淮南子曰：「龍舟鷁首，浮吹以虞。」桓譚新論曰：「乘車，玉爪、華芝及鳳皇三蓋。」上林賦曰：「乘法駕，建華旗。」高誘注淮南子曰：「袪，舉也。」澹，隨風之貌也。澹音徒濫反。淡音徒敢反。

Comment [seventeen]: The *Piyang* glosses *zhan* as a screened coach. " Follow *shi ban*." The *Huainanzi* describes dragon barges with grebe prows and floating music. " Huan Tan's *New Treatises* lists jade-claw, bloom-fungus, and phoenix parasols for coaches." " The *Rhapsody on the Shanglin Park* pairs formal escort with silken banners." " Gao You glosses *qu* as raising the curtain." " *Dan* describes drifting with the breeze." *Dan* follows *tu lan*. The alternate reading follows *tu gan*.

156

注[一八]棹，楫也。謳，歌也。震，協韻音真。謍，聲也，音火宏反。

Comment [eighteen]: *Zhao* means oars. *Ou* means singing. *Zhen* reads *zhen* for the rhyme. *Ying* denotes noise; follow *huo hong*.

157

注[一九]招猶舉也。弩有黃閒之名，此言白閒，蓋弓弩之屬。本或作「白鷴」，謂鳥也。西京雜記曰：「越王獻高帝白鷴、黑鷴各一雙。」說文曰：「揄，引也。」音投。文竿，以翠羽為文飾也。 * (闕) **[闞]*子曰：「魯人有好釣者，以桂為餌，鍛黃金之□，錯以銀碧，垂翡翠之綸。」爾雅曰：「東方有比目魚，不比不行。」

Comment [nineteen]: *Zhao* means to lift or raise. Crossbows bore names such as Yellow Leisure; White Leisure belongs to the same class. Some texts read "white pheasant," naming a bird. *Western Capital Miscellany* records the King of Yue gifting Gaodi paired white and black pheasants. " The *Shuowen* glosses *yu* as drawing out." " Read *tou*." Patterned rods were inlaid with kingfisher plumes. (Discourse marker linking to the following gloss.) (Editorial marker for missing graph.) **Master Kan** tells of a Lu angler who baited with cassia, forged golden hooks trimmed with silver and jade, and lowered kingfisher lines. " The *Erya* says eastern flatfish cannot swim unless paired."

158

注[二０]廣雅曰：「幢謂之幬。」幢音直江反，即舟中之幢蓋也。本或作「罿」。罿，鳥網也，音磨。矰，弋矢也。繳，以系箭也。方舟，並兩舟也。

Comment [twenty]: The *Guangya* equates *chuang* with canopy curtains. " *Chuang* follows *zhi jiang*—the boat awning." Some manuscripts write the bird-net graph instead. *Chong* is a bird net; read *mo*. *Zeng* is a fowling bolt. *Jiao* ties the retrieving cord to the shaft. *Fang zhou* couples two hulls side by side.

159

注[二一]協韻音綜。

Comment [twenty-one]: Read *zong* for the rhyme.

160

注[二二]薄，迫也。岐，山；雍，縣。在扶風。儲，積也。供，協韻音九用反。

Comment [twenty-two]: *Bo* means pressing close. *Qi* names Mount Qi; *Yong* is the county seat. Both lie in Fufeng commandery. *Chu* means stored provisions. *Gong* reads *jiu yong* for the rhyme.

161

注[二三]上下謂天地也。接亦祭也。究，盡也。用謂犧牷玉帛之物也。列子曰：「堯理天下五十年，不知天下理歟？亂歟？堯乃微服游於康衢，聞兒童謠曰：『立我蒸人，莫匪爾極，不識不知，順帝之則。』」言今同於堯也。前書曰：「宣帝頗好神仙，王□、張子僑等並待詔，所幸宮館，輒為歌頌，第其高下，以差賜帛焉。」

Comment [twenty-three]: "Above and below" mean Heaven and Earth. *Jie* likewise denotes sacrifice. *Jiu* means to exhaust or sound out. *Yong* covers victims, jades, and silks offered at rites. *Liezi* asks whether after fifty years Yao knew if the realm was truly ordered. Or in chaos? Yao wandered incognito and heard children sing that he had raised the people to utmost virtue without their knowing—following Heaven's pattern. " This asserts that the present reign rivals Yao's peace." The *Former Han History* says Emperor Xuan favored immortality seekers; Wang [lacuna], Zhang Ziqiao, and others sang hymns at favored lodges and received silk graded by merit.

162

注[二四]十代、百年，並舉全數也。易曰：「食舊德，貞厲終吉。」谷梁傳曰：「古者有士人、商人、農人、工人。」淮南子曰「古者至德之時，賈便其肆，農安其業，大夫安其職，而處士修其道」也。若臣者，徒觀多乎舊墟，聞之乎故老，什分而未得其一端，故不能□舉也。

Comment [twenty-four]: "Ten generations" and "a century" state full tallies. The *Changes* speaks of feeding on inherited virtue—though stern, ending auspiciously. " The *Guliang Tradition* lists knights, merchants, farmers, and artisans of antiquity." " The *Huainanzi* praises an age when merchants, farmers, officers, and recluses each kept their proper sphere." As for your servant, I have toured ruins and questioned elders yet grasp only a tithe—too little to cite fully.

163

校勘記

Editorial collation notes (section title).

164

一三二三頁四行今洺州永* (平) **[年]*縣也集解引沉欽韓說，謂「永平縣」當作「永年縣」，今據改。按：「洺」原作「洛」，形近而鬥，徑據殿本改正。

Page 1323, line 4 begins “now Mingzhou Yongping county”; the line continues after the gloss. (The gloss supplies the graph ping, completing the placename.) The sentence identifies Yongping county. The *Collected Commentaries* cite Shen Qinhan: the name should read Yongnian county, and the text is emended accordingly. Note: "Ming" was miswritten "Luo" from graphic similarity; it is corrected from the palace edition.

165

一三二三頁八行漢承秦制改立郡縣按：張森楷校勘記謂「改」當依前書作「並」，既承秦制，則非漢所改也。

Page 1323, line 8: Zhang Senkai's collation argues "alter" should match the *Former Han History* as "together"; Han inherited Qin's system rather than replacing it wholesale.

166

一三二四頁一行劉季逐而羈之按：集解引王補說，謂「羈」前書□傳作「掎」，通鑒亦作「掎」，用左傳「晉人角之，諸戎掎之。」

Page 1324, line 1: Wang Bu notes "restrain" matches "drag flank" in the *Former Han* biography and *Zizhi Tongjian*, echoing the *Zuo Tradition*.

167

一三二六頁三行見趙岐孟子注「岐」原斗「歧」，逕改正。按：紹興本趙岐之「岐」皆斗「歧」，後如此，不悉出校記。

Page 1326, line 3: Zhao Qi's Mencius commentary had "Qi" misprinted as "branch"; corrected directly. Note: Shaoxing editions misprint Zhao Qi's "Qi" throughout; later instances are silently corrected without repeating notes.

168

一三二六頁一四行豈若卑論齊俗按：「齊」當依史記作「儕」。

Page 1326, line 14: "Qi" should follow the *Records* as "peer among equals," not "Qi customs."

169

一三二七頁一一行彪復辟司徒玉況府汲本、殿本「玉」作「玊」。按：玉字本有肅音，不必改為「玊」，參閱前虞延傳校記。又按：集解引沉欽韓說，謂是時「司徒」上有「大」字。

Page 1327, line 11: Ji and palace editions write Yu Kuang's surname with a variant graph. Note: "Yu" already carries the proper reading; no need for the variant—see the collation on Yu Yan's biography. Shen Qinhan adds that "Grand Minister of Education" should carry the prefix "grand."

170

一三二八頁一行不能無*[為]*惡據集解本補。按：此所引賈誼上疏之辭與前書不同，前書作「習與正人居之，不能毋正，猶生長於齊，不能不齊言也。習與不正人居也，不能毋不正，猶生長於楚之地，不能不楚言也」。

Page 1328, line 1: "Cannot fail to do evil"—supplied from the *Collected Commentaries*. Note: This differs from the *Former Han History*, which reads that habit with the upright keeps one upright, as growing up in Qi teaches Qi speech. Habit with the crooked bends one crooked, as growing in Chu teaches Chu speech."

171

一三二八頁二行出則周公邵公太* (公) *史佚據汲本刪。按：史記云「召公為師，周公為保」，無太公輔成王事，「公」字衍。太史佚即史佚也。

Page 1328, line 2 lists figures who attended the ruler abroad: Duke Zhou, Duke Shao, and the Grand Duke (the line breaks before the final word, supplied by the gloss). (The gloss completes "Grand Duke.") The phrase naming Yi the Historian is deleted per the Ji manuscript. Note: The *Records* pairs Duke Shao as tutor and Duke Zhou as protector—no Grand Duke assisting Cheng; the extra "duke" is spurious. "Grand Historian Yi" is simply Yi the Historian.

172

一三二八頁一五行使僕中允按：沉家本謂「允」續志作「盾」。

Page 1328, line 15: Shen Jiaben notes "yun" appears as "shield" in the *Continued Treatise*.

173

一三二九頁四行故令誼傅之按：「令」原斗「今」，逕改正。

Page 1329, line 4: "Order" was misprinted "now"; corrected.

174

一三三０頁五行誦詩賦按：汲本「賦」作「書」。

Page 1330, line 5: The Ji edition reads "documents" instead of "rhapsodies."

175

一三三一頁一二行負薪之諾按：汲本、殿本「諾」作「語」。

Page 1331, line 12: Ji and palace editions read "speech" for "promise."

176

一三三二頁一三行執文之德按：集解引周壽昌說，謂周頌作「秉文之德」，此「秉」字作「執」，乃唐諱□，秉與□同音，嫌名也，故避「秉」為「執」，義同字異。

Page 1332, line 13: Zhou Shouchang notes the *Zhou Hymns* read "hold cultivated virtue"; Tang taboo replaced "hold" with "grasp"—same sense, alternate graph.

177

一三三三頁二行舟人吉桑對曰按：「吉桑」新序作「固桑」，說苑尊賢篇作「古乘」，人表作「固來」，循吏傳注作「古桑」。沉欽韓謂「乘」「來」皆「桑」之誤，「吉」又為「古」之誤。

Page 1333, line 2: Parallel texts vary "Ji Sang" as Gu Sang, Gu Cheng, Gu Lai, or Gu Sang across *New Preface*, *Garden of Stories*, and commentaries. Shen Qinhan argues "cheng" and "lai" corrupt "sang," and "ji" corrupts "gu."

178

一三三四頁三行召詣校書部按：「校書部」疑當作「校書郎」。御覽五一五引正作「校書郎」，又班超傳云「兄固，被召詣校書郎」。

Page 1334, line 3: the gloss naming the collating-books bureau should read collating secretary. The *Imperial Digest* reads correctly, matching Ban Gu's summons in Ban Chao's biography.

179

一三三四頁四行司隸從事孟異按：集解引惠棟說，謂「異」當作「冀」，見馬援、杜林等傳。又引沉欽韓說，謂史通正史篇作「孟冀」。

Page 1334, line 4: Hui Dong argues the aide's name should be Meng Ji, per parallel passages. Shen Qinhan notes *Shitong* agrees on Meng Ji.

180

一三三四頁一三行六代謂武帝史臣謂司馬遷也按：此注原誤置於「史臣」之下，今移正。蓋正文「六世」句絕，「史臣」屬下為句，若注於「史臣」之下，則「史臣」二字當連「六世」為句矣。

Page 1334, line 13: the comment was repositioned because "six generations" ends one clause and "court historian" opens the next. The note clarifies punctuation: "six generations" must stand alone before "the court historian Sima Qian."

181

一三三五頁一一行劉敬說上都關中殿本「劉」作「婁」。按：婁敬說高祖都關中，封奉春君，賜姓劉氏，故亦作「劉敬」，然下文「奉春建策」注又作「婁敬」，前後亦不一致也。

Page 1335, line 11: some editions write Lou Jing instead of Liu Jing. Lou Jing became Liu Jing after receiving the imperial surname; editions vary between the two forms.

182

一三三五頁一五行表以* (泰) **[太]*華終南之山張森楷校勘記謂「太華」字本不作「泰」，後人誤以為范曄避其父諱，改「泰」為「太」，遂並非諱改者而亦回改為「泰」。今據改。

Page 1335, line 15: the phrase "chart using" breaks before the gloss. (The gloss supplies tai for the sacred peak graph.) Zhang Senkai explains emendation between Taihua and graph variants for Mount Hua. The text is revised accordingly.

183

一三三五頁一六行帶以洪河涇渭之川按：校補謂文選此下有「觿流之隈，汧湧其西」語。

Page 1335, line 16: *Wen xuan* preserves longer wording about western rivers.

184

一三三六頁四行度宏規而大起惠棟謂李善曰「度」或為「慶」，慶與羌古字通，小爾雅雲羌，發聲也。按：王念孫謂李善本度字本作「慶」，今本作「度」者，後人據五臣本及班固傳改之耳。善注原文當云「小雅曰羌，發聲也，『慶』與『羌』古字通，『慶』或為『庋』。」又謂作「慶」是。慶，語詞。「宏規」與「大起」相對為文，言肇建都邑，先宏規之而後大起之也。

Page 1336, line 4: textual debate over measure versus exclamatory "qing." Wang Niansun traces corruption from Li Shan to Five Ministers recensions. Reconstructed Li Shan wording on qiang and celebrate. He affirms the "celebrate" reading. Here it is a particle, not "celebrate" in praise. Parallel couplet: plan first, erect afterward.

185

一三三六頁五行故窮奢而極侈按：王先謙謂固集及文選「奢」並作「泰」，此亦范氏避其父諱而改。

Page 1336, line 5: Fan Ye avoided "tai" by writing "luxury" where Ban used tai.

186

一三三六頁八行鄉曲豪俊遊俠之雄按：文選「俊」作「舉」，李注引史記魏公子無忌曰「平原之遊，徒豪舉耳」。蓋以「鄉曲豪舉」為句。此以「鄉曲豪俊」與「遊俠之雄」連讀為句，故注云「豪俊遊俠謂朱家、郭解、原涉之類也」。

Page 1336, line 8: *Wen xuan* reads village swagger versus local heroes. One punctuation treats swagger as object. Another reading pairs heroes with wandering bravos.

187

一三三七頁一二行天子城十二門通十二子按：此周禮「匠人營國方九里旁三門」鄭玄注文，章懷引之以釋「立十二之通門」也。文選注同。各本誤引周禮地官「司門」鄭注，作「司門若今城門校尉，主王城十二門」。

Page 1337, line 12: Li Xian borrowed Zheng Xuan's twelve-gate scheme. The *Wen xuan* note matches. Earlier editions misattribute the gloss to Gate Keeper chapter.

188

一三三七頁一三行漢宮閣疏曰汲本、殿本「閣」作「闕」。按：後文「披香」注引「漢宮閣名」，殿本「閣」作「闕」，文選注亦作「闕」。又後文「左牽牛而右織女」注引「漢宮閣疏」，殿本亦作「閣」，而文選注則作「闕」。又按：「漢宮閣疏」或「漢宮闕疏」與「漢宮閣名」或「漢宮闕名」，隋志俱不著錄，唐志有漢宮闕簿，史記高祖紀索隱、初學記居處部、御覽居處部十二引「漢宮殿疏」，北堂書鈔舟部上引「漢宮室疏」，殆即一書也。

Page 1337, line 13: manuscript variants between pavilion and tower graphs. Parallel passages prefer the tower graph. Mixed usage across citations. Bibliographic essay tracing digest titles to one lost handbook.

189

一三三八頁一行原嘗*[謂]*平原君趙勝孟嘗君田文也據汲本、殿本補。

Page 1338, line 1: supplied gloss connecting Ping and Chang to the four lords.

190

一三三八頁五行逴犖諸夏按：李慈銘謂「犖」文選作「躒」。

Page 1338, line 5: variant graphs for striding over the realm.

191

一三三九頁一三行王□字子泉汲本、殿本「泉」作「淵」，下「泉雲頌歎」之「泉」亦作「淵」。按：「淵」作「泉」，當是章懷避唐諱改。

Page 1339, line 13: Yuan versus quan taboo variants. Li Xian altered yuan to quan.

192

一三四０頁二行*[小]*爾雅曰禾穗謂之穎按：校補謂此見小爾雅廣物篇，文選李善注引作「小雅曰」，文選注於小爾雅皆省稱「小雅」，此則脫去「小」字也。

Page 1340, line 2: supplied "Minor" before Erya citation.

193

今據補。

Supplemented accordingly.

194

一三四０頁二行*[小]*爾雅曰敷布也按：爾雅無「敷布也」之訓，此見小爾雅廣詁篇。今據補。

Page 1340, line 2: cites Minor Erya, not canonical Erya. Supplemented accordingly.

195

一三四０頁一二行放* (泰) **[太]*紫之圓方按：「泰」當作「太」，今改，參閱上「表以* (泰) *[太]華終南之山」條。

Page 1340, line 12: "release" breaks before gloss. (Gloss completes tai for Grand Purple Palace.) Page 1340: tai versus tai emended per Mount Hua note. (Repeated tai gloss marker.) Cross-reference closes the cited passage.

196

一三四０頁一四行於是左* (□) **[腆]*右平據殿本改。按：集解引柳從辰說，謂字書玉部無□字，應從土。

Page 1340, line 14: sentence breaks before lacuna. (Missing graph for left terrace.) Page 1340: thick domains versus right level—palace reading. Paleographic note on terrace graph.

197

一三四０頁一六行徇以離殿別寢按：校補謂文選「殿」作「宮」。

Page 1340, line 16: hall versus palace variation.

198

一三四一頁一行增盤業峨按：文選作「增盤崔嵬」。

Page 1341, line 1: variant binomes for height.

199

一三四一頁五行玄墀扣切按：文選「切」作「砌」。

Page 1341, line 5: phonetic loan versus masonry gloss.

200

一三四一頁一一行周見洽聞按：校補謂文選「周」作「殫」。

Page 1341, line 11: exhaustive versus comprehensive.

201

一三四一頁一四行修塗飛閣按：校補謂文選「塗」作「除」，注「除，樓陛也」。

Page 1341, line 14: path versus palace stairs.

202

一三四一頁一四行混建章而外屬按：校補謂文選「而」下有「連」字。

Page 1341, line 14: optional "link" particle.

203

一三四二頁六行似無依* (之) **[而]*洋洋文選「之」作「而」，王先謙謂作「而」是。今據改。

Page 1342, line 6: breaks before particle gloss. (Supplies classical particle.) Page 1342: particle choice between zhi and er. Emended accordingly.

204

一三四二頁八行抗仙掌* (與) **[以]*承露據汲本、殿本改。

Page 1342, line 8: breaks before conjunction gloss. (Completes conjunction with "to.") Graph restored per Ji and palace editions.

205

一三四三頁四行域亦作腆按：刊誤謂案文當作「腆亦作域」，言「腆」字有作「域」者也。

Page 1343, line 4: clarifies variant graphs for terrace courses.

206

一三四三頁一六行納之於* (璧) **[壁]*帶按：校補雲前書音義「壁帶謂壁中之帶也」，此「壁」字當從土，各本皆從玉，涉上「銜璧」而誤。今據改。

Line breaks before wall-band gloss. (Specifies jade disk.) Earth radical "wall" versus jade radical corruption. Emended accordingly.

207

一三四四頁四行其光色也按：張森楷校勘記謂「色」下當有脫文一字，據上文「其文理密也」知之。

Page 1344, line 4: suspected lacuna parallel to earlier phrase.

208

一三四四頁一０行順常按：「順」原斗「須」，逕據汲本、殿本改正。

Page 1344, line 10: Ever Constant title corrected.

209

一三四五頁一六行* (門) *高二十餘丈據刊誤刪。

Line marker before gloss. (Supplies gate graph.) Erroneous phrase deleted.

210

一三四六頁四行小雅曰按：小雅即小爾雅之省稱，下所引乃小爾雅廣詁文。

Page 1346, line 4: Minor Odes label equals Minor Erya.

211

一三四七頁八行耀威而講事按：王先謙謂文選作「耀威靈而講武事」。

Page 1347, line 8: fuller phrase in *Wen xuan*.

212

一三四七頁一一行於是乘* (鑾) *輿備法駕刊誤謂案注所解乘輿之義，則此多「鑾」字。今據刪。按：上林賦「於是乘輿弭節徘徊」，甘泉賦「於是乘輿乃登夫鳳皇兮」，句例相似，班賦之所出也。

Page 1347, line 11: breaks before imperial carriage gloss. (Gloss supplies imperial bells.) Editor argues redundant bell graph. Deleted accordingly. Parallel Han fu usage supports wording.

213

一三四七頁一一行六師發冑按：文選「冑」作「逐」，近人高步瀛文選李注義疏引胡紹瑛說，謂逐冑音同，文選作「逐」，後漢書作「冑」，並「駎」之假，玉篇「駎，徐救切，競馳也」。

Page 1347, line 11: complex phonetic gloss on zhou versus zhu.

214

一三四八頁三行歷長楊之榭按：「楊」原作「揚」，逕據汲本、殿本改，注同。

Page 1348, line 3: Tall Poplar versus graphic error.

215

一三四八頁五行舉燧命爵按：校補謂文選作「舉烽命釂」。

Page 1348, line 5: torch versus beacon variant.

216

一三四八頁七行玄鶴白鷺按：校補謂文選句上有「鳥則」二字。

Page 1348, line 7: extra topic phrase in *Wen xuan*.

217

一三四八頁七行鶬鴰鴇鶂按：「鴇」原作「鳵」，逕據文選改，注同。

Page 1348, line 7: bustard graph corrected.

218

一三四九頁八行法駕公*[卿]*不在鹵簿中據汲本、殿本補。

Page 1349, line 8: supplemented ministers in procession roster.

219

一三五一頁九行* (闕) **[闞]*子曰據殿本改。

Page 1351 line 9: asterisk before lacuna. (Missing graph.) Graph restored per palace edition for Master Kan.

Cite this Chapter