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金興，用兵如神，戰勝功取，無敵當世，曾未十年遂定大業。 原其成功之速，俗本鷙勁，人多沉雄，兄弟子姓才皆良將，部落保伍技皆銳兵。 加之地狹產薄，無事苦耕可給衣食，有事苦戰可致俘獲，勞其筋骨以能寒暑，徵發調遣事同一家。 是故將勇而志一，兵精而力齊，一旦奮起，變弱為強，以寡制眾，用是道也。 及其得志中國，自顧其宗族國人尚少，乃割土地、崇位號以假漢人，使為之效力而守之。 猛安謀克雜廁漢地，聽與契丹、漢人昏因以相固結。 迨夫國勢浸盛，則歸土地、削位號，罷遼東渤海、漢人之襲猛安謀克者，漸以兵柄歸其內族。 然樞府簽軍募軍兼采漢制，伐宋之役參用漢軍及諸部族而統以國人，非不知制勝長策在於以志一之將、用力齊之兵也，第以土宇既廣，豈得盡任其所親哉！ 馴致極盛，乃自患其宗族國人之多，積其猜疑，卒自戕賊，遂致強本刊落，醇風鍥薄，將帥攜離，兵士驕惰。 迄其亡也，「忠孝」等軍構難於內，颭軍雜人召禍于外，向之所謂志一而力齊者，不見可恃之勢焉。 豈非自壞其家法而致是歟？ 抑是道也可用於新造之邦，不可以保長久之天下歟？ 金以兵得國，奉詔作《金史》，故于金之《兵志》考其興亡得失之跡，特著於斯。 兵制、馬政、養兵等法載諸舊史者，暼戶列於篇。
When the Jin dynasty arose, it wielded its armies with uncanny mastery; in every campaign it won victories and seized merit, unmatched in its age, and within less than ten years had secured its great enterprise. The reason for their swift success lay in customs that were fierce and hardy by nature, a people mostly grave and bold, brothers and kinsmen who were all capable generals, and tribal companies whose skills made every squad a sharp fighting force. Moreover, the land was cramped and yields meager: in peace they labored at farming to supply food and clothing, in war they labored at fighting to win captives; they hardened sinew and bone to endure heat and cold, and conscription and dispatch were handled as though by a single household. Thus their commanders were brave and of one mind, their soldiers elite and their strength coordinated; when they roused themselves at once, they turned weakness into strength and used the few to overcome the many—this was the method they employed. Once they had gained their foothold in China, aware that their own clansmen and Jurchen countrymen were still few, they carved out lands and elevated titles to invest in Han subjects, whom they set to serve and hold these territories for them. Meng'an and mouke units were interspersed among Han territories, and their members were allowed to marry Khitan and Han people so as to forge lasting bonds. As state power grew ever greater, they reclaimed lands and stripped titles, abolished hereditary meng'an and mouke status among the Eastern Liao, Bohai, and Han populations, and gradually concentrated military authority in their own inner clans. Yet the Privy Council drafted and recruited troops while also adopting Han military institutions; in the war against Song they mixed Han armies and various tribal forces under Jurchen command—not because they had forgotten that victory depended on commanders of one mind and soldiers acting in concert, but because their realm had grown too vast to place every command solely in the hands of kinsmen. As they gradually reached the height of power, they began to fear the growing numbers of their own clansmen and Jurchen countrymen; suspicions piled up until they slaughtered one another, the strong branches were pruned away, honest customs thinned out, commanders fell out with one another, and soldiers grew arrogant and indolent. By the time of their fall, armies such as the Loyalty and Filial Piety forces were fomenting trouble within, while zhan troops and miscellaneous levies were inviting disaster from without; the unity of purpose and coordinated strength they had once possessed was nowhere to be found. Was this not the result of their having destroyed their own institutional foundations? Perhaps this method could serve a newly founded state, but could not secure an empire meant to endure? The Jin won their realm by force of arms; by imperial command the History of Jin was compiled, and so in this Military Treatise the record of their rise and fall, success and failure, is examined and set forth in detail. Laws governing military organization, horse administration, troop maintenance, and related matters recorded in earlier histories are summarized by category in this chapter.
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金之初年，諸部之民無它徭役，壯者皆兵，平居則聽以佃漁射獵習為勞事，有警則下令部內，及遣使詣諸孛堇徵兵，凡步騎之仗糗皆取備焉。 其部長曰孛堇，行兵則稱曰猛安、謀克，從其多寡以為號，猛安者千夫長也，謀克者百夫長也。 謀克之副曰蒲裏衍，士卒之副從曰阿裏喜。 部卒之數，初無定制。 至太祖即位之二年，既以二千五百破耶律謝十，始命以三百戶為謀克，謀克十為猛安。 繼而諸部來降，率用猛安、謀克之名以授其首領而部伍其人。 出河之戰兵始滿萬，而遼莫敵矣！ 及來流、鴨水、鐵驪、鱉古之民皆附，東京既平，山西繼定，內收遼、漢之降卒，外籍部族之健士。 嘗用遼人訛裏野以北部百三十戶為一謀克，漢人王六兒以諸州漢人六十五戶為一謀克，王伯龍及高從祐等並領所部為一猛安。 至天會二年，平州既平，宗望恐風俗揉雜，民情弗便，乃罷是制。 諸部降人但置長吏，以下從漢官之號。 四年，伐宋之役，調燕山、雲中、中京、上京、東京、遼東、平州、遼西、長春八路民兵，隸諸萬戶，其間萬戶亦有專統漢軍者。 熙宗皇統五年，又罷遼東漢人、渤海猛安謀克承襲之制，浸移兵柄於其國人，乃分猛安謀克為上中下三等，宗室為上，餘次之。 至海陵庶人天德二年，省並中京、東京、臨潢、咸平、泰州等路節鎮及猛安謀克，削上中下之名，但稱為「諸猛安謀克，」循舊制間年一徵發，以補老疾死亡之數。 貞元遷都，遂徙上京路太祖、遼王宗幹、秦王宗翰之猛安，並為合紮猛安，及右諫議烏裏補猛安，太師勖、宗正宗敏之族，處之中都。 斡論、和尚、胡剌三國公，太保昂，詹事烏裏野，輔國勃魯骨，定遠許烈，故杲國公勃迭八猛安處之山東。 阿魯之族處之北京。 按達族屬處之河間。 正隆二年，命兵部尚書蕭恭等，與舊軍皆分隸諸總管府、節度使，授田牛使之耕食，以蕃衛京國。 六年，南伐，立三道都統制府及左右領軍大都督，將三十二軍，以神策、神威、神捷、神銳、神毅、神翼、神勇、神果、神略、神鋒、武勝、武定、武威、武安、武捷、武平、武成、武毅、武銳、武揚、武翼、武震、威定、威信、威勝、威捷、威烈、威毅、威震、威略、威果、威勇為名，軍置都總管、副總管及巡察使、副各一員。 而沿邊契丹恐妻孥被鄰寇鈔掠，不可盡行，遂皆背判。 而大名續授甲之士還迎立世宗于東京。
In the Jin's early years, the people of the various tribes bore no other corvée labor; every able-bodied man was a soldier. In peacetime they were allowed to farm, fish, hunt, and practice the strenuous skills of their trade; when alarm arose, orders went out within the tribe and envoys were dispatched to the various beli chiefs to levy troops, and every weapon and ration for foot and horse was made ready. Their tribal leaders were called beli; on campaign they were styled meng'an or mouke according to the size of their command—a meng'an was a commander of a thousand, a mouke a commander of a hundred. A mouke's deputy was called a puliyan; soldiers' deputies and attendants were called alixi. At first there was no fixed regulation governing the number of men in a unit. In the second year of Emperor Taizu's reign, after defeating Yelü Xie Shi with twenty-five hundred men, he first decreed that three hundred households should constitute a mouke and ten mouke a meng'an. Thereafter, as the various tribes submitted, the titles meng'an and mouke were routinely bestowed on their leaders to organize their people into military companies. At the Battle beyond the River their forces first reached ten thousand men, and the Liao had no one who could stand against them. When the peoples of Lailiu, the Yalu, Tieli, and Biegu all submitted, the Eastern Capital was pacified and Shanxi secured in turn; within they absorbed surrendered Liao and Han troops, and from without they enrolled stalwart warriors from allied tribes. At one point the Liao subject Woliye was assigned one mouke of one hundred thirty northern households; the Han subject Wang Liu'er one mouke of sixty-five Han households drawn from various prefectures; and Wang Bolong, Gao Congyou, and others each commanded their followers as a separate meng'an. By the second year of the Tianhui reign, after Pingzhou had been pacified, Zongwang feared that mingling customs would unsettle the populace and abolished this arrangement. For surrendered tribes they installed only chief officials, with subordinates bearing Han-style titles. In the fourth year, for the campaign against Song, militia from the eight circuits of Yanshan, Yunzhong, the Central Capital, the Upper Capital, the Eastern Capital, Eastern Liao, Pingzhou, Western Liao, and Changchun were mobilized and assigned to various wanhu commanders, some of whom commanded Han forces exclusively. In the fifth year of the Huangtong era under Emperor Xizong, hereditary meng'an and mouke status among Eastern Liao Han and Bohai populations was abolished and military authority gradually shifted to Jurchen countrymen; meng'an and mouke were then divided into upper, middle, and lower grades, with the imperial clan in the highest tier and all others below. By the second year of the Tiande era under the Deposed Emperor Hailing, military commissioners and meng'an-mouke units along the Central Capital, Eastern Capital, Linhuang, Xianping, Taizhou, and other routes were consolidated; the upper, middle, and lower grades were abolished and all were styled simply "the various meng'an and mouke," with levies every other year under the old system to replace men lost to age, illness, or death. When the capital was relocated in the Zhenyuan era, the meng'an of Taizu, Prince of Liao Zonggan, and Prince of Qin Zonghan from the Upper Capital circuit were transferred and reorganized as hezha meng'an, along with the meng'an of Right Remonstrator Wulibu and the clans of Grand Preceptor Xu and Zongzheng Zongmin, all resettled at the Central Capital. The meng'an of the three state dukes Wolun, Heshang, and Hula, Grand Guardian Ang, Household Master Wuliye, Assistant to the State Bolugu, Dingyuan Xu Lie, and the late Duke of Guo Bodieba were resettled in Shandong. The clan of Alu was resettled in the Northern Capital. The kinsmen of Anda were resettled in Hejian. In the second year of the Zhenglong era, Minister of War Xiao Gong and others were ordered to assign the old armies to various chief commanders' offices and military commissioners, grant them fields and cattle for subsistence farming, and thereby strengthen the defense of the capital region. In the sixth year, for the southern campaign, three supreme command offices and left and right supreme army commanders were established to lead thirty-two armies bearing names such as Divine Strategy, Divine Might, Divine Swiftness, Divine Sharpness, Divine Resolve, Divine Wings, Divine Courage, Divine Fruit, Divine Design, Divine Edge, Martial Victory, Martial Stability, Martial Prestige, Martial Peace, Martial Swiftness, Martial Balance, Martial Success, Martial Resolve, Martial Sharpness, Martial Raise, Martial Wings, Martial Thunder, Awesome Stability, Awesome Trust, Awesome Victory, Awesome Swiftness, Awesome Fierceness, Awesome Resolve, Awesome Thunder, Awesome Design, Awesome Fruit, and Awesome Courage; each army was assigned a chief commander, a deputy commander, and an inspector with his deputy. But Khitan troops along the frontier, fearing that their wives and children would be plundered by neighboring enemies if they marched away, could not all be mobilized and consequently rose in revolt. Meanwhile at Daming, soldiers who had only just been issued armor turned back to install Emperor Shizong at the Eastern Capital.
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及大定之初，窩斡既平，乃散契丹隸諸猛安謀克。 至三年，詔河北、山東等路所簽軍，有父兄俱已充甲軍，子弟又為阿裏喜，恐其家更無丁男，有誤農種，與免一丁，以驅丁充阿裏喜，無驅丁者于本猛安謀克內驗富強有驅丁者簽充。 十三年，徙東北等戌邊漢軍於內地。 十五年十月，遣吏部郎中蒲察兀虎等十人分行天下，再定猛安謀克戶，每謀克戶不過三百，七謀克至十謀克置一猛安。 十七年，又以西南、西北招討司契丹餘黨心素狠戾，複恐生事，它時或有邊隙，不為我用，令遷之于烏十裏石壘部及上京之地。 上謂宰臣曰：「北邊番戍之人，歲冒寒暑往來千里，甚為勞苦。 縱有一二馬牛，一往則無還理，且奪其農時不得耕種。 故嘗命卿等議，以何術得罷其役，使安於田裏，不知卿議何如也？」 左丞相良弼對曰：「北邊之地，不堪耕種，不能長戍，故須番戍耳。」 上曰：「朕一日萬幾，安能遍及，卿等既為宰相，以此急務反以為末事，竟無一言，甚勞朕慮。 往者參政宗敘屢為朕言，若以貧戶永屯邊境，使之耕種，官給糧廩，則貧者得濟，富戶免於更代之勞，使之得勤農務。 若宗敘者可謂盡心為國矣！ 朕嘗思之，宜以兩路招討司及烏古裏石壘部族、臨潢府、泰州等路分定保戍，具數以聞，朕親覽焉。」 十八年，命部族、颭分番守邊。 二十年，以祖宗平定天下以來，所建立猛安謀克，因循既久，其間有戶口繁簡、地裏遠近不同，又自正隆之後所授無度，及大定間亦有功多未酬者，遂更定以詔天下。 複命新授者並令就封，其謀克人內有六品以下職及諸局承應人，皆為遷之。 三從以上族人願從行者，猛安不得過十戶，謀克不得過六戶。 詔戍邊軍士年五十五以上，許以其子及同居弟侄承替，以奴代者罪之。 二十一年三月，詔遣大興尹完顏迪古速遷河北東路兩猛安，上曰：「朕始令移此，欲令與女直戶相錯，安置久則自相姻親，不生異意，此長久之利也。 今者移馬河猛安相錯以居，甚符朕意，而遙落河猛安不如此，可再遣兵部尚書張那也按視其地以雜居之。」 二十二年，以山東屯田戶鄰之于邊鄙，命聚之一處，俾協力蠶種。 右丞相烏古論元忠曰：「彼方之人以所得之地為家，雖兄弟不同處，故貧者眾。」 參政粘割斡特剌曰：「舊時兄弟雖析猶相聚種，今則不然，宜令約束之。」 又以猛安謀克舊籍不明，遇簽軍與諸差役及賑濟，增減不以實，命括其口，以實籍之。 二十三年，遣刑部尚書移剌綎遷山東東路八謀克處之河間，其棄地以山東東路忒黑河猛安下蘸荅謀克，移裏閔斡魯渾猛安下翕浦謀克、什母溫山謀克九村人戶徙于劉僧、安和二謀克之舊地。 其未徙者之地皆薄惡且鄰寇，遣使詢願徙者，相可居之地，圖以進。
At the beginning of the Dading era, after the Wowo rebellion had been suppressed, the Khitan were dispersed and assigned to various meng'an and mouke units. In the third year an edict addressed drafted troops in Hebei, Shandong, and other circuits: where fathers and elder brothers already served as armored soldiers and younger sons also served as alixi attendants, lest households be left without adult males and farming suffer, one man was exempted and a bond servant substituted as alixi; where no bond servant was available, wealthy households with bond servants within the local meng'an and mouke were identified and drafted to fill the post. In the thirteenth year, Han border garrisons in the northeast and elsewhere were transferred to the interior. In the tenth month of the fifteenth year, Pucha Wuhu, Director of the Ministry of Personnel, and nine others were dispatched across the realm to re-register meng'an-mouke households: no mouke was to exceed three hundred households, and one meng'an was established for every seven to ten mouke. In the seventeenth year, because Khitan remnants under the Southwest and Northwest Pacification Commissions were fierce and unruly by nature and might stir up trouble again—useless in any future border crisis—they were ordered relocated to the Wushili Shilei tribe and the Upper Capital region. The emperor said to his chief ministers: "The tribal garrison troops of the northern frontier, who year after year brave heat and cold on journeys of a thousand li, endure extreme hardship. Even the one or two horses or oxen they possess are lost on departure with no hope of return, and their farming season is consumed so they cannot plant their fields. I therefore once ordered you to consider how their service might be ended so they could settle peacefully on their farms—what have your deliberations produced?" Left Chancellor Liangbi replied: "The northern lands cannot support agriculture and cannot sustain permanent garrisons, and therefore rotating garrison duty is necessary." The emperor said: "I face ten thousand affairs each day and cannot attend to everything myself. You who serve as chancellors treat this urgent matter as trivial and have offered not a single word—it weighs heavily on my mind. Formerly Participating Councilor Zongxu repeatedly urged me that if poor households were permanently settled on the frontier to farm, with the state supplying grain rations, the poor would be relieved and wealthy households freed from rotational duty, enabling them to devote themselves to agriculture. A man such as Zongxu may truly be said to have devoted himself wholly to the state. I have often considered that garrison assignments should be fixed for the two pacification commissions, the Wuguli Shilei tribes, Linhuang Prefecture, Taizhou, and other routes; report the full figures and I shall review them personally." In the eighteenth year, tribal groups and zhan units were ordered to rotate in border garrison duty. In the twentieth year, because the meng'an and mouke established since the founding of the dynasty had long followed outdated arrangements—with household numbers and distances varying widely—and because appointments had been excessive since the Zhenglong era while some meritorious men of the Dading period remained unrewarded, a new regulation was promulgated throughout the realm. New appointees were also ordered to take up their enfeoffments in person; mouke members holding offices of sixth rank or below and clerks of the various bureaus were all transferred away. Clansmen within three degrees of relationship who wished to accompany them were limited to ten households for a meng'an and six for a mouke. An edict permitted border garrison soldiers aged fifty-five and above to be replaced by their sons or co-resident younger brothers and nephews; substituting a slave was made a punishable offense. In the third month of the twenty-first year, an edict dispatched Daxing Prefect Wanyan Digusu to relocate two meng'an of the Hebei East Route; the emperor said: "When I first ordered this relocation, I intended them to be interspersed with Jurchen households; given time they would intermarry and breed no disloyal thoughts—this is a lasting benefit. The Yima River meng'an now live interspersed, which accords well with my intent, but the Yaoluo River meng'an do not; dispatch Minister of War Zhang Naye again to inspect the territory and arrange mixed settlement." In the twenty-second year, because Shandong military-colony households lay adjacent to the frontier, they were ordered gathered in one place so they could jointly raise silkworms and plant crops. " Right Chancellor Wugulun Yuanzhong said: "The people of that region regard the lands they have received as their home; even brothers do not live together, and therefore poverty is widespread." Participating Councilor Nian'e Wotela said: "In former times brothers, though living apart, still farmed together; that is no longer so, and they should be required to do so again." Moreover, because old meng'an-mouke registers were unclear, troop levies, corvée assignments, and relief distributions were not based on accurate figures; a household census was ordered to establish truthful registers. In the twenty-third year, Minister of Justice Yila Xin was dispatched to relocate eight mouke of the Shandong East Route to Hejian; abandoned lands were reassigned to the Zanda mouke under the Teihe River meng'an, and households of the nine villages under the Xipu mouke of Yilimin Woluhun meng'an and the Shimuwenshan mouke were moved to the former lands of the Liu Seng and Anhe mouke. The lands of those not yet relocated were all poor and lay adjacent to enemy territory; envoys were sent to inquire who wished to move, identify suitable dwelling places, and submit maps for approval.
4
上嘗以速頻、胡裏改人驍勇可用，海陵嘗欲徙之而未能，二十四年以上京率、胡剌溫之地廣而腴，遂遣刑部尚書烏裏也出府庫錢以濟行資牛畜，遷速頻一猛安、胡裏改二猛安二十四謀克以實之。 蓋欲上京兵多，它日可為緩急之備也。 當是時，多易置河北、山東所屯之舊，括民地而為之業，戶頒牛而使之耕，畜甲兵而為之備，乃大重其權，授諸王以猛安之號，或新置者特賜之名。 制其奢靡，禁其飲酒，習其騎射，儲其糧Я，其備至嚴也。 是時宗室戶百七十，猛安二百二，謀克千八百七十八，戶六十一萬五千六百二十四。 東北路部族颭軍曰迭剌部承安三年改為土魯渾尼石合節度使，曰唐古部承安三年改為部魯火劄石合節度使，二部五颭，戶五千五百八十五。 其他若助魯部族、烏魯古部族、石壘部族、萌骨部族、計魯部族、孛特本部族數皆稱是。 西北、西南二路之颭軍十，曰蘇謨典颭、曰耶刺都颭、曰骨典颭、唐古颭、霞馬颭、木典颭、萌骨颭、咩颭、胡都颭凡九，其諸路曰曷懶、曰蒲與、曰婆速、曰恤頻、曰胡裏改、曰移懶，移懶後廢，皆在上京之鄙，或置總管府，或置節度使。 至章宗明昌間，欲國人兼知文武，令猛安謀克舉進士，試以策論及射，以定其科甲高下。 承安四年，上謂宰臣曰：「人有以《八陣圖》來上者，其圖果何如？ 朕嘗觀宋白所集《武經》，具載攻守之法，亦多難行。」 右丞相清臣曰：「兵書一定之法，難以應變。 本朝行兵惟用正奇二軍，臨敵制變，以正為奇，以奇為正，故無往不克。」 上曰：「自古用兵亦不出奇正二法耳。 且學古兵法如學弈棋，未能自得於心，欲用舊陣勢以接敵，疏矣。 敵所應與舊勢異，則必不可支。 然《武經》所述雖難遵行，然知之猶愈不知。」 泰和間，又制武舉，其制具在《選舉志》。
The emperor had long regarded the Suifen and Huligai peoples as fierce and capable; Hailing had once wished to relocate them but failed; in the twenty-fourth year, because the lands of Shangjing Shuai and Huliwen were broad and fertile, Minister of Justice Wuliye was dispatched to disburse treasury funds for travel expenses and livestock, relocating one Suifen meng'an and two Huligai meng'an with twenty-four mouke to populate the region. The aim was to build up forces at the Upper Capital so they might serve as a reserve in times of crisis. At this time the old garrisons in Hebei and Shandong were frequently repositioned, civilian lands were surveyed and assigned as estates, cattle were distributed by household for farming, and armor and troops were stockpiled as reserves; their authority was greatly enhanced, princes were invested with meng'an titles, and newly established units were granted special names. Their extravagance was regulated, drinking forbidden, riding and archery practiced, grain stores accumulated—the preparations were exceedingly strict. At this time there were one hundred seventy imperial-clan households, two hundred two meng'an, one thousand eight hundred seventy-eight mouke, and six hundred fifteen thousand six hundred twenty-four households in total. On the Northeast Route, tribal zhan armies included the Diela tribe, renamed the Tuluhunishihe Military Commissioner in the third year of Cheng'an, and the Tanggu tribe, renamed the Buluhuozhashihe Military Commissioner in the same year; the two tribes comprised five zhan units with five thousand five hundred eighty-five households. Other tribal groups such as the Zhulu, Wulugu, Shilei, Menggu, Jilu, and Betebu were of comparable size. The Northwest and Southwest routes fielded ten zhan units: Sumodian, Yeladu, Gudian, Tanggu, Xiamo, Mudian, Menggu, Mie, and Hudu—nine in all; the circuits of Yilan, Puyu, Posu, Xupin, Huligai, and Yihan—the last later abolished—all lay in the Upper Capital region, some administered by chief commanders' offices and others by military commissioners. By the Mingchang era under Emperor Zhangzong, wishing Jurchen countrymen to master both civil and military arts, meng'an and mouke were ordered to present jinshi candidates, who were tested on policy essays and archery to determine their examination grades. In the fourth year of Cheng'an, the emperor said to his chief ministers: "Someone has presented the Eight Formations Diagram to me—what is it really worth? I have read the Military Canon compiled by Song Bai, which records attack and defense methods in full—yet many are difficult to put into practice." Right Chancellor Qingchen said: "Fixed methods in military manuals are hard to apply when circumstances change. Our dynasty campaigns using only regular and extraordinary forces; facing the enemy, commanders adapt on the spot, turning regular formations into extraordinary ones and vice versa, and therefore they conquer wherever they march." The emperor said: "Since antiquity warfare has never gone beyond these two methods of regular and extraordinary forces. Moreover, studying ancient military methods is like learning chess: without internal mastery, attempting to meet the enemy with old formations is hopelessly crude. If the enemy's disposition differs from the old formation, it cannot possibly hold. Yet although the Military Canon's teachings are hard to follow in practice, knowing them is still better than ignorance." During the Taihe era, the military examination was also established; its regulations are set forth in full in the Treatise on Selection.
5
所謂渤海軍，則渤海八猛安之兵也。 所謂奚軍者，奚人遙輦昭古牙九猛安之兵也。 奚軍初徙於山西，後分遷河東。 其漢軍中都永固軍，大定所置者也。 所謂鎮防軍，則諸軍中取以更代戍邊者也。 在西北邊則有分番屯戍軍及永屯軍驅軍之別。 驅軍則國初所免遼人之奴婢，使屯守於泰州者也。 邊鋪軍則河南、陝西居守邊界者。 河東三虞候順德軍及章宗所置諸路效節軍，京府節鎮設三十人，防刺設二十人。 掌同弓手者也。 諸路所募射糧軍，五年一籍三十以下、十七以上強壯者，皆刺其缺，所以兼充雜役者也。 京師防城軍，世宗大定十七年三月改為武衛軍，則掌京師巡捕者也。 其曰牢城軍，則嘗為盜竊者，以充防築之役。 曰土兵，則以司警捕之事。 凡漢軍，有事則簽取於民，事已則或亦放免。 初，天會間，郭藥師降，有曰長勝軍者，皆遼水側人也，以鄉土歸金，皆愁怨思歸，宗望及令罷還。 正隆間，又嘗罷諸路漢軍，而所存者猶有威勇、威烈、威捷、順德及「韓常之軍」之號。
The so-called Bohai Army comprised the forces of the eight Bohai meng'an. The so-called Xi Army comprised the forces of the nine Xi meng'an under Yaolian Zhaoguya. The Xi Army was first relocated to Shanxi, then divided and transferred to Hedong. Among Han forces, the Central Capital Yonggu Army was established during the Dading era. The so-called Frontier Defense Army comprised men drawn from the various armies to rotate in border garrison duty. On the northwest frontier there were rotating garrison troops, permanently stationed troops, and bond-servant troops as distinct categories. Bond-servant troops were Liao slaves exempted at the founding of the dynasty and assigned to garrison Taizhou. Frontier outpost troops were those garrisoning the borders in Henan and Shaanxi. The three Hedong yuhou units, the Shunde Army, and the Loyalty Armies established by Zhangzong in various circuits were staffed with thirty men in metropolitan prefectures and military commissioners' seats and twenty in defense prefectures. They performed the same duties as archers. Grain-supply archers recruited in the various circuits were registered every five years; able-bodied men between seventeen and thirty were tattooed to fill vacancies and also performed miscellaneous corvée duties. The capital city-defense force, renamed the Martial Guard Army in the third month of the seventeenth year of Dading under Emperor Shizong, was responsible for patrol and arrest in the capital. The so-called Prison-City Army comprised former thieves assigned to defense and construction labor. Local troops were responsible for alarm and arrest duties. Han armies were generally drafted from the populace when needed and sometimes discharged when campaigns ended. Early in the Tianhui era, when Guo Yaoshi surrendered, there was an army called the Ever-Victorious Army, composed of people from the banks of the Liao River; having joined the Jin out of attachment to their homeland, they were resentful and homesick, and Zongwang promptly ordered them disbanded and sent home. During the Zhenglong era, Han armies in the various circuits were again disbanded, yet those that remained still bore names such as Awesome Courage, Awesome Fierceness, Awesome Swiftness, Shunde, and Han Chang's Army.
6
凡邊境置兵之州三十八：鳳翔、延安、鄧、鞏、熙、泗、潁、蔡、隴、秦、河、海、壽、唐、商、洮、蘭、會、積石、鎮戎、保安、綏德、保德、環、葭、庾、甯邊、東勝、淨、慶、來遠、桓、昌、曷懶、婆速、蒲與、恤品、胡裏改。 置於要州者十一：南京、東京、益都、京兆、太原、臨洮、臨潢、豐、泰、撫、蓋。 及宣宗南遷，颭軍潰去，兵勢益弱，遂盡擁猛安戶之老稚渡河，僑置諸總管府以統之，器械既缺，糧Я不給，朘民膏血而不足，乃行括糧之法，一人從征，舉家待哺。 又謂無以堅戰士之心，乃令其家盡入京師，不數年至無以為食，乃聽其出，而國亦屈矣。 然初南渡時，盡以河朔戰兵三十萬分隸河南行樞密及帥府，往往蔽匿強壯，驅羸弱使戰，不能取勝。 後乃至以二十五人為謀克，四謀克為猛安。 每謀克除旗鼓司火頭五人，任戰者止十八人，不足成隊伍，但務存其名而已。 故混源劉祁謂：「金之兵制最弊，每有征伐及邊釁，輒下令簽軍，使遠近騷動。 民家丁男若皆強壯，或盡取無遺，號泣動乎鄰里，嗟怨盈于道路，驅此使戰，欲其勝敵，難矣！」 初，貞祐時，下令簽軍，會一時任子為監當者春赴吏部選，宰執命取為監官軍，皆憤慍哀號交醖台省，至沖宰相鹵簿以告，丞相僕散七斤大怒，趣左右取弓矢射去。 已而，上知其不可用，命免之。 元光末，備潼關黃河，又簽軍，諸使者曆縣邑，自見居官外，無文武小大職事官皆充軍。 至許州，前侍御史劉元規年幾六十，亦選為千戶。 至陳州，以祁父從益以前監察禦史亦為千戶，余不可悉紀。 既立部伍，必以軍律相臨，物議紛然，後亦罷之。
Thirty-eight prefectures stationed troops along the frontier: Fengxiang, Yan'an, Deng, Gong, Xi, Si, Ying, Cai, Long, Qin, He, Hai, Shou, Tang, Shang, Tao, Lan, Hui, Jishi, Zhenrong, Bao'an, Suide, Baode, Huan, Jia, Yu, Ningbian, Dongsheng, Jing, Qing, Laiyuan, Huan, Chang, Yilan, Posu, Puyu, Xupin, and Huligai. Eleven key prefectures were garrisoned: the Southern Capital, Eastern Capital, Yidu, Jingzhao, Taiyuan, Lintao, Linhuang, Feng, Tai, Fu, and Gai. When Emperor Xuanzong moved the court south, the zhan armies collapsed and fled, military strength weakened further, and the old and young of meng'an households were driven across the river and provisionally placed under various chief commanders' offices; weapons were scarce, grain supplies inadequate, and draining the people's resources still proved insufficient—thereupon grain surveys were instituted: one man went to war while his entire family waited to be fed. Believing this would steady the soldiers' resolve, they ordered soldiers' families into the capital; within a few years they could no longer feed themselves, and when they were finally allowed to leave, the state itself had already been brought low. Yet at the first southern crossing, three hundred thousand Heshuo combat troops were divided among the Henan Mobile Privy Council and the various marshal prefectures; commanders routinely hid the able-bodied and sent the weak into battle, and victories proved impossible. Later the organization shrank so far that twenty-five men constituted a mouke and four mouke a meng'an. After deducting five men for the banners-and-drums staff and fire-heads, each mouke had only eighteen men available for combat—too few to make a proper unit, yet the titles were kept up all the same. Liu Qi of Hunyuan therefore remarked: "The Jin military system is at its worst whenever campaigns or border clashes arise and the court orders a general draft, throwing the countryside into turmoil from end to end. When every able-bodied man in a household was strong, the authorities sometimes took them all, leaving none behind; neighbors heard their cries, the roads filled with lament and anger—and to drive such men into battle and expect victory is simply impossible." Early in the Zhenyou era, when a draft was ordered, sons serving as supply-office clerks happened to be in the capital for the spring Ministry of Personnel examinations; the chief ministers ordered them impressed as army supervisors. Outraged wails filled the Censorate and Secretariat until one man broke through the chancellor's escort to protest. Chancellor Pusan Qijin flew into a rage and ordered his attendants to take up bow and arrows and drive the crowd away. Before long the emperor recognized that the measure was unworkable and ordered the clerks released from service. At the end of the Yuanguang era, while preparing the defenses of Tongguan and the Yellow River, another draft was ordered; imperial envoys toured every county and district, and every civil and military official with a post—save those actually holding office at the time—was pressed into military service. At Xuzhou, the former attendant censor Liu Yuangui, who was nearly sixty, was also chosen to serve as a qianhu. At Chenzhou, Liu Qi's father Congyi, formerly a surveillance censor, was likewise appointed qianhu; too many similar cases exist to record them all. Once the units were formed, strict military law was imposed on them; public outcry was fierce, and the arrangement was eventually abandoned.
7
哀宗正大二年，議選諸路精兵，直隸密院。 先設總領六員，分路揀閱，因相合併。 每總領司率數萬人，軍勢既張，乃易總領之名為都尉，班在隨朝四品之列，曰建威、曰虎威、曰破虜、振威、鷹揚、虎賁、振武、折沖、蕩寇、殄寇。 必以先嘗秉帥權者居是職，雖帥府行院亦不敢以貴重臨之。 天興初元，有十五都尉。 先六人升授，在京建威奧屯斡裏卜，許州折沖夾穀澤本姓樊，陳州振武溫撒辛本姓李，蔡州蕩寇蒲察打吉卜，申裕安平完顏斜列，嵩汝振武唐括韓僧。 續封金昌府虎威紇石烈乞兒，宣權歸德果毅完顏豬兒，南京殄寇完顏阿拍。 宣權潼關都尉三：虎賁完顏陳兒、鷹揚內族大婁室、全節。 複取河朔諸路歸正人，不問鞍馬有無、譯語能否，悉送密院，增月給三倍它軍，授以官馬，得千餘人，歲時犒燕，名曰忠孝軍。 以石抹燕山奴、蒲察定住統之。 加以正大已後諸路所虜、臨陳所獲，皆放歸鄉土，同忠孝軍給其犒賞，使河朔俘系知之。 故此軍迄於天興至七千，千戶以上將帥尚不預焉。 又以歸正人過多，乃系于忠孝籍中別為一軍，減忠孝所給之半，不能射者令閱習一再月，然後試補忠孝軍，是所謂合裏合軍也。 又以親衛馬軍，舊時所選未精，必加閱試，直取武藝如忠孝軍者得五千人，餘罷歸為步軍。 凡進征，忠孝居前，馬軍次之。 自正大改立馬軍，隊伍鞍勒兵甲一切更新，將相舊人自謂國家全盛之際馬數則有之，至於軍士精銳、器仗堅整，較之今日有不侔者，中興之期為有望矣。 一日布列曹門內教埸，忠孝軍七千，馬軍五千，京師所屯建威都尉軍萬人，內族九住所統親衛軍三千，及阿排所統四千，皆哀宗控制樞密院時所選，教場地約三十頃尚不能容，余都尉十三四軍猶不在是數。 此外，招集義軍名曰忠義，要皆燕、趙亡命，雖獲近用，終不可制，異時擅殺北使唐慶以速金亡者即此曹也。
In the second year of Zhengda under Emperor Aizong, the court proposed selecting elite troops from every circuit and placing them directly under the Privy Council. Six chief controllers were first appointed to inspect troops circuit by circuit and then consolidate them. Each chief controller commanded tens of thousands of men; when their forces were fully mustered, the title was changed to commandant, with rank equivalent to fourth-grade court officials. The designations included Jianwei, Huwei, Polu, Zhenwei, Yingyang, Huben, Zhenwu, Zhechong, Dangkou, and Tiankou. The posts were invariably filled by men who had previously held field command, and even marshal prefectures and mobile bureaus did not dare assert precedence over them by rank. At the opening of the Tianxing era, there were fifteen commandants. Six were promoted first: Jianwei Aotun Wolibo at the capital; Zhechong Jiagu Ze, original surname Fan, at Xuzhou; Zhenwu Wensaxin, original surname Li, at Chenzhou; Dangkou Pucha Dajibu at Caizhou; Wanyan Xielie at Shenyu and Anping; and Zhenwu Tangguo Hanseng in the Song and Ru region. Later appointments included Huwei Hesheilie Qier at Jinchang Prefecture; Guoyi Wanyan Zhuer with acting authority at Guide; and Tiankou Wanyan Apai at the Southern Capital. Three acting commandants were assigned to Tongguan: Huben Wanyan Chener, Yingyang Daloushi of the inner clan, and Quanjie. The court again gathered guizheng men—northerners who had rejoined the Jin—from every Heshuo circuit, without regard to horses, saddles, or interpreter skills, and sent them all to the Privy Council. Their monthly pay was triple that of other units, they were issued government horses, and more than a thousand men were enrolled. Seasonal rewards and feasts were provided, and the force was named the Loyal and Filial Army. Shi Mo Yanshan'nu and Pucha Dingzhu were placed in overall command. After Zhengda, moreover, captives taken on campaign and prisoners seized in battle were released to their home districts and granted the same rewards as the Loyal and Filial Army, so that captives still held in Heshuo would hear of the policy. By the Tianxing era this army had grown to seven thousand men, not counting the officers of qianhu rank and above. Because guizheng recruits were too numerous, a separate register was created within the Loyal and Filial rolls and formed into another army at half pay. Men who could not shoot were drilled for one or two months and then tested for transfer into the Loyal and Filial Army; this was the so-called Heli Army. The imperial guard cavalry, whose earlier selection had been lax, were put through further review; only five thousand men whose martial skill matched that of the Loyal and Filial Army were retained, and the rest were demoted to infantry. On campaign the Loyal and Filial Army marched in the van and the cavalry followed. From the Zhengda reorganization of the cavalry onward, units, saddles, harness, arms, and armor were all renewed. Veteran commanders remarked that in the dynasty's heyday horse numbers had been ample, but in soldierly quality and the soundness of weapons and equipment the present force was unmatched—and the hope of revival seemed within reach. One day the troops were drawn up at the drill ground inside Caomen: seven thousand Loyal and Filial soldiers, five thousand cavalry, ten thousand men of the Jianwei commandant force garrisoned in the capital, three thousand imperial guards under the inner-clan officer Jiujiu, and four thousand under Apai—all chosen while Emperor Aizong held direct control of the Privy Council. The drill field covered some thirty qing and still could not hold them, and another thirteen or fourteen commandant armies were not included in the muster. In addition, volunteer forces called the Loyal Righteous Army were recruited, composed largely of outlaws from Yan and Zhao. Though pressed into service, they could never be controlled—the men who later murdered the northern envoy Tang Qing on their own authority and hastened the dynasty's collapse belonged to this very group.
8
禁軍之制
Administration of Imperial Guards.
9
本於合紮謀克。 合紮者，言親軍也，以近親所領，故以名焉。 貞元遷都，更以太祖、遼王宗幹、秦王宗翰之軍為合紮猛安，謂之侍衛親軍，故立侍衛親軍司以統之。 舊常選諸軍之材武者為護駕軍，海陵又名上京龍翔軍為神勇軍，正隆二年將南伐，乃罷歸，使就僉調，複于侍衛親軍四猛安舊止曰太祖、遼王、秦王猛安凡三，今曰四猛安，未詳，豈太祖兩猛安耶？ 內，選三十以下千六百人，騎兵曰龍翔，步兵曰虎步，以備宿衛。 五年，罷親軍司，以所掌付大興府，置左右驍騎，所謂從駕軍也，置都副指揮使隸點檢司，步軍都副指揮使隸宣徽院。 大定初，親軍置四千人。 二十二年，省為三千五百。 上京亦設守衛軍。 是年，尚書省奏：「上京既設皇城提舉官，亦當設軍守衛。」 上曰：「可設四百五十，馬一百二十，分三番更代。 異時朕至上京，即作兩番巡警，限以半年交替。 人日給錢五十、米一升半，馬給芻粟，猛安謀克官可差年四十上下者、軍士並取三十以上者充。」 章宗承安四年，增為五千，又增至六千。 又有威捷軍。 承安增簽弩手千人。 凡選弩手之制，先以營造尺度杖，其長六尺，立之謂之等杖。 取身與杖等，能踏弩至三石，鋪弦解索登踏閑習，射六箭皆上垛，內二箭中貼者。 又選親軍，取身長五尺五寸善騎射者，猛安謀克以名上兵部，移點檢司、宣徽院試補之。 又設護衛二百人，近侍之執兵仗者也，取五品至七品官子孫及宗室並親軍、諸局分承應人，身長五尺六寸者，選試補之。 又設控鶴二百人，皆以備出入者也。
It originated in the hezha mouke. Hezha denoted the personal guard, so called because it was commanded by close kinsmen of the throne. At the Zhenyuan relocation, the forces of Taizu, Prince of Liao Zonggan, and Prince of Qin Zonghan were reorganized as hezha meng'an and styled the Palace Guard Personal Army; a Palace Guard Personal Army Bureau was therefore established to command them. In earlier times the ablest fighters from the various armies were chosen for the imperial escort. Hailing also renamed the Upper Capital Dragon Soaring Army the Divine Valor Army. In the second year of Zhenglong, as a southern campaign was planned, these units were disbanded and sent home for collective levy. The Palace Guard Personal Army was said to comprise four meng'an, though older records name only three—for Taizu, the Prince of Liao, and the Prince of Qin; whether Taizu originally had two meng'an is unclear. From these, sixteen hundred men under thirty were chosen: cavalry styled Dragon Soaring and infantry styled Tiger Pace, to serve as palace guards. In the fifth year the Personal Army Bureau was abolished and its functions transferred to Daxing Prefecture. Left and Right Valiant Cavalry—the so-called imperial escort troops—were established, with chief and deputy cavalry commanders under the Bureau of Palace Inspection and chief and deputy infantry commanders under the Palace Service Bureau. At the opening of the Dading era, the personal guard numbered four thousand men. In the twenty-second year the force was reduced to three thousand five hundred. A garrison guard was also established at the Upper Capital. That year the Ministry of Revenue memorialized: "Now that the Upper Capital has an intendant for the imperial city, a garrison guard should be established as well." The emperor replied: "Establish four hundred fifty men, with one hundred twenty horses, divided into three rotating shifts. When I visit the Upper Capital hereafter, they shall patrol in two shifts, rotating every six months. Each man shall receive fifty cash and one and a half sheng of rice per day; horses shall receive fodder and grain. Meng'an and mouke officers may be drawn from men of about forty, and soldiers from men thirty and older." In the fourth year of Chengan under Emperor Zhangzong, the garrison was increased to five thousand and then to six thousand. There was also the Awesome Swiftness Army. During Chengan one thousand crossbowmen were added by draft. Crossbowmen were selected by a fixed standard: a measuring rod six feet long, set upright, was called the equal staff. Candidates had to match the staff in height, draw a crossbow to three shi, string and unstring it and work the treading mechanism with practiced ease, and place all six shots on the target rampart, with two in the center bullseye. Personal guards were also chosen from men five feet five inches in height who excelled at riding and shooting; meng'an and mouke submitted names to the Ministry of War, and the Bureau of Palace Inspection and Palace Service Bureau tested and enrolled the candidates. Two hundred bodyguards were also established—the close attendants who carried weapons—drawn from descendants of officials of the fifth through seventh ranks, imperial clansmen, personal guards, and attendants of the various bureaus; men five feet six inches tall were chosen by examination. Two hundred Crane Controllers were also established, all to attend the emperor whenever he went abroad.
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大將府治之稱號。 收國元年十二月，始置咸州軍帥司，以經略遼地，討高永昌，置南路都統司，且以討張覺。 天輔五年襲遼主，始有內外諸軍都統之名。 時以奚未平，又置奚路都統司，後改為六部路都統司，以遙輦九營為九猛安隸焉，與上京及泰州凡六處置，每司統五六萬人，又以渤海軍為八猛安。 凡猛安之上置軍帥，軍帥之上置萬戶，萬戶之上置都統。 然時亦稱軍帥為猛安，而猛安則稱親管猛安者。 燕山既下，循遼制立樞密院于廣寧府，以總漢軍。 太宗天會元年，以襲遼主所立西南都統府為西南、西北兩路都統府。 三年，以伐宋更為元帥府，置元帥及左、右副，及左、右監軍，左、右都監。 金制，都元帥必以諳版孛極烈為之，恆居守而不出。 六年，詔還二帥以鎮方面。 諸路各設兵馬都總管府，州鎮置節度使，沿邊州則置防禦使。 凡州府所募射糧軍、牢城軍，每五百人為一指揮使司，設使，分為四都，都設左右什將及承局押官。 其軍數若有餘或不足，則與近者合置，不可合者以三百人或二百人亦設指揮使，若百人則止設軍使，百人以上立為都，不及百人止設什將及承局管押官各一員。 十年，改南京路都統司為東南路都統司，治東京以鎮高麗。 後又置統軍司於大名府。 及海陵天德二年八月，改諸京兵馬都部署司為本路都總管府。 九月，罷大名統軍司，而置統軍司于山西、河南、陝西三路。 以元帥府都監、監軍為使，分統天下之兵。 又改烏古迪烈路統軍司為招討司，以婆速路統軍司為總管府。 三年，以元帥府為樞密院，罷萬戶之官，詔曰：「太祖開創，因時制宜，材堪統眾授之萬戶，其次千戶及謀克。 當時官賞未定，城郭未下，設此職許以世襲，乃權宜之制，非經久之利。 今子孫相繼專攬威權，其戶不下數萬，與留守總管無異，而世權過之。 可罷是官。 若舊無千戶之職者，續思增置。 國初時賜以國姓，若為子孫者皆令復舊。」 正隆末，複升陝西統軍司為都統府。 大定五年，複罷府，降為統軍司。 尋又設兩招討司，與前凡三，以鎮邊陲。 東北路者，初置烏古迪烈部，後置於泰州。 泰和間，以去邊尚三百里，宗浩乃命分司於金山。 西北路者置於應州，西南路者置於桓州，以重臣知兵者為使，列城堡濠牆，戍守為永制。 樞密院每行兵則更為元帥府，罷則複為院。 宣宗貞祐三年，征代州戍兵五千，從胥鼎言，留代以屏平陽。 興定二年，選募河南、陝西弩手軍二千人為一軍，賜號威勇。 及南遷，河北封九公，因其兵假以便宜從事，沿河諸城置行樞密院元帥府，大者有「便宜」之號，小者有「從宜」之名。 元光間，時招義軍以三十人為謀克，五謀克為一千戶，四千戶為一萬戶，四萬戶為一副統，兩副統為一都統，此複國初之名也。 然又外設一總領提控，故時皆稱元帥為總領雲。
Titles of the Great General Prefecture Administration. In the twelfth month of the first year of Shouguo, the Xianzhou Army Marshal Bureau was first established to secure Liao territory and campaign against Gao Yongchang, and the Southern Route Chief Command Bureau was also set up to campaign against Zhang Jue. In the fifth year of Tianfu, during the attack on the Liao ruler, the title of chief commander of the inner and outer armies first appeared. Because the Xi were not yet pacified, a Xi Route Chief Command Bureau was also established, later renamed the Six Departments Route Chief Command Bureau. The nine camps of the Yaolian became nine subordinate meng'an; together with offices at the Upper Capital and Taizhou, six bureaus were established in all, each commanding fifty or sixty thousand men, and the Bohai army was organized into eight meng'an. Above each meng'an stood an army marshal; above the army marshal a wanhu; above the wanhu a chief commander. At the time, however, army marshals were also called meng'an, while meng'an in the strict sense denoted a personally commanded meng'an. After Yan Mountain fell, the Jin followed Liao practice and established a Privy Council at Guangning Prefecture to command the Han armies. In the first year of Tianhui under Emperor Taizong, the Southwest Chief Command Office created during the attack on the Liao ruler was split into Southwest and Northwest Route Chief Command Offices. In the third year, with war against Song underway, the office was converted into a Marshal Prefecture, with a marshal, left and right deputies, left and right supervising generals, and left and right chief supervisors. Under Jin practice the chief marshal was always an apan begile, who remained on guard at court and did not take the field. In the sixth year an edict recalled the two marshals to guard their respective regions. Each circuit established a Cavalry and Infantry Chief Command Prefecture; prefectures and garrison towns received military commissioners, and frontier prefectures defense commissioners. Grain-supply archers and Prison-City troops recruited by prefectures and prefectural cities were organized with five hundred men to a commandant's office under a commander, divided into four companies; each company had left and right squad leaders and clerks as supervising officers. Where numbers exceeded or fell short of five hundred, units were combined with neighboring ones; where combination was impossible, commands of three hundred or two hundred were also permitted. A force of one hundred had only an army commander; above one hundred a company was formed; below one hundred only a squad leader and a clerk-supervisor were appointed. In the tenth year the Southern Capital Route Chief Command Bureau was renamed the Southeast Route Chief Command Bureau, based at the Eastern Capital to guard against Goryeo. Later a Commanding Army Bureau was also established at Daming Prefecture. In the eighth month of the second year of Tiande under Hailing, the Cavalry and Infantry Chief Deployment Offices of the various capitals were converted into route chief command prefectures. In the ninth month the Daming Commanding Army Bureau was abolished and Commanding Army Bureaus were established in the Shanxi, Henan, and Shaanxi circuits. Chief supervisors and supervising generals of the Marshal Prefecture served as commissioners, dividing command of the empire's armies. The Ugu Dilie Route Commanding Army Bureau was also converted into a Pacification Bureau, and the Posu Route Commanding Army Bureau into a Chief Command Prefecture. In the third year the Marshal Prefecture became the Privy Council and the office of wanhu was abolished. The edict read: "At the founding Taizu adapted institutions to the times and granted the title wanhu to men capable of commanding large forces; below them came qianhu and mouke. Offices and rewards were not yet fixed and cities had not yet fallen; creating these posts with hereditary succession was an expedient, not a permanent institution. Now their descendants succeed one another and monopolize military authority; their households number in the tens of thousands, equal to garrison commanders and chief prefects, yet their hereditary power exceeds even those offices. This office shall be abolished. Where no qianhu post previously existed, the court shall consider establishing one. Those granted the dynastic surname at the founding shall, they and their descendants, revert to their original surnames." At the end of Zhenglong the Shaanxi Commanding Army Bureau was again elevated to a Chief Command Prefecture. In the fifth year of Dading the prefecture was again abolished and reduced to a Commanding Army Bureau. Soon two more Pacification Bureaus were established, making three in all to guard the frontier. The Northeast Route was first established in the Ugu Dilie division and later moved to Taizhou. During Taihe, because the office lay three hundred li from the frontier, Zonghao ordered a branch established at Jinshan. The Northwest Route was based at Yingzhou and the Southwest Route at Huanzhou; senior ministers experienced in military affairs served as commissioners, building castles, walls, and moats under a permanent garrison system. Whenever the Privy Council took the field it was temporarily converted into a Marshal Prefecture; when campaigns ended it reverted to a bureau. In the third year of Zhenyou under Emperor Xuanzong, five thousand garrison troops from Daizhou were mobilized; following Xu Ding's advice, they were retained at Dai to shield Pingyang. In the second year of Xingding, two thousand crossbowmen were selected and recruited from Henan and Shaanxi as a single army and granted the designation Awesome Courage. After the southern relocation, nine dukes were enfeoffed in Hebei and their troops granted discretionary authority; Mobile Privy Councils and Marshal Prefectures were established in cities along the river—the larger styled "discretionary," the smaller "as appropriate." During Yuanguang, volunteer armies were organized with thirty men to a mouke, five mouke to a qianhu, four thousand qianhu to a wanhu, forty thousand wanhu to a deputy chief commander, and two deputy chief commanders to a chief commander—reviving the nomenclature of the founding era. An additional chief controller was also placed above the command structure, so that marshals were commonly addressed as "chief controller."
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金初因遼諸抹而置群牧，抹之為言無蚊蚋、美水草之地也。 天德間，置迪河斡朵、斡裏保保亦作本、蒲速裏、燕恩、兀者五群牧所，皆仍遼舊名，各設官以治之。 又于諸色人內，選家富丁多，及品官家子、猛安謀克蒲輦軍與司吏家余丁及奴，使之司牧，謂之「群子」，分牧馬駝牛羊，為之立蕃息衰耗之刑賞。 後稍增其數為九。 契丹之亂遂亡其五，四所之所存者馬千余、牛二百八十餘、羊八百六十、駝九十而已。 世宗置所七：曰特滿、忒滿在撫州、斡睹只、蒲速碗、蒲速碗本斡睹只之地，大定七年分其地置之。 承安三年改為板底因烏魯古。 甌裏本、承安三年改為烏鮮烏魯古。 烏魯古者言滋息也。 合魯碗、耶盧碗。 在武平縣、臨潢、泰州之境。 大定二十年三月，更定群牧官、詳穩脫朵、知把、群牧人滋息損耗賞罰格。 二十一年，敕諸所，馬三歲者付女直人牧之，牛或以借民耕，或又令民畜羊，或以賑貧戶。 時遣使閱實其數，缺則杖其官，而令牧人償之，匿其實者監察舉覺之。 二十八年，蕃息之久，馬至四十七萬，牛十三萬，羊八十七萬，駝四千。 明昌五年，散騬馬，令中都、西京、河北東、西路驗民物力分畜之。 又令它路民養馬者，死則于前四路所養者給換，若欲用則悉以送官。 此金之馬政也。 然每有大役，必括於民，及取群官之餘騎，以供戰士焉。 宣宗興定元年，定民間收潰軍亡馬之法，及以馬送官酬直之格：「上等馬一匹銀五十兩，中下遞減十兩。 不願酬直者，上等二匹補一官，雜班任使，中等三匹，下等四匹，如之。 令下十日陳首，限外匿及殺，並絞。」 又遣官括市民馬，立賞格以示勸，五百匹以上鈔千貫，千匹以上一官，二千匹以上兩官。
At the founding of the Jin, herd administrations were established on the model of the Liao mo pastures; mo denoted land free of mosquitoes and gnats and rich in water and grass. During Tiande five herd administrations were established—Dihe Woduo, Woli Baobao (also written Ben), Pusuli, Yan'en, and Wuzhe—all retaining old Liao names, each with its own staff of officials. From among all classes of people the court chose wealthy households with many sons, sons of ranked officials, pulian troops of meng'an and mouke, surplus sons from clerks' households, and slaves to manage the herds. Called "herd boys," they tended horses, camels, cattle, and sheep by assignment, under regulations rewarding increase and punishing loss. Later the number was gradually increased to nine. The Khitan rebellion destroyed five of the administrations; of the four that survived there remained only a little over a thousand horses, some two hundred eighty cattle, eight hundred sixty sheep, and ninety camels. Emperor Shizong established seven offices: Teman and Tetman at Fuzhou; Woduzhi; and Pusuwan—the last carved out of Woduzhi's territory in the seventh year of Dading. In the third year of Chengan it was renamed Bandi Yin Wulugu. Ouliben was renamed Wuxian Wulugu in the third year of Chengan. Wulugu means "to breed and multiply." Heluwan and Yelüwan. They lay within Wuping County and the territories of Linhuang and Taizhou. In the third month of the twentieth year of Dading, herd offices were reorganized and regulations governing rewards and punishments for increases and losses in livestock were revised. In the twenty-first year an edict ordered that three-year-old horses be entrusted to Jurchen herders; cattle were sometimes lent to civilians for farming, sheep were sometimes assigned to commoners to raise, and livestock was sometimes distributed to relieve poor households. Envoys were dispatched to inspect and verify herd counts. Shortfalls brought beating for the responsible officials and forced compensation from the herders; anyone who concealed the true numbers was exposed when censors investigated. By the twenty-eighth year, after years of steady increase, the herds had grown to four hundred seventy thousand horses, one hundred thirty thousand cattle, eight hundred seventy thousand sheep, and four thousand camels. In the fifth year of the Mingchang era, the court distributed gelded horses and ordered the Central Capital, Western Capital, and Hebei East and West circuits to assess civilian wealth and assign the animals for raising. Civilians in other circuits who raised horses were further ordered that when a horse died they would receive a replacement from stock raised in those four circuits, and that if they wished to put the animals to use they must surrender them all to the government. Such was the Jin dynasty's horse policy. Yet whenever a major campaign arose, the state inevitably requisitioned horses from the people and drew surplus mounts from herd offices to equip the fighting troops. In the first year of the Xingding era under Emperor Xuanzong, the court fixed regulations for civilians who recovered horses lost by routed armies and scales for surrendering horses to the government in exchange for payment: an upper-grade horse was worth fifty taels of silver, with middle and lower grades decreasing by ten taels each. Those who declined payment could turn in two upper-grade horses for appointment to a miscellaneous-rank office; three middle-grade horses or four lower-grade horses earned the same reward. Once the order was promulgated, ten days were allowed for voluntary disclosure; concealment after the deadline, or killing a horse, was punishable by strangulation. Officials were also dispatched to requisition horses from urban commoners, with reward scales set to encourage compliance: one thousand strings of paper money for five hundred horses or more, one office for one thousand or more, and two offices for two thousand or more.
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養兵之法
Methods for Training Troops.
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熙宗天眷三年正月，詔歲給遼東戍卒綢絹有差。 正隆四年，命河南、陝西統軍司並虞候司順德軍，官兵並增廩給。 六年，將南征，以絹萬匹于京城易衣襖穿膝一萬，以給軍。 世宗大定三年，南征，軍士每歲可支一千萬貫，官府止有二百萬貫，外可取於官民戶，此軍須錢之所由起也。 時言事者，以山東、河南、陝西等路循宋、齊舊例，州縣司吏、弓手於民間驗物力均敷顧錢，名曰「免役」，請以是錢贍軍。 至是，省具數以聞，詔罷弓手錢，其司吏錢仍舊。 四年六月，奏，元帥府乞降軍須錢，上曰：「帥府支費無度，例皆科取於民，甚非朕意。 仰會計軍須支用不盡之數，及諸路轉運司見在如實缺用，則別具以聞。」 十年四月，命德順州建營屋以處屯軍。 十七年七月，歲以羊皮三萬賜西北路戍兵。 承安三年，以軍須所費甚大，乞驗天下物力均征。 擬依黃河夫錢例，征軍須錢，驗各路新籍物力，每貫征錢四貫，西京、北京、遼東路每貫征錢二貫，臨潢、全州則免征，周年三限送納。 恐期遠，遂定制作半年三限輸納。
In the first month of the third year of the Tianjuan era under Emperor Xizong, an edict ordered graded annual allotments of silk and gauze for garrison troops in Eastern Liao. In the fourth year of the Zhenlong era, the Henan and Shaanxi frontier command headquarters and the Shunde Army under the yuhou office were ordered to increase grain rations for both officers and rank-and-file troops. In the sixth year, as the southern campaign was prepared, ten thousand bolts of silk were exchanged in the capital for ten thousand padded jackets with knee-length skirts to equip the army. In the third year of the Dading era under Emperor Shizong, the southern campaign required ten million strings of cash each year while the government treasury held only two million; the rest had to be levied from official and civilian households. Thus began the system of military expense funds. Memorialists at the time noted that Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, and other circuits followed Song and Qi precedents under which prefectural and county clerks and archers assessed civilian wealth and levied averaged support payments called "exemption from corvée," and they proposed that these funds be used to support the army. The Secretariat thereupon submitted the figures and memorialized the throne; an edict abolished the archers' levy while leaving the clerks' payments unchanged. In the sixth month of the fourth year, a memorial reported that the Marshal's Headquarters was seeking military expense funds. The emperor said, "The marshal's office spends without restraint and habitually levies the people—this is far from what I intend. First account for unspent military funds and what the route transport offices currently hold; if there is a genuine shortfall, report it separately." In the fourth month of the tenth year, the court ordered barracks built at Deshun Prefecture to quarter garrison troops. In the seventh month of the seventeenth year, thirty thousand sheepskins were granted each year to garrison troops on the Northwestern Route. In the third year of the Cheng'an era, because military expenses had grown very heavy, officials requested a nationwide assessment of wealth and a uniform levy. It was proposed to follow the Yellow River corvée-money precedent and levy military expense funds according to newly registered wealth in each circuit: four strings of cash for every registered string, two strings in the Western Capital, Northern Capital, and Eastern Liaoning circuits, exemption in Linhuang and Quanzhou, and payment in three installments over the year. Fearing the payment period was too long, the court fixed collection to begin within half a year, payable in three installments.
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凡河南、陝西、山東放老千戶、謀克、蒲輦、正軍、阿裏喜等給賞之例，舊軍千戶十年以上賞銀五十兩、絹三十匹，不及十年，比附十年以上謀克支。 謀克十年以上銀四十兩，絹二十五匹，不及十年銀三十兩、絹二十匹。 蒲輦十年以上銀三十兩，絹二十匹，不及十年銀二十兩，絹一十五匹。 馬步正軍、阿裏喜等勾當不拘年分，放老正軍銀一十五兩、絹一十匹，阿裏喜、旗鼓、吹笛、本司火頭人等同銀八兩、絹五匹。 三虞候千戶，十年以上銀四十兩，絹二十五匹。 不及十年銀三十兩、絹二十匹。 謀克二十年以上銀五十兩、絹三十匹，十年以上銀三十兩、絹二十匹，不及十年銀一十兩、絹一十五匹。 蒲輦十年以上銀二十兩、絹一十五匹，不及十年銀一十五兩、絹一十匹。 正軍、阿裏喜、勾當不拘年分，放老正軍銀一十兩、絹七匹，阿裏喜、旗鼓、吹笛、本司火頭人等同銀五兩，絹四匹。 北邊萬戶、千戶、謀克等，曆過軍功及年老放罷給賞之例遷官同從吏部格，正千戶管押萬戶，勾當過一十五年，遷兩官與從五品。 不及一十五年年老放罷，遷一官與正六品。 若十年以下，遷一官賞銀絹六十兩匹。 正謀克管押萬戶，勾當一十五年遷兩官與正六品，不及一十五年年老放罷，遷一官與正七品，若十年以下遷一官賞銀絹五十兩匹。 正千戶官押千戶，勾當過二十年，遷一官與正六品，不及二十年年老放罷，遷一官與正七品，若十年以下遷一官賞銀絹四十兩匹。 正謀克管押千戶以下，依河南、陝西體例。 凡鎮防軍，每年試射，射若有出眾，上等賞銀四兩，特異眾者賞十兩銀馬盂。 簽充武衛軍，挈家赴京者，人日給六口糧，馬四匹芻槁。
In Henan, Shaanxi, and Shandong, discharge grants for veteran thousand-commanders, mouke, pulian, regular soldiers, alixi, and the like were fixed as follows: thousand-commanders with ten or more years of service received fifty taels of silver and thirty bolts of silk; those with less than ten years were paid at the rate for mouke of ten years or more. Mouke with ten or more years of service received forty taels of silver and twenty-five bolts of silk; those with less than ten years received thirty taels and twenty bolts. Pulian with ten or more years of service received thirty taels of silver and twenty bolts of silk; those with less than ten years received twenty taels and fifteen bolts. For cavalry and infantry regulars, alixi, and men on active duty without regard to length of service, discharged regular soldiers received fifteen taels of silver and ten bolts of silk; alixi, banner-drummers, flute-players, and bureau fire-keepers alike received eight taels and five bolts. Yuhou thousand-commanders with ten or more years of service received forty taels of silver and twenty-five bolts of silk. Those with less than ten years received thirty taels of silver and twenty bolts of silk. Mouke with twenty or more years of service received fifty taels of silver and thirty bolts of silk; those with ten or more years received thirty taels and twenty bolts; those with less than ten years received ten taels and fifteen bolts. Pulian with ten or more years of service received twenty taels of silver and fifteen bolts of silk; those with less than ten years received fifteen taels and ten bolts. For regular soldiers, alixi, and men on active duty without regard to length of service, discharged regular soldiers received ten taels of silver and seven bolts of silk; alixi, banner-drummers, flute-players, and bureau fire-keepers alike received five taels and four bolts. For northern frontier ten-thousand-commanders, thousand-commanders, mouke, and the like, discharge grants and promotions for accumulated military merit and old-age release followed Ministry of Personnel regulations: formal thousand-commanders who had supervised ten-thousand-commanders for fifteen years were promoted two ranks to Associate Fifth Grade. Those discharged for age with less than fifteen years of service received one promotion to Regular Sixth Grade. Those with less than ten years received one promotion and a reward of sixty taels of silver and bolts of silk. Formal mouke who supervised ten-thousand-commanders were promoted two ranks to Regular Sixth Grade after fifteen years of service; those discharged for age with less than fifteen years received one promotion to Regular Seventh Grade; those with less than ten years received one promotion and a reward of fifty taels of silver and bolts of silk. Formal thousand-commanders who supervised thousand-commanders were promoted one rank to Regular Sixth Grade after more than twenty years of service; those discharged for age with less than twenty years received one promotion to Regular Seventh Grade; those with less than ten years received one promotion and a reward of forty taels of silver and bolts of silk. Formal mouke who supervised thousand-commanders and below followed the Henan and Shaanxi precedents. Frontier garrison troops held annual archery trials: outstanding marksmen of the upper grade received four taels of silver, and those whose skill was truly exceptional received ten taels and a silver horse cup. Men drafted into the Imperial Guard who brought their families to the capital received daily grain rations for six persons and fodder for four horses.
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諸招軍月給例物。 邊鋪軍錢五十貫、絹十匹。 軍匠上中等錢五十貫、絹五匹，下等錢四十貫、絹四匹。 黃河埽兵錢三十貫、絹五匹，射糧軍及溝渠等處埽兵水手，錢二十貫、絹二匹，士兵錢十貫、絹一匹。 凡射糧軍指揮使及黃、沁埽兵指揮使，錢粟七貫石、絹六匹，軍使錢粟六貫石、絹同上，什將錢二貫、粟三石，春衣錢五貫、秋衣錢十貫。 承局押官錢一貫五百文、粟二石，春衣錢五貫、秋衣錢七貫。 牢城並士兵錢八百文、粟二石，春衣錢四貫、秋衣錢六貫。 邊鋪軍請給與射糧軍同。 河南、陝西、山東路統軍司鎮防甲軍、馬軍，猛安錢八貫、米五石二斗、絹八匹、六馬芻粟，謀克錢六貫、米二石八斗、絹六匹、五馬芻粟，蒲輦錢四貫、米石七斗、絹五匹、四馬芻粟，正軍錢二貫、米石五斗、絹四匹、綿十五兩、兩馬芻粟，阿裏喜錢一貫五百文、米七斗、絹三匹、綿十兩。 步軍，猛安馬二匹、謀克馬一匹芻粟。 每馬給芻一束、粟五升，歲仲青野有青草馬可收養則止，惟每猛安當差馬七十二匹，四時皆給。 又定制河南、山東、河東歲給五月，陝西六月。 鎮防軍補買馬錢，河南路正軍五百文，阿裏喜隨色人三百文，陝西、山東路正軍三百文，阿裏喜隨色人二百文。 諸屯田被差及緣邊駐紮捉殺軍，猛安月給錢六貫、米一石八斗、五馬芻粟，謀克錢四貫、米一石二斗、三馬芻粟，蒲輦錢二貫、米六斗、二馬芻粟，正軍錢一貫五百文、米四斗、一馬芻粟，阿裏喜隨色人錢一貫、米四斗、一馬芻粟。 德順軍指揮使錢六貫、米二石八斗、絹六匹、三馬芻粟，軍使什將錢四貫、米一石七斗、絹五匹，給兩馬料，長行錢二貫、米一石五斗、絹四匹、綿十五兩，給一馬料，奚軍謀克錢一貫五百文、米一石五斗、綢絹春秋各一匹，給三馬料，蒲輦錢一貫、米二石七斗、綢絹同上，給二馬料，長行錢一貫、米一石八斗、綢絹同上，飼一馬。 北邊臨潢等處永屯駐軍，千戶錢八貫、米五石二斗、絹八匹、飼馬六匹，步軍飼兩馬、地五頃，謀克錢六貫、米二石八斗、絹六匹、飼五馬、地四頃，蒲輦錢四貫、米一石七斗、絹五匹、飼四馬、地三頃，正軍錢二貫、米一石四斗五升、絹四匹、綿十五兩、飼兩馬、地二頃，阿裏喜錢一貫五百文、米七斗、絹三匹、綿十兩、地一頃，旗鼓司人與阿裏喜同，交替軍錢二貫、米四斗，阿裏喜錢一貫五百文、米四斗。 上番漢軍，千戶月給錢三貫、糧四石、絹八匹、飼四馬，謀克錢二貫五百文、糧一石、絹六匹、飼二馬，正軍錢二貫、米九斗五升、絹四匹。 上京路永屯駐軍所除授，千戶月給錢粟十五貫石、絹十匹、綿二十兩、飼三馬，謀克錢六貫、米二石八斗、絹六匹、飼二馬，正軍月支錢二貫五百文、米一石二斗、絹四匹、綿十五兩、飼一馬，阿裏喜隨色人錢二貫、米一石二斗，絹四匹、綿十五兩。 諸北邊永駐軍，月給補買馬錢四百文，隨色人三百文。 貞祐三年，軍前委差及掌軍官，規圖糧料，冒占職役，皆無實員，又見職及遙授者，已有俸給，又與無職事者同支券糧，故時議欲省員減所給之數，俟征行則全給之。 及興定二年，彰化軍節度使張行信言：「一軍充役，舉家廩給，蓋欲感悅士心，使為國盡力耳！ 至於無軍之家，複無丁男，而其妻女猶受給何謂耶？」 五年，京南行三司官石抹斡魯言：「京南、東、西三路見屯軍戶，老幼四十萬口，歲費糧百四十余萬石，皆坐食民租，甚非善計。」 語在《田制》。 諸屯田軍人，如差防送，日給錢一百五十文。 看管孝甯宮人，月各給米五斗、柴一車、春秋衣粗布一段、秋絹二匹、綿一十五兩。 諸黃院子年滿者，以元請錢糧三分內，給一貫石養老。
Standard monthly allotments for recruited troops. Border post troops received fifty strings of cash and ten bolts of silk. Military artisans of upper and middle grade received fifty strings of cash and five bolts of silk; those of lower grade received forty strings and four bolts. Yellow River dike troops received thirty strings of cash and five bolts of silk; grain-transport archers and dike troops and sailors at canals and similar posts received twenty strings and two bolts; soldier-farmers received ten strings and one bolt. Commanders of grain-transport archers and of Yellow and Qin dike troops received seven strings of cash, seven shi of grain, and six bolts of silk; army commissioners received six strings and six shi with the same silk allotment; squad leaders received two strings and three shi of grain; spring clothing cost five strings and autumn clothing ten strings. Clerks and escort officers received one string five hundred cash and two shi of grain; spring clothing five strings and autumn clothing seven strings. Penal troops and soldier-farmers received eight hundred cash and two shi of grain; spring clothing four strings and autumn clothing six strings. Border post troops received the same allowances as grain-transport archers. Armored and cavalry garrison troops under the Henan, Shaanxi, and Shandong frontier commands were paid as follows: meng'an received eight strings of cash, five shi two dou of rice, eight bolts of silk, and fodder for six horses; mouke six strings, two shi eight dou, six bolts, and fodder for five horses; pulian four strings, one shi seven dou, five bolts, and fodder for four horses; regular soldiers two strings, one shi five dou, four bolts, fifteen liang of cotton, and fodder for two horses; alixi one string five hundred cash, seven dou of rice, three bolts of silk, and ten liang of cotton. Infantry meng'an received fodder for two horses and mouke for one. Each horse received one bundle of fodder and five sheng of grain. In midsummer, when open pasture provided green grass and horses could graze, payments ceased—except for the seventy-two horses on active duty per meng'an, which received fodder in all four seasons. The court further fixed fifth-month payment for Henan, Shandong, and Hedong and sixth-month payment for Shaanxi. Horse replacement allowances for garrison troops were set at five hundred cash for regular soldiers and three hundred for alixi and attendants on the Henan circuit; on the Shaanxi and Shandong circuits regular soldiers received three hundred cash and alixi and attendants two hundred. Military colonists on assignment and frontier troops stationed for pursuit and suppression were paid monthly as follows: meng'an six strings of cash, one shi eight dou of rice, and fodder for five horses; mouke four strings, one shi two dou, and fodder for three horses; pulian two strings, six dou, and fodder for two horses; regular soldiers one string five hundred cash, four dou, and fodder for one horse; alixi and attendants one string, four dou, and fodder for one horse. The commander of the Deshun Army received six strings of cash, two shi eight dou of rice, six bolts of silk, and fodder for three horses. Army commissioners and squad leaders received four strings, one shi seven dou, five bolts of silk, and fodder for two horses. Rank-and-file soldiers received two strings, one shi five dou, four bolts of silk, fifteen liang of cotton, and fodder for one horse. Xi army mouke received one string five hundred cash, one shi five dou of rice, one bolt each of silk and gauze for spring and autumn, and fodder for three horses. Pulian received one string, two shi seven dou, the same silk and gauze allotment, and fodder for two horses. Rank-and-file soldiers received one string, one shi eight dou, the same silk and gauze, and fodder for one horse. Permanent garrison troops at Linhuang and other northern posts were paid as follows: thousand-commanders eight strings of cash, five shi two dou of rice, eight bolts of silk, and fodder for six horses; infantry received fodder for two horses and five qing of land; mouke six strings, two shi eight dou, six bolts of silk, fodder for five horses, and four qing; pulian four strings, one shi seven dou, five bolts of silk, fodder for four horses, and three qing; regular soldiers two strings, one shi four dou five sheng, four bolts of silk, fifteen liang of cotton, fodder for two horses, and two qing; alixi one string five hundred cash, seven dou of rice, three bolts of silk, ten liang of cotton, and one qing; banner-office personnel the same as alixi; rotation troops two strings and four dou of rice; rotation alixi one string five hundred cash and four dou. Han troops serving upper rotation received monthly pay as follows: thousand-commanders three strings of cash, four shi of grain, eight bolts of silk, and fodder for four horses; mouke two strings five hundred cash, one shi of grain, six bolts of silk, and fodder for two horses; regular soldiers two strings, nine dou five sheng of rice, and four bolts of silk. Permanent garrison appointments on the Upper Capital circuit were paid monthly as follows: thousand-commanders fifteen strings of cash and shi of grain, ten bolts of silk, twenty liang of cotton, and fodder for three horses; mouke six strings, two shi eight dou, six bolts of silk, and fodder for two horses; regular soldiers two strings five hundred cash, one shi two dou, four bolts of silk, fifteen liang of cotton, and fodder for one horse; alixi and attendants two strings, one shi two dou, four bolts of silk, and fifteen liang of cotton. All permanent garrison troops in the north received monthly horse replacement allowances of four hundred cash; attendants received three hundred. In the third year of the Zhenyou era, officers assigned to the front and army commanders manipulated grain rations and held posts in name only without actual personnel. Incumbents and remotely appointed officials who already drew salaries also received ration coupons like men without offices, so contemporary opinion favored reducing posts and cutting payments, restoring full allotments only when troops marched to war. In the second year of the Xingding era, Zhang Xingxin, military commissioner of the Zhanghua Army, said, "When one soldier enters service, his whole household receives rations. The purpose is to win the troops' loyalty and move them to give their all for the state! But what are we to make of households with no soldier and no adult men, whose wives and daughters still receive rations?" In the fifth year, Shi Mo Wolu, an official of the Southern Capital branch of the Three Offices, said, "In the Southern, Eastern, and Western Capital circuits, registered garrison households—including old and young—number four hundred thousand mouths and consume more than 1.4 million shi of grain each year, all of it drawn from civilian rent. This is a poor policy indeed." The account is recorded in the Treatise on Land. Military colonists assigned to escort duty received one hundred fifty cash per day. Custodians of Xiaoning Palace personnel received each month five dou of rice, one cart of firewood, one length of coarse cloth for spring and autumn clothing, two bolts of autumn silk, and fifteen liang of cotton. Yellow Yard personnel who completed their term of service received one string of cash and one shi of grain from one-third of their original allotment as a retirement allowance.