Volume 83 Biographies 21: Zhang Tonggu, Zhang Hao son: Rulin, Zhang Xuansu, Zhang Rubi, Ye Luanli, Na Hechunnian, Qi Zai

列傳第二十一○張通古張浩子:汝霖張玄素張汝弼耶律安禮納合椿年祁宰

Biographies 21: Zhang Tonggu; Zhang Hao, son Rulin; Zhang Xuansu; Zhang Rubi; Yelu Anli; Na Hechunnian; and Qi Zai

張通古

Zhang Tonggu

張通古，字樂之，易州易縣人。讀書過目不忘，該綜經史，善屬文。遼天慶二年進士第，補樞密院令史。丁父憂，起複，懇辭不獲，因遁去，屏居興平。太祖定燕京，割以與宋。宋人欲收人望，召通古。通古辭謝，隱居易州太寧山下。宗望複燕京，侍中劉彥宗與通古素善，知其才，召為樞密院主奏，改兵刑房承旨。天會四年，初建尚書省，除工部侍郎，兼六部事。高慶裔設磨勘法，仕宦者多奪官，通古亦免去。遼王宗幹素知通古名，惜其才，遣人諭之使自理。通古不肯，曰：「多士皆去，而己何心，獨求用哉！」宗幹為論理之。除中京副留守，為詔諭江南使，宋主欲南面，使通古北面。通古曰：「大國之卿當小國之君。天子以河南、陝西賜之宋，宋約奉表稱臣，使者不可以北面。若欲貶損使者，使者不敢傳詔。」遂索馬欲北歸。宋主遽命設東西位，使者東面，宋主西面，受詔拜起皆如儀。使還，聞宋已置戍河南，謂送伴韓肖胄曰：「天子裂壤地益南國，南國當思圖報大恩。今輒置守戍，自取嫌疑，若興師問罪，將何以為辭？江左且不可保，況齊乎？」肖胄惶恐曰：「敬聞命矣。」即馳白宋主。宋主遽命罷戍。通古至上京，具以白宗幹，且曰：「及其部置未定，當議收復。」宗幹喜曰：「是吾志也。」即除參知行台尚書省事。未幾，詔宗弼複取河南，通古請先行至汴諭之。比至汴，宋人已去矣。或謂通古曰：「宋人先退，詐也，今聞將自許、宿來襲我。」通古曰：「南人宣言來者，正所以走耳。」乃使人覘之，宋人果潰去。宗弼撫髀笑曰：「誰謂書生不能曉兵事哉？」

Zhang Tonggu, whose style name was Lezhi, came from Yi County in Yi Prefecture. Whatever he read stayed with him at a glance; he commanded the full range of classical learning and history, and wrote with uncommon skill. He earned his jinshi degree in the second year of the Liao era name Tianqing (1112) and took a post as clerk in the Privy Council. After his father's death, the court recalled him from mourning back to office; he pleaded to stay home but was overruled, so he slipped away and withdrew to live quietly at Xingping. After the Jin founder Taizu took Yanjing, the city was handed over to the Song. The Song court, eager to attract distinguished talent, summoned Tonggu. Tonggu refused the offer and went into hiding at the foot of Mount Taining in Yi Prefecture. When Wuzongwang reclaimed Yanjing, Liu Yanzong—already a friend—recognized Tonggu's ability and made him chief memorialist in the Privy Council, then transferred him to head the military and punishments bureau. In the fourth year of Tianhui (1126), with the new Department of State Affairs in place, he was made Vice Minister of Works and put in charge of all six ministries at once. Gao Qingyi introduced a merit-review system that stripped many officials of their posts, and Tonggu lost his office as well. Prince Zonggan had long known Tonggu by reputation and valued his talent; he sent an envoy urging him to plead his own case and win reinstatement. Tonggu refused, saying, "So many men of learning have already left office—what sort of heart would I have to seek a post for myself alone?" Zonggan argued the case on his behalf. He was appointed Deputy Military Commissioner of the Central Capital and sent as envoy to deliver the imperial edict to the south; the Song emperor wanted to face south while obliging Tonggu to face north. Tonggu said, "A minister of a great power should stand before the ruler of a lesser state. The Son of Heaven has granted Henan and Shaanxi to Song, and Song has pledged to submit memorials as a vassal—an envoy cannot be made to face north. If you mean to demean the envoy, the envoy will not dare deliver the edict." He then called for his horses and prepared to return north. The Song emperor hastily had east and west seats arranged—the envoy facing east, the emperor facing west—and the reception of the edict, bowing, and rising all followed proper ritual. On his return he learned that Song had already posted garrisons in Henan, and said to his escort Han Xiaozhou, "The Son of Heaven has carved out territory to enlarge your southern realm; the south ought to think how to repay so great a favor. Now you rashly post guards and invite suspicion; if an army marches to demand an accounting, what excuse will you offer? The lands south of the Yangzi cannot even be held secure—how much less the Qi region?" Xiaozhou said in alarm, "I have heard and will obey." He immediately galloped off to report to the Song emperor. The Song emperor hastily ordered the garrisons withdrawn. Tonggu reached the Supreme Capital and reported everything to Zonggan, adding, "While their deployments are still unsettled, we ought to discuss taking the territory back." Zonggan said with delight, "That has long been my intent." He was immediately appointed Acting Commissioner of the Branch Secretariat at the Regional Command. Before long, an edict ordered Zongbi to retake Henan; Tonggu asked to go ahead to Bian first and deliver the message. By the time he reached Bian, the Song forces had already withdrawn. Someone told Tonggu, "The Song withdrawal was a feint; we now hear they will strike from Xu and Su prefectures." Tonggu said, "When southerners announce they are coming, that is exactly how they cover a retreat." He sent scouts, and the Song forces had indeed broken and fled. Zongbi slapped his thigh and laughed. "Who says a scholar cannot understand war?"

河南卒孫進詐稱「皇弟按察大王」，謀作亂。是時海陵為相，內懷覬覦，欲先除熙宗弟胙王常勝，因孫進稱皇弟大王，遂指名為胙王以誣構之。熙宗自太子濟安薨後，繼嗣未定，深以為念。裴滿後多專制，不得肆意後宮，頗鬱鬱，因縱酒，往往迷惑妄怒，手刃殺人。及海陵中傷胙王，熙宗以為信然不疑，遣護衛特思就汴京鞫治。行台知熙宗意在胙王，導引孫進連屬之。通古執其咎，極力辯止。及孫進引服，蓋假託名稱，將以惑眾，規取財物耳，實無其人也。特思奏狀，海陵譖之曰：「特思且將徼福于胙王。」熙宗益以海陵為信，遂殺胙王，並特思殺之。行台諸人乃責通古曰：「為君所誤，今坐死矣。」通古曰：「以正獲罪死，賢於生。」海陵既殺胙王，不復緣害他人，由是坐止特思，行台不坐。

A Henan soldier named Sun Jin falsely claimed to be "the emperor's younger brother, the Investigating Grand Prince" and plotted a revolt. At this time Prince Hailing was Chancellor; he already coveted the throne and wished first to eliminate Emperor Xizong's younger brother, Prince Zuowang Changsheng. Because Sun Jin had claimed to be the imperial younger brother and grand prince, Hailing named Zuowang as the culprit and framed him. Since Crown Prince Ji'an's death, Emperor Xizong had no settled heir, and the matter weighed heavily on his mind. Empress Pusan was domineering, and he could not have his way in the inner palace; he grew depressed, drank heavily, and in drunken confusion would fly into rage and kill men with his own hand. When Hailing slandered Prince Zuowang, Emperor Xizong believed it without question and sent the guardsman Tesi to Bianjing to investigate. The Regional Command knew the emperor's mind was fixed on Prince Zuowang and steered Sun Jin's testimony to implicate him. Tonggu seized on the flaw in the case and argued strenuously to stop it. When Sun Jin confessed, it emerged that he had only borrowed a grand title to deceive the crowd and extort wealth—no such prince existed at all. Tesi submitted his report; Hailing slandered him, saying, "Tesi is even now currying favor with Prince Zuowang." The emperor trusted Hailing all the more, had Prince Zuowang killed, and killed Tesi as well. The Regional Command officials then reproached Tonggu: "You misled us—we now face death as accomplices." Tonggu said, "To die punished for doing what is right is better than living in disgrace." Once Hailing had killed Prince Zuowang, he did not pursue the others; only Tesi was punished, and the Regional Command was spared.

天德初，遷行台左丞，進拜平章政事，封譚王，改封鄆王。以疾求解機務，不許。拜司徒，封沈王。海陵禦下嚴厲，收威柄，親王大臣未嘗少假以顏色，惟見通古，必以禮貌。

At the opening of the Tiande era, he was made Left Vice Commissioner of the Regional Command, then Grand Councilor, enfeoffed as Prince of Tan, and later as Prince of Yun. He asked to be relieved of state affairs on grounds of illness, but the request was denied. He was appointed Grand Mentor and enfeoffed as Prince of Shen. Hailing ruled his subordinates with severity and kept power tightly in hand; princes and great ministers rarely saw even a trace of warmth from him—only toward Tonggu did he always show courtesy.

會磁州僧法寶欲去，張浩、張暉欲留之不可得，朝官又有欲留之者。海陵聞其事，詔三品以上官上殿，責之曰：「聞卿等每到寺，僧法寶正坐，卿等皆坐其側，朕甚不取。佛者本一小國王子，能輕舍富貴，自苦修行，由是成佛，今人崇敬。以希福利，皆妄也。況僧者，往往不第秀才，市井游食，生計不足，乃去為僧，較其貴賤，未可與簿尉抗禮。閭閻老婦，迫於死期，多歸信之。卿等位為宰輔，乃複效此，失大臣體。張司徒老成舊人，三教該通，足為儀錶，何不師之？」召法寶謂之曰：「汝既為僧，去住在己，何乃使人知之？」法寶戰懼，不知所為。海陵曰：「汝為長老，當有定力，今乃畏死耶？」遂於朝堂杖之二百，張浩、張暉杖二十。

It happened that the monk Fabao of Cizhou wished to leave; Zhang Hao and Zhang Hui tried to keep him but could not, and other court officials also wanted him to stay. Hailing heard of it and summoned officials of the third rank and above, rebuking them: "I hear that whenever you visit the temple, the monk Fabao sits in the place of honor while you sit at his side—I find this unacceptable. The Buddha was once a prince of a small kingdom who willingly gave up wealth and rank, disciplined himself in hardship, and thereby attained enlightenment—hence the reverence he receives today. To seek blessings and profit from him is mere delusion. Moreover, monks are often failed examination candidates and marketplace drifters who turn to the cloth when they cannot make a living; in rank they are not fit to receive the same ceremonial treatment as clerks and assistant magistrates. Old women in the lanes, facing death, mostly put their faith in them. You hold the rank of chief ministers, yet you imitate this—it is unworthy of your station. Grand Mentor Zhang is a seasoned elder versed in all three teachings and fit to serve as your model—why not learn from him?" He summoned Fabao and said, "You are a monk—whether you stay or go is your own affair. Why let the court know of it?" Fabao trembled in fear and did not know what to do. Hailing said, "You are a senior monk and ought to have firm resolve—are you afraid of death now?" He had Fabao beaten two hundred strokes in the court hall; Zhang Hao and Zhang Hui received twenty strokes each.

通古天資樂易，不為表襮，雖居宰相，自奉如寒素焉。子沉，天德三年，賜楊建中榜及第。

Tonggu was by nature cheerful and unpretentious; though he held the rank of chief minister, he lived as simply as a poor scholar. His son Chen passed the examinations in the third year of Tiande on the Yang Jianzhong list.

張浩，字浩然，遼陽渤海人。本姓高，東明王之後。曾祖霸，仕遼而為張氏。天輔中，遼東平，浩以策幹太祖，太祖以浩為承應御前文字。天會八年，賜進士及第，授秘書郎。太宗將幸東京，浩提點繕修大內，超遷衛尉卿，權簽宣徽院事，管勾御前文字，初定朝儀。求養親，去職。起為趙州刺史。官制行，以中大夫為大理卿。天眷二年，詳定內外儀式，曆戶、工、禮三部侍郎，遷禮部尚書。田玨黨事起，台省一空，以浩行六部事。簿書叢委，決遣無留，人服其才。以疾求外，補除彰德軍節度使，遷燕京路都轉運使。俄改平陽尹。平陽多盜，臨汾男子夜掠人婦，浩捕得，榜殺之，盜遂衰息。近郊有淫祠，郡人頗事之。廟祝、田主爭香火之利，累年不決。浩撤其祠屋，投其像水中。強宗黠吏屏跡，莫敢犯者。郡中大治。乃繕葺堯帝祠，作擊壤遺風亭。

Zhang Hao, whose style name was Haoran, came from the Bohai community in Liaoyang. His family had originally borne the surname Gao and descended from the King of Dongming. His great-grandfather Ba served the Liao and took the surname Zhang. During the Tianfu era, when eastern Liao was pacified, Hao won Taizu's attention with a policy proposal and was appointed to handle documents before the throne. In the eighth year of Tianhui (1130) he received his jinshi degree and was appointed Secretary Gentleman. When Emperor Taizong was about to visit the Eastern Capital, Hao supervised repairs to the inner palace, was promoted out of turn to Minister of the Court for the Imperial Clan, acted as provisional signatory of the Palace Domestic Service, managed documents before the throne, and first established court ritual. He asked leave to care for his parents and resigned his post. He was recalled and appointed prefect of Zhao Prefecture. When the new official system took effect, he served as Grand Master of the Palace and Minister of Justice. In the second year of Tianjuan (1138) he codified inner and outer ceremonial forms, served successively as vice minister of Revenue, Works, and Rites, and was promoted to Minister of Rites. When the Tian Jue faction affair broke, the censorate and secretariat were emptied out, and Hao was put in charge of all six ministries. Documents piled up in heaps, yet he decided and dispatched without delay; people admired his ability. On grounds of illness he sought a provincial post and was appointed military commissioner of Zhangde Army, then director-general of transport for the Yanjing circuit. Before long he was appointed prefect of Pingyang. Pingyang had many bandits; when Hao captured a Linfen man who had robbed a woman by night, he had him publicly executed, and banditry soon subsided. In the suburbs there was an illicit shrine that many in the prefecture patronized. The temple acolyte and the field-holder disputed the profits from offerings and incense, and for years the case went unresolved. Hao demolished the shrine and cast its images into the water. Powerful clans and crafty clerks withdrew from sight, and none dared offend. The prefecture was brought to excellent order. He then repaired the shrine of Emperor Yao and built the Pavilion of the Surviving Custom of Beating the Earth.

海陵召為戶部尚書，拜參知政事。天德二年，丁母憂。起複參知政事，進拜尚書右丞。天德三年，廣燕京城，營建宮室。浩與燕京留守劉筈、大名尹盧彥倫監護工作，命浩就擬差除。既而暑月，工役多疾疫。詔發燕京五百里內醫者，使治療，官給藥物，全活多者與官，其次給賞，下者轉運司舉察以聞。

Hailing summoned him as Minister of Revenue and appointed him Vice Grand Councilor. In the second year of Tiande he entered mourning for his mother. Recalled from mourning, he resumed as Vice Grand Councilor and was promoted to Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs. In the third year of Tiande the walls of Yanjing were expanded and palace buildings were constructed. Hao, together with the Yanjing military commissioner Liu Qia and the prefect of Daming Lu Yanlun, supervised the work, and Hao was authorized to propose appointments on the spot. Before long, in the hot summer months, many laborers fell ill with epidemic disease. An edict dispatched physicians within five hundred li of Yanjing to treat them, with medicines supplied by the state; those who saved many lives were granted office, the next rank received rewards, and the lowest were to be investigated and reported by the transport commission.

海陵欲伐宋，將幸汴，而汴京大內失火，於是使浩與敬嗣暉營建南京宮室。浩從容奏曰：「往歲營治中都，天下樂然趨之。今民力未複，而重勞之，恐不似前時之易成也。」不聽。浩朝辭，海陵問用兵利害。浩不敢正諫，乃婉詞以對，欲以微止海陵用兵，奏曰：「臣觀天意，欲絕趙氏久矣。」海陵愕然曰：「何以知之？」對曰：「趙構無子，樹立疏屬，其勢必生變，可不煩用兵而服之。」海陵雖喜其言，而不能從也。浩至汴，海陵時時使宦者梁珫來視工役，凡一殿之成，費累巨萬。珫指曰：「某處不如法式。」輒撤之。浩不能抗而與之均禮。汴宮成，海陵自燕來遷居之。浩拜太傅、尚書令，進封秦國公。

Hailing planned to attack Song and was about to visit Bian, but fire destroyed the inner palace at Bianjing; he therefore put Hao and Jing Sihui in charge of building the Southern Capital palaces. Hao calmly memorialized, "When the Central Capital was built in former years, the realm gladly rallied to the work. The people's strength has not yet recovered; if we burden them again, I fear the work will not be completed as easily as before." His advice was not heeded. When Hao took leave at court, Hailing asked about the advantages and disadvantages of going to war. Hao did not dare speak bluntly; he answered in guarded terms, hoping in a small way to dissuade Hailing from going to war, and memorialized, "I observe that Heaven has long intended to end the Zhao line." Hailing was startled. "How do you know that?" He answered, "Zhao Gou has no heir; if a distant collateral is enthroned, turmoil is sure to follow, and the Song can be brought to heel without the trouble of war." Hailing was pleased with what he heard, but he would not act on it. When Hao arrived at Bian, Hailing repeatedly sent the eunuch Liang Chong to inspect the work; the completion of a single hall cost vast sums. Chong would point and say, "This part does not meet the prescribed form. Chong would have it torn down at once. Hao could not stand up to him and accorded him equal ritual standing. When the Bian palace was finished, Hailing came from Yan to take up residence there. Hao was appointed Grand Tutor and Director of the Department of State Affairs and was further enfeoffed as Duke of Qin.

海陵至汴，累月不視朝，日治兵南伐，部署諸將。浩欲奏事，不得見。會海陵遣周福兒至浩家，浩附奏曰：「諸將皆新進少年，恐誤國事。宜求舊人練習兵者，以為千戶謀克。」而海陵部署已定，惡聞其言，乃杖之。海陵自將發汴京，皇后、太子居守。浩留治尚書省事。

After Hailing reached Bian, he went months without holding court, drilling troops daily for the southern campaign and deploying his generals. Hao wished to present memorials on state affairs but could not gain an audience. When Hailing sent Zhou Fu'er to Hao's house, Hao attached a memorial: "The generals are all newly promoted youths; I fear they will mishandle state affairs. You should seek veterans skilled in warfare and appoint them as thousand-household leaders and company commanders." But Hailing had already fixed his deployments; he hated to hear this and had Hao beaten with the staff. Hailing was to lead the army out from Bianjing himself, while the empress and crown prince stayed behind to guard the capital. Hao remained behind to administer the Department of State Affairs.

世宗即位于遼陽，揚州軍變，海陵遇害。都督府使使殺太子光英于南京。浩遣戶部員外郎完顏謀衍上賀表。明年二月，浩朝京師，入見。世宗謂曰：「朕思天位惟艱，夙夜惕懼，不遑寧處。卿國之元老，當戮力贊治，宜令後世稱揚德政，毋失委注之意也。」俄拜太師、尚書令，封南陽郡王。世宗曰：「卿在正隆時為首相，不能匡救，惡得無罪。營建兩宮，殫竭民力，汝亦嘗諫，故天下不以咎汝，惟怨正隆。而卿在省十餘年，練達政務，故複用卿為相，當自勉，毋負朕意。」浩頓首謝。居數日，世宗謂浩曰：「卿為尚書令，凡人材有可用者，當舉用之。」浩舉紇石烈志寧等，其後皆為名臣。

Shizong took the throne at Liaoyang; the army at Yangzhou mutinied, and Hailing was assassinated. An envoy of the military governor killed Crown Prince Guang Ying at the Southern Capital. Hao sent Wanyan Mouyan, an outer-office official of the Ministry of Revenue, to present a congratulatory memorial. In the second month of the following year, Hao came to the capital for court and was received in audience. Shizong said to him, "I reflect that the throne is hard to hold; day and night I am vigilant and afraid, with no leisure to rest easy. You are an elder of the state; exert yourself to help govern, so that posterity may praise your virtuous rule and you do not betray the trust I place in you." Soon after he was appointed Grand Preceptor and Director of the Department of State Affairs and enfeoffed as Prince of Nanyang Commandery. Shizong said, "In the Zhenlong era you were chief minister and could not set things right—how can you be without fault? Building the two palaces exhausted the people; you did remonstrate, so the realm does not blame you but only resents the Zhenlong reign. Yet you served in the Secretariat for more than ten years and know government affairs well; that is why I employ you again as chancellor. Exert yourself and do not betray my intent." Hao kowtowed in thanks. A few days later Shizong told Hao, "As Director of the Department of State Affairs, whenever you find usable talent, you should recommend and appoint it." Hao recommended Heshilie Zhining and others; they all later became renowned ministers.

浩有疾，在告者久之。遣左司郎中高衎及浩侄汝弼宣諭。浩力疾入對，即詔入朝毋拜，許設座殿陛之東，若有咨謀，然後進對。或體中不佳，不必日至省中，大政可就第裁決。浩雖受詔，然每以退為請。三年夏，複申前請。乃除判東京留守。疾不能赴任，因請致仕。

Hao fell ill and was on extended sick leave. The emperor sent Left Department Director Gao Kan and Hao's nephew Zhang Rubi to convey his instructions. Hao dragged himself in despite his illness; the court at once ordered that he need not bow on entering, granted him a seat east of the palace steps, and required him to advance for audience only when consultation was needed. If he was unwell, he need not come to the Secretariat every day; major affairs could be decided at his home. Though Hao accepted the edict, he repeatedly asked to retire. In the summer of the third year he renewed his earlier request. He was then appointed acting military governor of the Eastern Capital. Illness kept him from taking up the post, and he asked to retire.

初，近侍有欲罷科舉者，上曰：「吾見太師議之。」浩入見，上曰：「自古帝王有不用文學者乎？」浩對曰：「有。」曰：「誰歟？」浩曰：「秦始皇。」上顧左右曰：「豈可使我為始皇乎！」事遂寢。

Earlier, a close attendant had wanted to abolish the civil-service examinations; the emperor said, "I will hear what the Grand Preceptor has to say." When Hao came in for audience, the emperor asked, "Has there ever been an emperor who dispensed with literary learning?" Hao answered, "There has." The emperor asked, "Who?" Hao said, "Qin Shihuang." The emperor turned to his attendants and said, "Am I to be another First Emperor!" The proposal was dropped.

是歲，薨。上輟朝一日。詔左宣徽使趙興祥率百官致奠，賻銀千兩、重彩五十端、絹五百匹。諡曰文康。明昌五年，配享世宗廟廷。泰和元年，圖像衍慶宮。子汝為、汝霖、汝能、汝方、汝猷。

That year he died. The emperor suspended court for one day. An edict ordered Left Palace Attendant Zhao Xingxiang to lead the officials in offering condolences, with funeral gifts of a thousand taels of silver, fifty bolts of fine colored silk, and five hundred bolts of plain silk. His posthumous title was Wenkang. In the fifth year of Mingchang he was granted a place in the sacrifices at Shizong's temple. In the first year of Taihe his portrait was placed in Yansqing Palace. His sons were Ruwei, Rulin, Runeng, Rufang, and Ruyou.

子汝霖

His son Rulin

汝霖字仲澤，少聰慧好學，浩嘗稱之曰：「吾家千里駒也。」貞元二年，賜呂忠翰榜下進士第，特授左補闕，擢大興縣令，再遷禮部員外郎、翰林待制。大定八年，除刑部郎中，召見于香閣，諭之曰：「卿以待制除郎中，勿以為降。朕以刑部闕漢官，故以授卿。且卿入仕未久，姑試其能耳。如職事修舉，當有升擢。爾父太師以戶部尚書升諸相位，由崇德大夫躐遷金紫，卿所自見也。當既厥心，無忝乃父。」明年，授太子左諭德兼禮部郎中。

Rulin, whose style name was Zhongze, was clever and studious from youth; Hao once said of him, "He is the thousand-li steed of our house." In the second year of Zhenyuan he was granted the jinshi degree immediately below Lü Zhonghan on the examination list, was specially appointed Left Remonstrator, became magistrate of Daxing County, and was twice promoted to Outer-office Director of the Ministry of Rites and Hanlin Academician-in-Waiting. In the eighth year of Dading he was appointed Director of the Ministry of Punishments; summoned to audience in the Fragrant Pavilion, the emperor told him, "You are being moved from academician-in-waiting to director—do not take it as a demotion. The Ministry of Punishments lacks Han officials, which is why I am giving you the post. Besides, you have not been in office long; for now I am only testing what you can do. If you discharge your duties well, you will be promoted. Your father the Grand Preceptor rose from Minister of Revenue to chancellor, leaping from Chongde Grand Master to Golden Purple rank—you have seen it with your own eyes. Give your whole heart to the task and do not disgrace your father." The following year he was appointed Left Tutor of the Heir Apparent, while retaining the concurrent post of Outer-office Director of the Ministry of Rites.

先是，知登聞檢院王震改禮部郎中，世宗諭宰臣曰：「此除未允人望，禮官當選有學術士，如張汝霖者可也。」於是，命汝霖兼之而除震別職。擢刑部侍郎。以憂解，起複為太子詹事，遷太子少師兼禦史中丞。世宗召謂曰：「卿嘗言，監察禦史所察州縣官多因沽買以得名譽，良吏奉法不為表襮，必無所稱。朕意亦然。卿今為台官，可革其弊。」尋改中都路都轉運使、太子少師兼禮部尚書，俄轉吏部，為御史大夫。

Earlier, Wang Zhen, director of the Petition Office for Hearing Grievances, had been transferred to Outer-office Director of the Ministry of Rites; Shizong told the chief ministers, "This appointment does not satisfy public expectation; a ritual post should go to a learned man, such as Zhang Rulin." Rulin was then ordered to hold the post concurrently while Wang Zhen was reassigned. He was promoted to Vice Director of the Ministry of Punishments. He left office to observe mourning, then was recalled as Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent and promoted to Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent, concurrently serving as Censor-in-Chief. Shizong summoned him and said, "You once observed that investigating censors often win reputation for county and prefectural officials through trading favors, while good officials who simply uphold the law and make no display go unrecommended. I feel the same. Now that you head the Censorate, you can reform this abuse." Soon after he was made Metropolitan Transport Commissioner of the Zhongdu Circuit, Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent concurrently Minister of Rites, then transferred to the Ministry of Personnel and appointed Censor-in-Chief.

時將陵主簿高德溫大收稅戶米，逮禦史獄。汝霖具二法上。世宗責之曰：「朕以卿為公正，故登用之。德溫有人在宮掖，故朕頗詳其事。朕肯以宮掖之私撓法耶？不謂卿等顧徇如是。」汝霖跪謝。久之，上顧左諫議大夫楊伯仁曰：「台官不正如此。」伯仁奏曰：「罪疑惟輕，故具二法上請，在陛下裁斷耳。且人材難得，與其材智而邪，不若用愚而正者。」上作色曰：「卿輩皆愚而不正者也。」未幾，複坐失出大興推官高公美罪，謫授棣州防禦使。頃之，複為太子少師兼禮部尚書。拜參知政事，太子少師如故。是日，汝霖兄汝弼亦進拜尚書左丞，時人榮之。

At that time Gao Dewen, registrar of the imperial mausoleum district at Jiangling, had extorted large amounts of rice from tax households and was arrested by the Censorate. Rulin submitted two alternative penalties for the emperor's decision. Shizong rebuked him: "I promoted you because I thought you impartial. Dewen has connections in the inner palace, so I know this case well. Would I bend the law for palace favoritism? I did not expect you to show such partiality." Rulin knelt and apologized. After a while the emperor turned to Left Remonstrator Yang Boren and said, "The censorial officials are this corrupt." Boren replied, "When guilt is uncertain, the law favors leniency; that is why two penalties were submitted for Your Majesty to decide. Besides, good men are hard to find; better a dull but upright official than a clever but corrupt one." The emperor's face darkened. "You are all dull and not upright." Before long he was again demoted—for failing to expose the offenses of Gao Gongmei, push-official of Daxing—and appointed Defender of Di Prefecture. Soon he was again made Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent, concurrently Minister of Rites. He was appointed Vice Grand Councillor while retaining his post as Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent. That same day Rulin's elder brother Zhang Rubi was also promoted to Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, to the envy of contemporaries.

後因朝奏日論事上前，世宗謂曰：「朕觀唐史，見太宗行事初甚厲精，晚年與群臣議多飾辭，朕不如是也。」又曰：「唐太宗，明天子也，晚年亦有過舉。朕雖不能比跡聖帝明王，然常思始終如一。今雖年高，敬慎之心無時或怠。」汝霖對曰：「古人有言，'靡不有初，鮮克有終'，有始有卒者，其惟聖人乎！魏徵所言守成難者，正謂此也。」上以為然。二十五年，章宗以原王判大興府事，上命汝霖但涓視事日且加輔導。尋坐擅支東宮諸皇孫食料，奪官一階。久之，遷尚書右丞。

Later, during a court session when he was discussing affairs before the throne, Shizong said to him, "Reading Tang history, I see that Taizong at first was fiercely diligent, but in his later years his discussions with ministers were often mere fine phrases; I am not like that." He added, "Emperor Taizong of Tang was an enlightened ruler, yet even he erred in his later years. I cannot match sage-kings and enlightened rulers, but I constantly strive to be the same man from first to last. Though I am old now, my reverent caution never slackens for a moment." Rulin replied, "The ancients said, 'Everything has a beginning, but few keep the end'—only the sage has both beginning and end! What Wei Zheng meant when he said that preserving what has been won is hard refers precisely to this." The emperor agreed. In the twenty-fifth year Zhangzong, as Prince Yuan, was put in charge of Daxing Prefecture; the emperor ordered Rulin to attend only on days when there was business and to tutor him closely. Soon he was demoted one rank for disbursing on his own authority the food allowances of the Eastern Palace's imperial grandsons. After a time he was transferred to Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs.

是時，世宗在位久，熟悉天下事，思得賢材與圖致治，而大臣皆依違苟且，無所薦達。一日，世宗召宰臣謂曰：「卿等職居輔相，曾無薦舉何也？且卿等老矣，殊無可以自代者乎？惟朕嘗言某人可用，然後從而言之。卿等既無所言，必待朕知而後進用，將複有幾？」因顧汝霖曰：「若右丞者，亦因右丞相言而知也。」汝霖對曰：「臣等苟有所知，豈敢不薦，但無人耳。」上曰：「春秋諸國分裂，土地偏小，皆稱有賢。今天下之大，豈無人才？但卿等不舉而已。今朕自勉，庶幾致治。他日子孫誰與共治乎？」汝霖等皆有慚色。二十八年，進拜平章政事，兼修國史，封芮國公。世宗不豫，與太尉徒單克甯、右丞相襄同受顧命。章宗即位。加銀青榮祿大夫，進封莘。

By then Shizong had reigned long and knew the realm thoroughly; he wanted worthy men with whom to pursue good government, but his chief ministers all hedged and muddled through, recommending no one. One day Shizong summoned the chief ministers and said, "You sit in the highest offices—why have you never recommended anyone? Besides, you are old; is there really no one among you fit to succeed you? Only when I say that someone is usable do you chime in. If you offer nothing yourselves and men are promoted only after I have discovered them, how many more years will that take?" He then turned to Rulin and said, "Take the vice director here—even he came to my attention only because the right chancellor mentioned him." Rulin replied, "Had we known anyone worthy, we would never have hesitated to recommend him. The trouble is simply that there is no one." The emperor said, "In the Spring and Autumn era the states were fragmented and their territories small, yet each still claimed to possess worthy men. Today the realm is vast—how can there be no talent? It is only that you refuse to recommend anyone. Now I must drive myself on if we are ever to reach good government. When I am gone, with whom will my descendants share the work of rule?" Rulin and the others could only sit there, ashamed. In the twenty-eighth year he was promoted to Grand Councilor, made concurrent compiler of the national history, and enfeoffed as Duke of Rui. When Shizong fell ill, he and Grand Marshal Tushan Kening and Right Chancellor Xiang together received the dying emperor's testament. Zhangzong ascended the throne. He received the title Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with Silver-Green Tally and was promoted to Duke of Shen.

先是，右丞相襄言：「熙宗聖節蓋七月七日，為系景宣忌辰，更用正月受外國賀。今天壽節在七月，雨水淫暴，外方人使赴闕，有礙行李，乞移他月為便。」汝霖言：「帝王之道當示信於天下。昔宋主構生日，亦系五月。是時，都在會甯，上國遣使賜禮，不聞有霖潦礙阻之說。今與宋構好日久，遽以暑雨為辭，示以不實。萬一雨水逾常，愆期到闕，猶愈更用別日。」參知政事劉瑋、御史大夫唐括貢、中丞李晏、刑部尚書兼右諫議大夫完顏守貞、修起居注完顏烏者、同知登聞檢院事孫鐸亦皆言其不可。帝初從之，既而竟用襄議。時帝在諒陰，初出獵，諫院聯章言心喪中未宜。其後冬獵，汝霖諫之。詔答曰：「卿能每事如此，朕複何憂。然時異事殊，難同古昔，如能斟酌得中，斯為當矣。」

Earlier, Right Chancellor Xiang had said, "Emperor Xizong's sacred birthday fell on the seventh day of the seventh month, but because of Jingxuan's death anniversary it was moved, and foreign congratulations were received in the first month instead. Today the Heavenly Longevity Festival falls in the seventh month, when rains are violent; envoys from abroad traveling to court are impeded on the road. I ask that it be shifted to another month for their convenience." Rulin said, "The way of kings is to show the realm that one's word can be trusted. The Song emperor Gou's birthday also fell in the fifth month. At that time both courts were at Huining, and our state sent envoys with birthday gifts across thousands of miles without anyone citing floods as an excuse for delay. We have been at peace with Song for many years; to plead summer rains now would expose us as insincere. Even if the rains are worse than usual and the envoys miss the appointed day, that is still preferable to changing the festival outright." Vice Grand Councilor Liu Wei, Censor-in-Chief Tangut Gong, Vice Censor-in-Chief Li Yan, Minister of Justice and Right Remonstrance Officer Wanyan Shouzhen, diarist Wanyan Wuzhe, and Associate Director of the Petition Office Sun Duo likewise all opposed the change. The emperor at first sided with them, but in the end adopted Xiang's proposal. The emperor was then in mourning for Shizong; when he first went out hunting, the Remonstrance Bureau submitted a joint memorial arguing that hunting was improper while he was still in heart mourning. Later, when the winter hunt came round, Rulin remonstrated again. An edict answered him, "If you will speak up on every matter like this, what have I to fear? Yet times change and ancient precedent cannot be copied wholesale. What matters is to weigh each case and strike the right balance."

一日，帝謂宰臣曰：「今之用人，太拘資歷，如此何能得人？」汝霖奏曰：「不拘資格，所以待非常之材。」帝曰：「崔祐甫為相，未逾年薦八百人，豈皆非常材耶？」時有司言民間收藏制文，恐因而滋訟，乞禁之。汝霖謂：「王者之法，譬猶江、河，欲使易避而難犯。本朝法制，坦然明白，今已著為不刊之典，天下之人無不聞誦。若令私家收之，則人皆曉然不敢為非，亦助治之一端也。不禁為便。」詔從之。

One day the emperor told his chief ministers, "You are too rigid about seniority in appointments—how can you ever find the right men that way?" Rulin replied, "Waiving formal qualifications is reserved for truly extraordinary talent." The emperor said, "Cui Youfu as chancellor recommended eight hundred men in under a year—were they all extraordinary?" About then the responsible offices reported that commoners were keeping private copies of statutes and that this might breed litigation, and asked that the practice be banned. Rulin said, "A king's law should be like the great rivers: easy to steer clear of and hard to violate. Our dynasty's laws are plain and public; they are now fixed as permanent statutes, and everyone in the realm knows them by heart. If households may keep copies, people will know the law for themselves and hesitate to break it—that itself helps good government. It is better not to forbid the practice." The court issued an edict adopting his view.

明昌元年三月，表乞致仕，不許。十二月，卒。時帝獵饒陽，訃聞，敕百官送葬，賻禮加厚，諡曰文襄。

In the third month of Mingchang 1 he submitted a memorial asking to retire; the request was denied. In the twelfth month he died. The emperor was then hunting at Raoyang; when news of his death arrived, he ordered the whole bureaucracy to attend the funeral, added to the condolence gifts, and granted the posthumous title Wenxiang.

張玄素

Zhang Xuansu

張玄素，字子真，與浩同曾祖。祖祐，父匡，仕遼至節度使。玄素初以廕得官。高永昌據遼陽，玄素在其中。斡魯軍至，乃開門出降，特授世襲銅州猛安。天會間，曆西上閣門使、客省使、東宮計司。天眷元年，以靜江軍節度使知涿州，察廉最，進官一階。皇子魏王道濟遙領中京，以玄素為魏王府同提點，尋改鎮西軍節度使，遷東京路都轉運使，改興平軍節度使。正隆末年，天下盜起，玄素發民夫增築城郭，同僚諫止之，不聽。未幾，寇掠鄰郡，皆無備，而興平獨安。世宗即位，玄素來見於東京。玄素在東京，希海陵旨，言世宗嘗取在官黃糧，及摭其數事。至是來見，世宗一切不問。玄素與李石力言宜早幸燕京，上深然之。遷戶部尚書，出鎮定武，遂致仕。年八十四，卒。

Zhang Xuansu, whose style name was Zizhen, shared a great-grandfather with Zhang Hao. His grandfather You and his father Kuang had both served the Liao and risen to military commissioner. Xuansu first entered office through hereditary privilege. When Gao Yongchang seized Liaoyang, Xuansu was inside the city. When Walu's army arrived, he opened the gates and surrendered; he was specially granted the hereditary meng'an post at Tong Prefecture. During the Tianhui era he served in turn as Western Upper Gate Commissioner, Guest Reception Commissioner, and Eastern Palace Accounts Office. In Tianjuan 1 he was appointed military commissioner of the Jingjiang Army and put in charge of Zhuo Prefecture; on the integrity review he ranked at the top and was promoted one rank. Prince Daoji of Wei held the Central Capital in absentia; Xuansu was made co-intendant of his household, then transferred to military commissioner of the Zhenxi Army, promoted to transport commissioner of the Eastern Capital Circuit, and finally made military commissioner of the Xingping Army. In the late Zhenglong era bandits rose everywhere; Xuansu drafted laborers to raise the walls and moats. His colleagues urged him to stop, but he would not listen. Soon raiders struck neighboring prefectures, none of which was ready, while Xingping alone stayed safe. When Shizong took the throne, Xuansu came to pay his respects at the Eastern Capital. While still at the Eastern Capital he had curried favor with Hailing by reporting that Shizong had once taken government grain for his own use and by collecting several similar charges. When he now came to audience, Shizong ignored every charge. Xuansu and Li Shi strongly urged an early move to Yanjing, and the emperor was deeply convinced. He was transferred to Minister of Revenue, took command at Dingwu, and then retired. He died at the age of eighty-four.

玄素厚而剛毅，人畏憚之。往往以片紙署字其上治瘧疾，輒愈，人皆異之。

Xuansu was generous in manner but stern in temper, and people feared as well as respected him. He often wrote a few characters on a scrap of paper to treat malaria, and the illness invariably cleared—people marveled at it.

張汝弼

Zhang Rubi

汝弼，字仲佐，父玄征，彰信軍節度使，玄素之兄也。汝弼初以父廕補官。正隆二年，中進士第，調沈州樂郊縣主簿。玄征妻高氏與世宗母貞懿皇后有屬，世宗納玄征女為次室，是為元妃。張氏生趙王允中。世宗即位于遼陽，汝弼與叔玄素俱往歸之，擢應奉翰林文字。

Rubi, whose style name was Zhongzuo, was the son of Xuanzheng, military commissioner of the Zhangxin Army and elder brother of Xuansu. Rubi first entered office through his father's hereditary privilege. In Zhenglong 2 he passed the jinshi examination and was appointed registrar of Yuejiao County in Shen Prefecture. Xuanzheng's wife, née Gao, was kin to Shizong's mother Empress Zhenyi; Shizong took Xuanzheng's daughter as his second consort, who became known as Consort Yuan. She bore Prince Zhao, Yunzhong. When Shizong took the throne at Liaoyang, Rubi and his uncle Xuansu both went to join him; Rubi was promoted to Hanlin Academy Attendant for Imperial Orders.

世宗禦翠巒閣，召左司郎中高衎及汝弼問曰：「近日除授，外議何如？宜以實奏，毋少隱也。有不可用者當改之。」衎、汝弼皆無以對。自皇統以來，內藏諸物費用無度，吏夤緣為奸，多亡失。汝弼與宮籍直長高公穆、入殿小底王添兒閱實之，以類為籍，作四庫以貯之。於是，內藏庫使王可道等皆杖一百，汝弼等各進階。頃之，兼修起居注，轉右司員外郎。母憂去官。起複吏部郎中，累遷吏部尚書，拜參知政事。

Shizong held audience at the Cuiluan Pavilion and summoned Left Department Director Gao Yan and Rubi, asking, "What is being said outside about the recent appointments? Report the truth and hold nothing back. If anyone is unfit, he should be replaced." Gao and Rubi had nothing to say. From Huangtong on spending from the inner storehouses knew no limit; clerks traded on connections to cheat the court, and vast quantities vanished. Rubi, with Director of Palace Registers Gao Gongmu and inner-hall attendant Wang Tian'er, audited the stores, drew up categorized registers, and organized four warehouses to hold them. The inner-storehouse commissioner Wang Kedao and others were each flogged one hundred strokes, while Rubi and his colleagues were each promoted. Soon he was made concurrent diarist and transferred to Outer-office Director of the Right Department. He left office to observe mourning for his mother. Recalled from mourning as Outer-office Director of the Ministry of Personnel, he rose in stages to Minister of Personnel and was appointed Vice Grand Councilor.

詔徙女直猛安謀克於中都，給以近郊官地，皆鹆脊薄。其腴田皆豪民久佃，遂專為己有。上出獵，猛安謀克人前訴所給地不可種藝，詔拘官田在民久佃者與之。因命汝弼議其事。請「條約立限，令百姓自陳。過限，許人首告，實者與賞。」上可其奏。仍遣同知中都轉運使張九思拘籍之。

An edict relocated Jurchen meng'an and mouke households to the Central Capital and allotted them official fields in the near suburbs—all of it stony, thin soil. The rich land had long been leased by powerful families, who treated it as private property. While the emperor was out hunting, meng'an and mouke leaders came forward to say the allotted land could not be farmed; he ordered official fields that commoners had long rented to be taken back and given to them. He then ordered Rubi to work out a policy. Rubi proposed, "Lay down clear rules and a deadline, and let commoners come forward on their own. After the deadline, let others inform against offenders; if the charge is proved, give the informer a reward." The emperor approved his plan. He also sent Associate Transport Commissioner of the Central Capital Zhang Jiusi to seize and register the fields.

上問：「高麗、夏皆稱臣。使者至高麗，與王抗禮。夏王立受，使者拜，何也？」左丞襄對曰：「故遼與夏為甥舅，夏王以公主故，受使者拜。本朝與夏約和，用遼故禮，所以然耳。」汝弼曰：「誓書稱一遵遼國舊儀，今行之已四十年，不可改也。」上曰：「卿等言是也。」上聞尚書省除授小官多不稱職，召汝弼至香閣謂之曰：「他宰相年老，卿等宜盡心。」汝弼對曰：「材薄不足以副聖意耳。」進拜尚書右丞。於是，戶部糶官倉粟，汝弼請使暖湯院得糴之。上讓曰：「汝欲積陰德邪？何區區如此。」

The emperor asked, "Goryeo and Western Xia both style themselves our vassals. When our envoys reach Goryeo they stand as equals with the king. The Xia king stands to receive them while our envoys bow—why the difference?" Left Vice Grand Councilor Xiang answered, "Under the Liao, Xia was a nephew state by marriage; because of the Liao princess, the Xia king stood to receive our envoys' bows. Our court made peace with Xia on Liao terms, and that is why the practice continues." Rubi said, "The treaty oath says we follow Liao ritual in full; that usage has stood for forty years and should not be altered." The emperor said, "You are right." Learning that many junior appointments from the Department of State Affairs were incompetent, he summoned Rubi to the Fragrant Pavilion and said, "Your fellow chief ministers are old; you must shoulder the work." Rubi replied, "My ability is too slight to live up to Your Majesty's expectations." He was promoted to Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs. About then the Revenue Ministry was selling grain from the state granaries; Rubi asked that the Nuantang Courtyard be allowed to buy it. The emperor reproved him: "Are you trying to bank secret merit? Why fuss over something so small?"

左丞相徒單克甯得解政務，為樞密使。是日，汝弼亦懷錶乞致仕。上使人止之曰：「卿年未老，未可退也。」進左丞，與族弟參知政事汝霖同日拜，族裏以為榮。有年未六十而乞致仕者，上不許。汝弼曰：「聖旨嘗許六十致仕。」上責之曰：「朕嘗許至六十者致仕，不許未六十者。且朕言六十致仕，是則可行，否則當言。卿等不言，皆此類也。」久之，坐擅增諸皇孫食料，與丞相守道、右丞粘割斡特剌、參政張汝霖各削官一階。上曰：「准法當解職，但示薄責耳。」汝弼在病告，上謂宰相曰：「汝弼久居執政，練習制度，頗能斟酌人材，而用心不正。」乃罷為廣甯尹，賜通犀帶。

Left Chancellor Tushan Kening was released from civil administration and made commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs. That same day Rubi too submitted a retirement petition from his sleeve. The emperor sent word to refuse him: "You are not yet old; you may not retire." He was promoted to Left Vice Director and, on the same day as his kinsman Vice Grand Councilor Rulin, took office—a glory for the whole clan. If a man under sixty asked to retire, the emperor would not allow it. Rubi said, "Your Majesty's instruction once allowed retirement at sixty." The emperor rebuked him: "I promised retirement only to those who reach sixty—not to anyone younger. When I set retirement at sixty, that was a policy you could accept or challenge—you should have spoken up then. You all kept silent. This is exactly the sort of thing I mean." Later, for unilaterally increasing the imperial grandsons' provisions, he and Chief Councillor Shoudao, Right Councillor Niagua Wetela, and Participating Councillor Zhang Rulin were each demoted one rank. The emperor said, "The law would require dismissal; I am only imposing a mild penalty." While Rubi was on medical leave, the emperor told the chief ministers, "Rubi has long been in power, knows the institutions well, and can judge talent—but his heart is not straight." He was removed from office and appointed Guangning Yin, and given a rhinoceros-horn belt.

汝弼為相，不能正諫。上所欲為，則順而導之，所不欲為，則微言以觀其意。上責之，則婉辭以引過，終不忤之也。而上亦知之。且黷貨，以計取諸家名園甲第珍玩奇好，士論薄之。二十七年，薨。

As chief minister, Rubi never offered direct, principled remonstrance. When the emperor wanted something done, Rubi would smooth the way; when the emperor did not, he would drop a hint to test his mood. When rebuked, he would speak softly and take the blame, and never in the end defied the throne. The emperor knew this too. He was also corrupt, scheming to seize famous gardens, grand houses, and rare treasures from one family after another, and men of judgment despised him for it. In the twenty-seventh year he died.

汝弼既與永中，甥舅，陰相為黨。章宗即位，汝弼妻高氏每以邪言怵永中，覬非望，畫永中母像，侍奉祈祝，使術者推算永中。有司鞫治，高氏伏誅。事連汝弼，上以事覺在汝弼死後，得免削奪。

Rubi and Yongzhong were uncle and nephew by marriage, and they secretly acted as a faction. After Zhangzong's accession, Rubi's wife Lady Gao repeatedly whispered sedition to Yongzhong, nursing ambitions beyond his station: she had Yongzhong's mother painted for worship and prayer, and employed diviners to read Yongzhong's fate. When the authorities investigated, Lady Gao was put to death. The case touched Rubi, but because it came to light only after his death, his honors were not posthumously revoked.

耶律安禮

Yelu Anli

耶律安禮，本名納合，系出遙輦氏。幼孤，事母以孝聞。遼季，間關避難，未嘗一日怠溫凊。入朝，當路者重其行義，使主帥府文字，授左班殿直。天眷初，從元帥于山西。母喪，不克歸葬，主帥憐之，賻禮甚厚。安禮冒大暑，挽柩行千餘裏，哀毀骨立，行路嗟歎。服除，由行台吏、禮部主事累遷工部侍郎，改左司郎中。

Yelu Anli, whose original name was Nahe, came from the Yaolian line. Orphaned young, he became known for filial devotion to his mother. In the chaos at the end of Liao, through every hardship of exile, he never for a day failed in the daily care owed a parent. After he entered Jin service, men in power respected his character and made him handle documents in the Marshal's Office; he was appointed Left Guard Attendant. At the opening of the Tianjuan era he followed the Marshal into Shanxi. When his mother died he could not go home to bury her; the Marshal took pity on him and gave lavish funeral gifts. Anli endured the fierce summer heat and drew the bier more than a thousand li; grief wore him to skin and bone, and wayfarers marveled aloud. After mourning he rose from clerk of the Branch Secretariat and supervisor in the Ministry of Works to Director of the Left Department.

天德間，罷行台尚書省，入為工部侍郎，累遷本部尚書。明年冬，為宋國歲元使。被詔鞫治韓王亨獄于廣寧。亨無反狀，安禮還奏。海陵怒，疑安禮梁王宗弼故吏，乃責安禮曰：「孛迭有三罪。其論阿裏出虎有誓券不當死，既引伏。其謂不足進馬，及密遣刺客二者，安得無之？汝等來奏，欲測我喜怒以為輕重耳。」乃遣安禮再往，與李老僧同鞫之。老僧由是殺亨於獄。海陵猶謂安禮輒殺亨以絕滅事蹟，親戚得以不坐。安禮之不附上刻下乃如此。

In the Tiande period, when the Branch Secretariat was abolished, he entered court as Vice Minister of Works and eventually became Minister of Works. The following winter he served as envoy for the Song New Year mission. He was ordered to try the case of Prince Han, Wang Heng, at Guangning. Heng showed no sign of rebellion; Anli returned and so reported. Hailing was furious, suspecting that Anli—as a former man of Prince Liang Zongbi—was shielding Heng. He rebuked Anli: "Li Dielie is guilty of three crimes. His claim that Alihutuhu had a sworn bond and should not die—he has already confessed to that. As for saying the horses were unworthy to present, and secretly dispatching assassins—can those be denied? You report to me only to gauge my mood and decide how hard to press—that is all this is." He sent Anli back with Li Laoseng to investigate again. Laoseng thereupon killed Heng in prison. Hailing still believed Anli had killed Heng on his own initiative to destroy the evidence and spare the clan. This was how Anli refused to flatter those above and crush those below.

納合椿年

Na Hechunnian

納合椿年，本名烏野。初置女直字，立學官於西京，椿年與諸部兒童俱入學，最號警悟。久之，選諸學生送京師，俾上京教授耶魯教之，椿年在選中。補尚書省令史，累官殿中侍御史，改監察禦史。海陵為相，薦為右司員外郎，編定新制。海陵篡立，以為諫議大夫。椿年有酒失，海陵使之戒酒，遂終身不復飲。改秘書監，修起居注，授世襲猛安，為翰林學士兼禦史中丞。貞元初，起上京諸猛安於中都、山東等路安置，以勞賜玉帶閑廄馬。奉遷山陵，還為都點檢。賜今名，拜參知政事。海陵謂椿年曰：「如卿吏材甚難得，複有如卿者乎？」椿年薦大理丞紇石烈婁室。海陵以婁室為右司員外郎。未旬日，海陵謂椿年曰：「吾試用婁室，果如卿言。惟賢知賢，信矣。」婁室後賜名良弼，有宰相才，世宗時，至左丞相，號賢相焉。

Na Hechunnian, whose original name was Wuye. When the Jurchen script was first created and a school opened in the Western Capital, Chunnian studied with children of the tribes and was the quickest to learn. Later, outstanding students were sent to the capital for instruction by a Yelu teacher from the Upper Capital; Chunnian was among them. He became a clerk of the Imperial Secretariat, rose to Palace Attendant Censor, and was then made Investigating Censor. While Hailing was Chief Councillor, he recommended Chunnian as Outer Director of the Right Department to draft the new code. When Hailing seized the throne, he appointed him Remonstrating Grandee. Chunnian had a drinking problem; Hailing ordered him to abstain, and he never touched wine again for the rest of his life. He became Director of the Secretariat, compiled the Veritable Records, received a hereditary military command, and served as Hanlin Academician and Censor-in-Chief at once. At the start of Zhenyuan, when Upper Capital military households were resettled in the Central Capital, Shandong, and other circuits, he was rewarded for the labor with a jade belt and stud horses. He oversaw the removal of the imperial tombs and, on returning, became Chief Commandant. He was given his present name and appointed Participating Councillor. Hailing said to Chunnian, "Officials of your caliber are rare—is there another like you? Chunnian recommended Grand Court Judge Hesilie Loushi. Hailing appointed Loushi Outer Director of the Right Department. Within ten days Hailing told Chunnian, "I tried Loushi, and he is exactly as you said. Only the worthy recognize the worthy—how true that is. Loushi was later given the name Liangbi. He had chief-ministerial talent; under Shizong he rose to Left Chief Councillor and was hailed as a worthy minister.

正隆二年，椿年薨。海陵親臨哭之，追封特進、譚國公，諡忠辯，賻銀二千兩、彩百端、絹千匹、錢千萬。以長子參謀合為定遠大將軍，襲猛安，次子合答為忠武校尉。及歸葬，再賜錢百萬，仍給道路費。

In the second year of Zhenglong, Chunnian died. Hailing came in person to mourn him, posthumously enfeoffed him Special Advancement-holder and Duke of Tan, gave the posthumous name Zhongbian, and granted two thousand taels of silver, a hundred rolls of brocade, a thousand bolts of silk, and ten million cash for the funeral. His eldest son Canmou He was made General of the Pacification of the Far and inherited the command; his second son Heda was made Loyal Martial Regiment Commander. When the body was returned for burial, another million cash was granted and road expenses were supplied.

椿年有宰相才，好推挽士類，然頗營產業，為子孫慮。冒占西南路官田八百餘頃。大定中，括撿田土，百姓陳言官豪佔據官地，貧民不得耕種。溫都思忠子長壽、椿年子猛安參謀合等三十余家凡冒占三千餘頃。詔諸家除牛頭稅地各再給十頃，其餘盡賦貧民種佃。世頗以此譏椿年雲。

Chunnian had chief-ministerial talent and liked to advance scholars, yet he also amassed property for his descendants. He seized more than eight hundred qing of official land on the Southwest Circuit. In the Dading period, during a land survey, commoners petitioned that the powerful had seized official fields and the poor could not plant. Wendusi Zhong's son Changshou, Chunnian's son Canmou He, and more than thirty other households had seized over three thousand qing in all. An edict ruled that each household keep its ox-head tax land plus ten more qing, and that the rest be given to the poor to farm on rent. His contemporaries often cited this to mock Chunnian.

祁宰，字彥輔，江淮人。宋季以醫術補官。王師破汴得之，後隸太醫。累遷中奉大夫、太醫使。數被賞賚，常感激欲自效。海陵將伐宋，宰欲諫，不得見。會元妃有疾，召宰診視。既入見，即上疏諫，其略言：「國朝之初，祖宗以有道伐無道，曾不十年，蕩遼戡宋。當此之時，上有武元、文烈英武之君，下有宗翰、宗雄謀勇之臣，然猶不能混一區宇，舉江淮、巴蜀之地，以遺宋人。況今謀臣猛將，異于曩時。且宋人無罪，師出無名。加以大起徭役，營中都，建南京，繕治甲兵，調發軍旅，賦役煩重，民人怨嗟，此人事之不修也。間者晝星見於牛鬥，熒惑伏於翼軫。巳歲自刑，害氣在揚州，太白未出，進兵者敗，此天時不順也。舟師水涸，舳艫不繼，而江湖島渚之間，騎士馳射，不可驅逐，此地利不便也。」言甚激切。海陵怒，命戮於市，籍其家產，天下哀之。綦戩，宰婿也，海陵疑奏疏戩為之。辭曰：「實不知也。」海陵猶杖戩。召禁中諸司局官至鹹德門，諭以殺宰事。

Qi Zai, courtesy name Yanfu, was from the Jianghuai region. Late in Song he entered office through medicine. When the Jin army took Bian he was captured and later assigned to the Imperial Medical Service. He rose in succession to Grand Master of Palace Attendance and Imperial Medical Commissioner. Repeatedly rewarded by the throne, he burned to repay the favor. When Hailing prepared to attack Song, Zai wished to remonstrate but could not gain an audience. Then the primary consort fell ill and Zai was summoned to treat her. As soon as he was admitted to audience, he submitted a memorial of remonstrance. In essence it read: "At the founding of our dynasty, the ancestors took the realm by right against wrong; in less than ten years they overthrew Liao and crushed Song. Even then, though above stood the martial Wuyuan and civil Wenlie, heroic founders, and below stood Zonghan and Zongxiong, bold in counsel and battle, they still could not unite the realm and left Jianghuai and Bashu to Song. How much less can today's strategists and generals match those men. Moreover Song has committed no crime; to march against them is to march without just cause. On top of that come massive corvée levies: building the Central Capital, establishing the Southern Capital, repairing arms, mobilizing armies—taxes and labor crush the people and resentment fills the land. This is failure in human affairs. Recently a comet appeared in the Ox and Dipper, and Mars lay hidden in the Wings and Chariot. The ji year brings self-punishment; malignant qi gathers at Yangzhou; Venus has not yet risen—armies that advance will be defeated. This is Heaven out of season. River fleets are stranded as the waters fall and ships cannot keep pace; yet among rivers, lakes, and islets Song horsemen ride and shoot and cannot be driven away. This is terrain against us. His words were fierce and unsparing. Hailing was enraged and ordered him executed in the marketplace; his property was confiscated, and the realm mourned him. Qi Zhan, Zai's son-in-law, was suspected by Hailing of having drafted the memorial. He pleaded, "I truly knew nothing of it." Hailing had Zhan beaten with the staff anyway. He summoned bureau officials of the Inner Palace to Xiande Gate and announced Zai's execution.

明年，世宗即位於遼東。四年，詔贈資政大夫，複其田宅。章宗即位，詔訪其子忠勇校尉、平定州酒監公史，擢尚藥局都監。泰和初，詔定功臣諡，尚書省掾李秉鈞上言：「事有宜緩而急，若輕而重者，名教是也。伏見故贈資政大夫祁宰以忠言被誅，慕義之士，盡傷厥心。世宗即位，贈之以官，陛下錄用其子，甚大惠也。雖武王比干之墓，孔子譽夷、齊之仁，何以異此。而有司拘文，以職非三品不在議諡之例，臣竊疑之。若職至三品方得請諡，當時居高官、食厚祿者，不為無人，皆畏罪淟涊，曾不敢申一喙，畫一策，以為社稷計。卒使立名死節之士，顧出於醫卜之流，亦可以少愧矣。臣以謂非常之人，當以非常之禮待之。乞詔有司特賜諡以旌其忠，斯亦助名教之一端也。」制曰：「可。」下太常，諡曰忠毅。

The following year Shizong took the throne in Liaodong. In the fourth year an edict posthumously made him Grand Master of Governance and restored his fields and house. When Zhangzong took the throne, an edict sought out his son Gongshi, Loyal and Valiant Regiment Commander and wine inspector of Pingding, and promoted him to Director of the Imperial Pharmacy Bureau. Early in Taihe, when posthumous titles for meritorious ministers were fixed, Secretariat clerk Li Bingjun submitted: "Some matters should be urgent yet are delayed, light yet weighed heavy—such is the force of moral principle. I observe that the late Grand Master of Governance Qi Zai was executed for loyal counsel; every man who honors righteousness was wounded to the heart. When Shizong took the throne he was posthumously honored; Your Majesty employed his son—a great grace. King Wu restored Bi Gan's tomb; Confucius praised Bo Yi and Shu Qi—how is this any different? Yet the offices cling to the letter of the law, holding that because his rank was not third grade he falls outside the rule for posthumous titles—I find that doubtful. If posthumous titles require third-rank office, then in that day men of high rank and rich stipends were not lacking—yet all feared punishment and smeared themselves with flattery; not one dared speak or offer a single plan for the realm. In the end the man who won fame by dying for principle came from the ranks of physicians—enough, perhaps, to shame them a little. I hold that an extraordinary man deserves extraordinary honor. I beg that Your Majesty order the offices to grant a special posthumous title to honor his loyalty—this too would uphold moral principle." The rescript read: "Approved." The order went to the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, which granted the posthumous title Loyal and Resolute.

贊曰：異哉，海陵之為君也，舞智禦下而不恤焉。君子仕于朝，動必以禮，然後免於恥。張通古、耶律安禮位不及張浩，進退始終，其賢遠矣。浩無事不為，無役不從，為相最久，用之厚，遇之薄，豈亦自取之邪？海陵伐宋，浩、安禮位皆大臣，一以婉辭，一以密諫，賢於不諫而已。祁宰一醫流，獨能極諫，其後皆如所言。海陵戕之，足以成其百世之名耳。納合椿年援引善類，有君子風。其死適在宋兵未舉之前，然觀其好營產殖，亦未必忘身徇國之士也。祁宰卓乎不可及也夫！

The commentator says: How strange a ruler Hailing was—clever in managing those below him, yet indifferent to their welfare. When a gentleman serves at court, every act must follow ritual—only then can he avoid disgrace. Zhang Tonggu and Yelu Anli never rose as high as Zhang Hao, yet in how they advanced and withdrew they held to principle throughout—their worth was far greater. Hao took part in every affair and every task; he served as chief minister longer than any other, was used to the full yet rewarded thinly—was that not partly of his own choosing? When Hailing campaigned against Song, Hao and Anli were both great ministers—one remonstrated in guarded language, one in a secret memorial—no more than better than silence. Qi Zai was only a physician by profession, yet he alone remonstrated to the full; afterward everything unfolded as he had warned. Hailing put him to death—and in doing so secured his fame for a hundred generations. Na Hechunnian promoted men of talent and carried himself with the bearing of a gentleman. He died just before the Song armies marched, yet given his zeal for amassing property, he was hardly a man who would forget himself for the realm. As for Qi Zai—he stands alone, beyond comparison!

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