1
志第二十五百官二
Treatise 25: Officials, Part Two.
2
太常光禄勋卫尉太仆廷尉大鸿胪
The Minister of Ceremonies, the Minister of the Household, the Minister of the Guard, the Minister Coachman, the Minister of Justice, and the Grand Herald.
3
太常，卿一人，中二千石。 本注曰：掌礼仪祭祀。 每祭祀，先奏其礼仪； 及行事，常赞天子。 每选试博士，奏其能否。 大射、养老、大丧，皆奏其礼仪。 每月前晦，察行陵庙。 丞一人，比千石。 六百石。 本注曰：掌凡行礼及祭祀小事，总署曹事。 其署曹掾史，随事为员，诸卿皆然。
The Minister of Ceremonies: one minister at the top salary grade of two thousand bushels. He oversees court ritual, ceremonial protocol, and state sacrifices. Before every sacrifice he memorializes the order of rites to be observed; during the rite itself he prompts the emperor with the liturgical responses. Whenever erudites sit for promotion or examination, he reports on their competence. The grand archery, the honoring of the aged, and state funerals all require his memorial on correct ritual. On the eve of each month’s last day he tours the imperial tombs and ancestral shrines to see that all is in order. He has one assistant at one thousand bushels equivalent. Some registers list that post at six hundred bushels instead. The assistant handles routine observances and minor cult matters and coordinates the ministry’s bureaus. Bureau staff numbers flex with the workload; the same rule applies across the nine ministers.
4
太史令一人，六百石。 本注曰：掌天时、星历。 凡岁将终，奏新年历。 凡国祭祀、丧、娶之事，掌奏良日及时节禁忌。 凡国有瑞应、灾异，掌记之。 丞一人。 明堂及灵台丞一人，二百石。 本注曰：二丞，掌守明堂、灵台。 灵台掌候日月星气，皆属太史。
One Director of Astronomy at six hundred bushels. He watches the seasons, weather patterns, stars, and the civil calendar. At year’s end he presents the almanac for the coming year. For state sacrifices, funerals, and royal weddings he proposes lucky dates and seasonal taboos. He logs auspicious omens and ill portents for the archives. He has one assistant. One deputy for the Bright Hall and Spiritual Terrace at two hundred bushels. Commentary: paired deputies keep watch over the Bright Hall observatory complex and the Spiritual Terrace. The Spiritual Terrace tracks sun, moon, stars, and ether—all under the Director of Astronomy.
5
博士祭酒一人，六百石。 本仆射，中兴转为祭酒。 博士十四人，比六百石。 本注曰：《易》四，施、孟、梁丘、京氏。 《尚书》三，欧阳、大小夏侯氏。 《诗》三，鲁、齐、韩氏。 《礼》二，大小戴氏。 《春秋》二，《公羊》严、颜氏。 掌教弟子。 国有疑事，掌承问对。 本四百石，宣帝增秩。
One erudite libationer at six hundred bushels. The head of the erudites was originally titled Pushe; after the restoration the office was renamed libationer (jijiu). Fourteen court erudites at six hundred bushels equivalent. The Book of Changes is taught in four schools—Shi, Meng, Liangqiu, and Jing. The Book of Documents has three lines—Ouyang and the elder and younger Xiahou traditions. The Odes are represented by the Lu, Qi, and Han schools. The Rites survive in the elder and younger Dai recensions. The Spring and Autumn is taught in two Gongyang schools, the lineages of Master Yan Pengzu and Master Yan Anle. They instruct the disciples enrolled at the academy. When policy questions arise, they supply learned answers on demand. Their stipend began at four hundred bushels until Emperor Xuan raised it.
6
太祝令一人，六百石。 本注曰：凡国祭祀，掌读祝及迎送神。 丞一人。 本注曰：掌祝小神事。
One Director of Invocations at six hundred bushels. At state sacrifices he chants the prayer texts and conducts the spirits’ arrival and departure. He has one assistant. The assistant tends invocations to secondary cults.
7
太宰令一人，六百石。 本注曰：掌宰工鼎俎馔具之物。 凡国祭祀，掌陈馔具。 丞一人。
One Director of the Grand Butcher at six hundred bushels. He supervises slaughter, sacrificial tripods and stands, and the laying out of offerings. At state sacrifices he sets out the cooked and raw viands. He has one assistant.
8
大予乐令一人，本注曰：掌伎乐。 凡国祭祀，掌请奏乐，及大飨用乐，掌其陈序。 丞一人。
One Director of Grand Imperial Music, charged with court performance and ritual music. He schedules music at sacrifices and arranges the program for great banquets that include orchestral performance. He has one assistant.
9
高庙令一人，六百石。 本注曰：守庙，掌案行扫除。 无丞。
One keeper of Emperor Gaozu’s shrine at six hundred bushels. He tends the shrine, inspects its precincts, and keeps them swept. There is no deputy to this office.
10
世祖庙令一人，六百石。 本注曰：如高庙。
One keeper of Guangwu’s shrine at six hundred bushels. His duties mirror those at Gaozu’s shrine.
11
先帝陵，每陵园令各一人，六百石。 本注曰：掌守陵园，案行扫除。 丞及校长各一人。 本注曰：校长，主兵戎盗贼事。
Each late emperor’s burial park has its own park superintendent at six hundred bushels. He guards the park, patrols the grounds, and maintains purification. Each park has one assistant and one camp commandant. The commandant handles armed watch and suppresses banditry within the park.
12
先帝陵，每陵食官令各一人，六百石。 本注曰：掌望晦时节祭祀。
Each imperial tomb also has a granary director at six hundred bushels for offerings. He presides over the monthly offering rites at the new and dark moons.
13
右属太常。 本注曰：有祠祀令一人，后转属少府。 有太卜令，六百石，后省并太史。 中兴以来，省前凡十官。
The offices listed at right fall under the Minister of Ceremonies. There used to be a director of shrine offerings; that post was later moved to the Minister of the Lesser Treasury. The old Director of Grand Divination at six hundred bushels was cut and folded into the Director of Astronomy. Since the Eastern restoration, ten Western Han offices in this ministry have been abolished.
14
光禄勋，卿一人，中二千石。 本注曰：掌宿卫宫殿门户，典谒署郎更直执戟，宿卫门户，考其德行而进退之。 郊祀之事，掌三献。 丞一人，比千石。
The Minister of the Household: one minister at fully ranked two thousand bushels. He commands palace gate security, runs the audience bureaus, and rotates gentlemen-of-the-house on halberd watch while judging their conduct for promotion or dismissal. At suburban sacrifices he presents the three ritual libations of wine. He has one assistant at one thousand bushels equivalent.
15
五官中郎将一人，比二千石。 本注曰：主五官郎。 五官中郎，比六百石。 本注曰：无员。 五官侍郎，比四百石。 本注曰：无员。 五官郎中，比三百石。 本注曰：无员。 凡郎官皆主更直执戟，宿卫诸殿门，出充车骑。 唯议郎不在直中。
One captain of the central gentlemen for the five bureaus at two thousand bushels equivalent. He leads the gentlemen attached to the five ministries. Central gentlemen for the five bureaus at six hundred bushels equivalent. There is no statutory head count. Attendant gentlemen for the five bureaus at four hundred bushels equivalent. No fixed quota. Secretary gentlemen for the five bureaus at three hundred bushels equivalent. No fixed quota. Gentlemen-of-the-house stand rotating halberd watch at palace doors and ride out as imperial escort. Advisory gentlemen alone are exempt from guard duty.
16
左中郎将，比二千石。 本注曰：主左署郎。 中郎，比六百石。 侍郎，比四百石。 郎中，比三百石。 本注曰：皆无员。
The left captain of the central gentlemen at two thousand bushels equivalent. He commands gentlemen of the left wing. Central gentlemen at six hundred bushels equivalent. Attendant gentlemen at four hundred bushels equivalent. Secretary gentlemen at three hundred bushels equivalent. Again, no statutory quotas.
17
右中郎将，比二千石。 本注曰：主右署郎。 中郎，比六百石。 侍郎，比四百石。 郎中，比三百石。 本注曰：皆无员。
The right captain of the central gentlemen at two thousand bushels equivalent. He commands gentlemen of the right wing. Central gentlemen at six hundred bushels equivalent. Attendant gentlemen at four hundred bushels equivalent. Secretary gentlemen at three hundred bushels equivalent. No fixed quotas for these ranks either.
18
虎贲中郎将，比二千石。 本注曰：主虎贲宿衛。 左右仆射、左右陛长各一人，比六百石。 本注曰：仆射，主虎贲郎习射。 陛长，主直虎贲，朝会在殿中。 虎贲中郎，比六百石。 虎贲侍郎，比四百石。 虎贲郎中，比三百石。 节从虎贲，比二百石。 本注曰：皆无员。 掌宿卫侍从。 自节从虎贲久者转迁，才能差高至中郎。
The captain of the household rapid guard at two thousand bushels equivalent. He leads the rapid guards who stand night watch at close quarters. Left and right adjutants and left and right stair captains—one of each at six hundred bushels equivalent. The adjutants drill the rapid guard in archery. Stair captains post rapid guards inside the hall during audiences. Rapid-guard central gentlemen at six hundred bushels equivalent. Rapid-guard attendant gentlemen at four hundred bushels equivalent. Rapid-guard secretary gentlemen at three hundred bushels equivalent. Halberd-bearing rapid guards at two hundred bushels equivalent. None of these carries a fixed quota. They provide close escort and night security for the throne. Veterans of the halberd-bearing guard rotate upward, and the abler among them may rise to central gentleman.
19
羽林中郎将，比二千石。 本注曰：主羽林郎。 羽林郎，比三百石。 本注曰：无员。 掌宿卫侍从。 常选汉阳、陇西、安定、北地、上郡、西河凡六郡良家补。 本武帝以便马从猎，还宿殿陛巖下室中，故号巖郎。
The captain of the Feathered Forest guard at two thousand bushels equivalent. He commands the Feathered Forest gentlemen. Feathered Forest gentlemen at three hundred bushels equivalent. No statutory head count. They stand night watch and attend the sovereign on the move. Recruits are drawn in rotation from respectable households across six northwestern commanderies. Emperor Wu first rode light mounts on the hunt and billeted his escort under the hall steps, whence the nickname “gallery guard.”
20
羽林左监一人，六百石。 本注曰：主羽林左骑。 丞一人。
One left superintendent of the Feathered Forest at six hundred bushels. He commands the left wing of Feathered Forest cavalry. He has one assistant.
21
羽林右监一人，六百石。 本注曰：主羽林右骑。 丞一人。
One right superintendent of the Feathered Forest at six hundred bushels. He commands the right wing of Feathered Forest cavalry. He has one assistant.
22
奉车都尉，比二千石。 本注曰：无员。 掌御乘舆车。
Commandants of the imperial chariot at two thousand bushels equivalent. No fixed quota. They drive and maintain the emperor’s traveling carriages.
23
驸马都尉，比二千石。 本注曰：无员。 掌驸马。
Commandants of the horse escort at two thousand bushels equivalent. No fixed quota. They manage the outrider mounts that flank the imperial car.
24
骑都尉，比二千石。 本注曰：无员。 本监羽林骑。
Commandants of cavalry at two thousand bushels equivalent. No fixed quota. The post originally oversaw Feathered Forest mounted troops.
25
光禄大夫，比二千石。 本注曰：无员。 凡大夫、议郎皆掌顾问应对，无常事，唯诏令所使。 凡诸国嗣之丧，则光禄大夫掌吊。
Household grandees at two thousand bushels equivalent. No fixed quota. Household grandees and advisory gentlemen serve as ad hoc consultants, with no standing portfolio beyond what an edict assigns. When a feudal heir dies, a household grandee leads the court’s mission of condolence.
26
太中大夫，千石。 本注曰：无员。
Grandees within the palace at one thousand bushels. No fixed quota.
27
中散大夫，六百石。 本注曰：无员。
Grandees of scattered attendance at six hundred bushels. No fixed quota.
28
谏议大夫，六百石。 本注曰：无员。
Remonstrating grandees at six hundred bushels. No fixed quota.
29
议郎，六百石，本注曰：无员。
Advisory gentlemen at six hundred bushels, without a statutory quota.
30
谒者仆射一人，比千石。 本注曰：为谒者台率，主谒者，天子出，奉引。 古重习武，有主射以督录之。 故曰仆射。 常侍谒者五人，比六百石。 本注曰：主殿上时节威仪。 谒者三十人。 其给事谒者，四百石。 其灌谒者郎中，比三百石。 本注曰：掌宾赞受事，及上章报问。 将、大夫以下之丧，掌使吊。 本员七十人，中兴但三十人。 初为灌谒者，满岁为给事谒者。
One chief receptionist at one thousand bushels equivalent. He heads the reception corps, and when the emperor leaves the palace he leads the vanguard. Antiquity prized martial drill; a master archer supervised the corps. Hence the title pushe, “shepherd of archers.” Five standing receptionists at six hundred bushels equivalent. They regulate ritual pacing and demeanor during audiences. Thirty receptionists serve in rotation. Serving receptionists draw four hundred bushels. Bathed receptionists acting as gentleman secretaries rank at three hundred bushels equivalent. They greet envoys, take in petitions, and carry answers back to supplicants. They carry the court’s condolences to the funerals of generals and officials of lower rank. Western Han filled seventy slots; the restored court cut the corps to thirty. A novice begins as a bathed receptionist and after one year graduates to serving receptionist.
31
右属光禄勋。 本注曰：职属光禄者，自五官将至羽林右监，凡七署。 自奉车都尉至谒者，以文属焉。 旧有左右曹，秩以二千石，上殿中，主受尚书奏事，平省之。 世祖省，使小黄门郎受事，车驾出，给黄门郎兼。 有请室令，车驾出，在前请所幸，徼车迎白，示重慎。 中兴但以郎兼，事讫罢，又省车、户、骑凡三将，及羽林令。
The offices at right fall under the Minister of the Household. Household-line commands run from the captain of the five bureaus through the right Feathered Forest superintendent—seven bureaus in all. From chariot commandants through receptionists they count as civil adjuncts of the same ministry. Western Han also posted left and right palace secretaries at two thousand bushels to take memorials from the Masters of Writing for screening inside the hall. Guangwu abolished those posts and had petty Yellow Gate gentlemen handle intake; on imperial progresses those same gentlemen double as escort. A director of the petition chamber once rode ahead to learn the emperor’s intended route so patrol cars could announce it—an emblem of care. After the restoration gentlemen alone covered that errand, then stood down; the court also cut the chariot, household, and cavalry commandants plus the Feathered Forest director.
32
卫尉，卿一人，中二千石。 本注曰：掌宫门卫士，宫中徼循事。 丞一人，比千石。
The Minister of the Guard: one minister at fully ranked two thousand bushels. He commands the gate guards and palace patrols. One assistant at one thousand bushels equivalent.
33
公车司马令一人，六百石。 本注曰：掌宫南阙门，凡吏民上章，四方贡献，及征诣公车者。 丞、尉各一人。 本注曰：丞选晓讳，掌知非法。 尉主阙门兵禁，戒非常。
One director of the public carriage gate and horse marshal at six hundred bushels. He controls the palace’s southern portal for memorials, tribute convoys, and men summoned to the “public carriage” audience. He has one assistant and one commandant. The assistant must know imperial taboos and flag irregular petitions. The commandant enforces armed watch at the tower and bars emergencies.
34
南宫卫士令一人，六百石。 本注曰：掌南宫卫士。 丞一人。
One director of Southern Palace guards at six hundred bushels. He commands the Southern Palace guard detail. He has one assistant.
35
北宫卫士令一人，六百石。 本注曰：掌北宫卫士。 丞一人。
One director of Northern Palace guards at six hundred bushels. He commands the Northern Palace guard detail. He has one assistant.
36
左右都候各一人，六百石。 本注曰：主剑戟士，徼循宫及天子有所收考。 丞各一人。
Left and right metropolitan patrol commanders at six hundred bushels each. They lead halberd guards on palace rounds and make arrests when the throne orders an inquiry. Each command has one assistant.
37
宫掖门，每门司马一人，比千石。 本注曰：南宫南屯司马，主平城门； 宫门苍龙司马，主东门； 玄武司马，主玄武门； 北屯司马，主北门； 北宫朱爵司马，主南掖门； 东明司马，主东门； 朔平司马，主北门：凡七门。 凡居宫中者，皆有口籍于门之所属。 宫名两字，为铁印文符，案省符乃内之。 若外人以事当入，本官长史为封棨传； 其有官位，出入令御者言其官。
Every inner gate posts one major at one thousand bushels equivalent. The Southern Palace’s south camp major holds Pingcheng Gate; the Azure Dragon gate major holds the east gate; the Black Tortoise major holds Black Tortoise Gate; the north camp major holds the north gate; the Northern Palace’s Vermilion Sparrow major holds the south harem portal; the Dawn-clarity major holds the east inner gate; and the Pacified-north major holds the north inner gate—seven gates in all. Everyone quartered inside carries a mouth tally filed with the gate that controls his passage. Each two-character gate name is cast on an iron tally; the seal must match before entry is granted. Official visitors must carry a wooden tally pass sealed by their agency’s chief clerk. Ranked officials declare their title to the coachman when passing in or out.
38
右属卫尉。 本注曰：中兴省旅贲令，卫士一人丞。
The offices at right belong to the Minister of the Guard. The restoration abolished the Director of Rapid Escort and left each guard bureau with a single assistant.
39
太仆，卿一人，中二千石。 本注曰：掌车马。 天子每出，奏驾上卤簿，用大驾则执御。 丞一人，比千石。
The Minister Coachman: one minister at fully ranked two thousand bushels. He is steward of the imperial stables and carriages. Whenever the emperor travels he arranges the chariot train and, for the grand progress, takes the reins himself. One assistant at one thousand bushels equivalent.
40
考工令一人，六百石。 本注曰：主作兵器弓弩刀铠之属，成则传执金吾入武库，及主织绶诸杂工。 左右丞各一人。
One director of the imperial workshop at six hundred bushels. He forges arms and armor, then hands finished gear to the Bearer of the Mace for storage, and oversees woven cords and miscellaneous crafts. He has left and right assistants.
41
车府令一人，六百石。 本注曰：主乘舆诸车。 丞一人。
One director of the chariot depot at six hundred bushels. He maintains every vehicle in the imperial garage. He has one assistant.
42
未央厩令一人，六百石。 本注曰：主乘舆及厩中诸马。 长乐厩丞一人。
One director of the Weiyang stable at six hundred bushels. He tends the emperor’s carriage horses and the rest of the Weiyang herd. One assistant director serves the Changle Palace stable.
43
右属太仆。 本注曰：旧有六厩，皆六百石令，中兴省约，但置一厩。 后置左骏令、厩，别主乘舆御马，后或并省。 又有牧师范，皆令官，主养马，分在河西六郡界中，中兴皆省，唯汉阳有流马菀，但以羽林郎监领。
The offices at right report to the Minister Coachman. Western Han ran six stables at six hundred bushels each; the restored court kept only one. Later a Left Swift Stud was added for the emperor’s saddle mounts, then occasionally folded back into the main stable. Pastoral officials once bred remounts across six western commanderies until the restoration abolished them; only Hanyang’s “flowing horse” breeding ground survived, overseen by a Feathered Forest officer.
44
廷尉，卿一人，中二千石。 本注曰：掌平狱，奏当所应。 凡郡国谳疑罪，皆处当以报。 正、左监各一人。 左平一人，六百石。 本注曰：掌平决诏狱。
The Minister of Justice: one minister at fully ranked two thousand bushels. He supervises criminal justice and memorializes the appropriate sentences. When a commandery or kingdom forwards a doubtful capital case, the ministry fixes the sentence and reports its ruling. The ministry staffs one rectifying judge and one left prison superintendent. One left “leveling” officer at six hundred bushels. He adjudicates cases held in the emperor’s special prisons.
45
右属廷尉。 本注曰：孝武帝以下，置中都官狱二十六所，各令长名世祖中兴皆省，唯廷尉及雒阳有诏狱。
The offices at right fall under the Minister of Justice. From Emperor Wu on the capital ran twenty-six separate prison bureaus, each with its own warden; Guangwu abolished them, leaving only the Minister of Justice’s jails and Luoyang’s imperial prison.
46
大鸿胪，卿一人，中二千石。 本注曰：掌诸侯及四方归义蛮夷。 其郊庙行礼，赞导，请行事，既可，以命群司。 诸王入朝，当郊迎，典其礼仪。 及郡国上计，匡四方来，亦属焉。 皇子拜王，赞授印绶。 及拜诸侯、诸侯嗣子及四方夷狄封者，台下鸿胪召拜之。 王薨则使吊之，及拜王嗣。 丞一人。 比千石。
The Grand Herald: one minister at fully ranked two thousand bushels. He receives feudal princes and foreign peoples who have pledged allegiance. At suburban and ancestral rites he prompts the liturgy, seeks permission to proceed, then instructs the ministries once the emperor assents. When princes come to audience he meets them at the suburban station and directs their ceremonial approach. Regional accounting missions and inspectors from abroad likewise report through his ministry. When a son of the throne is enfeoffed as a king, he presents the seal and sash on the emperor’s behalf. Investitures of feudal lords, their heirs, and foreign rulers summoned for enfeoffment are conducted below the hall steps under the Grand Herald’s call. On a king’s death he sends condolences; he also oversees the heir’s investiture. The ministry has one assistant. That assistant ranks at one thousand bushels equivalent.
47
大行令一人，六百石，本注曰：主诸郎。 丞一人。 治礼郎四十七人。
One director of grand processions at six hundred bushels, in charge of the ministry’s gentlemen. He has one assistant. Forty-seven rite-regulating gentlemen assist at state ceremonies.
48
右属大鸿胪。 本注曰：承秦有典属国，别主四方夷狄朝贡侍子，成帝时省并大鸿胪。 中兴省驿官、别火二令、丞，及郡邸长、丞，但令郎治郡邸。
The offices at right belong to the Grand Herald. Qin’s office of dependent states once handled foreign tribute and hostage princes until Emperor Cheng folded it into the Grand Herald. The restoration cut the relay and “separate fire” bureaus with their deputies, as well as the capital hostels for visiting commandery officials, leaving gentlemen alone to run the remaining commandery lodgings.