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卷四十二 志第二十三: 儀衞下 大駕鹵簿 皇太后皇后鹵簿 皇太子鹵簿 親王傔從 諸妃嬪導從 百官儀從

Volume 42 Treatises 23: Ceremonial Guards 2 - Guards for the Emperor, Guards for the Empress Dowager, Guards for the Crown Prince, Attendants for Princes, Guides for Imperial Concubines, Ceremonial Attendants for Officials

Chapter 42 of 金史 · History of Jin
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1
簿
Grand Carriage Guard of Honor
2
西 西
In Dading 3 (1163), when Emperor Shizong performed the joint ancestral sacrifice, he employed a yellow-banner guard of three thousand men. The formation was divided into four sections. The first section omitted county magistrates and office prefects and led with the first three yellow-banner sections, followed by the front band, Golden Guard gate flags, the carriage head, the dragon-terrace escort company, and the Heavenly King, Twelve Earthly Branches, and related banners. The second section comprised the fourth and fifth yellow-banner sections, then the Myriad Years Sun-and-Moon banner, then the imperial horses—supplemented by sixteen horse handlers each from the horse-control and horse-attendant bureaus—then the Sun-and-Moon Joined in Harmony, Five Stars Linked in a Chain, and related banners, then the Eight Treasures—with eighteen black-staff criers added before the incense table—and finally the Seven-Treasure palanquin. The third section included the first and second rear yellow-banner sections, followed by the jade carriage, the wickerwork escort company, and the imperial escort gate armed-guard officers. The fourth section comprised the third, fourth, and fifth rear yellow-banner sections, followed by the golden carriage, gate flags, and the rear band. In the ninth month of Dading 6 (1166), when the court returned from the Western Capital, it employed a yellow-banner guard of 2,542 men, acting officers included, with 762 mounted men. The guard was divided into four sections. The first section comprised 54 acting officers, 302 bearers, and 170 musicians. The second section had 32 acting officers and 376 bearers. The third section included 44 acting officers within the guard formation and 42 imperial escort officers. It also included 100 gate armed-guard officers; eight blue horses and 140 drivers for the jade carriage; a 500-man wickerwork escort company; and 242 bearers. The fourth section comprised 50 acting officers; eight red horses and 94 drivers for the golden carriage; 22 crane handlers; 84 musicians; and 290 bearers. That year, when the emperor returned from the Western Capital, the responsible offices prepared the ceremonial escort, and the crown prince rode in the ornamented carriage. The emperor suspected this violated proper ritual and questioned the ritual officials, but none could explain it. Enraged, he demoted them all. The following year, as the crown prince was to be formally invested, the chief ministers memorialized that the full ceremonial guard should be prepared for the announcement at the ancestral temple. The emperor said, "When I received my honorific title and made the thanksgiving visit, you had me follow only Emperor Zhenzong of the Song—court dress and on horseback—a very light observance by ritual standards. Why should the crown prince now receive the full ceremonial treatment?" Chief Councillor Liangbi apologized. The emperor said slowly, "The civil officials simply follow precedent without thinking—that is all." Previously, whenever the emperor went on progress, commoners were conscripted to carry the guard equipment; thereafter an edict ordered soldiers substituted in their place.
3
簿
In Dading 11 (1171), as the court prepared for the Southern Suburb sacrifice and an offering at the Grand Ancestral Temple, Right Vice Councillor Shi Jue presented the ritual program. The emperor said, "Under the previous dynasty, the Han worshiped Heaven by striving only to make the ceremonial escort imposing. That was self-display, not reverence for Heaven. I hold that worshiping Heaven lies in sincerity, not in the grandeur of the guard. Use half the usual force." Thereupon the yellow-banner guard was revised into the Grand Carriage Guard of Honor, totaling seven thousand men, acting officers included, in eight sections.
4
First section. First lead company: 70 county magistrates. Second lead company: 264 office prefects. Third lead company: 229 censors-in-chief, with titles and insignia matching the office prefects but somewhat reduced in number, plus one added halt-and-proceed banner.
5
Second section. Golden Guard black great-banner flags: 12 men; Vermilion Bird company: 34 men; south-pointing and mile-recording drum carriages: 52 men each; phoenix-banner carriage: 18 men. Front band: 129 men. Clear Procession company: 72 men, including two White Ze banners of five men each, wearing green full-dress caps, green leather armor with straps, brocade arm guards, and horizontal blades; escorts and flankers also carried bows and arrows, with green leather horse armor and full tail covers. Two assault-resistance commandants wore black flat-cap kerchiefs, purple embroidered demon-warding robes, leather belts, silver-brown baggy trousers, brocade serpent sashes, horizontal blades, and bow and arrows. Six crossbows, twenty-four bow-and-arrow sets, and thirty spears. They all wore brocade caps, blue embroidered udumbara-flower shirts, leather belts, and silver-brown baggy trousers. Swift-Flying company: 48 men, including two resolute commandants in black flat-cap kerchiefs, purple embroidered flying-qilin robes, leather belts, silver-brown baggy trousers, brocade serpent sashes, horizontal blades, and bow and arrows. Thirty scout Swift-Flying men wore iron armor and helmets, carried horizontal blades and bow and arrows, and had full black horse armor. Sixteen iron-armored Swift-Flying men. Their dress and equipment matched those described above. Front mounted companies: the first company had 64 men; the second and third had 60 each; the fourth and fifth had 58 each. Shu-and-fork armed guard: 54 men, including two troop-leading officers in black flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet udumbara-flower shirts, leather belts, silver-brown baggy trousers, bearing ceremonial blades. Twenty-six shu and twenty-six forks. They wore five-colored udumbara-flower shirts, forehead bands, waist bands, leggings, and shoes and stockings. One halt-and-proceed banner. Scarlet embroidered udumbara-flower shirts, forehead bands, silver-brown waist bands, and baggy trousers.
6
Third section. Second front band: 369 men. Front foot-armor companies: the first through fifth companies had 42 men each. Yamen gate flags: 20 men. First front yellow-banner section: 150 men; second section: 120 men. Shu-and-fork armed guard: 58 men. One halt-and-proceed banner.
7
Fourth section. Yellow-banner pennants: 3 men; Six Armies ceremonial guard: 226 men; imperial horses: 33 men; third through fifth front yellow-banner sections: 120 men each; Azure Dragon and White Tiger company: 52 men; shu-and-fork armed guard: 56 men; one halt-and-proceed banner.
8
Fifth section. Eight Treasures: 232 men; flat-topped palanquin: 30 men; Seven-Treasure palanquin: 42 men. Court-sword and ceremonial-blade company: 200 men, including two generals and two assault-resistance commandants in flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet demon-warding robes, leather belts, silver-brown baggy trousers, brocade serpent sashes, bearing ceremonial blades. Ninety-eight court swords and ninety-eight ceremonial blades. They all wore flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet embroidered udumbara-flower shirts, leather belts, silver-brown baggy trousers, brocade serpent sashes, and bore ceremonial blades. Valiant Guard and Flanking Guard company: 60 men, including two tribute brigade generals in black flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet embroidered auspicious-horse robes, leather belts, silver-brown baggy trousers, bearing ceremonial blades. Two phoenix banners of five men each, with dress and equipment as described above. Sixteen crossbows, sixteen bow-and-arrow sets, and sixteen spears. They dressed like court-sword bearers and carried horizontal blades. Carriage-flanking company, first company: 92 men, including two assault-resistance commandants in flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet embroidered flying-qilin robes, leather belts, silver-brown baggy trousers, bearing ceremonial blades. Two Treasure Talisman banners of five men each, with eighty men in vermilion helmets, armor, blades, and shields. They wore vermilion armor, brocade arm guards, leggings, and shoes and stockings. Second company: 82 men, including two resolute commandants in White Ze robes. Two Flying Yellow banners of five men each, with seventy men in silver-brown helmets, armor, blades, and shields. Third company: 82 men, including two resolute commandants in red leopard robes. Two Auspicious banners of five men each, with seventy men in black helmets, armor, blades, and shields. Shu-and-fork armed guard: 56 men. One halt-and-proceed banner.
9
Sixth section. Mounted and foot gate-flag company: 100 men; carriage head: 15 men; Broad Martial officers and Tea-and-Wine Attendants bearing follow-items: 23 men. Imperial Dragon Direct: 40 men. They wore red brocade padded jackets and gilded belts, including two cadre in black caps and thirty-eight men in pearl headcloths. Jade carriage: 151 men. Wickerwork escort company: 500 men, including a Golden Lance company of 126 men divided left and right, with eighteen cadre in iron armor and black caps, red brocade vests, small banners, horse armor, and red brocade tail covers. One hundred eighty long-march guards wore iron armor and helmets, red brocade vests and brocade arm guards, rode armored horses with red brocade tail covers, and bore golden lances. Silver Lance company: 126 men, with eighteen cadre and one hundred eighty long-march guards dressed as above, bearing silver lances. Bow-and-arrow Direct Foot company: 124 men, with four cadre in iron armor and black caps, red brocade floral battle robes, bow and arrows, silver maces, and full horse armor. One hundred twenty long-march guards wore iron conical hats, red brocade floral battle robes, and iron armor, and carried bow and arrows and maces. Mace Direct Foot company: 124 men, with four cadre and one hundred twenty long-march guards. Their dress and armor matched those described above, but without bow and arrows. Golden Guard gate flags: 20 men; first rear yellow-banner section: 150 men; second section: 120 men; shu-and-fork armed guard: 52 men; one halt-and-proceed banner.
10
殿 使
Seventh section. Fan racks: 25 men; golden carriage: 94 men. Great Tranquility palanquin: 181 men, including two directors of the imperial carriage service, two vice directors of the palace service, and two tribute officers, all in official dress. Four clerks and four document clerks; seven wore black border kerchiefs, scarlet four-panel plain shirts, silver-brown waist bands, baggy trousers, and black boots; one wore a long-foot wrapped headcloth, purple silk official dress, horn belt, and black boots. Four palanquin attendants wore military caps, yellow embroidered udumbara-flower shirts, silver-brown waist bands, and baggy trousers. Twelve cadre wore black caps, red brocade padded jackets, and copper belts, including one section commander bearing a silver mace. One hundred fifty-one bearers. Their dress matched that of the palanquin attendants. Imperial horses: 33 men. Bell-bearing company: 39 men. Rear band: 160 men. Third through fifth rear yellow-banner sections: 120 men each. Rear foot-armor companies: the first and second companies had 42 men each. Fifty-six shu and forks. One halt-and-proceed banner.
11
Eighth section. Second rear band: 140 men. Elephant carriage, leather carriage, and wooden carriage: 50 men each; Worthy Advance carriage: 26 men; leopard-tail carriage: 18 men; follow carriages: 80 men. Dark Warrior company: 61 men. Rear foot-armor companies: the third through fifth companies had 42 men each. Golden Guard gate flags: 20 men. Rear mounted companies: the first company had 76 men, the second 64, and the third 60. Shu-and-fork armed guard: 60 men. One halt-and-proceed banner. In the rear, the march banner and halt banner were now two separate banners. Titles and numbers identical to those of the yellow-banner guard are not repeated here.
12
西 簿
In the sixth month of Mingchang 5 (1194), the Ministry of Works memorialized, "In Dading 6, when Emperor Shizong returned from the Western Capital, he adopted the Song ritual for a provincial inspection's return to the capital, employing a yellow-banner guard of two thousand men together with the jade and golden carriages, five hundred armored horsemen of the wickerwork company, and forty-two imperial escort officers; thereafter this formation was not used again. Now that the imperial carriage is visiting Jingming Palace, the return to the capital should follow this precedent." The emperor approved. In Cheng'an 1 (1196), provincial ministers memorialized, "For the great Southern Suburb rite, the Grand Carriage Guard of Honor should employ 21,218 men and 8,198 horses. When Emperor Shizong personally performed the suburban sacrifice, the guard numbered seven thousand men. It is now proposed that beyond the great regular regulations an additional three hundred armored soldiers and two hundred forty-eight wickerwork company and pole-bearers be added, for a total of seven thousand five hundred forty-eight men still in eight sections." The court approved. In Taihe 6 (1206), when the emperor wished to perform the joint ancestral sacrifice in person, he ordered the relevant offices to calculate the costs. The Ministry of Works memorialized, "The guard would require three thousand five hundred men, more than ten thousand strings of cash, and eight hundred sixty-five horses. By old precedent, horses were borrowed from the populace, and personal guards and attendants supplied their own equipment. Now that military campaigns were underway, government horses were reserved for emergencies and could not be borrowed, nor could the people be burdened again. The relevant offices should handle matters provisionally." The emperor ordered further deliberation. In the fourth month of the eighth year, at the di sacrifice in the Grand Ancestral Temple, following the first-year precedent, a yellow-banner guard of three thousand men and a garrison-gate guard of five hundred men were employed.
13
簿
Empress Dowager and Empress Guard of Honor
14
使 使 使 輿輿 輿 輿使 簿
Following Tang and Song regulations, the total was two thousand eight hundred forty men. Clear Procession company: thirty men; one Clear Procession banner with one bearer, two escorts, and two flankers. They all wore flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet cross-strap jackets, and baggy trousers, carried bow and arrows and horizontal blades, bore spears and crossbows, and rode. Next came one Golden Guard assault-resistance commandant in a flat-cap kerchief, purple spear jacket, baggy trousers, brocade serpent sash, bow and arrows, and horizontal blade. Two bright-spear bearers in flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet shirts, and baggy trousers flanked the assault-resistance commandant. He led forty mounted men: twenty bore spears, four crossbows, and sixteen horizontal blades. They all wore flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet cross-strap jackets, baggy trousers, horizontal blades, and bow and arrows. Next came twenty-eight scout Swift-Flying men. They all wore flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet cross-strap jackets, baggy trousers, bow and arrows, and horizontal blades, riding along both sides of the route and evenly deployed left and right up to the yellow-banner guard. Next came one director of inner attendants and one assistant director, dressed according to rank, positioned left and right. Each was accompanied by two document clerks. They wore flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet shirts, and baggy trousers and rode in attendance. Next came one yellow banner with one bearer and two flankers. They wore military caps, vermilion robes, and leather belts and rode on the central route. Next came the left and right wing yellow-banner guards, each wing with three ranks of one hundred men; the inner first rank bore short halberds and five-colored mantles, all wearing yellow-ground white-flower patterned jackets, caps, leggings, shoes, and stockings. The outer second rank bore ge halberds and five-colored mantles, all wearing red-ground yellow-flower patterned jackets, caps, leggings, shoes, and stockings. The outer third rank bore ceremonial axes and five-colored pennants. They all wore blue-ground red-flower patterned jackets, caps, leggings, shoes, and stockings. Next came the Left and Right Army Supervisory, Majestic, Martial, Valiant, and Standard Guards, each with three ranks of twenty men divided front and rear. Each guard had six troop-leading officers, except the Army Supervisory Guards with three each; all wore flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet cross-strap jackets, and baggy trousers; Army Supervisory officers front and rear wore lion-pattern robes and caps, the others leopard-pattern robes and caps; each bore long blades with bronze-stone fittings and rode at the head, divided front and rear. Each guard had one resolute commandant to inspect the formation. Wearing embroidered robes, each of the above had one foot attendant. The Army Supervisory Guards had scarlet lead banners: three leading in front and three covering the rear. Six bearers, all in flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet shirts, and baggy trousers. Next came four directors of inner chamberlains, two attendants, two inner regular attendants, and two vice directors of inner attendants. They all rode, positioned left and right. Each of the above had one inner attendant walking in attendance. Next came one hundred twenty inner attendants. All were palace women in flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet shirts, and baggy trousers, positioned left and right behind the carriage. Next came twenty-four each of side fans, round fans, and square fans. Divided left and right and borne by palace women, all wearing multicolored large-sleeved jackets and skirts, colored robes, leather belts, and shoes. Next came one incense stand, borne by four inner attendants. They wore flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet cross-strap jackets, and baggy trousers and were positioned before the Heavy Pheasant carriage. Next came the Heavy Pheasant carriage with four horses and twenty-four drivers. They wore flat-cap kerchiefs, blue shirts, baggy trousers, and shoes and stockings. Next came two marching screens and two seated screens. Divided left and right to flank the carriage, borne by palace women. Their dress matched that of the fan bearers. Next came two inner temple stewards leading six temple attendants. Divided left and right, they wore flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet cross-strap jackets, and baggy trousers, bore imperial blades, rode, and flanked the Heavy Pheasant carriage. Next came one waist palanquin with eight bearers and two round pheasant-tail fans. Flanking the palanquin. Next came four great umbrellas, then eight great pheasant-tail fans. Divided left and right, they marched crosswise in two ranks. Next came two brocade flower canopies. They marched in a single file on the central route. Next came twelve each of small pheasant-tail fans and vermilion round fans. They all marched crosswise, divided left and right. Next came twenty-four brocade curved canopies. They marched crosswise in two ranks. Next came brocade six-pillar eight-fan screens. Divided left and right. From the waist palanquin downward, inner attendants bore all items, dressed as before. Next came the palace women's carriages. Next came two scarlet banners. Divided left and right with one bearer each, wearing military caps, vermilion robes, leather belts, and shoes and stockings. Next came one rear yellow banner with one bearer and two flankers. They all rode on the central route in military caps, vermilion robes, and leather belts. Next came the tribute palace women. They followed behind the yellow banner. Next came the Suppressed Pheasant carriage with four horses and twenty-four drivers. Next came the Pheasant carriage and Tranquility carriage, each with four horses and twenty-four drivers. Next came the Four-Directions carriage and Golden Root carriage, each drawn by three oxen with twelve drivers. Their dress matched that described above. Next came left and right wing gate banners, two each, with two bearers and four flankers per gate. They all wore red patterned jackets, yellow robes, and caps. The first gate stood before the front yellow banner; the second behind the rear yellow banner. Next came the Left and Right Army Supervisory Guards, each wing with one hundred fifty men bearing shu, all in red-ground yellow-flower patterned jackets, caps, leggings, shoes, and stockings. In front they aligned with the yellow-banner guard; in the rear they extended to the end of the guard of honor. Each wing had four troop-leading officers to inspect the formation. They wore flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet shirts, baggy trousers, yellow robes and caps, bore long blades with bronze-stone fittings, and rode. Two wore leopard pattern within the formation; two wore lion pattern—one leading in front and one guarding the rear. Next came one assault-resistance commandant each from the Left and Right Army Supervisory Guards to inspect the shu guard. Each of the above had one mounted attendant. Next, within the rear shu guard on the central route stood one gate banner; per gate two gate-keeping commandants in flat-cap kerchiefs, scarlet cross-strap jackets, and baggy trousers bore silver-fitted long blades and rode. Each wing had one patrolling inspection commandant who went back and forth to inspect. Their dress and equipment matched those described above. The front and rear bands, golden chimes, shoulder drums, great drums, long calls, mid calls, cymbal-blow, feathered canopy, wind instruments, transverse wind, rhythm drums, and imperial horses were all reduced to half the grand carriage complement.
15
輿 輿殿西殿
That year, the six carriages including the Heavy Pheasant were changed to round-and-square carriage palanquins, along with marching screens, seated screens, brocade six-pillar screens, and palace women's carriages; their regulations and personnel counts are recorded in the Treatise on Carriages and Clothing. In Tiande 2 (1150), when Emperor Hailing installed the empress, she rode a dragon-decorated shoulder palanquin; the relevant offices set two walking screens at the hall's western steps, ten fans on each side, and one umbrella—this was the hall-court escort ritual. They also set sixty escorts for the empress dowager, umbrella bearers not included in the count; all wore clustered four-plate carved round-flower red brocade jackets, golden-flower wrapped headcloths, and gilded silver belts. The Eternal Longevity and Eternal Tranquility palaces each had thirty imperial escorts and two umbrella bearers—part of the regular processional ritual.
16
簿
Crown Prince Guard of Honor
17
竿 輿 竿竿 竿 鹿
It was used when receiving the seal and treasure and offering thanks at the temple, and at all major rites and grand court assemblies. The relevant offices memorialized that Tang and Song ritual should be followed; an edict limited the guard to one thousand men. Central route. Clear Procession company: twenty-four men, including one assault-resistance commandant, one White Ze banner of five men, four crossbows, six bows, and eight spears. They all rode. Clear Road Direct Sweep company: eighteen men, with two assault-resistance commandants, four bright spears, and twelve bow-and-arrow sets. They all rode. Four presentation horses with eight handlers. Upright Banner company: thirty-three men, including one resolute commandant; one Double Wheel banner, two Tamed Rhinoceros banners, one Wild Horse banner, and two Tamed Elephant banners of five men each, plus two secondary poles. They all rode. Fine Lead company: fourteen men, with two resolute commandants, six bow-and-arrow sets, and six spears. Spears and bow-and-arrow sets alternated; they all rode. Front band: ninety-eight men, all mounted. The band included two office clerks; two golden chimes and two shoulder drums each; twelve great drums; eight long calls; two cymbal-drums; six xiao flutes; six horns; two troop-leading officers; two rhythm drums; twelve small drums; eight mid calls; four peach-skin pipes; four singers; six Arch-the-Pole pipes; six pipes; twelve great transverse winds; two feathered-canopy drums; and two troop-leading officers. Eight umbrellas and fans: two plum-red umbrellas, four great pheasant-tail fans, and two medium pheasant-tail fans. Small palanquin: eighteen men. Twelve guide officers: two palace secretaries, two moral instructors, two crown prince sons, two grand mentors, one grand preceptor, one grand tutor, one grand protector, and one junior preceptor behind the golden carriage. They all rode. Personal Merit Flanking Guard encirclement company: seventy-four men, including two brigade generals. Seventy-two ceremonial blades. They all rode. Golden carriage: seventy men. Three Guards company: eighteen men. They bore ceremonial blades. Subdued Corner company: sixty-two men, including one brigade general, one Auspicious Cloud banner of five men, three crossbows, seven bows, and fifteen spears; all mounted. Also one brigade general, one Auspicious Cloud banner of five men, three crossbows, seven bows, and fifteen spears. They all rode. Sixteen vermilion round fans, borne by four commandants of the Imperial Carriage Rate Office on horseback. Three vermilion round fans, three purple curved canopies, three vermilion round fans, and three purple curved canopies. Eighteen great horns. Rear band: fifty-four men, all mounted. The rear band had one section commander; one golden chime and one shoulder drum each; two cymbal-drums; six xiao flutes; six singers; six pipes; one rhythm drum; two chief officers; six flutes; four horns; six Arch-the-Pole pipes; ten small transverse winds; and two chief officers. Rear Blocking company: forty-six men, led by one resolute commandant on horseback. One Triangular Beast banner of five men, with four crossbows, sixteen bow-and-arrow sets, and twenty spears. Outer armed guard. Left column: two hundred four men. Gate banners: sixteen men, all mounted. One gate banner with three men, three gate-keeping commandants, one brigade general, and nine court swords. Front first company: twenty-seven men, including one Imperial Carriage Rate Office officer, one resolute commandant, one assault-resistance commandant, and one chief officer, all mounted. Three scarlet lead banners with nine men; two qilin-head poles, two ceremonial axes, two bow-and-arrow sets, two more qilin-head poles, two ceremonial axes, two vermilion blade-shields, and two small halberds. The second, third, fourth, and fifth companies had fourteen men each. From the qilin-head poles onward, the equipment matched the first company. Rear first company: forty-seven men, including one gate banner with three men, three gate-keeping commandants, one resolute commandant, one chief officer, three scarlet lead banners with nine men, one Sparrow-Hawk banner with five men, alternating spears, crossbows, and bow-and-arrow sets, two vermilion blade-shields, and two small halberds. They all rode. Rear second company: twenty-nine men, with one resolute commandant, one Net banner of five men, and alternating spears, crossbows, and bow-and-arrow sets. They all rode. Rear third company: twenty-nine men, with one resolute commandant, one Yellow Deer banner of five men, and alternating spears, crossbows, and bow-and-arrow sets. They all rode. Right column: two hundred four men, arranged identically.
18
殿𧝋
For the crown prince's regular processional guard, sixty-two guides and attendants and two umbrella bearers all wore plum-red embroidered silk double-disk phoenix jackets, golden-flower wrapped headcloths, and gilded silver belts. All follow-items such as clappers, spittoons, and water jars were decorated with silver and gold. Umbrellas were of plum-red silk with seated-qilin golden finials. Chairs had gold-plated silver rings, double-playing-qilin chair backs, and red velvet cord ties. For hall court and banquets, seat cushions used embroidered silk with gold phoenix disks; table covers used embroidered silk with gold unicorn-and-beast disks. When conducting affairs in the Eastern Palace, chairs were vermilion-lacquered with gilded silver beast mouthpieces, red velvet cord ties, and bright-gold floral chair backs; desk covers were plain plum-red silk, with matching cover cloths and footrests.
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Princely Attendants
20
Ten reception escorts in black shirts, wrapped sashes, and belts, mounted on horseback. Fifty carriage-handlers: leaders in purple silk jackets and plain wrapped headcloths bore silver-wrapped ivory staffs; umbrella bearers wore purple silk round hibiscus-embroidered jackets and gold-flower crossed-foot headcloths; the rest wore purple silk four-panel hibiscus-embroidered jackets with yellow silk side panels, all with gold-plated silver belts and matching headcloths. Four invitation criers. Umbrellas were blue outside and purple inside, with gold-plated silver finials. Chairs had silver-wrapped ring backs. Water jars, clappers, and spittoons were all of silver. Princes of a commandery had thirty carriage-handlers; those not yet leaving the palace had twenty. State dukes had twenty carriage-handlers; those not yet leaving the palace had fourteen. Princes of a commandery had six reception escorts and state dukes four; those not yet leaving the palace had half that number. Personnel, attendants, and ceremonial objects all followed the regulations for first-rank functional officials.
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Guides and Attendants for Imperial Consorts
22
Forty men wore wrapped headcloths, embroidered plantain-disk purple shirts, and gilded belts. Consorts had sixteen each of side, square, and round fans; imperial concubines fourteen each—all borne by palace women in cloud-foot gauze caps, purple four-panel shirts, belts, and green boots. Each had one great umbrella and two umbrella bearers in their regular-service brocade jackets and headcloths. Grand imperial princesses had twelve guides and attendants; imperial younger sisters and daughters ten—all in purple silk chest-and-back sunflower jackets, wrapped sashes, headcloths, large silver waist belts, and two ivory staffs each. For other imperial clan women, numbers were reduced according to closeness of kinship. Umbrella regulations: the crown prince's three consorts used blue silk outside and purple inside with golden finials; princes, princesses, and princely consorts used gold-plated silver finials; commandery and county princesses and their ladies used silver finials, all blue outside and purple inside; officials' mothers and wives used umbrellas according to their husbands' ranks of merit and enfeoffment.
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Ceremonial Attendants for Officials
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使 使使 殿使 使使使 使使使使 使殿 使使使 使使使 使 殿 使 使 殿 使 使 使 殿
First positive rank: the Three Excellencies of Tutor, Preceptor, and Protector; the Three Dukes; and the Director of the Department of State Affairs—each with ten vermilion-robed direct attendants; the Three Dukes' attendants were called Direct Office. Each had sixty carriage-handlers in purple shirts and caps with silver side belts, including two pairs of rattan staffs, three pairs of maces, three pairs of ivory staffs, six clustered-horse attendants, and two umbrella bearers. Folding chairs, water jars, clappers, bowls, spittoons, and the like were borne in sequence by attendants in black shirts and caps with gilded copper belts. Thereafter all equipment-bearing attendants followed the same rule. Four invitation criers. Umbrellas were blue silk with purple lining and silver finials. First negative rank: the Left and Right Chancellors, Commissioners for Pacification and Administration, Commander-in-Chief, and Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs—with the same direct attendants; the Bureau called them Direct Court, filled by duty attendants. Fifty carriage-handlers and four invitation criers. Administrator of the Imperial Clan Court: ten reception escorts and forty carriage-handlers. Magistrate of Daxing: two pairs before him; the rest matched the above. For all the above, folding chairs had silver-wrapped ring backs and purple silk cord ties. Second positive rank: the Eastern Palace Three Excellencies and the Left and Right Vice Commanders-in-Chief. Left and Right Vice Directors: eight direct attendants, forty carriage-handlers, three invitation criers; umbrellas had vermilion finials. Second negative rank: Participant in Governance, Vice Commissioner of Military Affairs, and Censor-in-Chief—with the same direct attendants; the Censorate called them General Escorts, filled by duty attendants. Thirty-six carriage-handlers; the same number of invitation criers. Third positive rank: the Eastern Palace Three Juniors, Army Supervisors of the Commander-in-Chief, Chief Palace Inspector, Ministers of the Six Ministries, capital guardians, Palace Proclamation Commissioner, Commissioner for Encouraging Agriculture, Hanlin Academician Expositor, and equivalent offices—each with six reception escorts and twenty carriage-handlers. For all the above, folding chairs had straight backs with silver inlay and blue silk cord ties. Transport commissioners of all capitals, pacification commissioners, circuit chief judicial commissioners, and prefects concurrently serving as circuit military commanders-in-chief and guardians—each had fifty carriage-handlers. For external appointments: army supervisors, transport directors, pacification commissioners and vice commissioners, and prefects concurrently serving as commanders-in-chief—forty-five carriage-handlers and seventy public envoys. Third negative rank: Chief Army Supervisors, Vice Commissioner for Encouraging Agriculture, Vice Chief Palace Inspector, Vice Censor-in-Chief, and equivalent offices—each with six reception escorts and eighteen carriage-handlers; the vice censor-in-chief's escort received scarlet shirts. For external appointments: transport commissioners and military governors had forty carriage-handlers; all circuit garrisons and tribal military governors the same; public envoys numbered seventy for upper garrisons, sixty-five for middle, and sixty for lower. For all external officials above: except pacification commissioners, commanders-in-chief, tribal military governors, and herd commissioners who had never had ration-funded military manpower and remained unchanged, guardians, army supervisors, commanders-in-chief, transport directors, pacification commissioners, prefects, transport commissioners, and military governors also retained their old complements; although numbers were large, none could exceed forty men. All wore purple shirts and silver belts, with silver-wrapped ring-back folding chairs, silver water jars, clappers, bowls, spittoons, and ivory staffs; each also had two sets of silver-wrapped maces and great swords and invitation criers—except transport commissioners, who had no maces or great swords. Fourth positive rank: Left and Right Remonstrance Grand Masters, Director of the Directorate of Education, Vice Ministers of the Six Ministries, and equivalent offices—each with eight reception escorts, reduced from the original twelve. For external appointments: guardians, army supervisory commanders, and vice chief judicial commissioners—each had thirty carriage-handlers. Fourth negative rank: Left and Right Palace Guard Generals, all meng'an chiliarchs, princely mansion commandants, and capital transport vice commissioners, and equivalent offices—each with four reception escorts, reduced from twelve personal attendants. For external appointments: thirty-five carriage-handlers; public envoys numbered sixty for upper defense commands, fifty-five for middle, and fifty for lower. Fifth positive rank: Left and Right Bureau Directors, Hanlin Attendant Draftsmen, Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and equivalent offices—each with eight personal attendants. For external appointments: thirty carriage-handlers; public envoys numbered fifty for upper prefectures, forty-five for middle, and forty for lower. Defense commissioners, prefects, military governors, capital army supervisory offices, and secondary circuit-garrison officials' attendants all wore purple shirts and horn belts, with straight-back silver folding chairs, clappers, bowls, spittoons, and ivory staffs; umbrellas were blue outside, green inside, with green finials. Defense commissioners, prefects, and military governors still had silver-wrapped maces, a pair of great swords, and invitation criers—except circuit vice army supervisors, who had no criers. Fifth negative rank: Directors of the Six Ministries, Attending Censors, Vice Director of the Court of Judicial Review, and equivalent offices—seven personal attendants each; attending censor escorts received scarlet shirts. For external appointments: ten personal attendants. All functional officials above were permitted canopy umbrellas. Sixth positive rank: Left and Right Bureau Vice Directors and equivalent offices—six personal attendants each. For external appointments: nine personal attendants. Sixth negative rank: Vice Directors of the Six Ministries and equivalent offices—five personal attendants each. For external appointments: nine personal attendants. Seventh positive rank: Palace Censors and equivalent offices—four personal attendants each. For external appointments: seven personal attendants. County magistrates: ten public envoys. District commanders: six public envoys. Seventh negative rank: Attendant Drafters of Hanlin Documents and equivalent offices—four personal attendants each. For external appointments: six personal attendants. County magistrates: ten public envoys. Eighth positive rank: Judicial Review Assessors and equivalent offices—two personal attendants each. For external appointments: six personal attendants. Eighth negative rank: Grand Sacrificers of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and equivalent offices—two personal attendants each. For external appointments: five personal attendants. Ninth positive rank: Chief Supervisors of Imperial Pharmacy and equivalent offices—one personal attendant each. For external appointments: three personal attendants. Ninth negative rank: Hall Attendants and Vice Supervisors and equivalent offices—one personal attendant each. For external appointments: one personal attendant. Translators and interpreters of the Department of State Affairs and Bureau of Military Affairs, interpreters of the Six Ministries, Censorate, and Army Supervisory Office, edict-office clerks, National History Institute copyists, and similar posts—each had one personal attendant. For all offices above, manpower and ceremonial equipment could not exceed prescribed rank. External officials' attendants, dress, and equipment were funded from local public funds or fines.
25
使 使 使
For all inner and outer officials from princes downward, attendants had fixed numbers graded by rank, but vermilion-robed direct attendants were excluded. The lower grades were: first, reception escorts, also called guide escorts, for inner-court offices from fourth rank upward. Second, carriage-handlers, for inner and outer officials of fifth positive rank and above. Third, personal attendants, for inner and outer officials of fourth positive rank and below. Fourth, public envoys, for external officials of third positive rank and below. Fifth, personal manpower, for external officials of third positive rank, capital guardians, the magistrate of Daxing, and below. Personal attendants performed duties like carriage-handlers; public envoys handled public business; personal manpower performed private service. All five grades were filled by ration-archer troops. These were not property-levied campaign soldiers but civilians aged seventeen to thirty, tall and strong, specially recruited, registered, and paid provisions—hence ration-archers. Their leaders held titles such as command token, bureau receiver, and squad chief, all under the circuit-wide Commanders-in-Chief of Troops and Horses. That the Jin thus honored subordinates and equipped envoys—was this too a practice inherited from earlier dynasties?
26
使 使 使 使 使使 使使 使 使 使 使使使 使 使使 使使使 使 使使 簿使使 使
Personal manpower for external officials: capital guardians and the magistrate of Daxing had fifty men. Army supervisors, transport directors, pacification commissioners, investigation commissioners, and circuit commanders-in-chief: forty-five men. Transport commissioners and military governors: forty men. Supervisory controllers, herd commissioners, and defense commissioners: thirty-five men. External princely tutors, vice guardians, vice army supervisors, vice investigation commissioners, and prefects governing military affairs: thirty men. Vice transport directors, vice pacification commissioners, vice guardians, vice prefects serving as commanders-in-chief, directors of grain transport, and fifth-rank salt commissioners: twenty-five men. Vice directors of transport, investigation bureau signatories, vice magistrates, vice commanders-in-chief, and vice transport and military governors: twenty men. Capital commanders-in-chief of troops and horses: eighteen men. Vice transport and military governors: seventeen men. Chief seal-holders of troops and horses: fifteen men. Princely mansion commandants, chief judges of capital guardians, and vice defense commissioners: thirteen men. Patrol commissioners, vice commanders-in-chief, co-directors of grain transport, vice salt commissioners, wine-leaven salt-tax commissioners, and vice prefects governing military affairs: ten men. Judges of army supervisory, transport, capital commanders-in-chief, and scattered prefectural offices, and capital investigating officers: nine men. Princely mansion marshals, pacification judges, magistrates of major counties, directors of Shangjing imperial-city troops, vice wine-leaven salt-tax commissioners, transport judges, prefectural investigating officers, and military observation judges: eight men. Magistrates of capital and secondary major counties, chief inspection commissioners, chief officers, and prefectural army commanders-in-chief: seven men. Directorate of Attendants directors, princely literary officers, pacification investigation officers, county magistrates, vice patrol commissioners, fort administrators, salt judges, co-directors of Shangjing imperial city, circuit army commanders, river patrol directors, wine commissioners, and defense judges: six men. Market directors, registrars, assistant magistrates of major counties, vice chief inspection commissioners, vice officers, inspection commissioners, and prefectural army judges: five men. Army supervisory clerks, princely secretaries, Directorate assistants, vice wine commissioners, assistant magistrates of capital secondary major counties, and bureau commissioners: four men. Daxing pacification officers, investigation clerks, prison officers, pass inspection officers, salt judges, grain-transport administrators, patrol judges, county assistants, market and gate officers, chief clerks, constables, inspection officers, river patrol officers, wine commissioners, and vice bureau commissioners: three men. Salt-field administrators, lower prison officers, unit commanders, river-bridge co-administrators, vice inspection officers, gatekeeper judges, instructors, legal clerks, military controllers, bureau supervisors, and circuit legal clerks: two men. Co-administrators of salt fields, lower legal clerks, vice bureau supervisors, army and investigation scribes, and army translators: one man. Public envoys and personal manpower for Posu were filled by recruiting Han commoners near Eastern Capital and Chenzhou. This applied to areas not under meng'an and mouke jurisdiction. The Helan, Xupin, Hurigai, and Puyu circuits likewise rotated corvée laborers from upper and middle households under each meng'an and mouke, paid them as ration-archers, and replaced them annually. Buluohuo and Tulu Hun Zhazhihe followed the same rule. For postal stations and herd officials, when meng'an and mouke assigned registered households as manpower, upper and middle households took turns.
27
滿 使
Officials with concurrent posts entitled to attendants received the larger allotment; the remainder was adjusted by rank. Princes' reception and guide escorts were assigned by the capital troops office; princesses at court were drawn from the guardian department's personal attendants; those on external circuits were assigned locally. Princely guide escorts, the chief councillor's carriage-handlers, and reception escorts rotated annually; others served ten-month terms; all were ration-archer troops. Court officials of sixth rank and below and bureau attendants could supply corvée through personal manpower if they reported names to the ministry; local offices could not requisition them within the year. Officials taking or properly leaving office received half their escort from personal manpower; local offices issued sealed warrants for receiving escorts; return escorts required warrants from the original office; unverified cases were held until inquiry confirmed no desertion, then paid. Retired officials whose highest rank reached third rank received half personal manpower at their chosen residence and could not substitute corvée. Death requiring return escort received half again; those who retired or were dismissed before age sixty received none.
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