1
西羌之本，出自三苗，姜姓之别也。 其国近南岳。 及舜流四凶，徙之三危，河关之西南羌地是也。 滨于赐支，至乎河首，绵地千里。 赐支者，《禹贡》所谓析支者也。 南接蜀、汉徼外蛮夷，西北接鄯善、车师诸国。 所居无常，依随水草。 地少五谷，以产牧为业。 其俗氏族无定，或以父名母姓为种号。 十二世后，相与婚姻，父没则妻后母，兄亡则纳厘嫂，故国无鳏寡，种类繁炽。 不立君臣，无相长一，强则分种为酋豪，弱则为人附落，更相抄暴，以力为雄。 杀人偿死，无它禁令。 其兵长在山谷，短于平地，不能持久，而果于触突，以战死为吉利，病终为不祥。 堪耐寒苦，同之禽兽。 虽妇人产子，亦不避风雪。 性坚刚勇猛，得西方金行之气焉。
The Western Qiang trace their origins to the Three Miao and constitute a branch of the Jiang lineage. Their lands bordered the Southern Marchmount. When Shun exiled the Four Malefactors and removed them to Sanwei, the region was that southwestern Qiang territory southwest of Heguan. Their domain ran along Zhizhi all the way to the river's source, spanning a thousand li of ground. Zhizhi is the place the "Tribute of Yu" names Xizhi. Southward they met the tribes beyond Shu and Han; northwestward they adjoined Shanshan, Jushi, and the other oasis states. They did not live in one place for long; they moved with the grass and water. Where grain was scarce, they lived chiefly by pastoralism. Clan affiliation was fluid: some groups styled themselves from a father's name combined with a mother's surname. Twelve generations on they freely intermarried; a son could wed his father's widow and a younger brother his brother's widow, so few were left alone, and their kind grew thick on the ground. They knew no formal ruler-subject order; the powerful broke away as chieftains, the weak became dependents of larger camps, and they pillaged each other ceaselessly, with raw strength deciding who led. Murder was repaid with death, and little else was forbidden by law. They fought best in the defiles and poorly on open plains, could not sustain long campaigns, yet rushed headlong into shock action; a battlefield death was lucky, while sickness was ill-omened. They bore cold and privation like wild creatures. Women gave birth without sheltering from wind or snow. They were hard, fierce, and courageous—said to embody the western Metal phase in temperament.
2
王政修则宾服，德教失则寇乱。 昔夏后氏太康失国，西夷背叛。 及后相即位，乃征畎夷，七年然后来宾。 至于后泄，始加爵命，由是服从。 后桀之乱，畎夷入居邠、岐之间，成汤既兴，伐而攘之。 及殷室中衰，诸夷皆叛。 至于武丁，征西戎、鬼方，三年乃克。 故其诗曰：“自彼氐羌，莫敢不来王。”
Good governance brought them to court as tributaries; misrule turned them into raiders. Under Taikang of the Xia the throne was lost and the western Yi broke away. After Xiang took the throne he attacked the Quanyi, and seven years passed before they arrived as suppliants. Not until the reign of Xie were titles and orders first granted, and from then on they submitted. When Jie's chaos erupted the Quanyi settled between Bin and Qi until Cheng Tang's rise, when he struck them and cleared them out. In the mid-Yin decline every Yi group rose in revolt. Under Wuding the court campaigned against the western Rong and Guifang and needed three years to overcome them. Hence the poem runs: “From those Di and Qiang tribes, none dared refuse to present themselves at court.
3
及武乙暴虐，犬戎寇边，周古公逾梁山而避于岐下。 及子季历，遂伐西落鬼戎。 太丁之时，季历复伐燕京之戎，戎人大败周师。 后二年，周人克余无之戎，于是太丁命季历为牧师。 自是之后，更伐始呼、翳徒之戎，皆克之。 乃文王为西伯，西有昆夷之患，北有猃狁之难，遂攘戎狄而戍之，莫不宾服。 乃率西戎，征殷之叛国以事纣。
Under the tyrant Wuyi the Quanrong harried the frontier until the Zhou patriarch crossed Mount Liang and sheltered beneath Mount Qi. His son Jili next campaigned against the Xiluo Gui Rong. During Taiding's reign Jili struck the Yanjing Rong again, and the Rong shattered the Zhou host. Two years on the Zhou crushed the Yuwu Rong, and Taiding appointed Jili pastoral superintendent. They went on to defeat the Shihu and Yitu Rong in successive campaigns. When Wen became overlord of the west he faced Kunyi in the west and Xianyun in the north; he pushed back Rong and Di, posted troops, and brought every side to allegiance. He rallied the western Rong to strike Yin territories that had broken away, thereby serving King Zhou.
4
及武王伐商，羌、髳率师会于牧野。 至穆王时，戎狄不贡，王乃西征犬戎，获其五王，又得四白鹿，四白狼，王遂迁戎于太原。 夷王衰弱，荒服不朝，乃命虢公率六师伐太原之戎，至于俞泉，获马千匹。 厉王无道，戎狄寇掠，乃入犬丘，杀秦仲之族。 王命伐戎，不克。 及宣王立四年，使秦仲伐戎，为戎所杀。 王乃召秦仲子庄公，与兵七千人伐戎，破之，由是少却。 后二十七年，王遣兵伐太原戎，不克。 后五年，王伐条戎、奔戎，王师败绩。 后二年，晋人败北戎于汾隰，戎人灭姜侯之邑。 明年，王征申戎，破之。 后十年，幽王命伯士伐六济之戎，军败，伯士死焉。 其年，戎围犬丘，虏秦襄公之兄伯父。 时幽王昏虐，四夷交侵，遂废申后而立褒姒。 申侯怒，与戎寇周，杀幽王于郦山，周乃东迁洛邑，秦襄公攻戎救周。 后二年，邢侯大破北戎。
When Wu marched against Shang, the Qiang and Mao brought their forces to Muye. Under King Mu tribute from Rong and Di stopped; he marched west against the Quanrong, seized five of their kings, took four white deer and four white wolves, and resettled the Rong in Taiyuan. When Yi grew feeble the outer domains stayed away; he sent the Duke of Guo with six divisions against the Taiyuan Rong to Yuquan and brought back a thousand horses. Under the ruthless Li the Rong and Di swept in, reached Quanqiu, and wiped out Zhong of Qin's kin. Royal troops were ordered against the Rong but failed. In Xuan's fourth year Zhong of Qin attacked the Rong and fell to them. The king called up Zhuang, Zhong's son, armed him with seven thousand men, routed the Rong, and they slackened their pressure. Twenty-seven years on another royal expedition against the Taiyuan Rong failed. Five years after that he struck the Tiao and Ben Rong and his army was beaten. Two years on Jin crushed the northern Rong at Fenxi while the Rong razed the Jiang lord's seat. The following year he attacked the Shen Rong and prevailed. A decade later You sent Boshi against the Liuji Rong; the force was routed and Boshi fell. That year Rong invested Quanqiu and took Bo Fu, Xiang of Qin's elder brother. You's reign brought invasion from every quarter; he cast aside Queen Shen and raised Baosi. Enraged, Marquis Shen allied with Rong against Zhou, killed You at Lishan, forced the court east to Luoyi, while Xiang of Qin struck Rong to aid the dynasty. Two years afterward Xing of Jin broke the northern Rong.
5
及平王之末，周遂陵迟，戎逼诸夏，自陇山以东，及乎伊、洛，往往有戎。 于是渭首有狄、<豸原>、邽、冀之戎，泾北有义渠之戎，洛川有大荔之戎，渭南有骊戎，伊、洛间有杨拒、泉皋之戎，颍首以西有蛮氏之戎。 当春秋时，间在中国，与诸夏盟会。 鲁庄公伐秦，取邽、冀之戎。 后十余岁，晋灭骊戎。 是时，伊、洛戎强，东侵曹、鲁。 后十九年，遂入王城。 于是秦、晋伐戎以救周。 后二年，又寇京师，齐桓公征诸侯戍周。 后九年，陆浑戎自瓜州迁于伊川，允姓戎迁于渭汭，东及轘辕。 在河南山北者号曰阴戎，阴戎之种遂以滋广。 晋文公欲修霸业，乃赂戎狄通道，以匡王室。 秦穆公得戎人由余，遂霸西戎，开地千里。 及晋悼公，又使魏绛和诸戎，复修霸业。 是时，楚、晋强盛，威服诸戎，陆浑、伊、洛、阴戎事晋，而蛮氏从楚。 后陆浑叛晋，晋令荀吴灭之。 后四十四年，楚执蛮氏而尽囚其人。 是时义渠、大荔最强，筑城数十，皆自称王。
Late in Ping's day Zhou slid downhill; Rong hemmed in the central states from east of Longshan to the Yi and Luo valleys. At Wei's upper reaches stood the Di Rong, the Yuan Rong, the Gui Rong, and the Ji Rong; north of the Jing lay the Yiqu Rong; on the Luo plain stood the Dali Rong; south of the Wei lay the Li Rong; between the Yi and Luo lay the Yangju and Quangao Rong; west of the Ying headwaters lay the Manshi Rong. In Spring and Autumn times they lodged inside the heartland at intervals and sat with the Zhou states in alliance. Lu's Duke Zhuang invaded Qin and seized the Gui and Ji Rong. A decade later Jin destroyed the Li Rong. Then the Yi–Luo Rong grew bold and pushed east against Cao and Lu. Nineteen years on they broke into the king's city. Qin and Jin then struck Rong to relieve Zhou. Two years after that they harried the capital district until Huan of Qi called up the allies to guard Zhou. Nine years on Luhun Rong relocated from Guazhou to Yichuan and Yun-surname Rong to the Weirui, stretching east to Huanyuan. North of the Henan range they were styled Yin Rong, and that stock spread wide. Wen of Jin sought hegemonic sway and bought passage through Rong and Di to buttress the Zhou throne. Mu of Qin won the defector You Yu, mastered the western Rong, and added a thousand li. Under Dao of Jin, Wei Jiang again pacified the Rong camps and revived Jin's leadership. Chu and Jin towered above the Rong; Luhun, Yi, Luo, and Yin Rong backed Jin, Manshi Chu. When Luhun turned on Jin, Xun Wu wiped them out. Forty-four years on Chu seized Manshi and jailed its entire population. Yiqu and Dali were then supreme, raising dozens of walled seats and each claiming kingship.
6
至周贞王八年，秦厉公分灭大荔，取其地。 赵亦灭代戎，即北戎也。 韩、魏复共稍并伊、洛、阴戎，灭之。 其遗脱者皆逃走，西逾汧、陇。 自是中国无戎寇，唯余义渠种焉。 至贞王二十五年，秦伐义渠，虏其王。 后十四年，义渠侵秦至渭阴。 后百许年，义渠败秦师于洛。 后四年，义渠国乱，秦惠王遣庶长操将兵定之，义渠遂臣于秦。 后八年，秦伐义渠，取郁郅。 后二年，义渠败秦师于李伯。 明年，秦伐义渠，取徒泾二十五城。 及昭王立，义渠王朝秦，遂与昭王母宣太后通，生二子。 至王赧四十三年，宣太后诱杀义渠王于甘泉宫，因起兵灭之，始置陇西、北地、上郡焉。
Zhending's eighth year saw Li of Qin ally to crush Dali and annex its ground. Zhao likewise erased the Dai Rong—that is, the northern Rong. Han and Wei piecemeal swallowed the Yi, Luo, and Yin Rong. Survivors bolted west over Qian and Long. Afterward the heartland saw no Rong incursions—only Yiqu survived. Zhending's twenty-fifth year Qin struck Yiqu and took its king. Fourteen years on Yiqu pushed into Qin to Weiyin. Roughly a century later Yiqu broke Qin's host on the Luo. Four years after that Yiqu convulsed within; Hui of Qin dispatched Cao to pacify it, and Yiqu became Qin's vassal. Eight years on Qin seized Yuzhi from Yiqu. Two years later Yiqu routed Qin at Libo. The following year Qin took twenty-five Tujing towns from Yiqu. Zhao's accession brought Yiqu's king to Qin's court; he became Queen Dowager Xuan's lover and sired two sons. In Nan's forty-third year Xuan murdered Yiqu's king at Ganquan, mustered an army to finish Yiqu, and first set up Longxi, Beidi, and Shang.
7
戎本无君长，夏后氏末及商周之际，或从侯伯征伐有功，天子爵之，以为籓服。 春秋时，陆浑、蛮氏戎称子。 战国世，大荔、义渠称王。 及其衰亡，余种皆反旧为酋豪云。
The Rong began without kings; late Xia into Shang-Zhou some fought under feudal lords and earned ranks from the Son of Heaven as outer dependents. Spring and Autumn records show Luhun and Manshi Rong using the title “viscount. Warring States saw Dali and Yiqu claim royal titles. After their fall the remnants returned to chieftain rule as before.
8
羌无弋爰剑者，秦厉公时为秦所拘执，以为奴隶。 不知爰剑何戎之别也。 后得亡归，而秦人追之急，藏于岩穴中得免。 羌人云爰剑初藏穴中，秦人焚之，有景象如虎，为其蔽火，得以不死。 既出，又与劓女遇于野，遂成夫妇。 女耻其状，被发覆面，羌人因以为俗，遂俱亡入三河间。 诸羌见爰剑被焚不死，怪其神，共畏事之，推以为豪，河湟间少五谷，多禽兽，以射猎为事，爰剑教之田畜，遂见敬信，庐落种人依之者日益众。 羌人谓奴为无弋，以爰剑尝为奴隶，故因名之。 其后世世为豪。
The Qiang chieftain Yuanjian, who bore the epithet Wuyi, was captured under Duke Li of Qin and reduced to slavery. His exact Rong affiliation is unknown. He fled homeward under hot pursuit and hid in a rock cave until the chase gave up. Qiang tradition says fire set by Qin could not kill him because a tiger-shaped spirit beat the flames away. Once out he paired with a noseless woman met in the wilds. She veiled her face with loose hair from shame; the Qiang adopted the habit and both fled into the Three Rivers country. Seeing him survive the blaze they revered him as spirit-made, made him chief, and learned tillage and stock-rearing in the Huang valleys where hunt had once ruled; his following swelled. Wu Yi meant “slave” in Qiang speech; Yuanjian kept the epithet because Qin had bound him. His line stayed paramount for generations.
9
至爰剑曾孙忍时，秦献公初立，欲复穆公之迹，兵临渭首，灭狄獂戎。 忍季父卯畏秦之威，将其种人附落而南，出赐支河曲西数千里，与众羌绝远，不复交通。 其后子孙分别，各自为种，任随所之。 或为牦牛种，越巂羌是也； 或为白马种，广汉羌是也； 或为参狼种，武都羌是也。 忍及弟舞独留湟中，并多娶妻妇。 忍生九子为九种，舞生十七子为十七种，羌之兴盛，从此起矣。
At Ren, Xian of Qin sought to replay Mu's glory, marched to Wei's head, and wiped out the Di Yuan Rong. Uncle Mao, cowed by Qin, led dependents south beyond the Zhizhi bend for thousands of li, cutting ties with fellow Qiang. Later kin fragmented into separate tribes wherever they wandered. One branch became the yak people—the Yuexi Qiang. Another became the white-horse people—the Guanghan Qiang. A third became the wolf people—the Wudu Qiang. Ren and Wu stayed in the Huang heartland and married widely. From Ren came nine branches and from Wu seventeen; the great expansion of the Qiang people dates to that multiplication.
10
及忍子研立，时秦孝公雄强，威服羌戎。 孝公使太子驷率戎狄九十二国朝周显王。 研至豪健，故羌中号其后为研种。 及秦始皇时，务并六国，以诸侯为事，兵不西行，故种人得以繁息。 秦既兼天下，使蒙恬将兵略地，西逐诸戎，北却众狄，筑长城以界之，众羌不服南度。
Under Yan's chieftaincy Duke Xiao of Qin towered in power and bent every Qiang and Rong camp to his will. Xiao dispatched the heir Si at the head of ninety-two Rong and Di polities to do homage to Zhou's King Xian. Yan's singular vigor won his line the tribal name Yan. The First Emperor fixed on swallowing the six kingdoms and never sent armies west, so the highland peoples flourished unchecked. After unification Meng Tian cleared the west and north and walled them off; the Qiang who refused that partition slipped southward.
11
至于汉兴，匈奴冒顿兵强，破东胡，走月氏，威震百蛮，臣服诸羌。 景帝时，研种留何率种人求守陇西塞，于是徙留何等于狄道、安故，至临洮、氐道、羌道县。 及武帝征伐四夷，开地广境，北却匈奴，西逐诸羌，乃度河、湟，筑令居塞、初开河西，列置四郡，通道玉门，隔绝羌胡，使南北不得交关。 于是障塞亭燧出长城外数千里。 时先零羌与封养牢姐种解仇结盟，与匈奴通，合兵十余万，共攻令居、安故，遂围枹罕。 汉遣将军李息、郎中令徐自为将兵十万人击平之。 始置护羌校尉，持节统领焉。 羌乃去湟中，依西海、盐池左右。 汉遂因山为寒，河西地空，稍徙人以实之。
Han's rise coincided with Modun's zenith: he broke the Eastern Hu, expelled the Yuezhi, terrified every frontier people, and brought the Qiang tribes to allegiance. Jing accepted Liu He's offer to hold the Longxi line and resettled his band through Didao, Angu, Lintao, and the Di- and Qiang-named counties. Wu Di's western wars pushed the Xiongnu back, bridged the Huang loop, threw up Lingju, colonized Hexi with four commanderies, opened Jade Gate, and severed Qiang from the steppe so neither flank could unite. Frontier walls, posts, and smoke towers soon stretched thousands of li past the old Qin barrier. Xianling joined Laojie, allied with the Xiongnu, and swept over a hundred thousand fighters against Lingju, Angu, and Fuhan. The court sent Li Xi and Xu Ziwei at the head of one hundred thousand men to crush the rising. For the first time a Colonel Protector of the Qiang was appointed with imperial staff to oversee the tribes. They withdrew from Zhong to range along the Western Sea and the brine lakes. The dynasty ran mountain barriers along the new line while settlers filled an emptied Hexi.
12
至宣帝时，遣光禄大夫义渠安国觇行诸羌，其先零种豪言：“愿得度湟水，逐人所不田处以为畜牧。 ”安国以事奏闻，后将军赵充国以为不可听。 后因缘前言，遂度湟水，郡县不能禁。 至元康三年，先零乃与诸羌大共盟誓，将欲寇边。 帝闻，复使安国将兵观之。 安国至，召先零豪四十余人斩之，因放兵击其种，斩首千余级。 于是诸羌怨怒，遂寇金城。 乃遣赵充国与诸将将兵六万人击破平之。 至研十三世孙烧当立。 元帝时，彡姐等七种羌寇陇西，遣右将军冯奉世击破降之。 从爰剑种五世至研，研最豪健，自后以研为种号。 十三世至烧当，复豪健，其子孙更以烧当为种号。 自彡姐羌降之后数十年，四夷宾服，边塞无事。 至王莽辅政，欲燿威德，以怀远为名，乃令译讽旨诸羌，使共献西海之地，初开以为郡，筑五县，边海亭燧相望焉。
Xuan sent Yiqu Anguo to inspect the tribes; a Xianling headman asked leave to ford the Huang and graze untilled ground. Anguo memorialized; Zhao Chongguo urged refusal. They cited the old pledge, crossed anyway, and local officials proved helpless. In Yuankang's third year Xianling bound every major tribe by oath for a frontier strike. The throne dispatched Anguo again with an army to reconnoitre. Anguo decapitated forty-odd chiefs and slaughtered their followers for a thousand-level body count. Every tribe turned hostile and fell on Jincheng. Zhao Chongguo and allied commanders marched sixty thousand men to break them. Thirteen generations from Yan, Shaodang took the chieftaincy. Yuan's reign saw seven Qiang groups, Shan Jie among them, strike Longxi until Feng Fengshi crushed and pacified them. Five generations out from Yuanjian stood Yan, the mightiest of his line, whose name became the tribal label. Thirteen generations later Shaodang matched that fame; his heirs bore his name as their branch. For decades after Shan Jie's surrender the outer peoples paid homage and the passes stayed still. Mang courted glory by inducing the Qiang to "offer" the Western Sea, annexed it as a commandery with five counties, and strung watchfires along the shore.
13
滇良者，烧当之玄孙也。 时王莽末，四夷内侵，及莽败，众羌遂还据西海为寇。 更始、赤眉之际，羌遂放纵，寇金城、陇西。 隗嚣虽拥兵而不能讨之，乃就慰纳，因发其众与汉相拒。 建武九年，隗嚣死，司徒掾班彪上言：“今凉州部皆有降羌，羌胡被发左衽，而与汉人杂处，习俗既异，言语不通。 数为小吏黠人所见侵夺，穷恚无聊，故致反叛。 夫蛮夷寇乱，皆为此也。 旧制：益州部署蛮夷骑都尉，幽州部署领乌桓校尉，凉州部署护羌校尉，皆持节领护，理其怨结，岁时循行，问所疾苦。 又数遣使驿通动静，使塞外羌夷为吏耳目，州郡因此可得儆备。 今宜复如旧，以明威防。 ”光武从之，即以牛邯为护羌校尉，持节如旧。 及邯卒而职省。 十年，先零豪与诸种相结，复寇金城、陇西，遣中郎将来歙等击之，大破。 事已具《歙传》。 十一年夏，先零种复寇临洮，陇西太守马援破降之。 后悉归服，徙置天水、陇西、扶风三郡。 明年，武都参狼羌反，援又破降之。 事已具《援传》。
Dianliang descended from Shaodang in the fourth generation. Late Mang saw invasion on every side; after his fall the Qiang reclaimed the Western Sea as a base. Through Gengshi and the Red Eyebrows they plundered Jincheng and Longxi. Wei Ao could not suppress them; he coaxed them into his war against Han. After Ao died in Jianwu 9, Ban Biao warned that surrendered Qiang and Hu in Liangzhou, clothed and tongued unlike Han neighbors, were powder kegs. Petty officials preyed on them until desperation drove them to revolt. Frontier risings, he argued, all stemmed from such abuse. The old system gave each region a credentialed officer to hear complaints and make yearly rounds. Courier posts and frontier informants had once kept the court warned. Ban urged restoring those posts to show authority and foresight. Guangwu agreed and named Niu Han colonel with the old powers. At Han's death the post lapsed. In the tenth year Xianling chiefs allied with other bands and struck Jincheng and Longxi again until Lai Xi routed them. The full account stands in the memoir on Xi. Summer of year 11 saw Ma Yuan smash a Lintao raid. They eventually surrendered and were settled across Tianshui, Longxi, and Fufeng. The Canlang of Wudu rose the following year and Yuan pacified them too. The campaign is recorded in Yuan's biography.
14
自烧当至滇良，世居河北大允谷，种小人贫。 而先零、卑湳并皆强富，数侵犯之。 滇良父子积见陵易，愤怒，而素有恩信于种中，于是集会附落及诸杂种，乃从大榆入，掩击先零、卑湳，大破之，杀三千人，掠取财畜，夺居其地大榆中，由是始强。
Shaodang's line lived north of the river in Dayun Valley, few and poor. Wealthy Xianling and Beinan bullied them often. Dianliang rallied dependents, struck through Dayu, crushed Xianling and Beinan for three thousand dead, looted their herds, and took Dayu ground—his power dated from that coup.
15
滇良子滇吾立。 中元元年，武都参狼羌反，杀略吏人，太守与战不胜，陇西太守刘盱遣从事辛都、监军掾李苞，将五千人赴武都，与羌战，斩其酋豪，首虏千余人。 时，武都兵亦更破之，斩首千余级，余悉降。 时滇吾附落转盛，常雄诸羌，每欲侵边者，滇吾转教以方略，为其渠帅。 二年秋，烧当羌滇吾与弟滇岸率步骑五千寇陇西塞，刘盱遣兵于枹罕击之，不能克，又战于允街，为羌所败，杀五百余人。 于是守塞诸羌皆复相率为寇。 遣谒者张鸿领诸郡兵击之，战于允吾、唐谷，军败，鸿及陇西长史田飒皆没。 又天水兵为牢姐种所败于白石，死者千余人。
Dianwu followed his father. Zhongyuan 1 saw Wudu's Canlang kill and loot until Liu Xu reinforced the governor with five thousand men and a thousand-level victory. Local forces added another thousand kills; the rest yielded. Dianwu's following swelled until he lorded over other Qiang, coaching every raid and acting as supreme chief. Autumn of year 2: Dianwu and Dian'an hit Longxi with five thousand riders; Liu Xu lost at Fuhan and Yunjie, sacrificing five hundred. Frontier Qiang everywhere joined the storm. Zhang Hong died with Tian Sa when their army broke at Yunwu and Tang. Tianshui lost another thousand to Laojie at Baishi.
16
时，烧何豪有妇人比铜钳者，年百余岁，多智算，为种人所信向，皆从取计策。 时为卢水胡所击，比铜钳乃将其众来依郡县。 种人颇有犯法者，临羌长收系比铜钳，而诛杀其种六七百人。 显宗怜之，乃下诏曰：“昔桓公伐戎而无仁惠。 故《春秋》贬曰：‘齐人’。 今国家无德，恩不及远，羸弱何辜，而当并命！ 夫长平之暴，非帝者之功，咎由太守长吏妄加残戮。 比铜钳尚生者，所在致医药养视，令招其种人，若欲归故地者，厚遣送之。 其小种若束手自诣，欲效功者，皆除其罪。 若有逆谋，为吏所捕，而狱状未断，悉以赐有功者。”
Among Shaohe elders lived Bitongqian, a centenarian tactician whom every band obeyed. Lushui Hu drove her to seek shelter under Han magistrates. Linqiang's magistrate jailed her and slaughtered six or seven hundred of her kin. Ming issued pity: "Huan of Qi struck Rong without mercy. Hence the Spring and Autumn dismisses them merely as 'Qi men.'" Our dynasty lacks virtue if the helpless must die for it!" Changping-style slaughter wins no true emperor; blame sits with cruel prefects. Survivors get doctors and escort home whomsoever wishes to leave. Petty bands who surrender willingly may earn pardon. Prisoners awaiting verdict on rebellion charges may be granted as prizes to the worthy.
17
永平元年，复遣中郎将窦固、捕虏将军马武等击滇吾于西邯，大破之。 事已具武等传。 滇吾远引去，余悉散降，徙七千口置三辅。 以谒者窦林领护羌校尉，居狄道。 林为诸羌所信，而滇岸遂诣林降。 林为下吏所欺，谬奏上滇岸以为大豪，承制封为归义侯，加号汉大都尉。 明年，滇吾复降，林复奏其第一豪，与俱诣阙献见。 帝怪一种两豪，疑其非实，以事诘林。 林辞窘，乃伪对曰； “滇岸即滇吾，陇西语不正耳。 ”帝穷验知之，怒而免林官。 会凉州刺史又奏林臧罪，遂下狱死。 谒者郭襄代领校尉事，到陇西，闻凉州羌盛，还诣阙，抵罪，于是复省校尉官。 滇吾子东吾立，以父降汉，乃入居塞内，谨愿自守。 而诸弟迷吾等数为寇盗。
Yongping 1: Dou Gu and Ma Wu ruined Dianwu at Xihan. Wu and his colleagues have full memoirs. Dianwu fled; captives filled seven thousand mouths resettled near the capital. Dou Lin took the colonelcy and headquartered at Didao. The tribes trusted Lin; Dian'an came in through him. Subordinates duped Lin into naming Dian'an paramount chief and minting him a bogus marquis and metropolitan commandant. Next year Dianwu yielded too; Lin hailed another "first chief" and marched both to court. The throne smelled fraud when two "supreme" leaders appeared. Cornered, Lin lied: Lin claimed Dian'an and Dianwu were one man and blamed sloppy Longxi pronunciation. Investigation exposed the sham and cost Lin his post. An impeachment for graft sent him to die in jail. Guo Xiang fled back on news of Qiang strength and the colonelcy vanished again. Dongwu moved inside the wall after his father's submission and kept quiet. Younger brothers like Miwu still harried the frontier.
18
肃宗建初元年，安夷县吏略妻卑湳种羌妇，吏为其夫所杀，安夷长宗延追之出塞，种人恐见诛，遂共杀延，而与勒姐及吾良二种相结为寇。 陇西太守孙纯遣从事李睦及金城兵会和罗谷，与卑湳等战，斩首虏数百人。 复拜故度辽将军吴棠领护羌校尉，居安夷。 二年夏，迷吾遂与诸众聚兵，欲叛出塞。 金城太守郝崇追之，战于荔谷，崇兵大败，崇轻骑得脱，死者二千余人。 于是诸种及属国卢水胡悉与相应，吴棠不能制，坐征免。 武威太守傅育代为校尉，移居临羌。 迷吾又与封养种豪布桥等五万余人共寇陇西、汉阳，于是遣行车骑将军马防，长外校尉耿恭副，讨破之。 于是临洮、索西、迷吾等悉降。 防乃筑索西城，徙陇西南部都尉戍之，悉复诸亭候。 至元和三年，迷吾复与弟号吾诸杂种反叛。 秋，号吾先轻入寇陇西界，郡督烽掾李章追之，生得号吾。 将诣郡，号吾曰：“独杀我，无损于羌。 诚得生归，必悉罢兵，不复犯塞。 ”陇西太守张纡权宜放遣，羌即为解散，各归故地。 迷吾退居河北归义城。 傅育不欲失信伐之，乃募人斗诸羌胡，羌胡不肯，遂复叛出塞，更依迷吾。
Jianchu 1 opened with an Anyi clerk stealing a Beinan Qiang wife; her husband killed him; Zong Yan chased beyond the wall; dreading punishment the tribes slew Yan and joined Lejie and Wuliang. Sun Chun's aide Li Mu joined Jincheng men at Heluo for a few hundred kills. Wu Tang resumed the colonelcy based at Anyi. Summer of year 2: Miwu massed for a breakout. Hao Chong lost two thousand men escaping Ligu. Every tribe plus Lushui Hu answered Miwu; Tang fell from office. Fu Yu of Wuwei replaced him at Linqiang. Miwu and Bu Qiao led fifty thousand against Longxi and Hanyang until Ma Fang and Geng Gong broke them. Lintao, Suoxi, and Miwu soon capitulated. Fang walled Suoxi, stationed Longxi's southern chief there, and rebuilt the watch chain. Yuanhe 3 reignited Miwu, Haowu, and allies. That autumn Haowu probed Longxi until Li Zhang ran him down alive. Before the yamen Haowu pleaded: "Kill only me and the Qiang lose nothing. Let me live and I will disband every spear and never raid again. Miwu fell back north of the river to Guiyi. Fu Yu shrank from striking without cause and tried to pit allies against the tribes; when Qiang and Hu balked they bolted beyond the wall back to Miwu.
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章和元年，育上请发陇西、张掖、酒泉各五千人，诸郡太守将之，育自领汉阳、金城五千人，合二万兵，与诸郡克期击之，令陇西兵据河南，张掖、酒泉兵遮其西。 并未及会，育军独进。 迷吾闻之，徙庐落去，育选精骑三千穷追之，夜至建威南三兜谷，去虏数里，须旦击之，不设备。 迷吾乃伏兵三百人，夜突育营。 营中惊坏散走，育下马手战，杀十余人而死，死者八百八十人。 及诸郡兵到，羌遂引去。 育，北地人也。 显宗初，为临羌长，与捕虏将军马武等击羌滇吾，功冠诸军； 及在武威，威声闻于匈奴。 食禄数十年，秩奉尽赡给知友，妻子不免操井臼。 肃宗下诏追褒美之。 封其子毅为明进侯，七百户。 以陇西太守张纡代为校尉，将万人屯临羌。
Zhanghe 1: Yu asked for five thousand each from Longxi, Zhangye, and Jiuquan plus five thousand of his own from Hanyang and Jincheng—twenty thousand in all—with a pincer south of the river and along the west. Before the rendezvous Yu marched ahead with only his own column. Miwu slipped away; Yu chased with three thousand riders to Sandou south of Jianwei, camped within sight, and waited for daylight without posting guards. Miwu sprang three hundred men on the Han camp after dark. Panic emptied the camp; Yu died sword in hand after killing a dozen foemen; eight hundred eighty fell with him. Reinforcements arrived too late; the Qiang had already melted away. Fu Yu hailed from Beidi. As Linqiang chief under Ming he rode with Ma Wu against Dianwu and earned first honors. His name crossed the steppe while he held Wuwei. He fed friends out of his pay for years while his household still turned the quern. Zhang honored him by decree after death. Son Yi received Mingjin marquisate at seven hundred households. Zhang Xu of Longxi replaced him with ten thousand men at Linqiang.
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迷吾既杀傅育，狃忕边利。 章和元年，复与诸种步骑七千人入金城塞。 张纡遣从事司马防将千余骑及金城兵会战于木乘谷，迷吾兵败走，因译使欲降，纡纳之。 遂将种人诣临羌县，纡设兵大会，施毒酒中，羌饮醉，纡因自击，伏兵起，诛杀酋豪八百余人。 斩迷吾等五人头，以祭育冢。 复放兵击在山谷间者，斩首四百余人，得生口二千余人。 迷吾子迷唐及其种人向塞号哭，与烧何、当煎、当阗等相结，以子女及金银娉纳诸种，解仇交质，将五千人寇陇西塞，太守寇盱与战于白石，迷唐不利，引还大、小榆谷，北招属国诸胡，会集附落，种众炽盛，张纡不能讨。 永元元年，纡坐征，以张掖太守邓训代为校尉，稍以赏赂离间之，由是诸种少解。
Having killed Yu, Miwu learned how lucrative raiding could be. Zhanghe 1 he brought seven thousand fighters through Jincheng. Xu sent Fang to Mushang; Miwu broke and sued for peace through translators; Xu agreed. At Linqiang Xu poisoned the banquet liquor, then slaughtered above eight hundred chiefs when they collapsed. Five heads, Miwu's among them, adorned Yu's grave. His men hunted the valleys for four hundred kills and two thousand prisoners. Mitang cried defiance, bought allies with gold and kin, struck Longxi, fell back to the Elm valleys, rallied Hu dependents, and grew too strong for Xu. Yongyuan 1 replaced Xu with Deng Xun, who bought splits among the tribes.
21
东吾子东号立。 是时，号吾将其种人降。 校尉邓训遣兵击迷唐，迷唐去大、小榆谷，徙居颇岩谷。 和帝永元四年，训病卒，蜀郡太守聂尚代为校尉。 尚见前人累征不克，欲以文德服之，乃遣驿使招呼迷唐，使还居大、小榆谷。 迷唐既还，遣祖母卑缺诣尚，尚自送至塞下，为设祖道，令译田汜等五人护送至庐落。 迷唐因而反叛，遂与诸种共生屠裂汜等，以血盟诅，复寇金城塞。 五年，尚坐征免，居延都尉贯友代为校尉。 友以迷唐难用德怀，终于叛乱，乃遣驿使构离诸种，诱以财货，由是解散。 友乃遣兵出塞，攻迷唐于大、小榆谷，获首虏八百余人，收麦数万斛，遂夹逢留大河筑城坞，作大航，造河桥，欲度兵击迷唐。 迷唐乃率部落远依赐支河曲。 至八年，友病卒，汉阳太守史充代为校尉。 充至，遂发湟中羌胡出塞击迷唐，而羌迎败充兵，杀数百人。 明年，充坐征，代郡太守吴祉代为校尉。 其秋，迷唐率八千人寇陇西，杀数百人，乘胜深入，胁塞内诸种羌共为寇盗，众羌复悉与相应，合步骑三万人，击破陇西兵，杀大夏长。 遣行征西将军刘尚、越骑校尉赵代副，将北军五营、黎阳、雍营、三辅积射及边兵羌胡三万人讨之。 尚屯狄道，代屯枹罕。 尚遣司马寇盱监诸郡兵，四面并会。 迷唐惧，弃老弱，奔入临洮南。 尚等追至高山。 迷唐穷迫，率其精强大战。 盱斩虏千余人，得牛马羊万余头。 迷唐引去。 汉兵死伤亦多，不能复追，乃还入塞。 明年，尚、代并坐畏懦征下狱，免。 谒者王信领尚营屯枹罕，谒者耿谭领代营屯白石。 谭乃设购赏，诸种颇来内附。 迷唐恐，乃请降。 信、谭遂受降罢兵，遣迷唐诣阙。 其余种人不满二千，饥窘不立，入居金城。 和帝令迷唐将其种人还大、小榆谷。 迷唐以为汉作河桥，兵来无常，故地不可复居，辞以种人饥饿，不肯远出。 吴祉等乃多赐迷唐金、帛，令籴谷市畜，促使出塞，种人更怀猜惊。 十二年，遂复背叛，乃胁将湟中诸胡，寇抄而去。 王信、耿谭、吴祉皆坐征，以酒泉太守周鲔代为校尉。 明年，迷唐复还赐支河曲。
Donghao followed Dongwu. Haowu brought his band to capitulate. Xun attacked Mitang, who quit the Elm valleys for Poyan. He Yongyuan 4 Xun died; Nie Shang of Shu took the colonelcy. Shang tried soft power: couriers invited Mitang home to the Elm valleys. Mitang sent his grandmother; Shang saw her to the pass with ceremony and five escorts. Mitang repaid kindness by executing the escorts in a blood oath and hitting Jincheng again. Year 5 cashiered Shang; Guan You of Yanqi succeeded. You bought defections with cash after deciding virtue had failed. You struck the Elm valleys, seized grain, walled Fengliu, bridged the river, and prepared another thrust. Mitang fled to the Zhizhi bend. Year 8 You died; Shi Chong of Hanyang replaced him. Chong rashly marched Zhong allies out and lost hundreds. Next year Chong fell; Wu Zhi of Dai took over. That fall Mitang swept Longxi with eight thousand, snowballed to thirty thousand inside and out, and killed Daxia's magistrate. The court sent Liu Shang and Zhao Dai with thirty thousand regulars and tribesmen. Shang held Didao; Dai Fuhan. Shang ordered Kou Xu to coordinate the surrounding columns. Mitang bolted south of Lintao, leaving elders behind. The Han host chased him into the heights. Trapped, Mitang turned with his best warriors. Xu counted a thousand kills and myriad livestock. Mitang broke contact. Han losses barred further pursuit; they fell back within the wall. Both generals went to jail for timidity. Wang Xin held Fuhan; Geng Tan Baishi. Tan offered bribes; tribes drifted inward. Mitang offered to yield. The heralds took his capitulation and escorted him toward court. Under two thousand hungry followers crossed into Jincheng. He Di told Mitang to repatriate the Elm valleys. Mitang cited Han's bridge and famine to refuse the move. Officials showered gold to coax him out; his people only grew jumpier. Twelve years on he rebelled again, dragging Zhong Hu into the raid. All three commanders fell; Zhou Wei of Jiuquan became colonel. Next year Mitang was back at Zhizhi.
22
初，累姐种附汉，迷唐怨之，遂击杀其酋豪，由是与诸种为仇，党援益疏。 其秋，迷唐复将兵向塞，周鲔与金城太守侯霸，及诸郡兵、属国湟中月氏诸胡、陇西牢姐羌，合三万人，出塞至允川，与迷唐战。 周鲔还营自守，唯侯霸兵陷阵，斩首四百余级。 羌众折伤，种人瓦解，降者六千余口，分徙汉阳、安定、陇西。 迷唐遂弱，其种众不满千人，远逾赐支河首，依发羌居。 明年，周鲔坐畏懦征，侯霸代为校尉。 安定降羌烧何种胁诸羌数百人反叛，郡兵击灭之，悉没入弱口为奴婢。
He slaughtered Lejie chiefs who had sided with Han, isolating himself. That fall Wei, Ba, Yuezhi Hu, and Laojie mustered thirty thousand at Yunchuan. Wei hugged his tents while Ba charged for four hundred kills. Six thousand surrendered and were resettled across three commanderies. Mitang shrank below a thousand and clung to Fa Qiang beyond the river's source. Wei fell for cowardice; Ba replaced him. Anding Shaohe rebels were crushed and survivors enslaved.
23
时，西海及大、小榆谷左右无复羌寇。 隃麋相曹凤上言：“西戎为害，?世所患，臣不能纪古，且以近事言之。 自建武以来，其犯法者，常从烧当种起。 所以然者，以其居大、小榆谷，土地肥美，又近塞内，诸种易以为非，难以攻伐。 南得钟存以广其众，北阻大河因以为固，又有西海鱼盐之利，缘山滨水，以广田蓄，故能强大，常雄诸种，恃其权勇，招诱羌胡。 今者衰困，党援坏沮，亲属离叛，余胜兵者不过数百，亡逃栖窜，远依发羌。 臣愚以为宜及此时，建复西海郡县，规固二榆，广设屯田，隔塞羌胡交关之路，遏绝狂狡窥欲之源。 又殖谷富边，省委输之役，国家可以无西方之忧。 ”于是拜凤为金城西部都尉，将徙士屯龙耆。 后金城长史上官鸿上开置归义、建威屯田二十七部，侯霸复上置东西邯屯田五部，增留、逢二部，帝皆从之。 列屯夹河，合三十四部。 其功垂立。 至永初中，诸羌叛。 乃罢。 迷唐失众，病死。 有一子来隆，户不满数十。
For a moment the Western Sea and Elm country stayed quiet. Cao Feng of Yu memorialized that western foes had plagued dynasty after dynasty. Since Guangwu's restoration every major rising started with Shaodang. Their Elm valley seat was rich, close to the wall, and easy to rally. Fish, salt, rivers, and Zhongcun neighbors made them the swaggering magnet of the plateau. Today they count hundreds of spears and hide with Fa Qiang. Feng urged restoring Western Sea, farming both Elms, and severing Qiang from Hu. Frontier granaries would spare the capital endless convoys. The throne named Feng western chief of Jincheng at Longqi. Later, Jincheng Chief Clerk Shangguan Hong submitted a memorial requesting the establishment of twenty-seven military-agricultural divisions at Guiyi and Jianwei. Hou Ba also memorialized to establish five divisions at East and West Han, and to add the two divisions of Liu and Feng. The emperor followed all of these proposals. They planted thirty-four cantonments along the stream. Success was within reach. Yongchu troubles scrapped the plan. The colonies were abandoned. Mitang wasted away and died. Son Lailong kept fewer than a few dozen tents.
24
东号子麻奴立。 初随父降，居安定。 时，诸降羌布在郡县，皆为吏人豪右所徭役，积以愁怨。 安帝永初元年夏，遣骑都尉王弘发金城、陇西、汉阳羌数百千骑征西域，弘迫促发遣，群羌惧远屯不还，行到酒泉，多有散叛。 诸郡各发兵徼遮，或覆其庐落。 于是勒姐、当煎大豪东岸等愈惊，遂同时奔溃。 麻奴兄弟因此遂与种人俱西出塞。
Manu followed Donghao. He had settled in Anding after his father's capitulation. Scattered Qiang bore corvee for Han gentry until rage boiled. An Di Yongchu 1: Wang Hong dragooned plateau Qiang westward; terror sparked mass desertion at Jiuquan. Local levies ambushed them and burned camps. Lejie and Dangjian magnates panicked and ran. Manu and kin fled west with their bands.
25
先零别种滇零与钟羌诸种大为寇掠，断陇道。 时羌归附既久，无复器甲，或持竹竿木枝以代戈矛，或负板案以为楯，或执铜镜以象兵，郡县畏懦不能制。 冬，遣车骑将军邓骘，征西校尉任尚副，将五营及三河、三辅、汝南、南阳、颍川、太原、上党兵合五万人，屯汉阳。 明年春，诸郡兵未及至，钟羌数千人先击败骘军于冀西，杀千余人。 校尉侯霸坐众羌反叛征免，以西域都护段禧代为校尉。 其冬，骘使任尚及从事中郎司马钧率诸郡兵与滇零等数万人战于平襄，尚军大败，死者八千余人。 于是滇零等自称“天子”于北地，招集武都、参狼、上郡、西河诸杂种，众遂大盛，东犯赵、魏，南入益州，杀汉中太守董炳，遂寇抄三辅，断陇道。 湟中诸县，粟石万钱，百姓死亡，不可胜数。 朝廷不能制，而转运难剧，遂诏骘还师，留任尚屯汉阳，为诸军节度。 朝廷以邓太后故，迎拜骘为大将军，封任尚乐亭侯，食邑三百户。
Dianling of Xianling and Zhong allies pillaged and cut the Long corridor. Disarmed Qiang fought with sticks and mirrors while magistrates quailed. Winter sent Deng Zhi and Ren Shang with fifty thousand into Hanyang. Before reinforcements landed Zhong fighters shattered Zhi west of Ji. Ba fell; Duan Xi took the colonelcy. Winter battle at Pingxiang cost Ren Shang eight thousand. Dianling crowned himself at Beidi, rallied plateau tribes, thrust toward Zhao-Wei, Yizhou, and the capital approaches. Zhong grain hit ten thousand cash the shi; corpses piled beyond count. Logistics broke; Zhi recalled while Shang stayed to direct. For Deng's sake Zhi became grand general and Shang a modest marquis.
26
三年春，复遣骑都尉任仁督诸郡屯兵救三辅。 仁战每不利，众羌乘胜，汉兵数挫。 当煎、勒姐种攻没破羌县，钟羌又没临洮县，生得陇西南部都尉。 明年春，滇零遣人寇褒中，燔烧邮亭，大掠百姓。 于是，汉中太守郑勤移屯褒中。 军营久出无功，有废农桑，乃诏任尚将吏兵还屯长安，罢遣南阳、颍川、汝南吏士，置京兆虎牙都尉于长安，扶风都尉于雍，如西京三辅都尉故事。 时，羌复攻褒中，郑勤欲击之。 主簿段崇谏，以为虏乘胜，锋不可当，宜坚守待之。 勤不从，出战，大败，死者三千余人，段崇及门下史王宗、原展以身捍刃，与勤俱死，于是徙金城郡居襄武。 任仁战累败，而兵士放纵，槛车征诣廷尉诏狱死。 段禧病卒，复以前校尉侯霸代之，遂移居张掖。 五年春，任尚坐无功征免。 羌遂入寇河东，至河内，百姓相惊，多奔南度河。 使北军中候硃宠将五营士屯孟津，诏魏郡、赵国、常山、中山缮作坞候六百一十六所。
Yongchu 3 spring sent Ren Ren to relieve the capital region. Ren Ren kept losing while Qiang pressed every win. Dangjian and Lejie wiped out Poqiang while Zhong tribes took Lintao and captured Longxi's western chief alive. Come spring Dianling's raiders torched Baozhong's post houses and looted the countryside. Zheng Qin redeployed his camp into Baozhong. Because the army had long been deployed without success and was interfering with farming and sericulture, an edict ordered Ren Shang to lead his officers and troops back to garrison Chang'an, dismiss the officers and soldiers from Nanyang, Yingchuan, and Runan, establish the Jingzhao Tiger-Tusk Commandant at Chang'an and the Fufeng Commandant at Yong, following the old precedent of the Three Metropolitan Commandants of the Western Capital. When Qiang returned to Baozhong, Zheng Qin meant to give battle. Duan Chong urged a siege mentality: the foe was hot and should be waited out. Qin sortied, lost three thousand men, and fell with Chong and two aides shielding him; Jincheng's seat shifted to Xiangwu. Ren Ren faced court-martial in fetters after mutinous troops and serial losses. Xi died; Ba resumed the colonelcy from Zhangye. Spring of year 5 cashiered Ren Shang for futile campaigning. The wave rolled into Hedong and Henei; panic drove multitudes south over the Yellow River. Zhu Chong held Mengjin with the northern legions while northern commanderies threw up six hundred sixteen blockhouses.
27
羌既转盛，而二千石、令、长多内郡人，并无守战意，皆争上徙郡县，以避寇难。 朝廷从之，遂移陇西徙襄武，安定徙美阳，北地徙池阳，上郡徙衙。 百姓恋土，不乐去旧，遂乃刘其禾稼，发彻室屋，夷营壁，破积聚。 时连旱蝗饥荒，而驱踧劫略，流离分散，随道死亡，或弃捐老弱，或为人仆妾，丧其太半。 复以任尚为侍御史，击众羌于上党羊头山，破之，诱杀降者二百余人，乃罢孟津屯。 其秋，汉阳人杜琦及弟季贡、同郡王信等与羌通谋，聚众入上邽城，琦自称安汉将军。 于是诏购募得琦首者，封列侯，赐钱百万，羌胡斩琦者赐金百斤，银二百斤。 汉阳太守赵博遣刺客杜习刺杀琦，封习讨奸侯，赐钱百万。 而杜季贡、王信等将其众据樗泉营。 侍御史唐喜领诸郡兵讨破之，斩王信等六百余级，没入妻子五百余人，收金银彩帛一亿已上。 杜季贡亡从滇零。 六年，任尚复坐征免。
Frontier magistrates, mostly inland appointees, sought wholesale relocation rather than resistance. The throne approved shifting Longxi to Xiangwu, Anding to Meiyang, Beidi to Chiyang, and Shangjun to Ya. Those who clung to home saw fields slashed and roofs torn down to force the march. Drought and locusts met forced evacuation and looting; half the refugees perished or were sold. Ren Shang crushed Qiang on Yangtou, murdered two hundred surrendered men by ruse, and freed Mengjin. Du Qi, his brother, and Wang Xin seized Shanggui with Qiang help and claimed the title Pacifier of Han. The court priced Qi's head at a marquisate and mountains of gold and silver. Zhao Bo's blade Du Xi earned a title and purse for killing Qi. Ji Gong and Wang Xin still held Chuchuan. Tang Xi broke the camp, executed six hundred, and seized immense treasure. Ji Gong ran to Dianling's camp. Year 6 removed Ren Shang again.
28
滇零死，子零昌代立，年尚幼少，同种狼莫为其计策，以杜季贡为将军，别居于奚城。 七年夏，骑都尉马贤与侯霸掩击零昌别部牢羌于安定，首虏千人，得驴、骡、骆驼、马、牛、羊二万余头，以畀得者。
Boy-king Lingchang relied on Wolf Mo and made Ji Gong general at Xi. Ma Xian and Ba ambushed Lingchang's Laojie allies at Anding for a thousand prisoners and massive herds handed out as spoils.
29
元初元年春，遣兵屯河内，通谷冲要三十三所，皆为坞壁，设鸣鼓。 零昌遣兵寇雍城，又号多与当煎、勒姐大豪共胁诸种，分兵抄掠武都、汉中。 巴郡板楯蛮将兵救之，汉中五官掾程信率壮士与蛮共击破之。 号多退走，还断陇道，与零昌通谋。 侯霸、马贤将湟中吏人及降羌胡于枹罕击之，斩首二百余级。 凉州刺史皮杨击羌于狄道，大败，死者八百余人，杨坐征免。 侯霸病卒，汉阳太守庞参代为校尉。 参以恩信招诱之。
Yuanchu spring walled thirty-three Henei defiles with signal drums. Lingchang hit Yong while Haoduo bullied allies into pillaging Wudu and Hanzhong. Ba's shield warriors and Cheng Xin relieved Hanzhong. Haoduo fled north to cut the Long corridor for Lingchang. Ba and Ma Xian struck at Fuhan for two hundred kills. Pi Yang's Didao offensive cost eight hundred lives and his job. Ba died; Pang Can took the colonelcy. Can relied on soft persuasion.
30
二年春，号多等率众七千余人诣参降，遣诣阙，赐号多侯印绶遣之。 参始还居令居，通河西道。 而零昌种众复分寇益州，遣中郎将尹就将南阳兵，因发益部诸郡屯兵击零昌党吕叔都等。 至秋，蜀人陈省、罗横应募，刺杀叔都，皆封侯、赐钱。 又使屯骑校尉班雄屯三辅，遣左冯翊司马钧行征西将军，督右扶风仲光、安定太守杜恢、北地太守盛包、京兆虎牙都尉耿溥、右扶风都尉皇甫旗等，合八千余人，又庞参将羌胡兵七千余人，与钧分道，并北击零昌。 参兵至勇士东，为杜季贡所败，于是引退。 钧等独进，攻拔丁奚城，大克获。 杜季贡率众伪逃。 钧令光、恢、包等收羌禾稼，光等违钧节度，散兵深入，羌乃设伏要击之。 钧在城中，怒而不救，光等并没，死者三千余人。 钧乃遁还，坐征自杀。 庞参以失期军败抵罪，以马贤代领校尉事。 后遣任尚为中郎将，将羽林、缇骑、五营子弟三千五百人，代班雄屯三辅。 尚临行，怀令虞诩说尚曰：“使君频奉国命，讨逐寇贼，三州屯兵二十余万入，弃农桑，疲苦徭役，而未有功效，劳费日滋。 若此出不克，诚为使君危之。 ”尚曰：“忧惶久矣，不知所如。 ”诩曰：“兵法：弱不攻强，走不逐飞，自然之势也。 今虏皆马骑，日行数百，来如风雨，去如绝弦。 以步追之，势不相及，所以旷而无功也。 为使君计者，莫如罢诸郡兵，各令出钱数千，二十人共市一马，如此，可舍甲胄，驰轻兵，以万骑之众，逐数千之虏，追尾掩截，其道自穷。 便人利事，大功立矣。 ”尚大喜，即上言用其计。 乃遣轻骑抄击杜季贡于丁奚城，斩首四百余级，获牛、马、羊数千头。
Seven thousand followed Haoduo to surrender; the court sealed him and sent him home. Can reopened Lingju and traffic into Hexi. Lingchang probed Yizhou; Yin Jiang marched Nanyang and provincial garrisons against Lu Shudu. Bounty hunters Chen Xing and Luo Heng slew Shudu for titles. It also sent Colonel of Garrison Cavalry Ban Xiong to garrison the Three Metropolitan Districts, and dispatched Sima Jun of Left Fengyi as acting General Who Campaigns in the West. He supervised Zhong Guang of Right Fufeng, An Ding Administrator Du Hui, Beidi Administrator Sheng Bao, Jingzhao Tiger-Tusk Commandant Geng Pu, Right Fufeng Commandant Huangfu Qi, and others, altogether more than eight thousand men. Pang Can also led more than seven thousand Qiang and Hu troops and, with Jun, advanced by separate routes to attack Lingchang in the north. Pang Can lost to Ji Gong east of Yongshi and fell back. Sima Jun stormed Dingxi with heavy loot. Ji Gong feigned retreat. Jun's subordinates disobeyed, scattered for grain, and walked into ambush. Jun sulked in Dingxi while three thousand died outside. Jun fled, faced impeachment, and killed himself. Can paid for failure; Ma Xian stepped in. Ren Shang relieved Ban Xiong with thirty-five hundred picked troops. Yu Xu warned that two hundred thousand idle soldiers were bleeding the realm. Another flop would doom Ren Shang. Shang confessed he saw no way out. Xu cited the maxim that infantry cannot catch horse nomads. Qiang horsemen strike and vanish faster than messengers. Foot pursuit explains the stalemate. Xu proposed pooling cash for a ten-thousand-horse corps to run the raiders down. Cheap, practical, decisive. Shang embraced the scheme and memorialized it. Light cavalry hit Dingxi for four hundred skulls and thousands of stock.
31
明年夏，度辽将军邓遵，率南单于及左鹿蠡王须沈万骑，击零昌于灵州，斩首八百余级。 封须沈为破虏侯，金印紫绶，赐金、帛各有差。 任尚遣兵击破先零羌于丁奚城。 秋，筑冯翊北界候坞五百所。 任尚又遣假司马募陷陈士，击零昌于北地，杀其妻子，得牛、马、羊二万头，烧其庐落，斩首七百余级，得僭号文书及所没诸将印绶。
Next summer Deng Zun and ten thousand Xiongnu allies slaughtered Lingchang at Lingzhou. Shen earned purple ribbon nobility and treasure. Shang's column broke Xianling at Dingxi. Autumn raised five hundred Fengyi watch posts. Shang's commandos gutted Lingchang's Beidi base, burned lodges, and seized fake regalia.
32
四年春，尚遣当阗种羌榆鬼等五人刺杀杜季贡，封榆鬼为破羌侯。 其夏，尹就以不能定益州，坐征抵罪。 以益州刺史张乔领尹就军屯，招诱叛羌，稍稍降散。 秋，任尚复募效功种号封刺杀零昌，封号封为羌王。 冬，任尚将诸郡兵与马贤并进北地击狼莫，贤先至安定青石岸，狼莫逆击，败之。 会尚兵到高平，因合势俱进。 狼莫等引退，乃转营迫之。 至北地，相持六十余日，战于富平上河，大破之，斩首五千级还，得所略人男女千余人，牛、马、驴、羊、骆驼十余万头。 狼莫逃走，于是西河虔人种羌万一千口诣邓遵降。
Spring year 4: Yu Gui's dagger ended Ji Gong for a marquisate. Yin Jiang failed in Yizhou and faced charges. Zhang Qiao inherited Jiang's camps and talked rebels apart. Haofeng murdered Lingchang for the kingship of his band. Winter pincer on Wolf Mo opened with Ma Xian beaten at Green Rock. Ren Shang joined Ma Xian at Gaoping. Wolf Mo retreated under pursuit. Sixty days later Fuping's Shanghe battle killed five thousand and freed captives and herds. Wolf Mo escaped while eleven thousand Xihe Qiang surrendered to Zun.
33
五年，邓遵募上郡全无种羌雕何等刺杀狼莫，赐雕何为羌侯，封遵武阳侯，三千户。 遵以太后从弟故，爵封优大。 任尚与遵争功，又诈增首级，受赇枉法，臧千万已上，槛车征弃市，没入田卢奴婢财物。 自零昌、狼莫死后，诸羌瓦解，三辅、益州无复寇儆。
Year 5: bounty killers slew Wolf Mo; Zun gained three thousand-household nobility. Imperial kinship inflated Zun's fief. Shang forged body counts, took bribes, died in the market, and lost everything. Their deaths ended alarms in the capital region and southwest.
34
自羌叛十余年间，兵连师老，不暂宁息。 军旅之费，转运委输，用二百四十余亿，府帑空竭。 延及内郡，边民死者不可胜数，并、凉二州，遂至虚耗。
A decade of war exhausted every army. Two hundred forty yi of expenditure drained the vaults. Heartland counties shared the toll; Bing and Liang lay ruined.
35
六年春，勒姐种与陇西种羌号良等通谋欲反，马贤逆击之于安故，斩号良及种人数百级，皆降散。
Spring year 6: Ma Xian crushed a Lejie-Longxi plot at Angu.
36
永宁元年春，上郡沈氐种羌五千余人复寇张掖。 其夏，马贤将万人击之。 初战失利，死者数百人。 明日复战，破之，斩首千八百级，获生口千余人，马、牛、羊以万数，余虏悉降。 时当煎种大蒙饥五等，以贤兵在张掖，乃乘虚寇金城。 贤还军追之出塞，斩首数千级而还。 烧当、烧何种闻贤军还，率三千余人复寇张掖，杀长吏。 初，饥五同种大豪卢怱、忍良等千余户别留允街，而首施两端。 建光元年春，马贤率兵召卢{匆心}斩之，因放兵击其种人，首虏二千余人，掠马、牛、羊十万头，忍良等皆亡出塞。 玺书封贤安亭侯，食邑千户。 忍良等以麻奴兄弟本烧当世嫡。 而贤抚恤不至，常有怨心。 秋，遂相结共胁将诸种步骑三千人寇湟中，攻金城诸县。 贤将先零种赴击之，战于牧苑，兵败，死者四百余人。 麻奴等又败武威、张掖郡兵于令居，因胁将先零、沈氐诸种四千余户，缘山西走，寇武威。 贤追到鸾鸟，招引之。 诸种降者数千，麻奴南还湟中。
Yongning spring saw five thousand Shangjun Qiang hit Zhangye. Ma Xian marched ten thousand that summer. First brush cost hundreds. Day two brought eighteen hundred kills, heavy captures, total surrender. Dangjian magnates struck Jincheng while Xian was east. Xian chased past the wall for several thousand kills. Shaodang and Shaohe raided Zhangye on Xian's return march. Lu Hu and Ren Liang hedged with a thousand tents at Yunjie. Jianguang spring Ma Xian executed Lu Hu, smashed his kin for two thousand prisoners and vast herds, driving Ren Liang out. An edict made Ma Xian Anting marquis at one thousand households. Ren Liang insisted Manu's house was true Shaodang royalty. Ma Xian's neglect bred grudge. That autumn they dragged three thousand fighters through Zhong against Jincheng. Ma Xian's Xianling contingent lost four hundred at the imperial pasture. They crushed Lingju garrisons and marched four thousand tents west against Wuwei. Ma Xian caught them at Luanniao with offers. Thousands yielded; Manu slipped back into Zhong.
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延光元年春，贤追到湟中，麻奴出塞度河。 贤复追击，战破之，种众散遁，诣凉州刺史宗汉降。 麻奴等孤弱饥困，其年冬，将种众三千余户诣汉阳太守耿种降。 安帝假金印紫绶，赐金银彩缯各有差。 是岁，虔人种羌与上郡胡反，攻穀罗城。 度辽将军耿夔将诸郡兵及乌桓骑赴，击破之。 三年秋，陇西郡始还狄道焉。 麻奴弟犀苦立。
Yanguang spring Ma Xian drove Manu across the river. Ma Xian broke them again; survivors sued Zong Han. Winter hunger brought three thousand tents to Geng Zhong. An Di awarded gold seals, silver, and silks by rank. Qian-strain Qiang joined Shangjun Hu to storm Gulu. Geng Kui rode in with levies and Wuhuan cavalry and broke the siege. Longxi's seat moved back to Didao that autumn. Xiku followed Manu.
38
顺帝永建元年，陇西钟羌反。 校尉马贤将七千余人击之，战于临洮，斩首千余级，皆率种人降。 进封贤都乡侯，自是凉州无事。
Shun's Yongjian 1 saw Longxi Zhong rise. Ma Xian killed a thousand at Lintao and accepted total surrender. Ma Xian earned Du village nobility and Liangzhou quieted.
39
至四年，尚书仆射虞诩上疏曰：“臣闻子孙以奉祖为孝，君上以安民为明，此高宗、周宣所以上配汤、武也。 《禹贡》雍州之域，厥田惟上。 且沃野千里，谷稼殷积，又有龟兹盐池，以为民利。 水草丰美，土宜产牧，牛马衔尾，群羊塞道。 北阻山河，乘厄据险。 因渠以溉，水舂河漕。 用功省少，而军粮饶足。 故孝武皇帝及光武筑朔方，开西河，置上郡，皆为此也。 而遭元元无妄之灾，众羌内溃，郡县兵荒，二十余年。 夫弃沃壤之饶，损自然之财，不可谓利； 离河山之阻，守无险之处，难以为固。 今三郡未复，园陵单外，而公卿选懦，容头过身，张解设难，但计所费，不图其安。 宜开圣德，考行所长。 ”书奏，帝乃复三郡。 使谒者郭璜督促徙者，各归旧县，缮城郭，置候驿。 既而激河浚渠，为屯田，省内郡费岁一亿计。 遂令安定、北地、上郡及陇西、金城常储谷粟，令周数年。
Yu Xu argued that restoring the northwest honored ancestors like Gaozong and Zhou Xuan. The "Tribute of Yu" calls Yongzhou soil top grade. Rich soil, full granaries, and brine pools fed the realm. Pasture ran thick with herds nose-to-tail. Northern heights and defiles formed natural ramparts. Canals irrigated fields while mills and river barges fed the camps cheaply. Little labor bought abundant rations. Han Wu and Guangwu colonized the north for those reasons. Twenty years of Qiang revolt wasted those gains. To surrender rich ground is no gain; to abandon natural walls invites invasion. Three northwest commands stayed empty near royal tombs while ministers counted coins and dodged duty. The throne should weigh real strengths. The emperor restored Anding, Beidi, and Shangjun on Xu's plea. Guo Huang shepherded refugees home to rebuild walls and posts. River works and farms saved the interior a yi yearly. Frontier bins were ordered filled for multi-year subsistence.
40
马贤以犀苦兄弟数背叛，因系质于令居。 其冬，贤坐征免，右扶风韩皓代为校尉。 明年，犀苦诣皓，自言求归故地。 皓复不遣，因转湟中屯田，置两河间，以逼群羌。 皓复坐征，张掖太守马续代为校尉。 两河间羌以屯田近之，恐必见图，乃解仇诅盟，各自儆备。 续欲先示恩信，乃上移屯田还湟中，羌意乃安。 至阳嘉元年，以湟中地广，更增置屯田五部，并为十部。 二年夏，夏置陇西南部都尉如旧制。
Ma Xian held Xiku's kin hostage at Lingju for serial betrayals. Xian fell; Han Hao became colonel. Next year Xiku asked Hao to let him go home. Hao wedged military colonies between the Huang loops to squeeze the tribes. Hao fell; Ma Xu succeeded. Twin-river Qiang feared the colonies and armed every camp. Xu pulled colonies back into Zhong and eased tribal fears. Yangjia 1 expanded Zhong farms to ten divisions. Summer year 2 restored Longxi's western chief.
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三年，钟羌良封等复寇陇西、汉阳，诏拜前校尉马贤为谒者，镇抚诸种。 马续遣兵击良封，斩首数百级。 四年，马贤亦发陇西吏士及羌胡兵击杀良封，斩首千八百级，获马、牛、羊五万余头。 良封亲属并诣贤降。 贤复进击钟羌且昌，且昌等率诸种十余万诣凉州刺史降。 永和元年，马续迁度辽将军，复以马贤代为校尉。
Year 3 Liangfeng struck Longxi and Hanyang; Ma Xian became herald-conciliator. Ma Xu clipped Liangfeng for several hundred kills. Year 4 Ma Xian added eighteen hundred kills and vast herds. His clan capitulated to Xian. Xian pushed Qiechang until a hundred thousand yielded to the inspector. Yonghe 1 promoted Xu; Ma Xian returned as colonel.
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初，武都塞上白马羌攻破屯官，反叛连年。 二年春，广汉属国都尉击破之，斩首六百余级，马贤又击斩其渠帅饥指累祖等三百级，于是陇右复平。 明年冬，烧当种那离等三千余骑寇金城塞，马贤将兵赴击，斩首四百余级，获马千四百匹。 那离等复西招羌胡，杀伤吏民。
White Horse Qiang on Wudu's wall had long raided colony officers. Spring year 2 smashed White Horse bands for nine hundred heads total. Next winter Nali hit Jincheng; Ma Xian took four hundred skulls. Nali rallied western allies and killed Han subjects.
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四年，马贤将湟中义从兵及羌胡万余骑掩击那离等，斩之，获首虏千二百余级，得马、骡、羊十万余头。 征贤为弘农太守，以来机为并州刺史，刘秉为凉州刺史，并当之职。 大将军梁商谓机等曰：“戎狄荒服，蛮夷要服，言其荒忽无常。 而统领之道，亦无常法，临事制宜，略依其俗。 今三君素性疾恶，欲分明白黑。 孔子曰：‘人而不仁，疾之已甚，乱也。 ’况戎狄乎！ 其务安羌胡，防其大故，忍其小过。 ”机等天性虐刻，遂不能从。 到州之日，多所扰发。
Year 4 Ma Xian ambushed Nali for twelve hundred prisoners and huge flocks. Xian went to Hongnong; Ji and Bing took the provinces. Shang lectured the new inspectors that barbarians are fickle. Rule must adapt to frontier habits. But Ji, Bing, and company loved harsh clarity. Confucius warned that excessive hatred of the base breeds chaos —how much more steppe peoples. Shang urged tolerance of small slips while checking big threats. The inspectors ignored him. Their arrival meant fresh oppression.
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五年夏，且冻、傅难种羌等遂反叛，攻金城，与西塞及湟中杂种羌胡大寇三辅，杀害长吏。 机、秉并坐征。 于是发京师近郡及诸州兵讨之，拜马贤为征西将军，以骑都尉耿叔副，将左右羽林、五校士及诸州郡兵十万人屯汉阳。 又于扶风、汉阳、陇道作坞壁三百所，置屯兵，以保聚百姓。 且冻分遣种人寇武都，烧陇关，掠苑马。 六年春，马贤将五六千骑击之。 到射姑山，贤军败，贤及二子皆战殁。 顺帝愍之，赐布三千匹，谷千斛，封贤孙光为舞阳亭侯，租入岁百万。 遣侍御史督录征西营兵，存恤死伤。
Summer year 5 united plateau tribes stormed Jincheng and the capital approaches. Both inspectors were cashiered. Ma Xian took a hundred thousand men into Hanyang with Geng Shu. Three hundred blockhouses shielded Fufeng-Hanyang-Long. Qiedong burned Long gate and stole stud mounts. Spring year 6 Ma Xian rode with six thousand. At Shegu Mountain Ma Xian and his sons fell. Shun ennobled grandson Guang and granted burial gifts. Censors audited casualties and relief.
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于是东西羌遂大合。 巩唐种三千余骑寇陇西，又烧园陵，掠关中，杀伤长吏。 郃阳令任頵追击，战死。 遣中郎将庞浚募勇士千五百人顿美阳，为凉州援。 武威太守赵冲追击巩唐羌，斩首四百余级，得马、牛、羊、驴万八千余头，羌二千余人降。 诏冲督河西四郡兵为节度。 罕种羌千余寇北地，北地太守贾福与赵冲击之，不利。 秋，诸种八九千骑寇武威，凉部震恐。 于是复徙安定居扶风，北地居冯翊，遣行车骑将军执金吾张乔将左右羽林、五校士及河内、南阳、汝南兵万五千屯三辅。 汉安元年，以赵冲为护羌校尉。 冲招怀叛羌，罕种乃率邑落五千余户诣冲降。 于是罢张乔军屯。 唯烧何种三千余落据参读北界。 三年夏，赵冲与汉阳太守张贡掩击之，斩首千五百级，得牛、羊、驴十八万头。 冬，冲击诸种，斩首四千余级。 诏冲一子为郎。 冲复追击于阿阳，斩首八百级。 于是诸种前后三万余户诣凉州刺史降。
East and west Qiang fused into one storm. Gongtang burned tombs and ravaged Guanzhong. Ren Yin died chasing them. Pang Jun held Meiyang with picked men. Zhao Chong broke Gongtang for four hundred kills. Chong coordinated Hexi. Han Qiang probed Beidi to Fu's cost. Autumn brought nine thousand riders against Wuwei. Command seats slid east again while Zhang Qiao held the capital region. Han'an 1 named Chong colonel. Chong's patience brought five thousand Han tents. Zhang Qiao's levy went home. Only Shaohe clung to Canlan. Summer year 3 Chong and Gong killed fifteen hundred at Canlan. Winter added four thousand kills. A Chong son entered the palace corps. Ayang pursuit yielded eight hundred. Thirty thousand households yielded to the inspector.
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建康元年春，护羌从事马玄遂为诸羌所诱，将羌众亡出塞。 领护羌校尉卫瑶追击玄等，斩首八百余级，得牛、马、羊二十余万头。 赵冲复追叛羌到建威亶阴河。 军度未竟，所将降胡六百余人叛走，冲将数百人追之，遇羌伏兵，与战殁。 冲虽身死，而前后多所斩获，羌由是衰耗。 永嘉元年，封冲子恺义阳亭侯。 以汉阳太守张贡代为校尉。 左冯翊梁並稍以恩信招诱之，于是离湳、狐奴等五万余户诣並降，陇右复平。 並，大将军冀之宗人。 封为鄠侯，邑二千户。
Jiankang spring Ma Xuan deserted with tribes. Wei Yao reclaimed eight hundred heads. Chong chased rebels to Dunyin. Mid-river Hu mutiny lured Chong into an ambush. Chong's campaigns still broke Qiang strength. Yongjia ennobled Kai. Zhang Gong became colonel. Liang Bing talked fifty thousand tents down. Bing belonged to Liang Ji's kin. Hu marquisate at two thousand households.
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自永和羌叛，至乎是岁，十余年间，费用八十余亿。 诸将多断盗牢禀，私自润入，皆以珍宝货赂左右，上下放纵，不恤军事，士卒不得其死者，白骨相望于野。
Ten Yonghe-year campaigns cost eight yi. Generals stole pay while corpses littered the frontier.
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桓帝建和二年，白马羌寇广汉属国，杀长吏。 是时西羌及湟中胡复畔为寇，益州刺史率板楯蛮讨破之，斩首招降二十万人。
Huan Di Jianhe 2 White Horse struck Guanghan. Ban shields cleared two hundred thousand.
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永寿元年，校尉张贡卒，以前南阳太守第五访代为校尉，甚有威惠，西垂无事。 延熹二年，访卒，以中郎将段颎代为校尉。 时烧当八种寇陇右，颎击大破之。 四年，零吾复与先零及上郡沈氐、牢姐诸种并力寇并、凉及三辅。 会段颎坐事征，以济南相胡闳代为校尉。 闳无威略，羌遂陆梁，覆没营坞，寇患转盛，中郎将皇甫规击破之。 五年，沈氐诸种复寇张掖、酒泉，皇甫规招之，皆降。 事已具《规传》。 鸟吾种复寇汉阳，陇西、金城诸郡兵共击破之，各还降附。 至冬，滇那等五六千人复攻武威、张掖、酒泉，烧民庐舍。 六年，陇西太守孙羌击破之，斩首溺死三千余人。 胡闳疾，复以段颎为校尉。
Di Fang's colonelcy brought peace. Yanxi 2 brought Duan Jiong. Jiong shattered eight Shaodang bands. Year 4 Lingwu allied plateau tribes against Bing-Liang-capital. Jiong fell; Hu Hong succeeded. Hong failed; Huangfu Gui turned the tide. Shenshi riders struck Zhangye and Jiuquan until Huangfu Gui summoned every band to lay down arms. The campaign is narrated in Huangfu Gui's memoir. Combined Longxi and Jincheng forces broke Niaowu at Hanyang and received their submission. That winter Dianna led five or six thousand men to burn settlements across Hexi. Sun Qiang of Longxi drowned or beheaded more than three thousand of them in year six. Ailing Hu Hong yielded his colonel's baton back to Duan Jiong.
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永康元年，东羌岸尾等胁同种连寇三辅，中郎将张奂追，破斩之，事已具《奂传》。 当煎羌寇武威，破羌将军段颎复破灭之，余悉降散。 事已具《颎传》。 灵帝建宁三年，烧当羌奉使贡献。 中平元年，北地降羌先零种因黄巾大乱，乃与湟中羌、义从胡北宫伯玉等反，寇陇右。 事已见《董卓传》。 兴平元年，冯翊降羌反，寇诸县，郭汜、樊稠击破之，斩首数千级。
Yongkang 1: Zhang Huan ran down eastern Qiang who had plagued the capital approaches—see his biography. Duan Jiong shattered Dangjian outside Wuwei and dispersed the survivors. Full detail sits in Duan Jiong's memoir. Ling Di's third Jianning year brought Shaodang envoys with tribute. Zhongping chaos let Xianling Qiang, Zhong tribes, and Boyu's Hu seize Longyou together. Dong Zhuo's biography carries what followed. Xingping saw Guo Si and Fan Chou crush Fengyi Qiang raiders by thousands.
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自爰剑后，子孙支分，凡百五十种。 其九种在赐支河首以西，及在蜀、汉徼北，前史不载口数。 唯参狼在武都，胜兵数千人。 其五十二种衰少，不能自立，分散为附落，或绝灭无后，或引而远去。 其八十九种，唯钟最强，胜兵十余万。 其余大者万余人，小者数千人，更相抄盗，盛衰无常，无虑顺帝时胜兵合可二十万人。 发羌、唐旄等绝远，未尝往来。 氂牛、白马羌在蜀、汉，其种别名号，皆不可纪知也。 建武十三年，广汉塞外白马羌豪楼登等率种人五千余户内属，光武封楼登为归义君长。 至和帝永元六年，蜀郡徼外大牂夷种羌豪造头等率种人五十余万口内属，拜造头为邑君长，赐印绶。 至安帝永初元年，蜀郡徼外羌龙桥等六种万七千二百八十口内属。 明年，蜀郡徼外羌薄申等八种三万六千九百口复举土内属。 冬，广汉塞外参狼种羌二千四百口复来内属。 桓帝建和二年，白马羌千余人寇广汉属国，杀长吏，益州刺史率板楯蛮讨破之。
Yuanjian's descendants divided into a hundred fifty named branches. Nine bands lived beyond Zhizhi and north of Shu-Han frontiers without census figures. Only the Canlang at Wudu fielded a few thousand fighters. Fifty-two weak strains dwindled into dependents, died out, or slipped beyond reach. Among eighty-nine surviving names Zhong alone mustered six figures of spears. Lesser bands ranged from thousands to tens of thousands; around Shun's reign total fighters approached two hundred thousand. Fa Qiang and Tangmao remained beyond Han contact. Yak and White Horse subtribes in the southwest bore too many labels to catalogue. Jianwu 13: Loudeng delivered five thousand tents and earned Guangwu's patent of submission. He's Yongyuan 6 saw Zaotou march half a million followers into Shu. An Di's Yongchu 1 added Longqiao's six allied bands. The following year Boshen's eight groups contributed thirty-seven thousand souls. Winter brought twenty-four hundred Canlang mouths from beyond Guanghan. Huan Di Jianhe 2: shield infantry under the inspector broke another White Horse raid.
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湟中月氏胡，其先大月氏之别也，旧在张掖、酒泉地。 月氏王为匈奴冒顿所杀，余种分散，西逾葱领。 其羸弱者南入山阻，依诸羌居止，遂与共婚姻。 及骠骑将军霍去病破匈奴，取西河地，开湟中，于是月氏来降，与汉人错居。 虽依附县官，而首施两端。 其从汉兵战斗，随势强弱。 被服饮食言语略与羌同，亦以父名母姓为种。 其大种有七，胜兵合九千余人，分在湟中及令居。 又数百户在张掖，号曰义从胡。 中平元年，与北宫伯玉等反，杀护羌校尉泠征、金城太守陈懿，遂寇乱陇右焉。
Little Yuezhi in Zhong stemmed from Greater Yuezhi stock once rooted in Hexi. Modun slew the Yuezhi king and drove survivors over the Pamirs. The feeble remnant sheltered with Qiang bands and intermarried. Huo Qubing's sweep opened Zhong and drew Little Yuezhi into Han towns. They bowed to magistrates yet hedged with the tribes. Their spears followed whichever banner seemed ascendant. They dressed, ate, and talked like Qiang and named clans from both parents. Seven principal bands fielded nine thousand fighters around Zhong and Lingju. Hundreds more households in Zhangye were called Volunteer Hu. Zhongping volunteers slew Ling Zheng and Chen Yi and unraveled Longyou.
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论曰：羌戎之患，自三代尚矣。 汉世方之匈奴，颇为衰寡，而中兴以后，边难渐大。 朝规失绥御之和，戎师骞然诺之信。 其内属者，或倥偬之豪右之手，或屈折于奴仆之勤。 塞候时清，则愤怒而思祸； 桴革暂动，则属鞬以鸟惊。 故永初之间，群种蜂起。 遂解仇嫌，结盟诅，招引山豪，转相啸聚，揭木为兵，负柴为械。 毂马扬埃，陆梁于三辅； 建号称制，恣睢于北地。 东犯赵、魏之郊，南入汉、蜀之鄙，塞湟中，断陇道，烧陵园，剽城市，伤败踵系，羽书日闻。 并、凉之士，特冲残毙，壮悍则委身于兵场，女妇则徽纆而为虏，发冢露胔，死生涂炭。 自西戎作逆，未有陵斥上国若斯其炽也。 和熹以女君亲政，威不外接。 朝议惮兵力之损，情存苟安。 或以边州难援，宜见捐弃； 或惧疽食浸淫，莫知所限。 谋夫回遑，猛士疑虑，遂徙西河四郡之人，杂寓关右之县。 发屋伐树，塞其恋土之心； 燔破赀积，以防顾还之思。 于是诸将邓骘、任尚、马贤、皇甫规、张奂之徒，争设雄规，更奉征讨之命，征兵会众，以图其隙。 驰骋东西，奔救首尾，摇动数州之境，日耗千金之资。 至于假人增赋，借奉侯王，引金钱缣彩之珍，征粮粟盐铁之积。 所以赂遗购赏，转输劳来之费，前后数十巨万。 或枭克酋健，摧破附落，降俘载路，牛羊满山。 军书未奏其利害，而离叛之状已言矣。 故得不酬失，功不半劳。 暴露师徒，连年而无所胜。 官人屈竭，烈士愤丧。 段颎受事，专掌军任，资山西之猛性，练戎俗之态情，穷武思尽飙锐以事之。 被羽前登，身当百死之阵； 蒙没冰雪，经履千折之道。 始殄西种，卒定东寇。 若乃陷击之所歼伤，追走之所崩籍，头颅断落于万丈之山，支革判解于重崖之上，不可校计。 其能穿窜草石，自脱于锋镞者，百不一二。 而张奂盛称“戎狄一气所生，不宜诛尽，流血污野，伤和致妖”。 是何言之迂乎！ 羌虽外患，实深内疾，若攻之不根，是养疾疴于心腹也。 惜哉寇敌略定矣，而汉祚亦衰焉。 呜呼！ 昔先王疆理九土，判别畿荒，知夷貊殊性，难以道御，故斥远诉华，薄其贡职，唯与辞要而已。 若二汉御戎之方，失其本矣。 何则？ 先零侵境，赵充国迁之内地； 煎当作寇，马文渊徙之三辅。 贪其暂安之势，信其驯服之情，计日用之权宜，忘经世之远略，岂夫识微者之为乎？ 故微子垂泣于象箸，辛有浩叹于伊川也。
The historian opens by noting Qiang-Rong trouble runs back to high antiquity. They seemed less fearsome than the Xiongnu yet grew deadlier after Guangwu. Policy turned harsh and frontier word proved brittle. Interior tribes fell prey to powerful houses and servile labor. Calm passes bred resentment and plots of violence. The slightest rumor of war strung every bow. Yongchu years saw tribes boil up everywhere. Old hatreds gave way to joint oaths, mountain leagues, and clubs of firewood. Their horsemen raised dust as they rampaged through the Three Assistants. Would-be kings lorded over Beidi. They strangled Zhong, cut the Long corridor, fired imperial tombs, and filled the court with urgent mail. Bing-Liang elites perished in arms or bonds while open graves littered the plateau. No prior Rong rising had humbled the dynasty so badly. Regent He Xi kept authority closeted within the harem. Ministers dreaded casualties and chose drift. Some argued the northwest was expendable; Others feared gangrene without limit. Hesitation relocated four northwest commands east of the passes. Officials tore down houses and cut orchards to sever ties to native soil. They burned stocks of grain and goods to stamp out wishful thoughts of returning. Deng Zhi, Ren Shang, Ma Xian, Huangfu Gui, and Zhang Huan chased openings with grand strategies. Armies dashed between fronts burning treasure by the day. The throne taxed surrogates, tapped noble rents, and emptied vaults of coin, silk, grain, and iron. Gifts and convoys stacked into the billions. Victories piled heads, prisoners, and livestock. Dispatches barely praised gains before new defections arrived. Every win cost more than it returned. Campaigns dragged without decisive triumph. Exhaustion gripped court and camp. Duan Jiong poured frontier ruthlessness into total war. He pressed forward under feathered pennants and threw himself into formations where death came a hundred ways. He endured snow and ice along passes that bent a thousand times. He finished the western tribes before pinning the eastern. Assault and pursuit littered gorges with heads and limbs beyond tally. Fewer than one in a hundred slipped through the net. Zhang Huan preached mercy—that steppe peoples shared one breath with Han. How pedantic! Qiang unrest was an internal ulcer pretending to be a border itch. The foe ebbed even as dynastic pulse faded. Alas! The sages kept barbarians at arm's length with token tribute. Eastern and Western Han forgot that lesson. Why? When Xianling raided the frontier, Zhao Chongguo resettled them deep inside Han territory. Ma Yuan parked Dangjian bands near the capital. They traded durable peace for a quiet afternoon and mistook temporary tameness for lasting submission—was that the judgment of men who read the signs? So Weizi mourned delicate chopsticks and Xin You foresaw disaster at Yichuan.
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赞曰：金行气刚，播生西羌。 氐豪分种，遂用殷强。 虔刘陇北，假僭泾阳。 朝劳内谋，兵惫外攘。
The verse praises Metal-born hardness in western Qiang. Di magnates multiplied branches into strength. They wasted Long's north and crowned kings by the Jing valleys. Han plotted itself weary turning outer raids.