Volume 52: Biography of Cui Yin

1

崔駰字亭伯，涿郡安平人也。高祖父朝，昭帝時為幽州從事，諫刺史無與燕剌王通。及剌王敗，擢為侍御史。 [一]生子舒，歷四郡太守，所在有能名。

Cui Yin, style Tingbo, came from Anping in Zhuo Commandery. His great-great-grandfather Cui Chao, under Emperor Zhao, held a staff post in You Province; he urged the provincial inspector not to deal with Prince Dan of Yan, the so-called 'pricked' prince. After Prince Dan's fall, he was raised to imperial clerk censor. He fathered Cui Shu, who successively governed four commanderies as grand administrator and everywhere earned a name for ability.

2

注[一]燕剌王旦，武帝子，坐與上官桀等謀亂，自殺。剌，力割反。

Note: Prince Dan of Yan was Emperor Wu's son; he joined Shangguan Jie and others in a revolt and took his own life. The character read li (as in 'cut').

3

舒小子篆，王莽時為郡文學，以明經征詣公車。太保甄豐舉為步兵校尉，篆辭曰：「吾聞伐國不問仁人，[一]戰陳不訪儒士。 [二]此舉奚為至哉？」遂投劾歸。 [三]

Cui Shu’s youngest son, Cui Zhuan, served as commandery professor of letters under Wang Mang; his command of the classics earned him a summons to the imperial coach office. The grand protector Zhen Feng nominated him for colonel of foot soldiers. Zhuan refused: 'They say you do not ask a humane man how to wage war on another state, and you do not ask a classicist how to draw up a battle line.' Why should this appointment fall to me? With that he filed a resignation on his own initiative and went home. See note three below.

4

注[一]前書董仲舒曰：「昔* (在) **[者]*魯君問柳下惠曰：『吾欲伐齊，如何？』柳下惠曰：『不可。』歸而有憂色，曰：『吾聞伐國不問仁人，此言何為至於我哉？』」

Note: The *Han shu* quotes Dong Zhongshu: 'Long ago… (the character supplied in the text reads 'at'). …someone*—the Lord of Lu asked Liu Xiahui: "I mean to strike Qi; what do you think?" Liu Xiahui answered: "You must not." Going home, he looked troubled and said: "I was taught that humane men are not consulted about invading another state—so why do these words come to me?"'

5

注[二]論語曰：「□靈公問陳於孔子。孔子對曰：『俎豆之事則嘗聞之，軍旅之事未之學也。』」

Note: The *Analects* records Duke Ling of Wei asking Confucius about military arrays. Confucius replied: "I have learned something about ritual vessels; as for leading troops, I have had no training."'

6

注[三]投辭自劾有過，不合應舉。

Note: He declined the nomination and filed a self-indictment, holding that he was not a proper candidate.

7

莽嫌諸不附己者，多以法中傷之。時篆兄發以佞巧幸於莽，位至大司空。母師氏能通經學﹑百家之言，莽寵以殊禮，賜號義成夫人，金印紫綬，文軒丹轂，顯於新世。

Wang Mang bore a grudge toward anyone who would not side with him and repeatedly used the statutes to harm them. Meanwhile Zhuan’s older brother Fa curried favor with Wang Mang through slick ingratiation and climbed to grand minister of works. Their mother, Lady Shi, was versed in the canon and the hundred schools of thought; Mang showered her with exceptional honors—she was styled Lady Yicheng, given a gold seal on purple ribbon, a lacquered carriage with crimson wheel hubs, and shone conspicuously in the Xin court.

8

後以篆為建新大尹，[一]篆不得已，乃歎曰：「吾生無妄之世，值澆﹑羿之君，[二]上有老母，下有兄弟，安得獨潔己而危所生哉？」乃遂單車到官，稱疾不視事，三年不行縣。 [三]門下掾倪敞諫，篆乃強起班春。 [四]所至之縣，獄犴填滿。 [五]篆垂涕曰：「嗟乎！刑罰不中，乃陷人於稨。此皆何罪，而至於是！」

Later Mang named Zhuan grand administrator of Jianxin commandery. Zhuan had no way out and lamented: "I live in a time that is anything but 'no error,' and I serve a master as cruel as Jiao or Yi of old; I have a mother above and brothers below—how could I save my own spotless name and put my kin in mortal danger? He took a lone carriage to his seat, pleaded sickness, refused to handle business, and for three years never made the rounds of his districts. His aide Ni Chang urged him on, and Zhuan roused himself at last to go out and proclaim the spring agricultural orders. Everywhere he went the jail cells were crammed. Zhuan wept aloud: "Alas! When punishments miss the mean, innocent people are caught in the snare. What wrong have these people done, that it should come to this?"

9

遂平理，所出二千餘人。掾吏叩頭諫曰：「朝廷初政，州牧峻刻。 [六]宥過申枉，誠仁者之心；然獨為君子，將有悔乎！」篆曰：「邾文公不以一人易其身，君子謂之知命。 [七]如殺一大尹贖二千人，蓋所願也。」遂稱疾去。

He reviewed the dockets, set matters right, and freed over two thousand people. His subordinates kowtowed and warned him: "The new regime is still tightening its grip, and regional governors are severe. To forgive offenses and redress injustice is the way of a humane man— —but to play the lone gentleman may yet bring regret!" Zhuan replied: "Lord Wen of Zhu would not exchange his own life for anyone else's; the noble man says that is knowing fate." If executing one grand administrator could ransom two thousand souls, I would count it a bargain." On that plea he resigned and left.

10

注[一]莽改千乘郡曰建新，守曰大尹。

Note: Wang Mang renamed Qiancheng commandery *Jianxin* and called its governor *grand administrator*.

11

注[二]易曰：「無妄之行，窮之災也。」左傳曰：「昔有夏之方衰也，后羿自鉏遷於窮石，因夏人以代夏政，而淫於原獸。用寒浞，伯明氏之讒子弟也。而虞羿於田，以取其國家。浞因羿室，生澆及□，恃其讒慝詐偽，而不德於人。」澆音五吊反。 □音許既反。

Note: The *Zhou yi* says: "The movement of 'no error' pushed to the limit meets calamity at the road's end." The *Zuo zhuan* adds: "When the Xia house waned, Hou Yi shifted from Chu to Qiongshi, used the Xia populace to seize their government, and abandoned himself to hunting." He took Han Zhuo into service—a treacherous younger kinsman of the lord of Boming. He trapped Yi in the chase and so stole his state and household. Zhuo occupied Yi's home, fathered Jiao and a second son (the name is lost in the received text), and trusted in malice, fraud, and sham, winning no one's goodwill. The note gives the fanqie reading for *Jiao*. The gloss gives the fanqie for the damaged name (traditionally reconstructed).

12

注[三]續漢志曰：「郡國常以春行* (至) **[主]*縣，勸人農桑，振救乏絕。」

Note: The *Xu Han zhi* says that each spring the commanderies and kingdoms would travel * (to) …to* each county, urge farming and silk raising, and relieve the destitute."

13

注[四]班布春令。

Note: That is, to publish the spring agricultural edict.

14

注[五]犴音岸。前書音義曰：「鄉亭之獄曰犴。」

Note: *An* (the jail name) is glossed with the *an* sound. The *Han shu* yinyi explains: "Local jails were called *an*."

15

注[六]初政謂莽即位。

Note: 'The new government' means Wang Mang's enthronement.

16

注[七]左傳曰「邾文公卜遷於繹。史曰：『利於人，不利於君。』邾子曰：『苟利於人，孤之利也。人既利矣，孤必與焉。』遂遷於繹。五月，邾文公卒。君子曰知命」也。

Note: The *Zuo zhuan* says Lord Wen of Zhu divined on removing the capital to Yi. The scribe reported: "It benefits the people but not the ruler." The lord of Zhu said: "If the people gain, I gain with them." If they prosper, I share in that prosperity." So he moved the seat to Yi." The fifth month after the move, Lord Wen of Zhu died. The noble man said he had known his allotted fate."

17

建武初，朝廷多薦言之者，幽州刺史又舉篆賢良。篆自以宗門受莽偽寵，籩愧漢朝，遂辭歸不仕。客居滎陽，閉門潛思，著周易林六十四篇，用決吉凶，多所佔驗。臨終作賦以自悼，名曰慰志。其辭曰：

In the first years of Emperor Guangwu's Jianwu era, many at court spoke up for him, and the You provincial inspector again nominated Zhuan as *xianliang*. Zhuan believed his family had accepted unworthy honors from Wang Mang and therefore felt ashamed before the restored Han, so he declined all posts and lived in retirement. He settled in Yingyang, shut his doors to think, and wrote sixty-four chapters of the *Zhou yi lin*, using them to read good and ill fortune; diviners found them uncannily accurate. On his deathbed he composed a *fu* of self-lament titled *Weizhi* ('Consoling My Purpose'). It begins:

18

嘉昔人之遘辰兮，[一]美伊﹑傅之□時。 [二]應規矩之淑質兮，過班﹑倕而裁之。 [三]協准矱之貞度兮，同斷金之玄策。 [四]何天衢於盛世兮，超千載而垂績。 [五]豈修德之極致兮，將天祚之攸適？

I praise the ancients who met their destined moment and marvel how Yi Yin and Fu Yue arrived in the nick of time. My nature answers to compass and square; I trim it finer than even Gongshu Ban or the craftsman Chui could carve. I keep to the true line of plumb and rule, one in spirit with the subtle counsel that 'cuts metal when two hearts agree.' I walk Heaven's great road in a brilliant age and leap beyond a millennium to leave enduring merit. Is this the crown of cultivated virtue, or simply Heaven's favor settling where it will?

19

注[一]遘，遇也。辰，時也。

Note: *Gou* means 'to encounter.' *Chen* means 'the right moment.'

20

注[二]伊尹干湯，傅說遇高宗。爾雅曰：「□，遇也。」音五故反。

Note: Yi Yin sought out Tang; Fu Yue was found by Gaozong. The *Erya* glosses the word (graph damaged) as 'meet.' The fanqie spelling is given for its pronunciation.

21

注[三]公輸班，魯人也。倕，舜時為共工之官。皆巧人也。以喻湯及高宗也。

Note: Gongshu Ban came from Lu. Chui served Shun as minister of public works. Both were master artisans. They stand for Tang and Gaozong in the metaphor.

22

注[四]准，繩也。矱，尺也。貞，正也。易曰：「二人同心，其利斷金。」玄策猶妙策也。

Note: *Zhun* is the plumb line. *Yue* is the carpenter's marking cord. *Zhen* means upright, correct. The *Zhou yi* says: "Two men of one mind can slice through metal." *Xuance* means a subtle, penetrating plan."

23

注[五]易大畜卦，干下艮上，其上九曰：「何天之衢，亨。」鄭玄云：「艮為手，手上肩也。干為首。首肩之閒荷物處。干為天，艮為徑路，天衢象也。」

Note: On the *Da chu* hexagram (Qian over Gen), the top line reads: "What of Heaven's highway? Success." Zheng Xuan explains: "Gen is the hand; the hand here is the shoulder." Qian is the head." The space between head and shoulder is where a burden is carried." Qian stands for Heaven, Gen for a path—thus the image of Heaven's highway."

24

愍餘生之不造兮，[一]丁漢氏之中微。 [二]氛霓郁以橫厲兮，羲和忽以潛暉。 [三]六柄制於家門兮，王綱漼以陵□。 [四]黎﹑共奮以跋扈兮，羿﹑浞狂以恣睢。 [五]睹嫚臧而乘釁兮，竊神器之萬機。 [六]思輔弼以偷存兮，亦號咷以詶咨。 [七]嗟三事之我負兮，乃迫余以天威。 [八]豈無熊僚之微介兮？悼我生之殲夷。 [九]庶明哲之末風兮，懼大雅之所譏。 [一０]遂翕翼以委命兮，受符守乎艮維。 [一一]恨遭閉而不隱兮，違石門之高蹤。 [一二]揚蛾眉於復關兮，犯孔戒之冶容。 [一三]懿氓蚩之悟悔兮，慕白駒之所從。 [一四]乃稱疾而屢復兮，歷三祀而見許。

I mourn that my life was ill-starred, born into the Han house as it slid into eclipse. Miasma and false rainbows choked the sky; the charioteer of the sun suddenly veiled his light. The six reins of state fell to private hands; the royal net frayed and collapsed (the last word is damaged in the text). Li Si and Wang Gong flaunted their power; Hou Yi and Han Zhuo raged unchecked. They watched smooth courtiers exploit every crack and usurp the myriad levers of the throne. I hoped good ministers might let me cling to life, yet I could only howl and plead in council. Woe that the three dukes failed me—then Heaven's awful mandate closed on me. Had I not even the small steadfastness of Xiong Liao? I grieve that my life was broken and brought low. I look to the fading breath of the wise, dreading the rebuke the *Da ya* would pronounce. So I folded my wings and resigned myself to fate, took the tallies and held the northeast march (Gen). I resent that, blocked at every turn, I did not withdraw; I forsake the high path of the Stone Gate recluses. I painted moth eyebrows at the inner gate and broke the Master's warning against seductive beauty. [Note thirteen] I scorn the bumpkin's belated regret and long to follow the noble guest of the *White Colt* ode. [Note fourteen] Time and again I feigned sickness until, three calendar rounds later, the court let me go.

25

[一五]悠輕舉以遠遁兮，托峻峗以幽處。 [一六]竫潛思於至賾兮，騁六經之奧府。 [一七]皇再命而紹恤兮，乃雲眷乎建武。 [一八]運欃槍以電埽兮，清六合之土宇。 [一九]聖德滂以橫被兮，黎庶愷以鼓舞。辟四門以博延兮，彼幽牧之我舉。 [二０]分畫定而計決兮，豈雲賁乎鄙耇，[二一]遂懸車以縶馬兮，絕時俗之進取。歎暮春之成服兮，闔衡門以埽軌。 [二二]聊優遊以永日兮，守性命以盡齒。 [二三]貴啟體之歸全兮，庶不忝乎先子。 [二四]

[Note fifteen] I drifted aloft and withdrew to the distance, lodging my person among towering cliffs in seclusion. [Note sixteen] I plumbed the deepest truths in silent thought and ranged the inner chambers of the six canonical texts. [Note seventeen] High Heaven issued a second charge of mercy; its favor gathered on the Jianwu restoration. [Note eighteen] The comet-tail scourge flashed like lightning and swept the realm clean from corner to corner. [Note nineteen] Sacred power spread like pouring rain; the common folk danced and drummed for joy. The throne threw open every gate to seek talent, and the You provincial governor nominated me. [Note twenty] My mind was made up and my course set—this was no quest for empty honors from country greybeards. [Note twenty-one] I hung up the carriage, tethered the team, and turned my back on the scramble for place. I mourned the season when spring robes are donned, barred the humble wicket gate, and erased every trace of the road out. [Note twenty-two] I passed the endless daylight in quiet ease, keeping body and destiny whole to the end of my span. [Note twenty-three] I prize coming home with limb and virtue intact, lest I disgrace the father who went before me. [Note twenty-four] End of this stanza's notes.

26

注[一]造，成也。

Note: *Zao* here means 'formed' or 'brought to pass.'

27

注[二]丁，當也。

Note: *Ding* means 'to strike upon' or 'to encounter.'

28

注[三]氛，祲也。霓，日傍之氣。橫厲謂氣盛而陵於天也。羲和，日也。氣盛而日光微，諭王莽篡漢。

Note: *Fen* is the murky aura of ill omen. *Ni* is the secondary halo or mock-sun beside the disk. *Heng li* describes malignant qi mounting until it veils the sky. Xihe stands for the charioteer of the sun—here, the sunlight itself. The image means the omens swelled while Han's light failed—an allegory of Wang Mang's seizure of the throne.

29

注[四]國語管仲對齊桓公曰：「昔者聖人之理天下也，而慎用其六柄焉。」韋昭注云：「六柄，生﹑殺﹑貧﹑賤﹑富﹑貴也。」漼猶摧落也，音千隗反。

Note: *Guoyu* quotes Guan Zhong telling Duke Huan how the sage-kings governed with six instruments of power. Wei Zhao glosses them as the powers of life and death, ruin and exaltation, want and plenty. *Cui* means 'broken, cast down'; the gloss gives its fanqie spelling.

30

注[五]國語曰：「昔少□之衰，九黎亂德，人神雜揉，不可方物。」淮南子曰：「昔者共工與顓頊爭為帝，怒而觸不周之山，天柱折，地維絕。」跋扈，強梁也。恣睢，自用之貌也。恣音訾。睢音許維反。羿﹑浞已見上。

Note: *Guoyu* tells how in Shao Hao's decline the Nine Li corrupted morals until men and gods mingled indistinguishably. The *Huainanzi* adds Gonggong's rage against Zhuanxu, the broken sky-pillar, and the snapped earth-anchors. *Bahu* means domineering and brutal. *Zisui* describes the look of arbitrary, wilful conduct. The first syllable is read *zi*. Fanqie is given for *sui*. Hou Yi and Han Zhuo were glossed earlier.

31

注[六]易曰：「嫚藏誨盜。」釁，隙也。神器，帝王之位。老子曰：「天下神器，不可為也。」書云：「兢兢業業，一日二日萬機。」

Note: The *Zhou yi* warns that careless hoarding invites theft. *Xin* means a chink or opening. The 'divine vessel' is the imperial throne. Laozi says the realm is a sacred trust not to be seized by force. The *Shang shu* adds the king's myriad daily cares.

32

注[七]輔弼謂王莽輔政也。偷，苟且也。號咷，哀呼也。前書王莽策孺子嬰為定安公，莽親執孺子手，流涕歔欷也。

Note: 'Assistants' means Wang Mang's regency before usurpation. *Tou* means getting by meanly or precariously. *Haotao* is the sound of bitter lament. The *Han shu* tells how Mang, enthroning the infant Ying as Duke of Ding'an, clutched his hand and wept aloud.

33

注[八]三事謂三公也。負謂太保甄豐舉也。

Note: The 'three high ministers' are the three dukes. 'Betrayed me' alludes to Zhen Feng's nomination that drew Zhuan into service.

34

注[九]左傳曰：「楚白公勝為亂。石乞曰：『市南有熊相宜僚者，若得之，可以當五百人矣。』從白公而見之。與之言，說；告之故，辭；承之以□，不動。勝曰：『不為利* (□) **[諂]*，不為威惕，不洩人言以求媚者。』去之。」介，耿介也。我生謂母也。殲，滅也。夷，傷也。言其母老，恐禍及也。

Note: The *Zuo zhuan* tells of Duke Sheng of Bai's coup in Chu. Shi Qi said a fighter named Xiong Yi Liao south of the market was worth five hundred soldiers. They went with Bai Gong to visit him. They talked; he was won over; they explained the plot, and he refused; they laid a blade to him, yet he never flinched. Bai Gong said: 'This is not a man who serves profit * (nor) **nor]* flattery, quails at no threat, and will not betray another's counsel to curry favor.' With that he walked away. *Jie* means principled steadfastness. 'My life' means his mother, whose safety he feared for. *Jian* means to wipe out. *Yi* means to wound or harm. The gloss explains he could not keep clean hands without endangering his aged mother.

35

注[一０]詩大雅曰：「既明且哲，以保其身。」

Note: *Da ya* praises the wise who know how to save their own skins.

36

注[一一]艮，東北之位。謂篆為千乘太守也。

Note: The Gen trigram marks the northeast—the direction of Zhuan's post. That is, his appointment as governor of Qiancheng commandery.

37

注[一二]易曰：「天地閉而賢人隱。」論語曰：「子路宿於石門。晨門曰：『奚自？』子路曰：『自孔氏。』曰：『是知其不可而為之者歟？』」注[一三]楚詞曰：「觿女皆妒余之蛾眉。」詩國風序曰：「氓，刺時也。淫風大行，男女無別，故序其事以風焉。」其詩曰：「乘彼垝垣，以望復關。」毛萇注云：「垝，毀也。復關，君子所近之處也。」易系辭曰：「冶容誨淫。」鄭玄云：「謂飾其容而見於外曰冶。」

Note: The *Zhou yi* says when heaven and earth shut, worthies withdraw from sight. The *Analects* tells of Zilu spending the night at Stone Gate. The gatekeeper in the morning asked where he had come from. Zilu answered: 'From the house of Kong.' The man replied: 'The fellow who knows the task is hopeless yet keeps trying?' Note: *Chuci* speaks of jealous rivals envying the poet's painted brows. The *Guo feng* preface to *Meng* rebukes the morals of the age. Licentious ways ran riot and the sexes blurred, so the poem was arranged as a corrective lesson. The ode runs: 'I climbed the broken wall and looked toward Fu Pass.' Mao Heng glosses *gui* as 'collapsed.' Fu Pass is where the lady's true lover would appear. The *Xi ci* warns that seductive dress teaches wantonness. Zheng Xuan defines *ye* as painting one's face for the world to see.

38

注[一四]詩曰「氓之蚩蚩，抱布貿絲。匪來貿絲，來即我謀」。注云：「氓，人也。蚩蚩，殷厚之貌。布，幣也。即，就也。言此之人，非買絲來，就我為室家也。」又曰：「及爾偕老，老使我怨。」注云：「我欲與汝俱至老，汝反薄我使怨也。」又曰：「皎皎白駒。」諭賢人也。

Note: The *Shijing* line: 'The lad looked artless, hugging cloth to barter for silk.' 'He came not for silk but to court me.' The gloss: *meng* is a common fellow. *Chichi* describes an honest, simple mien. *Bu* here is silk used as money. *Ji* means 'to approach.' The sense is: he sought a marriage, not a market deal. The poem adds: 'I swore to age with you; now you age only to spite me.' The note: she wanted lifelong union; he grew cold and bred her resentment. It also sings: 'Gleaming the white colt.' The image stands for the elusive worthy.

39

注[一五]復猶白也。

Note: The gloss equates *fu* with *bai* as a phonetic loan, meaning to disclose or explain oneself clearly.

40

注[一六]峻峗謂山也。峗音魚委反。

Note: *Jun wei* names steep mountain heights. Fanqie spelling is given for *wei*.

41

注[一七]賾，深也。

Note: *Ze* means the deepest layer of meaning.

42

注[一八]皇，天也。紹，繼也。恤，憂也。言天憂恤眷顧漢家，所以再命光武也。

Note: *Huang* is Heaven. *Shao* means to carry on, to succeed. *Xu* means compassionate concern. The line means Heaven pitied the Liu house and twice charged Guangwu to restore it.

43

注[一九]欃槍，彗也。

Note: *Chanqiang* is the broom-star, a comet.

44

注[二０]開闢四方之門，廣求賢也。幽牧謂為幽州刺史所舉也。

Note: 'Opening the four gates' is imperial summons of talent from every side. *You mu* means the nomination came from the You provincial governor.

45

注[二一]賁，飾也。易曰「束帛戔戔，賁於丘園」也。

Note: *Ben* means ornament or show. The *Zhou yi* line about silks offered to adorn a rustic retreat.

46

注[二二]論語曾點曰：「暮春*[者]*，春服既成。」衡，橫也，謂橫木為門。軌，跡也。

Note: Zeng Dian's spring outing in the *Analects*: 'In late spring * *Heng* is the crossbar; here, a simple wicket gate. *Gui* are wheel ruts or footprints.

47

注[二三]齒，年也。

Note: *Chi* means the teeth of age—one's years.

48

注[二四]論語曰：「曾子有疾，召門弟子曰：『啟余足。』」注云：「父母全己生之，亦當全而歸之。」忝，辱也。先子謂先人也。孟子曾西曰：「吾先子之所畏。」

Note: The *Analects* records Zengzi summoning his disciples at the end to prove his limbs had escaped harm. The gloss explains: one's parents bore a complete body, so one must return it unharmed. *Tian* means to bring shame. *Xian zi* here means a departed father or ancestor. Mencius quotes Zeng Xi: "The man my father stood in awe of."'

49

篆生毅，以疾隱身不仕。

Zhuan's son was Yi, who pleaded sickness and lived in seclusion, never entering government.

50

毅生駰，年十三能通詩﹑易﹑春秋，博學有偉才，盡通古今訓詁百家之言，善屬文。少游太學，與班固﹑傅毅同時齊名。常以典籍為業，未遑仕進之事。時人或譏其太玄靜，將以後名失實。駰擬楊雄解嘲，作達旨以荅焉。 [一]其辭曰：

Yi fathered Yin, who at thirteen had mastered the *Shijing*, *Zhou yi*, and *Chunqiu*; he was encyclopedic and brilliantly gifted, commandeering every commentary school old and new, and he wrote superbly. As a young man he studied at the imperial university alongside Ban Gu and Fu Yi, his name ranked with theirs. He devoted himself to the classics and had no time yet for the ladder of official promotion. Some contemporaries mocked his extreme quietism, warning he would sacrifice real achievement for a posthumous name. Yin answered them with a piece modeled on Yang Xiong's *Jie chao*, titled *Dazhi* ('Penetrating the Intent'). [Note one] It opens thus:

51

注[一]華嶠書曰：「駰譏楊雄，以為范﹑蔡﹑鄒衍之徒，乘釁相傾，誑曜諸侯者也，而云『彼我異時』。又曰，竊貲卓氏，割炙細君，斯蓋士之贅行，而云『不能與此數公者同』。以為失類而改之也。」

Note: Hua Qiao records Yin faulting Yang Xiong for excusing the sophists Fan and Cai and Zou Yan—men who preyed on rulers' weaknesses—by saying they belonged to another age. Yin also cites Xiong's petty borrowing from the Zhuos and slicing meat for his wife—hardly noble conduct—while insisting he was not of their kind. Yin judged that self-portrait inconsistent and rewrote the argument.'"

52

或說己曰：「易稱『備物致用』，『可觀而有所合』，故能扶陽以出，順陰而入。 [一]春發其華，秋收其實，有始有極，爰登其質。今子韞櫝六經，服膺道術，[二]歷世而游，高談有日，俯鉤深於重淵，仰探遠乎九干，[三]窮至賾於幽微，測潛隱之無源。然下不步卿相之廷，上不登王公之門，進不黨以贊己，退不黷於庸人。 [四]獨師友道德，合符曩真，抱景特立，與士不腢。蓋高樹靡陰，獨木不林，隨時之宜，道貴從凡。 [五]於時太上運天德以君世，憲王僚而布官； [六]臨雍泮以恢儒，疏軒冕以崇賢； [七]率惇德以厲忠孝，揚茂化以砥仁義； [八]選利器於良材，求鏌□於明智。 [九]不以此時攀台階，窺紫闥，[一０]據高軒，望朱闕，夫欲千里而咫尺未發，[一一]蒙竊惑焉。故英人乘斯時也，[一二]猶逸禽之赴深林，□蚋之趣大沛。 [一三]胡為嘿嘿而久沉滯也？」

A visitor pressed him: "The *Zhou yi* speaks of readying tools for use and of what can be viewed and brought into harmony—so yang may rise outward and yin sink inward in due turn." [Note one] Spring opens the flower, autumn stores the fruit; from start to finish the inner substance matures. Yet you keep the six classics locked in a casket and the Way pressed to your heart, [note two] wander age after age, and hold court in lofty talk; you fish the deepest pools and reach toward the ninefold sky, [note three] sound the subtlest recesses and chart the sourceless depths of the hidden. Still you never cross a chief minister's threshold or climb a prince's stair; you neither intrigue on the way up nor wallow with the vulgar on the way down. [Note four] You make morality your only company, keep faith with ancient truth, stand in the radiance alone, and refuse to haggle with the herd. Lofty timber spreads no shade; one trunk is not a grove; the Way esteems moving with the season and not scorning the common path. [Note five] Meanwhile the sovereign wields Heaven's de to govern, patterns his bureaucracy on the ancient kings, [note six] opens the imperial academy and regional schools to exalt the ru, and strips rank from the idle to exalt the able; [note seven] summons the steadfast to hone loyalty and filial piety, and spreads a rich moral teaching to sharpen humanity and right; [note eight] chooses keen blades from sound wood and seeks *Mo ye* steel in the discerning mind. [Note nine] Yet you will not mount the triple steps or peer through the purple doors, [Note ten] take the high seat or look upon the scarlet gate—you would ride a thousand *li* but never spur the horse; [Note eleven] frankly, I am baffled. So the exceptional man seizes the hour, [note twelve] like game bolting for thick woods or midges swarming to a broad mere. [Note thirteen] Why sit mute and mired while the tide runs?'"

53

注[一]「備物致用」，易系辭之文也。「可觀而有所合」，序卦之文也。鄭玄注易干鑿度曰：「陽起於子，陰起於午，天數大分。以陽出離，以陰入坎，坎為中男，離為中女。太一之行，出從中男，入從中女。因陰陽男女之偶為終始也。」

Note: The phrase comes from the *Xi ci* of the *Zhou yi*. The second phrase is from the *Xu gua* sequence. Zheng Xuan on the *Qian zao du* says yang is born at the zi hour and yin at the wu—the great cleavage of celestial numbers. Yang exits through *Li*, yin enters through *Kan*; *Kan* is the middle male trigram, *Li* the middle female. The Grand Unity's circuit: departure follows the middle male, return the middle female. So the coupling of yin and yang, man and woman, frames every cycle from end to start.'"

54

注[二]韞，匣也。櫝，匱也。論語曰：「有美玉，韞櫝而臧諸。」

Note: *Yun* is a jewel box. *Du* is a chest or coffer. The *Analects* asks whether the good jade should stay boxed or go to market.'"

55

注[三]易曰：「探賾索隱，鉤深致遠。」九干謂天有九重也。離騷天問曰：「圓則九重，孰營度之？」

Note: The *Zhou yi* line on plumbing depth and distance. The 'nine *gan*' means the ninefold vault of heaven. *Li sao* and *Tian wen* ask who laid out the nine spheres of the round sky.'"

56

注[四]贊猶稱也。

Note: *Zan* means to tout or recommend.

57

注[五]華嶠書作「高樹不庇」。易曰：「隨時之義大矣哉！」老子曰：「和其光而同其塵。」故言道貴從凡。

Note: Hua Qiao's text reads 'tall trees cast no shade.' The *Zhou yi* praises the meaning of moving with the hour. Laozi says to temper brilliance and mingle with the dust of the world. Hence the gloss: the Way values joining the multitude.

58

注[六]太上，明帝也。傳曰：「太上立德。」天德，含弘光大也。易曰：「乃位乎天德。」尚書曰：「唐虞稽古，建官惟百，夏商官倍，亦克用乂。」憲，法也。僚，官也。言法三王而建官也。

Note: *Taishang* denotes Emperor Ming (Liu Zhuang). Classic phrase: the highest ruler plants virtue. Heaven's virtue is broad, bright, and all-encompassing. The *Zhou yi* says he then occupies the station of Heaven's virtue. The *Shang shu* recalls how Tang and Yu modeled antiquity with a hundred posts, while Xia and Shang doubled them yet kept good rule.'" *Xian* means to take as pattern. *Liao* means an official post. The point is that the court patterned its bureaucracy on the three sage dynasties.

59

注[七]天子辟雍，諸侯頖宮。璧雍者，環之以水，圓而如璧也。頖，半也。諸侯半天子之宮。皆所以立學垂教也。

Note: The Son of Heaven's round moat school is *biyong*; feudal lords had the half-scale *pan* school. *Biyong* is ringed with water, round as a ritual jade *bi*. *Pan* means 'half.' Their schools were half the imperial model. Both institutions founded learning and transmitted doctrine.

60

注[八]砥，礪也。

Note: *Di* is the grindstone.

61

注[九]吳越春秋曰：「干將，吳人也，造二□，一曰干將，二曰莫邪。莫邪者，干將之妻名也。干將作□，采五山之精，合六金之英，百神臨觀，遂以成□。」說苑曰：「所以尚干將、莫邪者，貴其立斷。所以尚騏驎者，貴其立至。必且歷日曠久，絲犛猶能栔石，駑馬亦能致遠。是以聰明敏捷，人之美材也。」

Note: The *Wu Yue chunqiu* names Gan Jiang of Wu, who forged two blades—one Gan Jiang, one Mo Ye. Mo Ye was his wife's name. He smelted the quintessence of five peaks and six metals while the gods watched the blades take shape. The *Shuo yuan* says Gan Jiang and Mo Ye are prized for cutting clean at a stroke. The *qilin* mounts are prized for arriving the moment they are spurred. Given enough time, silk can saw rock and a plug horse will still reach the distance. So wit and agility are a man's true edge.'"

62

注[一０]三台謂之三階，三公之象也。

Note: The three platforms symbolize the three high ministers.

63

注[一一]八寸為咫。

Note: Eight inches equal one *zhi* (foot span).

64

注[一二]文子曰：「智過萬人謂之英，千人謂之俊。」

Note: *Wen zi* ranks the outstanding: above ten thousand is *ying*, above a thousand *jun*.'"

65

注[一三]蚋，小蟲，蚊之類。蚋音芮。說文曰：「秦謂之蚋，楚謂之蚊。」孟子曰：「污池沛澤。」劉熙曰：「沛，水草相半。」

Note: *Rui* is a gnat-like midge. Pronounced *rui*. The *Shuowen* says Qin dialect called it *rui*, Chu called it *wen*. Mencius speaks of 'stagnant pools and lush marshes.' Liu Xi glosses *pei* as marsh where water and reeds mingle.'"

66

荅曰：「有是言乎？子苟欲勉我以世路，不知其跌而失吾之度也。古者陰陽始分，天地初制，[一]皇綱雲緒，帝紀乃設，傳序歷數，三代興滅。昔大庭尚矣，赫胥罔識。 [二]淳□散離，人物錯乖。高辛攸降，厥趣各違。 [三]道無常稽，與時張□。 [四]失仁為非，得義為是。 [五]君子通變，各審所履。故士或掩目而淵潛，[六]或盥耳而山棲； [七]或草耕而僅飽，[八]或木茹而長饑； [九]或重聘而不來，[一０]或屢黜而不去； [一一]或冒紘以干進，或望色而斯舉； [一二]或以役夫發夢於王公，[一三]或以漁父見兆於元龜。 [一四]若夫紛□塞路，凶虐播流，[一五]人有昏墊之□，主有疇咨之憂，[一六]條垂藟蔓，上下相求。 [一七]於是乎賢人授手，援世之災，[一八]跋涉赴俗，急斯時也。 [一九]昔堯含戚而戲陶謨，高祖歎而子房慮； [二０]禍不散而曹、絳奮，[二一]結不解而陳平權。 [二二]及其策合道從，克亂弭沖，乃將鏤玄珪，冊顯功，[二三]銘昆吾之冶，[二四]勒景、襄之鐘。 [二五]與其有事，則褰裳濡足，冠掛不顧。 [二六]人溺不拯，則非仁也。當其無事，則躐纓整襟，規矩其步。 [二七]德讓不修，則非忠也。是以險則救俗，平則守禮，舉以公心，不私其體。

Yin replied: "Do you really say so? If you mean to hustle me onto the world's highway, you ignore how easily a false step would cost me my footing. When yin and yang first split and the cosmos was framed, [note one] Heaven's net was woven, the imperial chronicle began, regnal lines succeeded one another, and the three dynasties rose and fell in turn. The age of Great Court lies beyond memory; the Herxu age cannot be known. [Note two] Primal simplicity dissolved; creatures and customs fell out of joint. Under Gaoxin each nature took its divergent course. [Note three] The Way keeps no fixed path; it widens or narrows with the age. [Note four] To abandon humanity is evil; to grasp righteousness is good. [Note five] The noble man shifts with circumstance and tests every step he takes. So some veil their sight and dive into the deeps, [note six] or rinse their ears and live on peaks; [note seven] some weed a plot and barely fill the belly, [note eight] some gnaw bark and hunger for years; [note nine] some spurn rich appointments, [note ten] some stay on after repeated demotion; [note eleven] some beg office in full regalia, some leap forward at a sovereign's glance; [note twelve] a commoner may dream his way to a prince's ear, [note thirteen] an angler may read omens on the sacred tortoise. [Note fourteen] When chaos blocks every road and cruelty floods the land, [note fifteen] the people sink in flood and gloom while the ruler groans his chouzi lament, [note sixteen] then branch and vine intertwine and high and low reach for each other. [Note seventeen] Then the worthy lend a hand to save the world from disaster, [note eighteen] wade through the mire of common life, for that is the pressing moment. [Note nineteen] Yao bore care yet rehearsed the *Tao mo*; Gaozu groaned and Zhang Liang weighed the moment; [note twenty] before the peril lifted, Cao Can and Zhou Bo stirred; [note twenty-one] before the tangle cleared, Chen Ping took the scales. [Note twenty-two] When counsel ran with the Way and they could crush revolt and calm the surge, they engraved black jade patents and wrote up glorious deeds, [note twenty-three] cast legends on the Kunwu forge, [note twenty-four] and cut inscriptions on the bells of Jing and Xiang. [Note twenty-five] In crisis they hitched robes, waded deep, caps snagged—they never looked back. [Note twenty-six] To let a neighbor drown is to fail humanity. In quiet times they smoothed sash and collar and walked to the measure of ritual. [Note twenty-seven] Without courteous deference there is no loyalty. So in peril they save the manners of the age; in calm they keep the rites; they act from an impartial mind and never trade the self for private gain.

67

注[一]制，協韻音之設反。

Note: *Zhi* is given a fanqie reading for euphony in the verse.

68

注[二]大庭、赫胥並古帝王號也。尚，遠也。罔，無也。識，記也。

Note: *Great Court* and *Hecu* are legendary royal epithets. Here *shang* means 'distant in time.' *Wang* means 'there is none' or 'un-.' *Shi* means 'to remember' or 'record.'

69

注[三]高辛氏，帝嚳也。

Note: Gaoxin is the clan name of Emperor Ku (Di Ku).

70

注[四]隨時□張，不考之於常道也。

Note: Moving with the hour expands or contracts; it cannot be judged by a single fixed rule.

71

注[五]老子曰：「失道後德，失德後仁，失仁後義，失義後禮。」

Note: Laozi's sequence of decline from Dao down to ritual.'"

72

注[六]莊子曰「北人無澤與舜為友，舜以天下讓之，無澤乃自投清泠之淵，終身不反」也。

Note: *Zhuangzi* tells how Wuze of the north drowned himself rather than accept Shun's abdication.'"

73

注[七]盥，洗也。許由字武仲，隱於沛澤之中。堯聞之，乃致天下而讓焉。由以為污，乃臨池洗耳。其友巢父飲犢，聞由為堯所讓，曰：「何以污吾犢口！」牽於上流而飲之。見莊子及高士傳。

Note: *Guan* is to rinse or wash. Xu You, styled Wuzhong, lived hidden in the Pei marshlands. Yao heard of him and tried to cede the empire to him. Xu You thought the offer defiled him and went to the stream to rinse his ears. His friend Chao Fu was watering a calf; learning that Yao had offered the throne to Xu You, he cried, 'You would foul my calf's muzzle!' He led the beast upstream to drink clear water. The tale appears in *Zhuangzi* and the *Gaoshi zhuan*.

74

注[八]伯成子高，唐虞時為諸侯。至禹，去而耕。禹往見之，則耕在野。見呂氏春秋。

Note: Bo Cheng Zigao held a fief under Yao and Shun. When Yu took power, he resigned and took up the plough. Yu sought him out and found him hoeing in the fields. Recorded in the *Lüshi chunqiu*.

75

注[九]說苑曰：「鮑焦衣木皮，食木實。」韓詩外傳曰「焦□其蔬，而立槁死於洛濱」也。

Note: *Shuo yuan* describes Bao Jiao clothed in bark, feeding on wild fruit. The *Han shi waizhuan* adds that he tended his greens and starved himself dead on the Luo.'"

76

注[一０]狂接輿者，楚人也。耕而食。楚王聞其賢，使使者持金百溢、車二駟聘之，曰：「願煩先生理江南。」接輿笑而不應。使者去而遠徙，莫知所之。見莊子。

Note: 'Mad Jieyu' was a recluse of Chu. He lived by the plough and his own labor. The king of Chu, hearing of his virtue, sent messengers with a hundred *yi* of gold and two four-horse chariots, begging him to administer the south of the Yangzi.'" Jieyu only laughed and gave no reply. When the envoys left, he vanished to parts unknown. See *Zhuangzi*.

77

注[一一]論語曰「柳下惠為士師，三黜。人曰：『可以去矣。』曰：『直道而事人，何往而不三黜』」也。

Note: The *Analects* says Liuxia Hui served as judge yet was cashiered thrice. People told him, 'You could go elsewhere.' He answered: 'If I serve others with a straight path, where could I go without three dismissals?'"'

78

注[一二]紘，辱也，音火豆反。新序曰：「伊尹蒙恥辱，負鼎俎以干湯。」論語曰：「色斯舉矣，翔而後集。」舉，協韻音據。

Note: *Hong* here means 'disgrace'; the commentary gives fanqie. *Xin xu* records Yi Yin enduring shame, bearing pots to importune Tang. The *Analects* line: when the sovereign's color shifts, the birds rise, circle, and settle. The word *ju* is given a rhyming reading.

79

注[一三]高宗夢得說，乃使百工營求諸野，得諸傅巖。孔安國曰：「傅氏之巖，在虞、虢之界，信道所經，有澗水壞道，常使胥靡刑人築護此道。說賢而隱，代胥靡築之以供食。」事見尚書。王公，總而言也。爾雅：「皇、王、後、辟、公、侯，君也。」

Note: Gaozong's dream of Yue and the search that found him at Fu Yan. Kong Anguo explains the cliff between Yu and Guo where convicts were forced to repair the road. Fu Yue hid his worth and worked as a conscript builder for his meals. The full story is in the *Shang shu*.'" 'Kings and dukes' is a blanket term for rulers. *Erya* lists royal titles as synonyms for 'ruler.'"

80

注[一四]戰國策曰：「呂尚之遇文王也，身為漁父。」史記曰：「太公以釣干周西伯。西伯將出獵，卜之，曰：『所獲非龍非螭，非熊非羆，所獲霸王之輔。』於是西伯獵，果遇太公渭水之陽，與語大說。」元，大也。

Note: *Zhanguo ce* says Lü Shang first met King Wen as a simple angler. The *Shiji* says the Grand Duke fished to catch the Western Earl's notice.'" The earl hunted only after a divination promising no beast but the helper of a hegemon-king.'" He hunted north of the Wei, met the Grand Duke, and delighted in their talk.'" *Yuan* means 'great'—hence the tortoise omen.

81

注[一五]方言云：「□，盛多也。」音奴董反。

Note: *Fangyan* glosses the word as 'thickly crowded.' Fanqie spelling follows.

82

注[一六]尚書曰：「下人昏墊。」孔安國曰「昏瞀墊溺，皆困水災也。」又曰：「帝曰：咨洪水滔天，浩浩懷山襄陵，有能俾乂。」

Note: The *Shang shu* speaks of the people drowning in flood and gloom. Kong Anguo glosses the terms as water-borne distress.'" The text adds Yao's cry over the flood and his search for a minister to tame it.'"

83

注[一七]藟，籐也。音壘。詩曰：「南有樛木，葛藟累之。」

Note: *Lei* is the creeping vine. Read *lei* as in 'pile.' The *Shijing* image of vine on the crooked tree.'"

84

注[一八]孟子曰「天下溺則援之以道，嫂溺則援之以手」也。

Note: Mencius contrasts public rescue by principle with the human duty to save a drowning in-law.'"

85

注[一九]草行為跋。

Note: *Bo* means to trudge through undergrowth.

86

注[二０]謨，謀也。堯遭洪水，咨嗟憂愁，訪下人有能理者，戲陶、大禹陳其謀。見尚書。史記曰，高祖為項羽所敗，下馬踞鞍而問子房曰：「吾欲捐關以東，誰可與共功者？」子房曰：「九江王布、彭越、韓信。即欲捐之此三人，楚可破* (之) **[也]*。」

Note: *Mo* means counsel or planning. Yao met the flood with lament, sought talent among his people, and drew up plans with the house of Tao Tang and Great Yu. See the *Shang shu*. The *Shiji* tells how Liu Bang, beaten by Xiang Yu, sat his saddle and asked Zhang Liang whom to enlist east of Hangu. Zhang Liang named Ying Bu of Jiujiang, Peng Yue, and Han Xin.'" Give the eastern lands to those three and Chu can be shattered * (to) **too.*.'"

87

注[二一]曹參及絳侯周勃，皆從高祖征伐，以定天下也。

Note: Cao Can and Zhou Bo of Jiang followed Liu Bang in the wars that founded the dynasty.

88

注[二二]高祖擊匈奴，至白登，被圍七日，用陳平計得出。

Note: Liu Bang's siege at Baideng and Chen Ping's ruse that freed him.

89

注[二三]珪，玉也。詩含神霧曰：「刻之玉版，臧之金匱。」

Note: *Gui* is the jade tablet of investiture. A weft text says deeds were cut in jade and locked in golden chests.'"

90

注[二四]墨子曰：「昔夏後開* (冶) *使飛廉析金於山，以鑄鼎於昆吾。」蔡邕銘論曰「呂尚作周太師，其功銘於昆吾之鼎」也。

Note: *Mozi* cites how the Xia ruler Kai * (smelting) *sent Feilian to split ore on the mountains and cast tripods at Kunwu.'" Cai Yong says Lü Shang's deeds were cast on the Kunwu tripod.'"

91

注[二五]國語曰：「晉魏顆以其身退秦師於輔氏，其勳銘於景鐘。」此兼言襄也。

Note: *Guoyu* praises Wei Ke's victory at Fushi, cut on the Jing bell. The line alludes to Xiang as well as Jing.

92

注[二六]褰裳，涉水也。新序曰：「今為濡足之故，不救人溺，可乎？」淮南子曰「禹之趨時，冠掛而不顧，履遺而不取」也。

Note: Tucking the robe means fording deep water. *Xin xu* asks whether one may refuse to save a drowner for fear of soaked feet. *Huainanzi* praises Yu's urgency: cap snagged, shoe lost, he never paused.'"

93

注[二七]躐音呂涉反。躐，踐也。此字宜從「手」。廣雅云：「擸，持也。」言持纓整襟，修其容止。史記曰：「攝纓整襟。」華嶠書「躐」作「攝」也。

Fanqie for *lie* (to tread). *Lie* means to trample or tread. The received graph should be the hand radical form. *Guangya* glosses the variant as 'to grasp.' That is, adjusting sash and collar to perfect deportment. The *Shiji* uses the phrase for composing one's dress.'" Hua Qiao's text reads *she* instead of *lie*.'

94

「今聖上之育斯人也，樸以皇質，雕以唐文。 [一]六合怡怡，比屋為仁。壹天下之觿異，齊品類之萬殊。參差同量，壞冶一陶。 [二]腢生得理，庶績其凝。 [三]家家有以樂和，人人有以自優。威械臧而俎豆布，六典陳而九刑厝。 [四]濟茲兆庶，出於平易之路。雖有力牧之略，尚父之厲，[五]伊、戲不論，奚事范、蔡？ [六]夫廣廈成而茂木暢，遠求存而良馬縶，[七]陰事終而水宿臧，[八]場功畢而大火入。 [九]方斯之際，處士山積，學者川流，衣裳被宇，冠蓋雲浮。譬猶衡陽之林，岱陰之麓，[一０]伐尋抱不為之稀，蓺拱把不為之數。 [一一]悠悠罔極，亦各有得。 [一二]彼采其華，我收其實。捨之則臧，己所學也。 [一三]故進動以道，則不辭執珪而秉柱國； [一四]復靜以理，則甘糟糠而安藜藿。

The present sage, in rearing his subjects, grounds them in the plain stuff of primordial ages and refines them with the culture of Tang. [Note one] Within the six regions all is harmony; kindness runs from house to house. He brings the world's diversity under one measure and ranks every category of being. Unequal gifts are weighed on one scale; what breaks and what refines share one wheel of fate. [Note two] When yin and yang keep their due order, every office holds steady. [Note three] Each household knows the music of peace; each man may cultivate his own ease. Arms go to the arsenal while ritual vessels fill the hall; the six statutes shine forth and the nine penalties rest unused. [Note four] He leads the myriad commoners onto the broad, easy path. What need of Li Mu's designs or the Grand Duke's sternness if Yi Yin and Fu Yue go unmentioned—why then stoop to the likes of Fan Ju and Cai Ze? [Note six] The hall raised, timber thrives; the hunt staged, steeds stand ready; [note seven] yin work finished, marsh birds roost; [note eight] harvest done, the Great Fire star sinks. [Note nine] Then hermits crowd like peaks, students stream like currents, robes blanket the land, and official umbrellas mass like clouds. [Note ten] Like the woods south of Heng or north of Dai—you could hew arm-thick trunks without thinning the stand, or bundle saplings without numbering them. [Note eleven] Endless variety, yet everyone finds his place. [Note twelve] Others take the showy flower; I take the solid fruit. To renounce rank is the good I have learned to pursue. [Note thirteen] If moving forward matches the Way, one accepts the jade baton and the pillar ministership without demur; [Note fourteen] if retiring accords with right, one gladly eats chaff and wild greens.

95

注[一]孔子曰：「大哉堯之為君也，煥乎其有文章。」故言唐文。

Note: Confucius praises Yao's radiant civilization.'" Hence the text invokes the cultural model of Tang.

96

注[二]壞，土器之未燒者。郭璞注爾雅曰：「壞胎，物之始也。」壞音普才反。

Note: *Pi* is unfired clay on the wheel. Guo Pu glosses *pi tai* as the raw start of matter. Fanqie for *pi*.

97

注[三]凝，成也。

Note: *Ning* means 'to set' or 'complete.'

98

注[三]械謂器械甲兵之屬也。厝謂置之不用也。周禮：「太宰之職，掌建邦之六典，以佐王理邦國；一曰理典，二曰教典，三曰禮典，四曰政典，五曰刑典，六曰事典。」左傳曰：「周有亂政而作九刑。」杜預注云：「周之衰，為刑書，謂之九刑。」

Note: *Xie* covers weapons and tools of war. *Cuo* means to lay aside, unused. The *Zhou li* lists the grand steward's six statutes for governing the realm: …ordering, teaching, ritual, government, punishments, and public works.'" The *Zuo zhuan* says Zhou's decay produced the nine-penalty code. Du Yu explains it as a written criminal code of nine sections.'"

99

注[五]力牧，黃帝臣也。史記，尚父呂望相武王以伐紂。厲謂威容嚴厲。

Note: Li Mu served the Yellow Emperor. The histories show the Grand Duke aiding King Wu's campaign against Shang. *Li* here means stern martial presence.

100

注[六]伊尹、戲繇、范睢、蔡澤。

Note: Yi Yin, minister Gao Yao, Fan Ju, and Cai Ze—the note glosses the persuaders named in the verse.

101

注[七]廣廈既成，不求材，故林木條暢也。遠求謂方珍異之物也。存猶止息也。言所求之物既止，不資良馬之力也。

Note: Once the hall stands, no more beams are felled, so the woods grow tall and free. *Yuan qiu* are exotic tribute goods from afar. *Cun* means the quest has ceased. When the hunt for curios ends, fine steeds are no longer needed.

102

注[八]立冬之後，盛德在水，陰氣用事，故曰陰事。水宿謂遠北方七宿，斗、牛、女、虛、危、室、壁也。月令曰，孟冬之月昏危中，仲冬昏東壁中，季冬昏婁中，孟春昏參中，水星伏臧不見也。

Note: After winter's start, cosmic virtue rests in water and yin holds sway—hence 'yin affairs.' The 'water lodges' are the northern seven: Dou, Niu, Nu, Xu, Wei, Shi, Bi. The *Yue ling* tracks dusk midheavens through the seasons until the water star sets and vanishes.

103

注[九]爾雅曰：「心為大火。」詩豳風曰：「七月流火。」又曰「九月築場圃」也。

Note: *Erya* identifies the Heart asterism as Great Fire. The *Bin feng* line on the Heart setting in the seventh month. The same air adds banking the threshing floor in the ninth month.'"

104

注[一０]山南曰陽，山北曰陰。谷梁傳曰：「林屬於山曰麓。」

Note: Sunny south slope is *yang*, shaded north *yin*. *Guliang zhuan* defines the wooded foot of a peak as *lu*.'"

105

注[一一]八尺曰尋。蓺，殖也。兩手曰拱。數猶穊也。數音疏角反。

Note: Eight feet equal one *xun*. *Yi* means to cultivate or plant. A *gong* is the span of two cupped hands. *Shu* here means thick growth. Fanqie for the reading of *shu*.

106

注[一二]悠悠，觿多也。罔極猶無窮也。亦各有得，言皆自以為得也。

Note: *Youyou* means teeming multitudes. *Wang ji* is 'boundless.' Each party imagines itself the winner.

107

注[一三]彼，彼觿人也。論語曰：「用之則行，捨之則臧。」

Note: 'They' are the crowd just described. The *Analects* praises those who serve when called and withdraw when not.'"

108

注[一四]呂氏春秋曰：「得伍員者位執珪。」前書音義曰：「古爵名也。」又曰：「柱國，楚官，猶秦之相國也。」

Note: *Lüshi chunqiu* promises a jade-tablet noble rank to whoever secures Wu Zixu. The *Han shu* yinyi says it was an old ducal title. It adds that *zhuguo* in Chu matched Qin's chief minister.'"

109

「夫君子非不欲仕也。恥夸毗以求舉； [一]非不欲室也，惡登牆而摟處。 [二]叫呼衒鬻，縣旌自表，非隨和之寶也。暴智耀世，因以干祿，非仲尼之道也。 [三]游不倫黨，苟以徇己，[四]汗血競時，利合而友。 [五]子笑我之沉滯，吾亦病子□□而不已也。 [六]先人有則而我弗虧，行有枉徑而我弗隨。 [七]臧否在予，唯世所議。固將因天質之自然，誦上哲之高訓；詠太平之清風，行天下之至順。

The noble man is not unwilling to hold office. He shames himself if he fawns and crawls for a nomination; [Note one] Not that he scorns marriage, but that he will not scale a wall to snatch another's daughter. [Note two] Bawling one's wares and flaunting a sign is no jewel of Sui or He. Parading cleverness for pay is not the path of Confucius. [Note three] To drift outside one's proper circle for selfish ends, [Note four] to strain like a blood-sweating steed for fashion, and to call someone friend only when gain aligns. [Note five] You mock my standing still; I find your restless scurrying just as hard to bear. [Note six] Ancestors set the rule I dare not break; crooked shortcuts I refuse to take. [Note seven] Let the world speak good or ill as it will. I will trust the nature Heaven gave me and recite the teaching of the greatest wise men; I will breathe the calm air of an ordered age and walk the straightest path on earth.

110

懼吾躬之穢德，勤百畝之不耘。 [八]縶余馬以安行，俟性命之所存。 [九]昔孔子起威於夾谷，[一０]晏嬰發勇於崔杼； [一一]曹劌舉節於柯盟，[一二]卞嚴克捷於強禦； [一三]范蠡錯埶於會稽，[一四]五員樹功於柏舉； [一五]魯連辯言以退燕，[一六]包胥單辭而存楚； [一七]唐且華顛以悟秦，[一八]甘羅童牙而報趙； [一九]原衰見廉於壺飧，[二０]宣孟收德於束脯； [二一]吳札結信於丘木，[二二]展季□貞於門女； [二三]顏回明仁於度轂，程嬰顯義於趙武。 [二四]僕誠不能編德於數者，竊慕古人之所序。」

I dread a tainted character within and the hundred acres of the heart left unhoed. [Note eight] I check my horse to an easy pace and wait what fate and nature allow. [Note nine] Confucius awed the assembly at Jiagu, [Note ten] Yan Ying faced down Cui Zhu with nerve; [note eleven] Cao Gui brandished his tally at Ke, [note twelve] Bian Zhuang broke a brutal foe; [note thirteen] Fan Li read the tide at Kuaiji, [note fourteen] Wu Zixu earned his fame at Baiju; [note fifteen] Lu Zhonglian talked Yan into retreat, [note sixteen] Shen Baoxu saved Chu with one cry; [note seventeen] Tang Ju in old age awed the king of Qin, [note eighteen] Gan Luo, still a child, dealt with Zhao; [note nineteen] Yuan Xian proved honest over a simple meal, [note twenty] Zhao Dun earned gratitude for a gift of meat; [note twenty-one] Prince Ji of Wu pledged faith beneath a tomb tree, [note twenty-two] Zhan Ji (Liuxia Hui) kept faith with a woman at his door; [note twenty-three] Yan Hui showed benevolence in a worn wheel hub, Cheng Ying revealed duty in saving Zhao Wu. [Note twenty-four] I cannot rank with such paragons, yet I quietly honor the sequence the ancients made of them.'"

111

注[一]夸毗謂佞人足恭，善為進退。

Note: *Kua pi* is the mincing obsequiousness of the sycophant.

112

注[二]孟子曰：「踰東家牆摟其處子則得妻，不摟則不得，將摟之乎？」趙岐注云：「摟，牽也。」其字從「手」。「處子，處女也。」

Note: Mencius' ugly parable of stealing a bride over the wall. Zhao Qiu glosses *lou* as 'to seize or pull.' The graph uses the hand radical. 'Chu zi' is an unmarried girl.'"

113

注[三]華嶠書* (曰) *「因」字作「回」。回，邪也。

Note: Hua Qiao's text * (says) *substitutes the graph for 'devious' for 'follow.'" *Hui* means crooked or deviant.

114

注[四]倫謂等倫，黨謂朋黨。徇，營也。言交非其類，苟以營己而已。

Note: *Lun* is proper class; *dang* is clique. *Xun* means to angle for gain. It describes befriending the unworthy only to advance oneself.

115

注[五]汗血謂勞力也。競時謂趨時也。利合而友，不以道義。

Note: 'Blood-sweating' images extreme exertion. *Jing shi* is racing the fashion of the hour. Friendship founded on profit, not on principle.

116

注[六]□□猶區區也。

Note: the damaged phrase means petty fussing.

117

注[七]枉，曲也。徑，道也。

Note: *Wang* means 'bent.' *Jing* is a road or course.

118

注[八]尚書曰：「穢德彰聞。」禮記曰：「夫人情者，聖王之田也。修禮以耕之，陳義以種之，講學以耨之。」古者夫田百畝。耘，除草也。

Note: The *Shang shu* speaks of shameful conduct broadcast abroad. The *Li ji* compares human nature to a field the sages till. They plough with ritual, plant with righteousness, weed with teaching.'" Anciently each husbandman had a hundred *mu*. *Yun* means to hoe out weeds.

119

注[九]安行，不奔馳也。天命之謂性。言隱居以體命。

Note: 'Easy pace' means no reckless rush. The *Zhong yong* line: what Heaven commands is our nature. The gloss: retirement is how one embodies that mandate.

120

注[一０]解見陳禪傳。

Note: See the commentary in Chen Chan's biography.

121

注[一一]解見馮衍傳。

Note: See Feng Yan's biography for the gloss.

122

注[一二]曹劌，曹沬也。史記曰，曹沬以勇事魯莊公，為魯將，與齊戰，三敗，莊公懼，乃獻遂邑地以和，猶以為將。齊桓公與莊公會於柯而盟。桓公與莊公既盟於壇上，曹沬執匕首劫齊桓公，左右莫敢動，乃還魯之侵地。

Note: Cao Gui is the same as Cao Mo. The *Shiji* says Cao Mo served Duke Zhuang of Lu as general, lost thrice to Qi, and when Lu ceded Sui for peace Zhuang kept him in command. Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Zhuang of Lu met at Ke to swear a pact. On the altar Cao Mo drew a short blade on Huan; no guard stirred, and Lu's lost soil was returned.

123

注[一三]新序曰「卞莊子養母，戰而三北，交遊非之，國君辱之。及母死三年，齊與魯戰，莊子請從，遂赴敵而□，三獲甲首。曰：『夫三北，以養母也。今志節小具，而責塞矣。吾聞之，節士不以辱生。』遂反敵，殺十人而死。君子曰：三北已塞，滅世斷宗，於孝未終」也。

Note: *Xin xu* tells how Bian Zhuangzi fled thrice to support his mother and was scorned for it. After her death, when Qi attacked Lu, he begged to join the fight, charged, and took three armored heads. He said, 'I ran three times to keep my mother fed.' 'Now my purpose is ready and the old reproach is paid.' 'I have heard that a steadfast man will not drag out a shameful life.' He wheeled on the foe, slew ten, and fell.'" The verdict runs: 'He redeemed the three routs, yet to wipe out his line would leave filial duty unfinished.'"

124

注[一四]錯，置也，音七故反。埶謂謀略也。史記曰，吳王敗越於夫椒，越王乃以余兵五千人保於會稽。吳師追而圍之。越王謂范蠡曰：「柰何？」范蠡對曰：「卑辭厚禮以遺之。」句踐乃命大夫種行成於吳。膝行頓首曰：「句踐請為臣，妻為妾。」吳王乃赦越王。越王反國，拊循其士。范蠡曰：「可矣。」乃伐吳。吳師敗，越復棲吳王姑蘇之山也。

Note: *Cuo* means to deploy or arrange; fanqie follows. *Shi* here means strategy or design. The *Shiji* records Wu's victory at Fujiao and Yue's last stand at Kuaiji with five thousand men. The army of Wu pressed the siege. Goujian asked Fan Li, 'What now?' Fan Li replied, 'Humble speech and lavish gifts to the victor.' Goujian sent Minister Zhong to sue for peace at Wu's camp. He crept forward on his knees and said Goujian would be Wu's vassal and his wife a handmaid. The king of Wu accepted and spared Yue. Goujian went home and rallied his troops. Fan Li said, 'The moment has come.' Yue then struck Wu. Wu broke; Yue drove the king of Wu up Mount Gusu again.

125

注[一五]伍子胥名員，楚人也。子胥父誅於楚，子胥挾弓矢而干吳王闔閭，闔閭甚勇之，為興師伐楚，戰於柏舉，楚師敗績。事見谷梁傳。

Note: Wu Zixu, personal name Yuan, came from Chu. His father died at Chu's hands; Zixu fled to Wu with bow in hand, won Helü's trust, and led Wu to crush Chu at Baiju. See the *Guliang zhuan*.

126

注[一六]史記曰，魯仲連，齊人也。燕將攻下齊聊城，固保守之，田單攻之不下。魯仲連乃為書遺燕將。燕將見書，泣三日，乃自殺。遂平聊城。

Note: The *Shiji* introduces Lu Zhonglian of Qi. A Yan general held Liaocheng; Tian Dan could not break the defense. Lu Zhonglian wrote a letter to the Yan commander. The general read it, wept three days, and took his own life. Liaocheng then fell without a fight.

127

注[一七]左傳曰，楚昭王為吳所敗，奔隨，申包胥如秦乞師，曰：「吳為封豕長憨，以薦食上國，寡君越在草莽，使下臣告急。」立依於庭牆而哭，日夜不絕聲，勺飲不入口，七日，秦師乃出，軍敗吳而復楚國。

Note: The *Zuo zhuan* tells how Shen Baoxu begged Qin for rescue when Wu shattered Chu. He leaned on the palace wall and wailed seven days without food until Qin marched and drove Wu from Chu.

128

注[一八]唐且即唐睢也。戰國策曰：「齊、楚伐魏，魏使人請救*[於秦]*，不至。

Note: Tang Ju is the same man as Tang Sui in other texts. Note: *Zhanguo ce* tells how Qi and Chu besieged Wei while Qin held back.

129

魏人有唐睢者，年九十餘矣，西見秦王。秦王曰：『丈人忙然乃遠至* (魏) *此，*[魏]*來者數矣，寡人知魏之急矣。』唐且曰：『夫魏，萬乘之國也。稱東藩者，以秦之強也。今齊、楚之兵已在魏郊矣，大王之救不至，魏急，且割地而約從。是王亡一萬乘之魏，而強二敵之齊、楚。』秦王悟，遽發兵救魏。」爾雅曰：「顛，頂也。」華顛謂白首也。

A Wei man named Tang Sui, past ninety, traveled west to the king of Qin. The king of Qin said, 'Old sir, you have hurried all this way * (for Wei) *—Wei* has sent envoys again and again; I know the danger Wei faces.' Tang Sui answered, 'Wei fields ten thousand chariots.' It bows east only because Qin is strong. Yet Qi and Chu stand on Wei's border; if your army tarries, Wei will cede territory and league with them against you. You would lose Wei and strengthen both rivals at once.' The king of Qin saw the point and marched at once. The *Erya* glosses *dian* as the crown of the head. So 'flowered crown' means hoary hair.

130

注[一九]甘羅，下蔡人，甘茂孫也。年十二，事秦相呂不韋。秦使張唐往相燕。羅曰：「借臣車五乘，請為張唐先報趙。」不韋乃言之於始皇，召見，使甘羅於趙，趙襄王郊迎。事見史記。童牙謂幼小也。

Note: Gan Luo of Xiacai was Gan Mao's grandson. At twelve he entered Lü Buwei's service. Qin was sending Zhang Tang to Yan as chief minister. Gan Luo asked for five chariots to clear the road with Zhao first. Lü Buwei told the First Emperor, who received Gan Luo and sent him to Zhao; King Xiangwen met him outside the capital. The *Shiji* gives the full account. Tong ya means still in childhood.

131

注[二０]昔趙衰為原大夫，故曰原衰。左傳曰，晉侯問原守於寺人勃鞮，對曰：「昔趙衰以壺飧從徑，餒而不食，故使處原。」見音胡殿反。

Note: Zhao Cui held the Yuan fief, hence 'Yuan Cui.' The *Zuo zhuan* tells how Jin chose Zhao Cui for Yuan after he refused food on the road. Fanqie for the reading of *xian* (to show).

132

注[二一]呂覽曰，昔趙宣孟將之絳，見桑下有餓人，宣孟止車下食而餔之，再咽而能視。宣孟問之曰：「汝何為而餓若是？」對曰：「臣官於絳，歸而糧絕，羞行乞，故至行此。」宣子與脯三朐，拜受而弗敢食。問其故。曰：「臣有老母，將以遺之。」宣孟曰：「食之，吾更與汝。」乃復與脯二束。

Note: The *Lüshi chunqiu* tells how Zhao Dun fed a starving man by the mulberry road. Dun asked why he was famished. The man said he had served at Jiang, ran out of food on the way home, and was too proud to beg. Dun gave him three bundles of dried meat; he bowed but would not eat. Dun asked why. He said he was saving it for his old mother. Dun told him to eat and promised more. He added two more bundles of meat.

133

注[二二]史記曰：「吳公子季札使過徐，徐君好季札□，口不敢言。季札知之，為使上國，未獻。洎還至徐，徐君已死，於是乃解其寶□，系之徐君頤樹而去。」

Note: The *Shiji* tells how the lord of Xu coveted Jizha's sword but held his tongue. Jizha understood but was bound by embassy rites and could not give it yet. On his return Xu was dead; Jizha hung the sword on a tree at the tomb and rode away.'"

134

注[二三]展季，柳下惠也。韓詩外傳曰：「魯有男子獨處，夜暴風雨至，婦人趨而托之，男子閉戶不納，曰：『吾聞男子不六十不閒居。』婦人曰：『子何不學柳下惠然？嫗不逮門之女，國人不稱其亂焉。』」注[二四]程嬰解見馮衍傳。度轂，未詳。

Note: Zhan Ji is Liuxia Hui. The *Han shi waizhuan* tells of a Lu recluse who refused a woman shelter in a storm, citing the rule against mixed lodging. She asked why he did not imitate Liuxia Hui. Liuxia Hui warmed a stranded girl without scandal in Lu.' Note: Cheng Ying is glossed in Feng Yan's biography.' The phrase *du gu* is not explained in the commentary.

135

元和中，肅宗始修古禮，巡狩方岳。駰上四巡頌以稱漢德，辭甚典美，文多故不載。 [一]帝雅好文章，自見駰頌後，* (帝) **[常]*嗟歎之，謂侍中竇憲曰：「卿寧知崔駰乎？」對曰：「班固數為臣說之，然未見也。」帝曰：「公愛班固而忽崔駰，此葉公之好龍也。試請見之。」[二]駰由此候憲。憲屣履迎門，[三]笑謂駰曰：「亭伯，吾受詔交公，公何得薄哉？」遂揖入為上客。居無幾何，帝幸憲第，時駰適在憲所，帝聞而欲召見之。憲諫，以為不宜與白衣會。帝悟曰：「吾能令駰朝夕在傍，何必於此！」適欲官之，會帝崩。

During Emperor Zhang's Yuanhe reign the court revived classical rites and the imperial tour of the sacred peaks. Yin submitted four *xun* odes in praise of Han; the pieces were too long to quote in full. [Note one] The emperor loved letters; when he read Yin's hymns * (the emperor) **he* often praised them and asked Dou Xian, 'Do you know Cui Yin?' Dou answered that Ban Gu had spoken of him but they had not met. The emperor said favoring Ban Gu while ignoring Yin was like Ye Gong's love of dragons. He bade Dou bring Yin in. [Note two] Yin therefore called on Dou Xian. Dou shuffled out in slippers, [note three] smiled, and said Tingbo was ordered to be his friend—why stand aloof? He bowed Yin inside as honored guest. Soon the emperor visited Dou's house while Yin was there and wanted to see him. Dou dissuaded him, saying a sovereign should not receive a commoner informally. The emperor retorted that he could appoint Yin and keep him at court without a casual meeting. He was on the verge of granting Yin a post when the emperor died.

136

注[一]案：駰集有東、西、南、北四巡頌，流俗本「四」多作「西」者，誤。

Note: Yin's corpus has four directional *xun* odes; vulgar copies wrongly read 'four' as 'west.'

137

注[二]劉向新序曰：「子張見魯哀公，七日，哀公不禮焉而去，曰：『君之好士，有似葉公子高好龍。天龍聞而降之，窺頭於牖，拖尾於堂，葉公見之，失其魂魄，五色無主。是葉公非好龍也，好夫似龍而非龍者。』」注[三]屣履謂納履曳之而行，言□遽也。屣音山爾反。

Note: Liu Xiang's *Xin xu* compares Duke Ai's neglect of Zizhang to Ye Gong's false love of dragons. A real dragon answered the call, thrust its head through the window and lashed the hall; Ye fled in terror. So Ye loved only painted dragons, not living ones.' Note: *Xi lu* is slipping into shoes in haste to greet a guest. Fanqie for *xi*.

138

竇太后臨朝，憲以重戚出內詔命。駰獻書誡之曰：

Empress Dowager Dou governed; Dou Xian, as powerful kin, drafted palace edicts. Yin sent him a written remonstrance:

139

駰聞交淺而言深者，愚也；在賤而望貴者，惑也；未信而納忠者，謗也。三者皆所不宜，而或蹈之者，思□其區區，憤盈而不能已也。竊見足下體淳淑之姿，躬高明之量，意美志厲，有上賢之風。駰幸得充下館，序後陳，[一]是以竭其拳拳，敢進一言。

I have heard that deep talk to a slight acquaintance is folly; to expect favor from low station is delusion; to press loyal counsel before trust is earned looks like slander. All three are wrong, yet one may fall into them when zeal outruns judgment. I see in you pure substance and high capacity, keen will and noble temper—the mark of a true worthy. I have been lucky to sit among your clients, [note one] so I speak my whole heart in this one letter.

140

注[一]陳，列也。

Note: *Chen* means to rank or set forth.

141

傳曰：「生而富者驕，生而貴者□。」生富貴而能不驕□者，未之有也。今寵祿初隆，百僚觀行，當堯舜之盛世，處光華之顯時，[一]豈可不庶幾夙夜，以永觿譽，弘申伯之美，致周邵之事乎？ [二]語曰：「不患無位，患所以立。」[三]昔馮野王以外戚居位，稱為賢臣，[四]近陰□尉克己復禮，終受多福。 [五]郯氏之宗，非不尊也； [六]陽* (侯) **[平]*之族，非不盛也。重侯累將，建天樞，執斗柄。 [七]其所以獲譏於時，垂愆於後者，何也？蓋在滿而不挹，位有餘而仁不足也。漢興以後，迄於哀、平，外家二十，保族全身，四人而已。 [八]書曰：「鑒於有殷。」

The adage says the born-rich grow proud and the born-noble grow haughty. None have ever combined high birth with freedom from arrogance. Now your honors are new and every eye is on you; in this brilliant age like Yao and Shun's, can you fail to labor night and day for lasting fame, matching Shen Bo and the Zhou dukes? [Note one] The saying runs: do not fret over office—fret over the merit that earns it. " [Note two] [Note three] Feng Yewang once held power as an in-law yet kept a worthy name; [note four] lately Commandant Yin, restraining himself with ritual, won lasting good fortune. [Note five] The house of Tan was mighty enough— [Note six] The Yangping marquess's * (marquis) **line* was magnificently powerful nonetheless. They stacked noble titles and commands, seized the axis of power, and held the state's helm. [Note seven] Why then were they mocked in their own day and damned by posterity? Because they swelled with pride and would not yield, had more rank than humanity could bear. Since Han began until Ai and Ping, twenty maternal clans rose; only four kept their lines and lives intact. [Note eight] The *Shang shu* says: 'Look to Shang for a mirror.'

142

可不慎哉！

Can you afford not to be careful?

143

注[一]尚書大傳曰：「舜時百工相和為卿雲之歌曰：『卿雲爛兮，* (禮) **[愨]*漫漫兮，日月光華，旦復旦兮。』」

Note: The *Shangshu dazhuan* records Shun's ministers singing the *Qing yun* ode: 'Bright the auspicious clouds * (ritual) **solemn* and wide; sun and moon pour their light; each dawn renews the last.'"'

144

注[二]申伯，周宣王之元舅。周公、邵公皆輔佐周室也。

Note: Shen Bo was King Xuan of Zhou's chief maternal uncle. The dukes of Zhou and Shao both steadied the Zhou throne.

145

注[三]論語* (曰) *孔子之言也。言但患立身不處於仁義也。

Note: The *Analects* * (says) *gives Confucius's words. The sense is: worry only whether you stand on humanity and right.

146

注[四]前書曰，馮野王字君卿，妹為元帝昭儀，野王為左馮翊。御史大夫缺，上使尚書選第中二千石，而野王行能第一。

The *Han shu* names Feng Yewang, whose sister was Yuan's favorite; he rose to governor of eastern Fufeng. When the censor's chair was empty, the throne ranked candidates among two-thousand-dan officials and put Yewang first.

147

注[五]陰□尉，光烈皇后同母弟興也。以謹□親幸焉。

Note: Commandant Yin Xing was the empress dowager's uterine brother (name partly damaged in text). His careful conduct won the sovereign's trust.

148

注[七]王氏九侯五大司馬。春秋運斗樞曰：「北斗七星，第一名天樞，第二至第四為魁，第五至第七為杓。杓即柄。前書「斗運中央，制臨四海」。

Note: the Wang line's nine enfeoffments and five grand marshalships. A weft text maps the Dipper: first star the pivot, stars two to four the bowl, five to seven the handle. The 'ladle' is the dipper handle. The *Han shu* says the Dipper at the hub commands the realm.'

149

注[八]外家，當為後家也。二十者，謂高帝呂後產、祿謀反誅，惠帝張皇后廢，文帝母薄太后弟昭被殺，孝文帝竇皇后從昆弟子嬰誅，景帝薄皇后、武帝陳皇后並廢，□皇后自殺，昭帝上官皇后家族誅，宣帝祖母史良娣為巫蠱死，宣帝母王夫人弟子商下獄死，霍皇后家破，元帝王皇后弟* (王) **[子]*莽篡位，成帝許皇后賜死，趙皇后廢自殺，哀帝祖母傅太后家屬徙合浦，平帝母□姬家屬誅，昭帝趙太后憂死是也。四人者，哀帝母丁姬，景帝王皇后，宣帝許皇后、王皇后，其家族並全。

Note: 'waijia' here means the empress's kin. The score counts twenty affinal catastrophes from Lü's coup through the Shangguan slaughter, witchcraft deaths, Huo's fall, down to Wang * (Wang) **Zi* Mang's coup, Xu and Zhao of Cheng, Fu exiled, Ping's Wei in-laws killed, and the Zhao empress dowager's death of grief among them.' Only four lines survived intact: Ding, Jing's Wang, and Xuan's two Xu and Wang consorts.

150

竇氏之興，肇自孝文。 [一]二君以淳淑守道，成名先日； [二]安豐以佐命著德，顯自中興。 [三]內以忠誠自固，外以法度自守，卒享祚國，垂祉於今。夫謙德之光，周易所美；滿溢之位，道家所戒。 [四]故君子福大而愈懼，爵隆而益恭。遠察近覽，俯仰有則，銘諸幾杖，刻諸盤杅。 [五]矜矜業業，無殆無荒。如此，則百福是荷，慶流無窮矣。

Dou power began under Emperor Wen. [Note one] Two early Dou kinsmen won fame through plain virtue before their time; [Note two] Dou Rong as marquis of Anfeng proved his de in aiding the restoration. [Note three] Loyal within, lawful without, they kept the fief and left blessing to this day. The *Zhou yi* praises the radiance of modest virtue; Daoist teaching warns against brimming rank. [Note four] So the noble man fears more as fortune mounts and bows lower as his title climbs. He takes warning from past and present, inscribes maxims on staff and armrest, carves them on bowls. [Note five] Careful, careful, busy, busy—never rash, never idle. Then every blessing will rest on you and good fortune will never run dry.

151

注[一]前書曰，竇嬰字王孫，孝文皇后從兄子也。孝文時為吳相，孝景時為詹事也。

Note: Dou Ying, styled Wangsun, was a nephew of Empress Dou of Wen. He governed Wu under Wen and served as chamberlain under Jing.

152

注[二]竇太后之弟長君、少君，退讓君子，不敢以富貴驕人，故雲淳淑守道也。

Note: Her brothers Changjun and Shaojun were modest gentlemen despite rank—hence 'pure and law-abiding.'

153

注[三]竇融封為安豐侯。

Note: Dou Rong held the Anfeng marquisate.

154

注[四]易曰：「謙尊而光，卑而不可踰。」老子曰：「富貴而驕，自遺其咎。功成名遂而身退，天之道也。」

Note: The *Zhou yi* praises humility's shining lowliness. Laozi warns that wealth and pride fetch their own punishment. When the work is done, step back—that is Heaven's Way.'"

155

注[五]太公金匱曰：「武王曰：『吾欲造起居之誡，隨之以身。』幾之書曰：『安無忘危，存無忘亡，孰惟二者，必後無凶。』杖之書曰：『輔人無苟，扶人無* (容) **[咎]*。』」墨子曰：「堯、舜、禹、湯書其事於竹帛，瑑之盤盂。」杅亦盂也。

Note: The *Jin gui* quotes King Wu wanting daily maxims at hand. The armrest inscription: in peace remember peril, in life remember ruin—keep both and stay safe.' The staff says: aid others without slack, uphold others without * (indulgence) **fault.*'"' Mozi says the sage-kings engraved their lessons on bamboo, silk, and bronze vessels.' *Yu* here is the same as a ritual bowl.

156

及憲為車騎將軍，辟駰為掾。憲府貴重，掾屬三十人，皆故刺史、二千石，唯駰以處士年少，擢在其閒。憲擅權驕恣，駰數諫之。及出擊匈奴，道路愈多不法，駰為主簿，前後奏記數十，指切長短。憲不能容，稍□之，因察駰高第，出為長岑長。 [一]駰自以遠去，不得意，遂不之官而歸。永元四年，卒於家。所著詩、賦、銘、頌、書、記、表、七依、婚禮結言、達旨、酒警合二十一篇。中子瑗。

When Dou Xian took the chariot generalcy, he appointed Yin to his staff. Thirty staffers, all ex-governors—only Yin, young and unsalaried, was pulled into their midst. Xian abused his power; Yin remonstrated again and again. On the northern campaign Yin as chief clerk filed dozens of memos exposing abuses. Xian could not stomach him, found a pretext, and posted him to distant Changcen. [Note one] Yin took the post as exile, refused the appointment, and went home. He died at home in Yongyuan 4 (92 CE). His corpus—verse, rhapsodies, inscriptions, hymns, letters, records, memorials, and shorter pieces—runs to twenty-one titles. His second son was Cui Yuan.

157

注[一]長岑，縣，屬樂浪郡，其地在遼東。

Note: Changcen county belonged to Lelang, in Liaodong.

158

瑗字子玉，早孤，銳志好學，盡能傳其父業。年十八，至京師，從侍中賈逵質正大義，逵善待之，瑗因留遊學，遂明天官、歷數、京房易傳、六日七分。 [一]諸儒宗之。與扶風馬融、南陽張衡特相友好。初，瑗兄章為州人所殺，瑗手刃報仇，因亡命。會赦，歸家。家貧，兄弟同居數十年，鄉邑化之。

Cui Yuan, styled Ziyu, was orphaned young but devoured books and mastered his father's learning. At eighteen he studied in the capital under Jia Kui, who taught him the great canons; he stayed on to master astronomy, calendrics, and Jing Fang's *Yi* with its sexagenary fractions. [Note one] Confucian scholars hailed him as their master. He was closest to Ma Rong and Zhang Heng. He had killed a man to avenge his murdered brother Zhang and fled the law. An amnesty let him return. The brothers kept a poor household together for decades and set the tone for the village.

159

注[一]解見郎顗傳。

Note: Technical gloss in Lang Yi's biography.

160

年四十餘，始為郡吏。以事系東郡發乾獄。 [一]獄掾善為禮，瑗閒考訊時，輒問以禮說。其專心好學，雖顛沛必於是。後事釋歸家，為度遼將軍鄧遵所辟。居無何，遵被誅，瑗免歸。

Not until after forty did he take a minor county post. A lawsuit landed him in Fagan jail in Dong commandery. [Note one] Even under interrogation he questioned the jailer on ritual texts. His love of learning did not flag in chains. Cleared, he was recruited by Deng Zun, the Liaodong general. Soon Deng Zun died at law; Yuan went home dismissed.

161

注[一]發乾縣之獄也。

Note: the jail at Fagan.

162

注[一]呂後立惠帝后宮子為少帝，周勃廢之也。

Note: Lü's puppet emperor deposed by Zhou Bo.

163

注[二]元，大也。書曰：「元惡大憝。」

Note: *Yuan* means 'chief' or 'great.' The *Shang shu* line on the arch-villain.'"

164

注[三]史記蔡澤說范睢曰：「君獨不觀夫博者乎？或欲大投，或欲分功。今君相秦，坐制諸侯，使天下皆畏秦，此亦秦分功之時也。」

Note: *Shiji* quotes Cai Ze's dice metaphor to Fan Ju. Some players risk all, some play for steady shares. You rule Qin and terrify the lords—yet that is also when Qin should share power.'"

165

注[四]第，但也。司馬相如*[傳]*曰：「第如臨邛。」

Note: *Di* means 'merely' or 'only.' Sima Xiangru uses *di* in the sense of 'simply.'"

166

久之，大將軍梁商初開莫府，復首辟瑗。自以再為貴戚吏，不遇被斥，遂以疾固辭。歲中舉茂才，遷汲令。 [一]在事數言便宜，為人開稻田數百頃。視事七年，百姓歌之。

Years later Liang Shang opened a new staff and called Yuan first. Twice burned as an in-law's aide, he pleaded sickness and refused. That year he was nominated *maocai* and made magistrate of Ji. [Note one] As magistrate he opened hundreds of qing of irrigated fields. Seven years in the county won him popular songs.

167

注[一]汲，縣名，屬河內。

Note: Ji county lay in Henei commandery.

168

漢安初，大司農胡廣、少府竇章共薦瑗宿德大儒，從政有多，不宜久在下位，由此遷濟北相。時李固為太山太守，美瑗文雅，奉書禮致殷勤。歲餘，光祿大夫杜喬為八使，徇行郡國，[一]以臧罪奏瑗，征詣廷尉。瑗上書自訟，得理出。

In Han'an, Hu Guang and Dou Zhang memorialized him as a veteran scholar and able official; the court named him chancellor of Jibei. Li Gu, then Taishan governor, courted him with letters and gifts. A year later Du Qiao, touring as inspector, impeached him for graft and hauled him to the capital judges. He memorialized in his own defense and won acquittal.

169

會病卒，年六十六。臨終，顧命子寔曰：「夫人稟天地之氣以生，及其終也，歸精於天，還骨於地。何地不可臧形骸，勿歸鄉里。其賵贈之物，羊豕之奠，一不得受。」寔奉遺令，遂留葬洛陽。

He then fell ill and died at sixty-six. On his deathbed he told his son Shi: 'We are born of heaven and earth's breath; at death essence flies to heaven and bone sinks to earth.' The body may rest anywhere; do not carry my bones home. Refuse every funeral gift and every sacrificial animal sent in my name. Cui Shi followed his father's will and laid him to rest in Luoyang.

170

注[一]八使見周舉傳。

Note: The eight inspectors appear in Zhou Ju's biography.

171

瑗高於文辭，尤善為書、記、箴、銘，所著賦、碑、銘、箴、頌、七蘇、[一]南陽文學官志、歎辭、移社文、悔祈、草書埶、七言，凡五十七篇。其南陽文學官志稱於後世，諸能為文者皆自以弗及。瑗愛士，好賓客，盛修餚膳，單極滋味，不問余產。居常蔬食菜羹而已。家無擔石儲，當世清之。 [二]

Cui Yuan was a master of belles lettres—memorials, stele inscriptions, and admonitions—and left fifty-seven works including the famous *Nanyang professor's office* memoir. Later generations ranked his *Nanyang literary office* piece above their own efforts. He loved scholars and feasted guests sumptuously, caring nothing for his estate. For himself he lived on greens and gruel. He kept no granary; his peers called him incorruptible. [Note two] See following gloss.

172

注[一]瑗集載其文，即枚乘七發之流。

Note: *Seven Su* in his corpus follows the *Seven Stimuli* genre.

173

注[二]華嶠書曰「瑗愛士，好賓客，盛修餚膳。或言其太奢。瑗聞之怒，□妻子曰：『吾并日而食，以供賓客，而反以獲譏，士大夫不足養如此。後勿過菜具，無為諸子所蚩也。』終不能改，奉祿盡於賓饗」也。

Note: Hua Qiao records Yuan's lavish hospitality. Critics called it excessive. Yuan grew angry and told his family he skipped meals to feed guests yet earned mockery. He ordered simpler fare lest his sons ridicule him.' He never mended his ways and spent his whole stipend on hospitality.'"

174

瑗子寔

His son was Cui Shi.

175

寔字子真，一名台，字符始。少沉靜，好典籍。父卒，隱居墓側。服竟，三公並辟，皆不就。

Cui Shi, styled Zizhen, was also known as Tai, with the courtesy name Fushi. From boyhood he was grave and bookish. He mourned at his father's grave. After the mourning period the three highest offices called him; he refused all.

176

桓帝初，詔公卿郡國舉至孝獨行之士。寔以郡舉，征詣公車，病不對策，除為郎。明於政體，吏才有餘，論當世便事數十條，名曰政論。指切時要，言辯而確，[一]當世稱之。仲長統曰：「凡為人主，宜寫一通，置之坐側。」其辭曰：

Emperor Huan ordered nominations for extreme filial piety and outstanding conduct. The commandery sent him to the capital; pleading sickness he skipped the examination and was made a court gentleman. He understood statecraft and wrote the *Zheng lun* with dozens of practical reforms. [Note one] His prose was trenchant and the world admired it. Zhongchang Tong said every emperor should keep a copy of the *Zheng lun* at hand. It opens:

177

注[一]確，堅正也，音口角反。

Note: *Que* means solid and straight; fanqie is given.

178

自堯舜之帝，湯武之王，皆賴明哲之佐，博物之臣。故戲陶陳謨而唐虞以興，伊、箕作訓而殷周用隆。 [一]及繼體之君，欲立中興之功者，曷嘗不賴賢哲之謀乎！凡天下所以不理者，常由人主承平日久，俗漸敝而不悟，政寖衰而不改，習亂安危，怢不自鶯。 [二]或荒耽嗜欲，不恤萬機；或耳蔽箴誨，厭偽忽真； [三]或猶豫歧路，莫適所從；或見信之佐，括囊守祿； [四]或□遠之臣，言以賤廢。是以王綱縱□於上，智士郁伊于下。 [五]悲夫！

From Yao and Shun through Tang and Wu, every sage ruler leaned on wise, learned ministers. Gao Yao's plans built Yao and Shun; Yi Yin and the Viscount of Ji instructed Shang and Zhou to glory. [Note one] No restoration happens without the counsel of the wise. The realm falls into disorder when a long peace dulls the ruler: custom rots, policy slackens, he mistakes peril for safety and never stirs. [Note two] some wallow in pleasure and ignore the business of state; some shut their ears to remonstrance and prefer flattery to truth; [note three] some dither at the crossroads, unable to choose; some trusted aides purse their lips and cling to salary; [note four] and distant advisers are dismissed for low rank. So the bonds of rule fray aloft while talent smothers below. [Note five] Alas!

179

注[一]伊尹作伊訓，箕子作洪範。

Note: Yi Yin's *Yi xun* and the Viscount of Ji's *Hong fan*.

180

注[二]怢音他沒反。怢，忽忘也。

Fanqie for *tu*. *Tu* means to forget carelessly.

181

注[三]厭飫奸偽，輕忽至真。

Note: cloyed on falsehood, they scorn the genuine.

182

注[四]易曰：「恬囊無咎無譽。」括，結也。結囊不言，持祿而已。

Note: The *Kun* line on tying the mouth of the sack. *Kuo* means to bind or knot. They seal their lips and draw pay.

183

注[五]郁伊，不申之貌。楚詞曰「獨郁伊而誰語」也。

Note: *Yu yi* means stifled, unable to speak out. *Chuci* has the line on choked solitude.'"

184

自漢興以來，三百五十餘歲矣。政令垢翫，上下怠懈，[一]風俗雕敝，人庶巧偽，百姓囂然，鹹復思中興之救矣。且濟時拯世之術，豈必體堯蹈舜然後乃理哉？期於補□決壞，枝柱邪傾，[二]隨形裁割，要措斯世於安寧之域而已。故聖人執權，遭時定制，[三]步驟之差，各有雲設。不強人以不能，背急切而慕所聞也。 [四]蓋孔子對葉公以來遠，哀公以臨人，景公以節禮，非其不同，所急異務也。 [五]是以受命之君，每輒創製；中興之主，亦匡時失。昔盤庚愍殷，遷都易民； [六]周穆有闕，甫侯正刑。 [七]俗人拘文牽古，不達權制，奇偉所聞，簡忽所見，烏可與論國家之大事哉！故言事者，雖合聖德，輒見掎奪。 [八]何者？其頑士闇於時權，安習所見，不知樂成，況可慮始，[九]苟雲率由舊章而已。其達者或矜名妒能，恥策非己，舞筆奮辭，以破其義，寡不勝觿，遂見擯□。雖稷、契復存，猶將困焉。斯賈生之所以排於絳、灌，屈子之所以攄其幽憤者也。 [一０]夫以文帝之明，賈生之賢，絳、灌之忠，而有此患，況其餘哉！

Han has stood for over three hundred fifty years. [Note one] Laws grow stale, officials lazy, manners coarse, the people cunning—the crowd cries out for a new restoration. Must rescuing the times mean aping Yao and Shun? [Note two] One need only plug leaks, shore the tilt, trim policy to facts, and settle the realm in peace. [Note three] The sage weighs circumstance and frames law; each age sets its own pace. He does not demand the impossible nor chase distant models while ignoring the crisis at hand. [Note four] Confucius gave Ye, Ai, and Jing different answers because each state needed something different. [Note five] Founders always innovate; restoring sovereigns patch the faults of their day. Pangeng pitied Yin and moved the people to a new capital; [Note six] King Mu erred until the Marquis of Fu set punishments right. [Note seven] Pedants hug the classics and ignore practical rule; they swoon at rumor and scorn evidence—unfit to debate governance! So even sage-like counsel gets blocked. [Note eight] Why? [Note nine] Obstinate scholars cling to habit, love finished projects, fear new starts, and chant 'keep the old code.' Clever men jealous of rivals scribble rebuttals until sound counsel is shouted down. Even Ji and Xie could not win in such a hall. That is why Jia Yi fell to Zhou Bo and Guan Ying, and Qu Yuan nursed his *Li sao* grief. [Note ten] If Wen, Jia Yi, and loyal ministers could not escape it, who can?

185

注[一]垢，惡也。

Note: *Gou* means foul or worn.

186

注[二]□音直莧反，禮記曰：「衣裳□裂紉箴請補綴。」柱音陟主反。

Note: Gloss on patching torn garments from the *Li ji*. Fanqie for *zhu* (prop).

187

注[三]權謂變也。遭遇其時而定法制，不循於舊也。

Note: *Quan* means flexible adaptation. They set law to fit the moment rather than copying antiquity.

188

注[四]背當時之急切，而慕所聞之事，則非濟時之要。

Note: Chasing reputation while ignoring urgent need is no cure for the times.

189

注[五]韓子曰，葉公問政於仲尼。仲尼曰：「政在悅近而來遠。」魯哀公問政於仲尼。仲尼曰：「政在選賢。」齊景公問政於仲尼。仲尼曰：「政在節財。」此云「臨人」「節禮」，文不同也。

Note: Han Feizi cites Duke Ye's question. Confucius answered: gladden neighbors and draw the distant. Duke Ai asked about government. Confucius said: pick the worthy. Duke Jing of Qi asked the same. Confucius said: restrain expense. The *Zheng lun* varies the wording from the Analects citations.

190

注[六]盤庚，殷王也。自耿遷於亳邑，作書三篇以告之。

Note: Pangeng, Shang king who moved the capital. He moved from Geng to Bo and issued three proclamations.

191

注[七]甫侯即呂侯也。為周穆王訓夏禹用刑之法。並見尚書。

Note: Fu is the Lü marquis of Zhou. He taught King Mu the Xia penal code. Both stories are in the *Shang shu*.

192

注[八]掎音居蟻反。賈逵注國語曰：「從後牽曰掎。」

Fanqie for *ji* (to pull back). Jia Kui glosses *ji* as hauling from the rear.'"

193

注[九]前書劉歆曰：「夫可與樂成，難與慮始，此乃觿庶所為耳。」

Note: Liu Xin on the mob's love of success and fear of beginnings.'"

194

注[一０]孝文帝時，賈誼請更定律，令列侯就國，周勃、灌嬰等毀之。屈原為楚三閭大夫，上官靳尚妒害其能，憂愁憤懣，遂作離騷經。

Note: Jia Yi's reforms were destroyed by Zhou Bo and Guan Ying. Qu Yuan served Chu until jealous ministers drove him to compose the *Li sao*.

195

注[一]左氏傳曰，息侯伐鄭，「不度德，不量力」。

Note: *Zuo zhuan* on Xi's rash attack on Zheng.'"

196

注[二]八* (世) **[代]*謂三皇、五帝也。霸政謂齊桓、晉文也。

Note: Eight * (generations) **ages* means the high antiquity of the Three August and Five Thearchs. Hegemon rule means Huan of Qi and Wen of Jin.

197

注[三]密，靜也。

Note: *Mi* means quiet.

198

注[四]墮讀曰隳。

Note: *Duo* is read as *hui*, 'to ruin.'

199

注[五]左傳，齊桓公伐楚，責以包茅不貢，王祭不供；晉文公召王盟諸侯於踐土；管仲相公子糾而射桓公：此並權變之道也。

Note: *Zuo zhuan* on Huan's rebuke of Chu over tribute reeds; Wen of Jin summoned the king to Jiantu; Guan Zhong once served a rival and shot Huan—examples of timely flexibility.

200

注[六]楚詞漁父曰「聖人不凝滯於物，而與時推移」也。

Note: *Chuci* has the fisherman tell Qu Yuan to move with the hour.'"

201

注[七]易曰：「上古結繩而化，後世聖人易之以書契。」干，盾也。戚，鉞也。

Note: The *Zhou yi* on replacing knotted cords with writing. *Gan* is the shield in the ritual dance. *Qi* is the axe.

202

尚書曰，苗人逆命，禹乃舞干羽於兩階，七旬有苗格。前書，高祖被匈奴圍於平城，用陳平計得解。言干戚之舞，非平城之所用也。

The *Shang shu* tells how Yu won the Miao with ritual dance, not arms. Gaozu's Pingcheng siege was broken by Chen Ping's ruse. The point: ritual dance is no parallel to Chen Ping's stratagem.

203

夫熊經鳥伸，雖延歷之術，非傷寒之理；呼吸吐納，雖度紀之道，非續骨之膏。 [一]蓋為國之法，有似理身，平則致養，疾則攻焉。夫刑罰者，治亂之藥石也；

Daoyin stretches may prolong life but do not cure typhoid cold; breath exercises may extend years but will not set a shattered bone. [Note one] Rule the realm as you would a body: nourish in health, strike in fever. Penalties are the harsh physic for disorder;

204

注[一]莊子曰：「吹呴呼吸，吐故納新，熊經鳥伸，此導引之士，養形之人也。」黃帝素問曰：「人傷於寒而轉為熱，何也？夫寒盛則生於熱也。」度紀猶延年也。言鳥伸不可療傷寒，吸氣不能續斷骨也。

Note: *Zhuangzi* lists the breathing and stretching arts. The *Huangdi neijing* asks why cold injury turns to fever. Extreme cold breeds heat within. *Du ji* means prolonging life. Bird-stretch will not cure shanghan; deep breathing will not fuse a fracture.

205

注[二]家語曰：「古者天子以德法為銜勒，以百官為轡策。善御馬者，正銜勒，齊轡策，鈞馬力，和馬心，故口無聲而極千里。善御人者，一其德法，正其百官，均齊人物，和安人心，故刑不用而天下化。」說文曰：「駘，馬銜脫也。」音達來反。皇路，天路也。

Note: *Kongzi jiayu* compares rule to driving a team. A good charioteer tunes tack and team in silence yet covers a thousand *li*. A good ruler harmonizes law and hearts so punishments rest unused. *Shuowen* defines *dai* as a slipped bit. Fanqie spelling follows. *Huang lu* is Heaven's highway.

206

注[三]何休注公羊傳曰：「柑，以木銜其口也。」柑音巨炎反。勒，馬轡。輈，車轅。鞬猶束也。說苑曰：「鑾設於鑣，和設於軾，馬動*[則]*鑾鳴，鑾鳴則*[和]*應，行*[之]*節也。」

Note: He Xiu glosses *gan* as a wooden gag. Fanqie for *gan*. *Le* is the bridle leather. *Zhou* is the shaft yoke. *Jian* means to strap fast. *Shuo yuan* on bells and chimes keeping the horses in cadence.'"

207

注[四]此以上並見前書刑法志。

Note: The precedents appear in the *Han shu* penal monograph.

208

注[五]式，法也。

Note: *Shi* means pattern or model.

209

注[六]畝百為夫，九夫為井。

Note: The well-field reckoning—hundred *mu* per *fu*, nine *fu* per *jing*.

210

注[七]尚書曰：「簫韶九成，鳳皇來儀。」又「夔曰：『於余擊石拊石，百獸率舞。』」其後辟太尉袁湯、大將軍梁冀府，並不應。大司農羊傅、少府何豹上書薦寔才美能高，宜在朝廷。召拜議郎，遷大將軍冀司馬，與邊韶、延篤等著作東觀。

Note: The *Shang shu* on the ninefold *shao* and the phoenixes. Kui's line about stone chimes and the beasts dancing.'" Later Yuan Tang and Liang Ji called him to staff; he refused both. Yang Fu and He Bao urged the throne to employ Cui Shi at the capital. He became consultant, then Liang Ji's marshal, and edited at the Eastern Library with Bian Shao and Yan Du.

211

出為五原太守。五原土宜麻枲，而俗不知織績，民冬月無衣，積細草而臥其中，見吏則衣草而出。寔至官，斥賣儲峙，為作紡績、織□、綀縕之具以教之，民得以免寒苦。 [一]是時胡虜連入雲中、朔方，殺略吏民，一歲至九奔命。寔整厲士馬，嚴烽候，虜不敢犯，常為邊最。 [二]

He was posted to Wuyuan commandery. The land grew hemp but the people could not weave; in winter they burrowed in hay and met the magistrate in straw. He sold official stores to buy looms and taught weaving so they could face winter. [Note one] Barbarians raided Yunzhong and Shuofang nine times in a year. He hardened troops and beacons until the frontier ranked him first. [Note two] End of border note.

212

注[一]杜預注左傳曰：「織□，織布者。」孔安國論語注曰：「縕，枲也。」

Note: Du Yu glosses the weaver's trade. Kong Anguo says *yun* is hemp cloth.'"

213

注[二]最為第一。

Note: *Zui* means 'top of the list.'

214

以病徵，拜議郎，復與諸儒博士共雜定五經。會梁冀誅，寔以故吏免官，禁錮數年。

Recalled on sick leave as consultant, he helped collate the Five Classics. Liang Ji's fall stripped him of rank for years as an old client.

215

時鮮卑數犯邊，詔三公舉威武謀略之士，司空黃瓊薦寔，拜遼東太守。行道，母劉氏病卒，上疏求歸葬行喪。母有母儀淑德，博覽書傳。初，寔在五原，常訓以臨民之政，寔之善績，母有其助焉。服竟，召拜尚書。寔以世方阻亂，稱疾不視事，數月免歸。

Huang Qiong nominated him for Liaodong when Xianbei pressed the frontier. His mother died en route; he asked leave to bury her and mourn. Lady Liu was a model mother and a reader. She had coached his Wuyuan administration from the women's quarters. After mourning the court named him minister. He pleaded sickness in a chaotic age and soon resigned.

216

初，寔父卒，剽賣田宅，起頤塋，立碑頌。 [一]葬訖，資產竭盡，因窮困，以酤釀販鬻為業。時人多以*[此]*譏之，寔終不改。亦取足而已，不致盈餘。及仕官，歷位邊郡，而愈貧薄。建寧中病卒。家徒四壁立，無以殯斂，光祿勳楊賜、太僕袁逢、少府段熲為備棺槨葬具，大鴻臚袁隗樹碑頌德。所著碑、論、箴、銘、荅、七言、祠、文、表、記、書凡十五篇。

For his father's funeral he sold land to build a grand tomb and stele. [Note one] The funeral beggared him, so he sold ale for a living. Neighbors mocked him; he never changed course. He earned only enough to get by. Border posts left him thinner in purse than before. He died in the Jianning years. Friends paid for the coffin when his house could not; Yuan Kui wrote his stone. Fifteen works survive under his name.

217

注[一]廣雅曰：「剽，削也，音匹妙反。」一作「標」。

Note: *Guangya* glosses *piao* as cutting away. Some manuscripts read *biao* instead.'"

218

寔從兄烈

His cousin was Cui Lie.

219

寔從兄烈，有重名於北州，歷位郡守、九卿。靈帝時，開鴻都門榜賣官爵，公卿州郡下至黃綬各有差。其富者則先入錢，貧者到官而後倍輸，或因常侍、阿保別自通達。 [一]是時段熲、樊陵、張溫等雖有功勤名譽，然皆先輸貨財而後登公位。烈時因傅母入錢五百萬，得為司徒。及拜日，天子臨軒，百僚畢會。

Cui Lie, famed in the north, rose to governor and minister. Lingdi put ranks up for sale at Hongdu from chancellors to county posts. Rich buyers prepaid; poor ones paid double after appointment, or bribed eunuchs and nurses. [Note one] Even heroes like Duan Jiong bought their way up. Lie paid five million *cash* through his nurse and became minister of education. Investiture day brought the emperor to the hall with the full court.

220

帝顧謂親幸者曰：「悔不小靳，可至千萬。」[二]程夫人於傍應曰：「崔公冀州名士，豈肯買官？賴我得是，反不知姝邪！」[三]烈於是聲譽衰減。久之不自安，從容問其子鈞曰：「吾居三公，於議者何如？」鈞曰：「大人少有英稱，歷位卿守，論者不謂不當為三公；而今登其位，天下失望。」烈曰：「何為然也？」

The emperor muttered he should have asked ten million for the post. [Note two] Lady Cheng snapped that a Ji worthy like Cui would not buy rank. She boasted that her pull had won him the seat.' [Note three] Her words ruined his name. Uneasy, he asked his son what the world said of his ministership. Jun said the world had never grudged him high office until now. Now that he had bought the seat, the empire was disappointed.' Lie asked why.

221

鈞曰：「論者嫌其銅臭。」烈怒，舉杖擊之。鈞時為虎賁中郎將，服武弁，戴鶡尾，狼狽而走。烈罵曰：「死卒，父檛而走，孝乎？」[四]鈞曰：「舜之事父，小杖則受，大杖則走，非不孝也。」[五]烈籩而止。烈後拜太尉。

Jun answered: 'They say you smell of copper coins.' Lie swung his cane at him. Jun, in tiger guard uniform with plumed cap, bolted. Lie shouted after the fleeing soldier-son. [Note four] Jun cited Shun's rule: endure light blows, flee heavy ones.'" [Note five] Lie dropped the stick, ashamed. He later rose to grand commandant.

222

注[一]阿保謂傅母也。

Note: *Abao* is the imperial nurse.

223

注[二]靳，固惜之也。靳或作「傿」。說文曰：「傿，引為價也。」音一建反。

Note: *Jin* means to regret underselling. Some texts write *jian* for *jin*. *Shuowen* glosses *jian* as fixing a price. Fanqie follows.

224

注[三]姝，美也。言反不知斯事之美也。姝或作「株」。株，根本也。

Note: *Shu* means lovely. The barb: the emperor missed the 'beauty' of the deal. Variant graph *zhu*. *Zhu* means 'root' or 'point.'

225

注[四]以其武官，故罵為卒。或作「孔卒」者，誤也。

Note: Lie insulted the tiger guard as a common soldier. The reading 'kong zu' is a scribal mistake.

226

注[五]家語曰：「曾子耘瓜，誤傷其根。曾□怒，建大杖以擊其首。曾子仆地不知人，有頃乃蘇。孔子聞之怒，謂門弟子曰：『參來勿內也。昔瞽叟有子曰舜，瞽叟欲使之，未嘗不往，則欲殺之，未嘗可得。小棰則待，大杖則逃，不陷父於不義也。』」

Note: *Jiayu* on Zengzi and the melon patch. His father Zeng Xi beat him with a heavy staff. Zengzi collapsed and came to slowly. Confucius barred the gate to Zeng Shen for accepting that beating.'" The tale of Blind Gu and Shun: summoned, Shun always came; marked for death, he always escaped. He bore light blows but fled heavy ones, so his father was never shamed as a murderer.'"

227

鈞少交結英豪，有名稱，為西河太守。獻帝初，鈞與袁紹俱起兵山東，董卓以是收烈付郿獄，錮之，鋃鐺鐵鎖。 [一]卓既誅，拜烈城門校尉。及李傕入長安，為亂兵所殺。

Jun befriended bold spirits and governed Xihe. When Jun joined Yuan Shao against Dong Zhuo, Zhuo jailed Cui Lie in Mei in chains. [Note one] After Zhuo's death Lie became colonel of the city gates. Mutineers slew him when Li Jue took Chang'an.

228

注[一]說文曰：「鋃鐺，鎖也。」前書曰：「人犯鑄錢，以鐵鎖鋃鐺其頸。」鋃音郎，鐺音當。

Note: *Shuowen* defines *langdang* as chains. The *Han shu* describes felons collared with iron *langdang*. The gloss gives the readings for each syllable.

229

烈有文才，所著詩、書、教、頌等凡四篇。

Cui Lie left four literary works.

230

論曰：崔氏世有美才，兼以沉淪典籍，遂為儒家文林。駰、瑗雖先盡心於貴戚，而能終之以居正，則其歸旨異夫進趣者乎！李固，高絜之士也，與瑗□郡，奉贄以結好。 [一]由此知杜喬之劾，殆其過矣。寔之政論，言當世理亂，雖□錯之徒不能過也。

The historian writes: generation after generation the Cuis were fine scholars and became a grove of Confucian letters. Yin and Yuan began in great-clan service but finished upright—unlike mere careerists. The fastidious Li Gu, posted with Cui Yuan, sent the formal gift and won his friendship. [Note one] So Du Qiao's charge against Yuan was likely unjust. Cui Shi's *Zheng lun* on state and chaos outdoes even Chao Cuo.

231

注[一]儀禮曰：「士相見之禮，贄冬用雉，夏用腒，奉之曰：『某也欲見無由達。』」腒，干* (腒) *[朐]，音渠。

Note: *Yili* on the guest gift of pheasant or dried meat. The summer gift *ju* is dried cured meat. (The note repeats the character *ju*.) The commentary gives a fanqie reading for the syllable.

232

贊曰：崔為文宗，世禪雕龍。 [一]建新恥潔，摧志求容。永矣長岑，於遼之陰。不有直道，曷取泥沉。瑗不言祿，亦離冤辱。子真持論，感起昏俗。

The verse praises the Cuis as masters whose art passes like Zou Shi's 'carved dragon.' [Note one] Zhuan under Wang Mang bent principle to survive. Banished to distant Changcen beyond the Liao. Without integrity, who would choose the mire? Cui Yuan scorned salary and avoided false disgrace. Cui Shi (Zizhen) roused a dull age with his essays.

233

注[一]史記曰：「談天衍，雕龍奭。」劉向別錄曰：「言鄒奭修飾之文若雕龍文也。」禪謂相傳授也。

Note: *Shiji* pairs Yan Yan and Zou Shi. Liu Xiang says Zou Shi's style was like dragon carving. *Chan* here means transmitted from master to pupil.

234

校勘記

Editorial collation notes

235

一七０三頁三行諫刺史無與燕剌王通按：「刺史」之「刺」從朿，「剌王」之「剌」從束，二字音義並異，各本往往斗混。

Collation: distinguishes the inspector title from the prince's epithet, often conflated in copies.

236

一七０三頁六行太保甄豐按：集解引黃山說，謂前書王莽傳甄邯為太保，豐為太阿，未為太保也，「保」「豐」二字當有一誤。

Collation: Huang Shan doubts the title pairing Zhen Feng as grand guardian.

237

一七０三頁八行昔* (在) **[者]*魯君問柳下惠曰據汲本改，與前書董仲舒傳合。

Page 1703 line 8: 'Formerly' * (at) Collation: restored text to match *Han shu* Dong Zhongshu passage.

238

一七０四頁五行掾吏叩頭諫曰按：刊誤謂「吏」當作「史」。總言之，掾、史皆吏也，獨言之當雲史耳。

Collation: *Kanwu* emends the staff title to the scribe form. Note: both are staff, but the stricter reading is *shi*.

239

一七０四頁一二行郡國常以春行* (至) **[主]*縣陳景雲謂「至」當從續志本文作「主」。主縣者，所主之縣也。按：百官志云「當以春行所主縣」，陳說是，今據改。

Page 1704 line 12: spring circuit * (to) Collation: Chen Jingyun reads 'preside' rather than 'arrive' for the circuit verb. Gloss: the counties a governor visits. Collation: adopted Chen's emendation per *Bai guan zhi*.

240

一七０六頁九行闔衡門以埽軌按：「埽」原斗「歸」，逕據汲本、殿本改正。

Collation: corrected a miswriting of 'sweep' as 'return'.

241

一七０七頁五行偷苟且也按：汲本、殿本「偷」作「偷」，與正文合，然偷偷同字，似不必改歸一律，今仍之。

Collation: variant manuscript forms of the same word are noted; wording kept.

242

一七０七頁八行不為利* (□) **[諂]*據集解本改。

Page 1707 line 8: 'not for profit' * (nor) Collation: restored the flattery graph per the Jijie edition.

243

一七０八頁一０行暮春*[者]*春服既成據汲本、殿本補，與論語合。

Collation: supplied a missing particle to match the *Analects*.

244

一七０八頁一二行啟余足按：汲本、殿本「余」作「予」，與論語合。

Collation: first-person pronoun aligned with the *Analects*.

245

一七０八頁一二行父母全己生之按：汲本、殿本「己」作「而」。

Collation: conjunction emended per Ji and Palace editions.

246

一七一０頁九行所以尚騏驎者汲本、殿本「驎」作「驥」。按：騏驥、騏驎皆謂良馬也。

Collation: two manuscript variants for the fine-horse phrase. Note: both phrases denote good horses.

247

一七一一頁四行紛□塞路「□」汲本、殿本作「繷」。集解引惠棟說，謂「繷」依方言作「□」，云「南楚凡大而多謂之郺，或謂之□」。郭璞曰「□音奴動反」。按：據惠說，則字當作「□」。

Collation: lacuna filled with the graph meaning tangled obstruction per editions. Collation: Hui Dong cites *Fangyan* for the graph read *lòng*. Guo Pu records the fanqie spelling. Collation: adopts Hui Dong's *lòng* reading.

248

一七一一頁八行與其有事按：刊誤謂案文「與」合作「噹」，上又合有「故」字，楊雄、蔡邕同用此律也。

Collation: *Kanwu* on emending particles and adding 'therefore'.

249

一七一三頁五行楚可破* (之) **[也]*據刊誤改。

Page 1713 line 5: 'Chu can be broken' * (it) Collation: particle emended per *Kanwu*.

250

一七一三頁一０行昔夏後開* (冶) *使飛廉析金於山沉欽韓謂「冶」字衍文，見墨子耕柱篇。今據刪。按：墨子「析」作「折」，王念孫謂作「折」是。

Page 1713 line 10: Xia Kai * (smelting) Collation: Shen Qinhan marks the smelting character as redundant. Collation: redundant graph removed. Collation: split versus break (Wang Niansun).

251

一七一五頁一四行五員樹功於柏舉汲本、殿本「五」作「伍」。按：五伍通。

Collation: personal name written with the platoon-style graph per editions. Note: the numeral and platoon graphs interchange here.

252

一七一六頁一行原衰見廉於壺飧按：「衰」原斗「襄」，逕改正。

Collation: surname graph corrected from a common miswriting.

253

一七一六頁七行華嶠書* (曰) *因字作回按：「曰」字當衍，今刪。

Page 1716 line 7: Hua Qiao * (says) Collation: deleted a redundant speech particle.

254

一七一六頁九行利合而友按：「利」原斗「時」，逕改正。

Collation: corrected a miswriting of 'time' as 'profit'.

255

一七一七頁一四行奔隨按：「隨」原斗「遺」，殿本斗「隋」，逕據汲本改正。

Collation: corrected miswritten 'follow' graphs per the Ji edition.

256

一七一七頁一五行軍敗吳而復楚國按：「軍」字疑衍。

Collation: the word 'army' may be redundant.

257

一七一七頁一六行唐且即唐雎也按：「雎」字各本並斗「睢」，逕改正。

Collation: distinguishes homophonous name graphs for Tang Ju.

258

一七一七頁一六行魏使人請救*[於秦]*據汲本、殿本補。

Collation: added the phrase 'from Qin' per Ji and Palace editions.

259

一七一七頁一七行丈人忙然乃遠至* (魏) *此*[魏]*來者數矣據汲本改。按：今本戰國策作「丈人芒然乃遠至此，甚苦矣，魏來求救數矣」。

Collation note on a *Zhanguo ce* parallel about the elder's hurried journey (fragment continues). (Wei) Collation: demonstrative emended to the state name Wei per Ji edition. Collation: cites modern *Zhanguo ce* wording.

260

一七一八頁五行昔趙衰為原大夫按：陳景雲謂「昔」當作「晉」。

Collation: Chen Jingyun reads the state name Jin for a miswritten 'formerly'.

261

一七一八頁一六行* (帝) **[常]*嗟歎之據汲本改。

Collation note on page 1718 line 16 (text continues in the next line). (Emperor) Collation: the graph should read *chang* 'often' rather than *di* 'emperor' per Ji edition.

262

一七二０頁二行陽* (侯) **[平]*之族刊誤謂案文「侯」當作「平」，王鳳封陽平侯，前書亦謂陽平之王也。今據改。按：集解引黃山說，謂鳳乃嗣侯，始封陽平者，鳳父頃侯禁也。

Page 1720 line 2: Yang * (ping) Collation: the Yangping enfeoffment title should read Ping, not Marquis; texts cite Wang Feng. Collation: emendation adopted. Collation: Huang Shan on succession of the Yangping title.

263

一七二０頁六行* (禮) **[愨]*漫漫兮據殿本改。按：疑「愨」先斗作「禮」，轉寫又鬥作「禮」。

Collation note on page 1720 line 6 (text continues in the next line). (Ritual) Collation: earnest graph substituted for a miswritten ritual graph per Palace edition. Collation: explains a double corruption through two ritual graphs.

264

一七二０頁八行論語* (曰) *孔子之言也據校補刪。

Page 1720 line 8: *Analects* * (says) Collation: adjusted the *Analects* attribution line.

265

一七二一頁一行元帝王皇后弟* (王) **[子]*莽篡位校補謂「王」乃「子」之鬥，莽乃後弟曼子也，各本皆未正。今據改。

Page 1721 line 1: Wang clan * (Wang) Collation: kinship line emended for Wang Mang's descent from empress Wang's brother. Collation: correction applied.

266

一七二一頁七行矜矜業業按：汲本「矜矜」作「兢兢」。

Collation: two reduplication variants for 'careful' in Ji versus Palace editions.

267

一七二一頁一三行扶人無* (容) **[咎]*據殿本改。按：集解引錢大昭說，謂「容」當作「咎」。

Collation fragment: staff inscription line continues. (Indulgence) Collation: graph emended per Palace edition. Collation: Qian Dazhao reads 'blame' for 'indulgence'.

268

一七二三頁七行第聽只上書「第」原作「弟」，殿本同，此據汲本改，注同。按：第弟通。

Collation: homophone emended to 'only' per Ji edition. Note: the two graphs are interchangeable.

269

一七二三頁一四行司馬相如*[傳]*曰據集解引黃山說改。按：此非司馬相如語，乃文君謂相如云云也。

Collation: attribution emended per Huang Shan. Collation: speaker identified as Zhuo Wenjun, not Xiangru.

270

一七二四頁一一行單極滋味按：御覽九七六引「單」作「殫」。

Collation: *Yulan* variant for 'exhaust'.

271

一七二六頁一０行雖合聖德按：張森楷校勘記謂治要「德」作「聽」，疑「聽」字是。

Collation: Zhang Senkai prefers 'listen' over 'virtue' per *Zhiyao*.

272

一七二七頁一二行* (故宜) *量力度德刊誤謂案文多「故宜」二字，下文自有用「故宜」字處。今據刪。

Collation note on page 1727 line 12 (continues). (Therefore ought) Collation: *Kanwu* deletes a duplicated 'therefore ought' phrase. Collation: deletion applied.

273

一七二七頁一二行純法八* (世) **[代]*刊誤謂「世」當作「代」。集解引惠棟說，謂文選注引作「八代」。按：此轉改之失，今據改。注同。

Collation fragment on 'eight ages' phrase. (Generations) Collation: *Kanwu* reads 'age' for 'generation'. Collation: Hui Dong cites *Wenxuan* on 'eight ages.' Collation: transmission error corrected. Same emendation in the commentary.

274

一七二八頁八行管仲相公子糾而射桓公按：集解引黃山說，謂原注「射桓公」下當有「卒乃相桓公」句。

Collation: Huang Shan adds a clause on Guan Zhong's later service to Huan.

275

一七二八頁一四行平則致養按：殿本無「致」字。

Collation: Palace edition omits the verb 'bring.'

276

一七二九頁一行豈暇鳴和鑾清節奏哉按：「清」原斗「請」，逕據汲本、殿本改正。

Collation: corrected a miswriting of 'request' as 'clear'.

277

一七二九頁四行*[加]*笞與重罪無異據汲本、殿本補，與前志合。

Collation: added wording per Ji and Palace to match the penal treatise.

278

一七二九頁五行不可為* (民) **[人]*按：校補案前志本作「不可為人」，此轉改之失。今據改。

Collation fragment on 'cannot be a person'. (A commoner) Collation: restores 'person' for a miswritten 'commoner' per the former treatise. Collation: emendation applied.

279

一七二九頁一四行皇路天路也按：汲本「天」作「大」。

Collation: Ji edition reads 'great' where others read 'Heaven' for *huang lu*.

280

一七三０頁一行馬動*[則]*鑾鳴鑾鳴則*[和]*應據汲本、殿本補。

Collation: supplied conditional particles per Ji and Palace editions.

281

一七三０頁一行行*[之]*節也據今本說苑補「之」字。按：汲本、殿本「節也」上無「行」字。

Collation: supplied possessive particle per received *Shuo yuan*. Collation: Ji and Palace omit the word 'motion' before 'rhythm.'

282

一七三一頁四行時人多以*[此]*譏之據汲本、殿本補。

Collation: supplied demonstrative 'this' per Ji and Palace editions.

283

一七三一頁四行及仕宦汲本、殿本「官」作「宦」，勘誤謂案文「宦」當作「官」。按：集解引王會汾說，謂古書中言「仕宦」者甚多，「仕官」不成文理，此傳寫互誤，傳及注「宦」字當本作「官」，劉注當本作「官當作宦」。

Collation: errata on office versus court-service graph. Collation: Wang Huifen on mutual error between office and court-service wording.

284

一七三一頁七行一作標按：「標」原斗「摽」，逕改正。

Collation: corrected a miswriting of 'signal' as 'mark'.

285

一七三二頁一行父檛而走按：汲本「檛」作「撾」。

Collation: variant graph for 'strike' in Ji edition.

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