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卷十四 志第四 地理上

Volume 14 Treatises 4: Geography Part One

Chapter 14 of 晉書 · Book of Jin
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1
[1] 西 西 {} 西鹿西 西西 涿 西 西西 西 西 西 [2] 西
In the earliest age, before form coalesced from undivided simplicity, people already looked toward heaven as their sovereign; the old annals picture them wintering in earthen dens, summering in treetop huts, living on raw flesh and blood, long before cloth ever softened their lives. Then Suiren struck fire from wood, Fuxi rose in the east like thunder, wind and flame passed their line down to martial kings, and the royal house widened its base; we hear nothing yet of surveying fields into squares, but every step still aimed at the same single standard of rule. The Yellow Emperor pressed east to the sea and south along the great streams, climbed Kongsang and crossed Mount Tai, climbed Kunlun to tighten his reins and sought the Way on Kongshan; the fact is inked on bamboo that has soaked in human sweat, and it would be perverse to dismiss it as mere legend. Zhuanxu, the High Yang line, grounded his power in the land and the spirits; Emperor Ku shaped policy by heaven's pattern and the moral law. Their sway ran east past the curling forest, west across the shifting sands, north to the cold marches, south to the Red River delta—every place the sun and moon lit and every road a wheel could find lay inside the ring of royal subjects, and nothing beyond that ring counted as theirs. Under Emperor Yao, Yu drained the flood and settled the soil, and from that labor the Nine Provinces took their shape. Once Shun took office, his achievement only deepened: he sorted kinds of terrain, carved the realm into regions, traced ranges and rivers to fix true borders, split the northern Ji plain to name the Bing command, and gave Yan and Qi the new titles of You and Ying—exactly the twelve provinces and twelve sacred peaks the classics say he first ordained. The Xia built on the work of Yao of Tang; the Shang inherited that map and left its proportions unchanged. When King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang, he moved the seat of power from Feng to Hao. Under King Cheng the court rewrote the "Tribute of Yu" grid: Xu and Liang were folded into Qing and Yong, while the old Ji heartland was carved into new You and Bing sectors. The Bureau of Domains held the register of every soil under heaven, weighing what each tract could yield; The star-masters matched each of the Nine Provinces to its own stretch of sky, every region with its allotted constellation. The southeast quarter was Yangzhou, the south face Jingzhou, the ground south of the Yellow River Yuzhou, the east face Qingzhou, the ground east of the river Yanzhou, the west face Yongzhou, the northeast Youzhou, the inner bend of the river Jizhou, and the north face Bingzhou. The First Emperor, fresh from unifying the realm and determined not to repeat Warring States chaos, stripped the old enfeoffed nobles of power and carved the empire into thirty-six commanderies. 〈The gloss lists thirty-five outer commanderies—from Sanchuan and Hedong down the coast to Changsha—and counts them with the capital intendant's district to make the famous thirty-six.〉 He then sent armies south of the Yangtze, crushed the Yue peoples, and added Minzhong, Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang, bringing the whole system to forty commanderies, each overseen by a single appointed governor. The new realm ran west to the Tao River and north to the sands, while east and south it looped like a sash until every outer edge touched the sea. When the Han founder seized the mandate, he undid Qin's excesses, split the old inner intendant into three metropolitan circuits, and added twenty-three new commanderies and princely kingdoms, 〈namely Guiyang through Zhuo commandery, twenty-three units in all. The three inner districts were Heshang south of the bend, Weinan, and the central capital belt. The Han geography adds that Gaozu created twenty-six units and that Emperor Wu renamed the three inner belts Jingzhao, Fengyi, and Fufeng—the region later called the Three Adjuncts of Chang'an.〉 Emperor Wen of Han added nine more, 〈Guangping, Chengyang, Zichuan, Jinan, Jiaoxi, Jiaodong, Hejian, Lujiang, and Hengshan—the last of which Emperor Wu renamed Liu'an.〉 Emperor Jing added four more. 〈Jibei, Jiyin, Shanyang, and Beihai. Emperor Xuan renamed Jibei as Dongping.〉 Emperor Wu campaigned south against Yue and north against the steppe peoples, and his first expansion added seventeen commanderies, 〈nine southern coast commands from Nanhai to Dan'er, six carved from the southwest Yi heartland, Wudu on the western flank, and a split Lingling—seventeen new units in that push.〉 Further conquests widened the map by fourteen more commanderies. 〈Hongnong through Zhangye—the fourteen interior and frontier seats listed in the commentary.〉 Under the short reign of Emperor Zhao the court added only one more. 〈Jincheng commandery.〉 By the second year of Yuanshi under Emperor Ping, Han had founded seventy-one new units; added to Qin's forty, the roster stood at one hundred eleven. Yong became Liang, Liang became Yi, Xuzhou returned to the rolls, southern Jiaozhi and northern Shuofang were wired in, and the old Xia-style names were revived until the realm sat in thirteen inspectorates. 〈Eleven provinces from Liang to Ji plus two special zones, Jiaozhi and Shuofang, each with its own regional commissioner—thirteen departments in all.〉 When Guangwu laid down the sword, the realm was gaunt from war; eight redundant commanderies were folded away in the general retrenchment. 〈Chengyang, Zichuan, Gaomi, Jiaodong, Liu'an, Zhending, Sishui, and Guangyang were the eight struck from the map.〉 In the eleventh year of Jianwu the court abolished the provincial governorships, restored classic regional censors, and fixed their number at thirteen, one to each major province. Emperor Ming added one seat, 〈Yongchang in the far southwest.〉 Emperor Zhang added two commands, 〈Rencheng and Wu commandery.〉 Under Emperors He and Shun the map was redrawn nine times. 〈Emperor He revived Jibei and Guangyang; Emperor Shun renamed Huaiyang as Chen, the old Chu core as Pengcheng, Jidong as Dongping, Linhuai as Xiapi, Qiansheng as Liu'an, Xindu as Anping, and Tianshui as Hanyang.〉 Shuofang's inspectorate was folded into the capital superintendent's zone, leaving thirteen departments in the Eastern Han scheme, 〈Unlike Western Han, the metropolitan belt was administered from Henan, while Shuofang answered to the Bing inspector rather than standing alone.〉 The Eastern Han roster thus held one hundred eight commanderies and kingdoms. 〈Eight Western Han units were cut, five new ones split off, seven were simply renamed, ninety-six kept their old titles—three fewer than the old Han total.〉 Under Emperors Huan and Ling the court added six commanderies beyond the earlier baseline. 〈Emperor Huan created Gaoyang, Gaoliang, and Boling; Emperor Ling added Nan'an, Poyang, and Luling.〉 When Cao Cao seized the north the realm split three ways, the people were scattered like tablets on a flood, the old capitals lay in ruins, and he could found only twelve new commanderies, 〈from Xinxing down the Han river arc to Xiangyang, twelve seats in all.〉 Seven older commands were struck at the same time, 〈Shang, Shuofang, Wuyuan, Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Yuyang, and Lujiang were the seven removed.〉 Emperor Wen of Wei then added seven more, 〈Zhaoge, Yangping, the Ru-nan Yiyang, Weixing, Xincheng, the Huai-line Yiyang, and Anfeng.〉 Emperor Ming and the first boy emperor each added one commandery—two in all, 〈Mingdi restored Shangyong; the boy emperor added Pingyang.〉 Wei thus held fifty-four commanderies inherited from Han. Between the Jian'an years, Liu Bei in Shu-Han first carved out nine commanderies, 〈Badong, Baxi, Zitong, Jiangyang, Wenshan, Hanjia, Zhuti, Dangqu, and Fuling.〉 Liu Shan later added two more, 〈Yunnan and Xingu in the far south.〉 Shu ultimately held eleven Han-era commanderies. Sun Quan, Wu's Great Emperor, first founded five commanderies, 〈Linhe, Wuchang, Zhuya, Xin'an, and the southern annex of Luling.〉 Sun Liang and Sun Xiu each added four commanderies, 〈Sun Liang created Linchuan, Linhai, Hengyang, and Xiangdong; Sun Xiu added Tianmen, Jian'an, Jianping, and northern Hepu.〉 Sun Hao, the "Marquis Who Surrendered His Mandate," still ordered twelve more commanderies founded, 〈Shi'an, Shixing, Shaoling, Ancheng, Xinchang, Wuping, Jiude, Wuxing, Dongyang, Guilin, Yingyang, and Yidu.〉 Wu in the end controlled eighteen commanderies that had once belonged to Han.
2
西
In the first year of Taikang, after Jin Wudi crushed the Sun regime, the court created twenty-three new commanderies and kingdoms, 〈Twenty-three units from Yingyang on the Yellow River plain to Nanping on the southern rim.〉 The old metropolitan belt became Sizhou, Liang, Qin, Ning, and Ping were spun off as new provinces, Wu's Guangzhou was kept, and the empire was reorganized into nineteen provinces, 〈Si through Guang—the nineteen names that now girdled the reunited realm.〉 The commandery and kingdom count stood at one hundred seventy-three, 〈Twenty-five Wu foundations, eleven Shu additions, twenty-one Wei creations, ninety-three Han survivals, and twenty-three brand-new Jin seats.〉 Jin now wore the full cap-and-girdle dignity of the central states and held every tract the Yin and Zhou kings had once claimed. In the first mists of creation life spread in generous abundance; under Fuxi and Shennong the world grew plain and bright, and the people multiplied long before anyone quarreled over furrows on a map. Jade rings and blunt arrows, furs from forest peoples, embassies riding the seasonal winds, southern birds offered as tribute, eastern breezes tuning the pitch-pipes—all of it proclaimed a sovereign virtue so luminous that no corner of the map stayed beyond reach. Stars lace the sky while mountains and rivers score the earth; palace avenues pace out the capital's grandeur, the Xiao and Han passes mark where dynasties chose to sit—look up or down and every creature finds its place inside that frame. Everyone nods when you name the Luo shoals or Xianyang as the heart of Qin and Han, or liken Jin's hold on the western riverbank to the world Yao and Shun knew; every schoolchild can chant how the new capital sits where Haojing once stood—truths so worn smooth by memory that the official annals pass them by in silence.
3
涿鹿 谿 𡹮
Legend places Fuxi's birth at Chenji and his enthronement at Chen. Shennong ruled from Chen yet pitched a second court at Qufu. The Yellow Emperor was born on Shouqiu hill and built his capital at Zhuolu. Shaohao rose from Qiongsang and later shifted his seat to Qufu. Zhuanxu likewise started from Qiongsang before relocating his capital to Shangqiu. Gaoxin took the throne-name and founded his capital at Bo. Xunzi wrote, "Unless you climb a high peak you cannot grasp how high the sky hangs; unless you stand above a deep gorge you cannot feel how thick the earth runs beneath you." Vast is the earth's emblem in the Changes: every creature draws life from it; it shoulders Kunlun and Mount Hua without collapsing, and even when the Yellow River and the sea pour through it, the land does not burst. Kings read the tortoise cracks, raced chariots to the ends of the roads, squinted up at Minshan and carved boastful stelae, and treated terraced capitals as baubles. Then came years of flood and dearth, the royal Way slid downhill, Pingwang fled east and the realm shattered like stars and pods, the Caos seized the chariot-reins, and the land was carved into three rival stoves. Our martial founding emperor, Shizu, picked up the threads after a thousand years of sacrifice, stood in the moment of a mandate-shift worthy of Yao's age, and watched the old heartland—the mulberry-and-catalpa home of the kings—empty itself back into his hands; that much, at least, can be told aloud. When Emperor Hui fell to calamity the Central Plain was lost; after the Yongjia flight south the court set its capital at Jiankang by imperial decree, holding barely two shares of a realm once counted in ninths.
4
西 西 西 西
Long ago Yu the Great stood by the silty Yellow River and read the green script that mapped the world; inside the belt of the oceans every place can finally be named. Seven stellar mansions hang above, and seven terrestrial markers answer them below; The sky is hung on four cosmic stays, and the land is gouged by four mighty watercourses that carry the flood away. Beyond the encircling girdle that ropes in the known world lie the eight outermost reaches. The ground gives way to the southeast, while the empyrean gapes widest toward the northwest. From the eastern pole to the western spans two hundred thirty-one thousand three hundred li—and the same measure runs from south to north. The vault above measured half the span of the Eight Poles, and the same depth echoed below. Once the Yellow Emperor bade Shu Hai stride from sunrise to sunset; the tally came to five hundred nine thousand eight hundred eight measured paces. Court mathematicians reckoned heaven's circuit at 1,070,913 li and its diameter at 356,970 li. This is what is meant by naming north-south the warp and east-west the weft. Twelve lunar lodges score the sky—the highway of sun and moon; twelve earthly divisions underpin the map where lords and princes plant their altars of soil and grain. Some clans took names from ancestral seats, others earned fiefs for deeds done—and the old domains of Qi, You, Yan, and Qi all fall inside these bounds.
5
西 祿 祿 使 祿 使 使 使 使 使 使 宿宿 西宿
Long ago the Yellow Emperor quartered the realm, squared a domain ten thousand li on a side, and carved it into ten thousand hundred-li polities—the very epoch the Book of Changes extols when it says, "He who rises first above the throng brings every kingdom to rest." Under Yao the countries learned concord, and government knit tight: eight families made a street, three streets a cluster, three clusters a ward, five wards a market town, ten such towns a greater burgh, ten burghs a canton, and twelve cantons stitched one province. The Xia stretched east until the tide foamed at their feet, west to the shifting sands, south along the great rivers, until their transforming influence ran from pole to pole as far as Shu Hai had ever measured; none refused homage. At Mount Tu they gathered the lords, and ten thousand courts arrived with jade disks and silk. Within the Nine Provinces they layered five concentric belts of fealty. Around the capital ran five hundred li of royal fields: the inner ring sent whole stalks bundled, the next matured heads, the third straw and labor, the fourth threshed grain, the outermost polished rice for the palace kettle. Beyond that stretched another five hundred li of baronial land: the first hundred fed royal manors, the next two hundred supplied ministers of trust, the outer three hundred patrolled the marches. Next came five hundred li meant to "soothe": three hundred for schools and rites, two hundred bristling with spears that guarded the cordon. Outside the pacified belt lay five hundred li of "treaty" ground—three hundred li of loosely ruled bordermen, two hundred more under banishment law. The rim was five hundred li of wilderness—three hundred left to rough hill tribes, two hundred reserved for the river of banishment. The pattern ran to the four seas, the five girdles locked in place, a full five thousand li from throne to tide-line. Halfway through their age the Xia lost heart, and the realm reeled beneath Youqiong's revolt. Shaokang rallied the line and never surrendered the ancestral cauldrons. From Kong Jia to tyrant Jie the lords devoured one another until barely three thousand states remained—seven in ten had vanished since the great conference at Mount Tu. Cheng Tang broke Jie at Jiao and carried the tripods to Bo; ministers like Yi Yin and Zhong Hui lit clear lamps of law and precedent. Royal custom fixed five noble ranks—from duke down to baron—each with its stipend. The king measured a thousand li square; dukes and marquises a hundred, earls seventy, viscounts and barons a bare fifty on a side. Polities shy of fifty li could not seek audience alone; they hung on greater lords as client domains. Within the four seas lay nine provinces, each a thousand-li square on the chart. Each province raised thirty great hundred-li realms, sixty middling seventy-li counties, and a hundred twenty small fifty-li cells—two hundred ten banners in all. Crown peaks and imperial bogs never left the king's ledger; leftover patches became vassal pockets and buffer strips. Eight of the nine provinces repeated that pattern—two hundred ten states apiece. Inside the royal demesne itself stood nine hundred-li seats, twenty-one seventy-li manors, and sixty-three fifty-li plots—ninety-three realms devoted to the throne. Sacred heights and royal marshes were never fiefed away; the scraps paid stipendiary officials and plugged holes between grants. Across the Nine Provinces the tallies listed one thousand seven hundred seventy-three states. The count omits the king's senior householders and the petty clients of great barons. The inner hundred li fed the bureaucracy, the thousand li stocked palace service, and beyond that the king set regional elders to rule in his stead. Five states formed a dependency cluster led by a chief. Ten states formed a league placed under a captain. Thirty states formed a corps overseen by a senior marshal. Two hundred ten states formed a province ruled by a regional elder. Eight provinces meant eight great lords, fifty-six marshals, one hundred sixty-eight captains, and three hundred thirty-six village heads. Each provincial lord knelt to one of the king's two senior regents, splitting the world into eastern and western halves—the Two Chiefs of high Zhou. Inside the thousand-li cordon lay the royal hearths; outside stretched ministerial estates and the flowing lands of exile. The king posted three-man inspectorates in every regional capital to eye the barons for him. Domains hugging the throne were stipendiary grants to great lords. Those farther out settled into noble lines handed down through inheritance. King Wu withdrew to Feng, studied Xia and Shang, fixed five noble rows, and sorted fief size into three steps. He planted more than fifty Zhou princes across the map—the Duke of Zhou at Lu, Kang Shu at Wei—each commanding several hundred li. Tai Gong took Qi as his shield against the eastern tide. Eighteen hundred realms checkered the five-thousand-li heartland. Lines sprung from Taihao and the Yellow Emperor, marquises who remembered Yao and Shun, still clung to titles in that new Zhou dawn. The Minister of Education carved dukes five hundred li square but let them tax only half the soil; marquises held four hundred li yet drew a third to their kitchens; earls kept three hundred li with the same third rule; viscounts two hundred li but spent only a quarter; barons a bare hundred li yet owned a quarter of the yield. Permanent fields granted a household a hundred mu, once-fallow soil two hundred, and thrice-tired ground three hundred so the tax base stayed even. Five families swore mutual bail; five such rings a lane that housed the homeless; four lanes a clan burying its dead together; five clans a company that rushed to fires and raids; five companies a canton pooling famine grain; five cantons a countryside whose elders still bowed in guest-rite. The junior steward stacked squads: five men a file, five files a pair, four pairs a company, five companies a battalion, five battalions a host, five hosts the full army. Those ladders raised campaigns, drafted ditch gangs, mustered night watchmen, and split the grain and corvée rolls. Surveyors laid the well-net: nine farmers to a well, four wells a hamlet, four hamlets a hill-girdle, four hill-girdles a parcel, four parcels a county, four counties a great city. Wayfarers found a lodge every ten li with water and a warm bowl. Every thirty li brought a full station, roadside cells, and stacked grain. Every fifty li markets bustled with guard posts, guest halls, and piled stores. Rural marshals wove five homes into a lane, five lanes a hamlet, four hamlets a township, five townships a patch, five patches a county, five counties a sui belt. The war minister read the nine belts girding Wangcheng and from them spun every lord's marching orders. The capital sat in a thousand-li square; then nine half-thousand-li rings unrolled—baronial fields, royal estates, male fiefs, salary lands, guard strips, southern wilds, eastern wilds, garrison marches, and a final curtain of outer vassals. 〈The marginal note explains that ji denotes the border of taxable fields. It adds that from the royal walls each quarter runs five thousand li, ringed by nine stepped partitions.〉 That age ripened into the Great Peace, the racks stood empty, and the census inked 13,714,933 names—a Zhou summer at flood tide. When it rotted, drums and odes marched under barons' banners, strong states swallowed weak neighbors, and packs harried the lone. Early Spring and Autumn still counted twelve hundred flags; by the day Confucius penned the unicorn's close—two hundred forty-two bloodied years—thirty-six kings had been knifed, fifty-two realms snuffed, and numberless lords fled ruined shrines, though the classic and its gloss remember only one hundred seventy names. One hundred thirty-nine of them still have identifiable capitals on the map. 〈Among them stand classic Zhou seats—Lu, Zhu, Zheng, Song, Qi, Jin, Chu, Wu, Yue, Qin—and scores of lesser capitals whose spellings still align when cross-checked against Han epitaphs and Spring and Autumn glosses.〉 Thirty-one others vanished so completely that their very sites are forgotten. 〈Names like Zhai, Jiao, and Qiongsang survive only as ghosts in the footnotes.〉 Southern, eastern, western, and northern tribes were never part of that roll. Five overlords rose in turn to chair the league altars and stamp clan oaths. The slide ran on into the Warring States, and seven crowned powers shouldered the world— 〈Han, Wei, Zhao, Yan, Qi, Qin, and Chu.〉 Song, Wei, and Zhongshan still hung by a thread, while the breakaway triplets of Jin stole the mandate yet whimpered that they ruled as orphaned heirs.
6
The Military Canons of Sima recount the Three Ages: six feet to the pace, a hundred paces to the survey mu, a hundred mu to a husband's share, three husbands to a cluster, three clusters to the sacred well of nine farms. Each well squared a li, carved nine strips, and yoked eight families to its central lord's strip. Each couple drew a hundred private mu and ten for the common furrow—880 mu under tillage and twenty for roofs; neighbors pledged friendship at every gate, stood night watch together, and nursed fevers shoulder to shoulder. Farmers drew graded plots—one hundred mu on rich soil, two hundred on middling, three hundred on lean—rotating with the seasons as the law nudged them along. Extra grown sons counted as surplus tillers and earned more acreage by the same mouth tally. Gentry, craftsmen, and merchants held land too, yet five of their mouths paid as one plowman's share. Two ledgers ran: "tax" skimmed the lord's tenth and the townsmen who trafficked scales and marshes; "levy" horseshoed chariots, buckled armor, and dragooned footmen. A man took land at twenty and surrendered it at sixty. Every field blended five grains so famine could not kill the harvest whole. Grain land stayed shadeless—no orchard stealing sunlight from the staples. Mulberries hugged each roof, kitchen gardens squared their rows, melons straggled along the headlands, and every yard timed its fowl and hogs to the turning moons. Each lane kept a school where royal lessons shone, each district a hall where elders rehearsed ceremony. The war statutes called up six hosts, threading regiment on regiment straight from the well-field grid. The statute squared the soil into one-li well-fields, stacked ten wells into a tong, ten tong into a cheng block ten li on a side. Ten cheng units formed a zhong, ten zhong a tong, and each tong measured a hundred li square. Ten tong made a feng barony, ten feng made the royal ji belt, and the ji itself stretched a thousand li on a side. Four wells formed a hamlet, four hamlets a mound-unit of sixteen wells, stocked with one cavalry mount and three oxen. Four mound-units made a dian of sixty-four wells, enough for four mounts, one war chariot, twelve oxen, three armored guards, and seventy-two footmen. That was the reckoning behind each chariot levy. A hundred-li tong claimed ten thousand nominal wells; after carving out hills, rivers, towns, and roads, six thousand four hundred wells paid the corvée, yielding four hundred horses and a hundred chariots—the great ministerial estate called a "hundred-chariot" house. A feng of 366 li wrapped a hundred thousand wells on paper, sixty-four thousand of them taxable, supporting four thousand horses and a thousand chariots—the scale of a great feudal lord, a true "thousand-chariot" kingdom. The royal thousand-li core listed a million wells, taxed six hundred forty thousand of them, and could field forty thousand horses, ten thousand chariot teams, and seven hundred twenty thousand troops—why the king is styled lord of "ten thousand chariots."
7
西西西 使 西 [3] [4] [5] 滿
Once the First Emperor owned the realm he studied why Zhou fell: wandering scholars had stirred debate, barons had raised arms, border peoples had pressed in, and weakness invited seizure—so he abolished the five noble grades altogether. The Han founders, smarting from Qin's lonely collapse, sliced the map anew, kept only two noble ranks, and enfeoffed a hundred-odd marquisates for their generals and ministers. The people were still scarred by Qin and Xiang Yu, so even great marquises counted fewer than ten thousand families and small ones only five or six hundred—yet the throne showered honors on imperial kinsmen and flung open nine huge kingdoms. Antiquity parceled land, not subjects; now great fiefs swallowed whole provinces while small ones still held ten walled towns, ranked by headcount instead of true distance—"sharing out the people" really began under Han. From Yanmen east to the Liaoyang coast became the Yan and Dai bloc. South of Changshan the Taihang swung east, the realm crossed the Yellow River and the Ji River, and the land ran down to the sea as Qi and Zhao. Where the Gu and Si rivers drain, taking in Mount Gui and Mount Meng, lay Liang and Chu. The belt of great rivers and lakes eastward to Kuaiji formed Jing and Wu. North along the Huai, sweeping Mount Lu and Mount Heng, sat Huainan. South of the Han, strung along the Nine Doubts peaks, was Changsha. The kingdoms shared borders, wrapped the inner realm on three sides, and pressed outward against the Hu and Yue frontiers. The throne kept the Three Rivers belt, Dong, Yingchuan, and Nanyang, the arc from Jiangling west into Ba and Shu, the northern rim to Yunzhong, the western rim to Longxi, plus the inner capital districts—fifteen commanderies in all. Emperor Wen followed Jia Yi's advice to split Qi and Zhao; Emperor Jing used Chao Cuo's scheme to shave away Wu and Chu. Emperor Wu adopted Zhufu's memorial and promulgated the "extending grace" edict so kings could parcel towns among sons—no overt demotions were needed, yet every great kingdom quietly fell apart. After that Qi shattered into seven fragments, Zhao into six, Liang into five, and Huainan into three. Newly enfeoffed princes held at best a dozen towns, and storied names like Changsha, Yan, and Dai no longer guarded the old northern and southern marches. From the Wen-Jing recovery to the second year of Yuansheng under Emperor Ping, the census recorded 12,233,062 households and 59,594,978 persons on a domain stretching 9,302 li east-west and 13,368 li north-south. Roughly every ten li stood a waystation with its headman. Ten stations made a township with three elders, a salaried overseer, and a roving constable. A county normally squared a hundred li, shrinking where crowded and swelling where empty, with townships and stations adjusted the same way. All of this followed Qin blueprints. Guangwu's revival kept Han's old ceilings; only Prince Qiang of Donghai, for yielding his claim with grace, won a super-fief that swallowed twenty-nine Lu counties, while other royal favors rarely exceeded a single commandery. By Yongshou 3 under Emperor Huan the registers showed 10,677,960 households and 56,486,856 people[3]—another surge in the population rolls. In the first year of Jian'an Emperor Xian named Cao Cao General Who Pacifies the East and made him Marquis of Feiting Precinct. In Huangchu 3 Cao Pi decreed that a king's younger sons became township dukes, an heir-apparent king's younger sons precinct marquises,[4] and younger sons of dukes and marquises precinct earls. In his first Zhangwu year Liu Bei also enfeoffed princes across commanderies, sometimes borrowing glamorous old names without regard to what the soil actually yielded. Shu at that count held two hundred thousand households and nine hundred thousand souls. In Chiwu 5 Sun Quan likewise raided the old Central Plain style of noble titles for his princes. Wu then counted 523,000 households and 2,400,000 people. When Sima Zhao held the title Prince of Jin he had Pei Xiu draft the revived five noble ranks; only Commandery Duke Fu of Anping kept a ten-thousand-household seat on the old Wei royal scale. Other county dukes drew 1,800 households across seventy-five li square; Marquises of great kingdoms held 1,600 households over seventy li square; Marquises of secondary kingdoms had 1,400 households and sixty-five li square; Great-kingdom earls drew 1,200 households across sixty li; Lesser-kingdom earls had a thousand households over fifty-five li; Great-kingdom viscounts received eight hundred households in fifty li square; Secondary viscounts held six hundred households over forty-five li; Baronial seats stopped at four hundred households on forty li square. [5] In the first year of Taishi Emperor Wu made each prince's domain a full commandery-sized kingdom. Twenty thousand households marked a great kingdom with upper, middle, and lower armies totaling five thousand troops; Ten thousand households made a second-rank kingdom with upper and lower hosts of three thousand soldiers; Five thousand households defined a small fief with a single army of fifteen hundred. Princes were kept in the capital and never took up residence in their nominal kingdoms. When the five-grade scheme was dropped, dukes and marquises above ten thousand households ranked as great fiefs, those above five thousand as middling, and the rest as small. After Wu fell in the first Taikang year the census added 2,459,840 households and 16,163,863 mouths to the Jin totals. Southern principalities had kept a third of their rent for the throne, but after Yuandi crossed the Yangzi the court in Taixing 1 cut the royal share to one-ninth.
8
西 [6] [7]
We now treat the ground classed as Yuzhou in the "Tribute of Yu." Under Emperor Wu the Metropolitan Superintendent first appeared, overseeing the Three Adjuncts and Three Rivers commands. Its span took Jingzhao, Fengyi, and Fufeng from Yongzhou in the west, Hedong and Henei from Ji in the north, and Hongnong and Henan from Yu in the east—seven commanderies in all. The post outranked provincial governors,[6] bearing a silver seal on green ribbon. When Guangwu moved the capital to Luoyang the metropolitan belt matched Western Han's layout. Wei took the Han palaces at Luoyang, folded Henan, Hedong, Henei, Hongnong, and Pingyang from Ji into one metropolitan zone, and renamed it Sizhou. Jin stayed in Wei's Luoyang, sent the Three Adjuncts back to Yongzhou, peeled Yingyang from Henan and Shangluo from Jingzhao, replaced Dong with Dunqiu, and locked in the name Sizhou under the metropolitan commandant. Sizhou ruled twelve commanderies and a hundred counties with 475,700 registered households. [7] This marks editorial footnote seven in the source apparatus.
9
Henan commandery 〈First set up under Han. It governed twelve counties and 111,400 households. Its capital seat held a metropolitan yin governor.〉
10
西 西西 西
Luoyang 〈The county had a captain of police. The city was divided into five wards and three market wards. Its wall ran seven li east-west and nine li north-south. East wall opened Jianchun, Dongyang, and Qingming; the south four gates including Kaiyang; the west Guangyang, Ximing, and Changhe; the north Daxia and Guangmo. The metropolitan commandant, the Henan governor, and the full bureaucracy sat inside those walls.〉 Henan county 〈The Eastern Zhou royal city at Jia-Ru.〉 Gong county 〈King Xiao enfeoffed Duke Hui of Zhou at Gong as "Eastern Zhou," which is why Warring States texts speak of eastern and western Zhou polities. Mount Mang and Shouyang marked its frontier.〉 The entries Heyin and Xin'an lay along this stretch. 〈The seat of Hangu Pass.〉 Chenggao county 〈Held the barrier known in Zheng times as Wulao.〉 Goushi county 〈Contained the Liu settlement, seat of the Zhou minister styled Liu Zi. It also held Yanshou town and the shrine to the immortals.〉 Yangcheng county 〈The Eban defile guarded its border. Surveyors treated this town as the geodetic middle: at midsummer the noon shadow measured one foot five inches. Yangcheng and Ji ranges loomed there, and Xu You's grave lay on the slope.〉 Xincheng county 〈Yanshou Pass blocked its road. It was once the realm of the Rong chieftain called Manzi.〉 Luhun county 〈The old Manzi polity that King Zhuang of Chu campaigned against at Luhun.〉 Liang county 〈Warring States texts call it "Southern Liang" to distinguish it from Lesser Liang in the west.〉 Yangdi county
11
Yingyang commandery 〈Created in the second year of Taishi. The commandery comprised eight counties with thirty-four thousand registered households.〉
12
[8]
Yingyang County. 〈Locally it was called Ao, the site of Qin's great Ao Granary.〉 Jing County. 〈Here Prince Duan, Duke Zhuang of Zheng's younger brother, had his seat.〉 Mi County. 〈Once lay inside the Zhou king's inner demesne.〉 Juan County. 〈It includes Bolangsha, the sandbank where Zhang Liang's retainers hurled their iron hammer at the Qin emperor's carriage. [8]〉 Yangwu, Yuanling, and Zhongmou counties. 〈During the Warring States era Zhao's Marquis Xian ruled from here.〉 Kaifeng County. 〈The Song state's Peng Pool lies to the northeast, also known as the Peng Marsh.〉
13
Hongnong commandery. 〈Founded under Han rule. It administered six counties with fourteen thousand households on the books.〉
14
西
Hongnong County. 〈This was the old Hangu barrier gate. Emperor Wu of Han shifted the pass complex into Xin'an County.〉 Hu County. 〈The sound stayed Hu on the tongue, but Emperor Wu of Han swapped the logographs so the rolls now read the word for 'lake' instead of the older form.〉 Shan County. 〈Ancient Guo; when Zhou split the realm east and west of Shan, two chief ministers each held one side.〉 Yiyang, Mianchi, and Huayin counties. 〈The sacred Hua range rises just south of the county seat.〉
15
[9]
The Shangluo commandery. 〈Created in the second year of Taishi by carving out the southern half of Jingzhao. [9] The new unit held three counties and roughly seventeen thousand households.〉
16
西
Shangluo County. 〈The Yao barrier stands northwest of the county seat.〉 Shang County. 〈The estate granted to Shang Yang of Wei while he served as Qin's chief minister.〉 Lushi County. 〈The Bear-Ear range lies to the east, where the Yi River rises.〉
17
Pingyang commandery. 〈Formerly part of Hedong until Wei carved it off as a separate commandery. It ruled twelve counties with forty-two thousand households.〉
18
西
Pingyang County. 〈Ancient capital of Emperor Yao. Seat of a marquisate.〉 Yang County. 〈Once the fief of the Marquis of Yang.〉 Duanshi County. 〈After Han, Wei, and Zhao were recognized as full states, they assigned Duanshi as the Jin ruler's residual domain.〉 Yong'an County. 〈The old polity of the Huo earls. Mount Huo rises to the east.〉 Puzi, Huzhe, and Xiangling counties. 〈County seat also served as chancellor of the adjoining ducal fief.〉 Jiangyi County. 〈Marquis Wu of Jin transferred his court here from Quwo.〉 Huòzé County. 〈Mount Xicheng looms to the southwest.〉 Linfen County. 〈Here too the county magistrate doubled as chancellor of the ducal domain.〉 Northern Qu County. 〈The Hukou gorge mountains lie to the southeast. Because another Qu lay to the south, this one took the label Northern Qu.〉 Pishi County. 〈Territory of the old Geng polity〉
19
Hedong commandery. 〈First organized under Qin. It comprised nine counties with forty-two thousand five hundred households.〉
20
[10] 西 西
Anyi County. 〈Tradition places Shun's capital here.〉 Wenxi County. 〈Originally called Quwo. Marquis Wu of Jin relocated his seat here from Jinyang.〉 Yuan County. 〈Mount Wangwu stands to the northeast, source of the Yan River.〉 Fenyang County. 〈The county hosted the chancellor of the paired ducal state. [10]〉 Dayang County. 〈The Wu range lies to the west. King Wu of Zhou granted this ground to the line of Taibo, elder uncle of the Zhou house.〉 Yishi County. 〈Site of the old walled town linked to the merchant Yidun.〉 Xie County. 〈The famous salt lakes lie here.〉 Puban County. 〈It holds Li Mountain, said field where Shun farmed as a commoner. Thunder-Head Ridge faces the sun here, where Boyi and Shuqi withdrew—the range later called Shouyang.〉 Hebei County.
21
Ji commandery. 〈Created in Western Jin the second year of Taishi. It oversaw six counties with thirty-seven thousand households.〉
22
Ji County. 〈Contains the Bronze Gate pass.〉 Zhaoge County. 〈Capital of the tyrant Zhou, last king of Shang.〉 Gong County. 〈An old independent polity. The northern hills are where the Qi River rises.〉 Linyu and Huojia counties. 〈Originally Xinzhong township in Ji. Emperor Wu of Han renamed it after capturing rebel leader Lü Jia's head while marching through.〉 Xiuwu County. 〈Jin first registered this tract as Nanyang before Qin rule rechristened it Xiuwu.〉
23
Henei commandery. 〈First organized under Han. It held nine counties with fifty-two thousand registered households.〉
24
西 忿
Yewang County. 〈The Taihang massif rises to the northwest.〉 Zhou County. 〈Once a town of the state of Jin.〉 Huai and Pinggao counties. 〈The lord of Xing relocated his seat here from Xiangguo.〉 Heyang, Qinshui, and Zhi counties. 〈The Zhou heartland's old Yuan township.〉 Shanyang and Wen counties. 〈An ancient polity granted to Su Fensheng as lord.〉
25
Guangping commandery. 〈Wei founded the commandery. Fifteen counties and thirty-five thousand two hundred households fell under it.〉
26
Guangping and Handan counties. 〈Qin first elevated the district to commandery rank〉 Yiyang, Wu'an, She, and Xiangguo counties. 〈Once the chief seat of the marquisate of Xing.〉 Nanhe, Ren, Quliang, Liren, Feixiang, Linshui, and Guangnian counties. 〈The county seat hosted the marquisate's chancellor.〉 Chizhang and Ping'en counties.
27
Yangping commandery. 〈Wei carved out the commandery. It registered seven counties and fifty-one thousand households.〉
28
[11]
Yuancheng County. 〈Birthplace of Grand Empress Wang Zhengjun of Han.〉 Guantao, Qingquan [11], Fagan, Dongwuyang, Yangping, and Leping counties.
29
Wei commandery. 〈Founded in Han times. Eight counties counted forty thousand seven hundred households.〉
30
西
Ye County. 〈Cao Cao took his princely fief and kept his seat here.〉 Changle, Wei, Chiqiu, Anyang, Dangyin, and Neihuang counties. 〈The covenant ground of Huangchi lies to the west.〉 Liyang County. 〈Territory of the old Li marquisate.〉
31
Dunqiu commandery. 〈Founded in Western Jin the second year of Taishi. Four counties mustered six thousand three hundred households.〉
32
Dunqiu, Fanyang, Yin'an, and Wei counties.
33
[12]
After the Yongjia debacle the heartland Sizhou fell to Liu Cong's armies. Liu Cong rebranded Luoyang as Jingzhou on his maps, while Shi Le later restored the Sizhou label once he held the city. Shi Hu carved Henan, Hedong, Hongnong, and Yingyang away from Sizhou, added Chenliu and Dongyan from Yanzhou, and pieced them into a new Luozhou. After Yuan of Jin crossed the Yangzi the court likewise set up a so-called Sizhou on Xu soil, far from its true ground in the north. Refugees from Hongnong who huddled at Xunyang were later registered into a migrant Hongnong commandery. Hedong exiles who followed the southward trek were grouped at Shangming along the old Chanling border in Wuling, where the throne drew a paper Hedong commandery over Anyi, Wenxi, Yong'an, Linfen, Hongnong, Qiao, Songzi, and Daqi counties. [12] All eight existed only as exiled names patched onto southern soil. In Yonghe five Huan Wen marched into Luoyang and revived Henan commandery under the eastern Sizhou.
34
[13]
The belt between the Ji River and the Yellow River that the Tribute of Yu maps was one of the twelve pastorates Shun ordained. The Rites of Zhou reads: 'East of the Yellow River bears the name Yanzhou.' The apocryphal Yuanming Bao adds: 'The five planets fell as rays and fixed the name Yanzhou. The gloss runs 'Yan means being straight as an edge' [13] and steadfast in trust.' Another line in the same text claims the name came from the Yan River. When Emperor Wu of Han carved thirteen inspectorates he kept the classical label for Yanzhou, and later regimes left it untouched. The province wrapped eight princedoms and commanderies, fifty-six counties, and eighty-three thousand three hundred households.
35
[14]
The Chenliu kingdom. 〈Founded in Han. It listed ten counties and thirty thousand hearths. Cao Cao invested the territory as his own princely fief. [14]〉
36
Xiaohuang and Junyi counties. 〈The Hong Canal runs here, where Liu Bang and Xiang Yu once drew their line for splitting the realm.〉 Fengqiu and Suanzao counties. 〈Cao Cao's raid on Yuan Shao's grain depots at Wuchao unfolded southeast of here.〉 Jiyang and Changyuan counties. 〈The old Kuang fort where Confucius was cornered between Chen and Cai.〉 Yongqiu County. 〈Heartland of the Ji polity whose lords bore the Si surname.〉 Weishi, Xiangyi, and Waihuang counties.
37
The Puyang kingdom. 〈It was sliced out of Eastern Commandery when Jin first reworked the map. Four counties and twenty-one thousand households lay inside it.〉
38
Puyang County. 〈Seat of the mythic Kunwu polity. Court musician Shi Yan composed wanton airs for King Zhou, then drowned himself in this same stream when the dynasty collapsed. The county seat also doubled as the duchy's chancellor.〉 Linqiu County. 〈Its magistrate held the adjoining duchy's chancellorship. Ram-Horn fort caps the ridgeline here.〉 Baima County. 〈The old Huzi spillway embankment crosses the county.〉 Juancheng County. 〈Juancheng likewise hosted the duchy's chief minister.〉
39
[15]
Jiyin commandery [15], with the heading carrying scholion marker fifteen. 〈Dated to Han administration. Nine counties barely mustered seven thousand six hundred households.〉
40
[16] 西
Dingtao County. 〈Liu Bang made Peng Yue king of Liang with his capital fixed here.〉 Shengshi County. 〈Once a marquis's private realm.〉 Juyang, Lihu, Wanqu [16], Jishi, and Chengwu counties. 〈Preserves the Chu Mound watch post of old Qi.〉 Shanfu County. 〈Another old marquisate.〉 Chengyang County. 〈The lake wherein Shun plied his nets, with Emperor Yao's mound looming to the west.〉
41
The Gaoping kingdom. 〈Formerly sat inside the Liang princedom until early Jin peeled it off from Shanyang. Seven counties held only three thousand eight hundred households on the rolls.〉
42
[17]
Changyi County. 〈The county hosted the marquisate chancellor. The Jiafu watch post stands here.〉 Juye County. 〈The classic hunt where Confucius saw the unicorn took place here.〉 Fangyu, Jinxiang, Hulu [17], and Gaoping counties. 〈Seat of a marquisate.〉 Southern Pingyang County. 〈Another marquisal seat. A Qi Pavilion marker survives on the map.〉
43
The Rencheng kingdom. 〈Founded under Han. Three counties counted seventeen hundred households.〉
44
Rencheng County. 〈The old polity of Ren.〉 Kangfu and Fan counties.
45
The Dongping kingdom. 〈Dated to Han. Seven counties mustered six thousand four hundred households.〉
46
Xuchang and Shouzhang counties. 〈Chiyou's cult hall still receives offerings here.〉 Fan, Wuyan, Fucheng, Dongpinglu, and Gangping counties.
47
The Jibei kingdom. 〈Organized in Han. Five counties held thirty-five hundred households.〉
48
西 [18]
Lu County. 〈Tradition marks this as Bian Que's birthplace. Stone Gate gorge opens west of the seat.〉 Linyi, Dong'e, and Gucheng counties. 〈Contains the Wuxia cluster. [18]〉 Sheqiu County. 〈The Xiaguan post lies within the border.〉
49
Taishan commandery. 〈Han first drew the circuit. Eleven counties and nine thousand three hundred households fell under it.〉
50
西 [19] [20]
Fenggao County. 〈The Mingtang ritual hall stood to the southwest.〉 Bo County. 〈Tortoise Hill rises inside the border.〉 Ying, Nancheng [19], and Liangfu counties. 〈A marquisal domain. The Tuqiu hamlet where Confucius once planned retirement lies here.〉 Shanci County. 〈Mount Chi looms to the northeast.〉 Xintai County. 〈Formerly recorded under the Pingyang label.〉 Nanwuyang County. 〈Walls of the Zhuanyu polity still show on the ground.〉 Laiwu County. 〈Mount Yuan caps the skyline here.〉 Mou County [20]. 〈Heartland of the old Mou kingdom.〉 Juping County. 〈The Yangguan watch post survives on the heights.〉
51
Under Emperor Hui's closing years the entire Yanzhou circuit collapsed into Shi Le's hands. Shi Hu later renamed Chenliu to Jianchang and folded it under Luozhou. Survivors forded the Yangzi, and Yuan of Jin papered a migrant Yanzhou onto Jingkou. Emperor Ming appointed Xi Jian as regional inspector with a seat at Guangling, attaching Puyang, Jiyin, Gaoping, Taishan, and more nominal commanderies to him. The office was rebranded South Yanzhou and drifted between Jiangnan, Xuyi, and Shanyang as the front moved. Eventually real soil was assigned and the seat settled at Guangling, opposite Jingkou on the far shore. Xiankang four saw a new Chenliu commandery planted along the northern Qiao frontier. Emperor An carved five Guangling bayside counties into a Shanyang commandery still listed under South Yanzhou.
52
西
The Tribute of Yu maps this belt between the Jing range and the Yellow River. The Rites of Zhou names the tract south of the river Yuzhou.' Yu' implies ease, because the land drinks in balanced vapors and its temper stays unruffled. The Yuanming Bao pairs the Gou-Qian asterisms with Yuzhou.' Its compass ran from Mount Hua westward to the Huai eastward, from the Ji northward to Mount Jing southward. Qin's first map folded the region into Sanchuan, Hedong, Nanyang, Yingchuan, Dang, Sishui, and Xue commanderies. Han retitled Sanchuan Henan, Emperor Wu's thirteen circuits kept the Yuzhou label, while Henan and Hedong answered to Sili and Nanyang slid under Jingzhou. Earlier rounds had renamed Sishui to Pei, Dang to Liang, Xue to Lu, spun Runan from Liang and Pei, and Huaiyang from Yingchuan. Eastern Han's Emperor Zhang rechristened Huaiyang Chen. Cao Cao carved Qiao from Pei, and Cao Pi raised Yiyang from Runan. Once Sima Yan took the throne he added Xiangcheng from Yingchuan, Ruoyin from Runan, and folded Chen into Liang. The province oversaw ten jurisdictions, eighty-five counties, and 116,796 households.
53
Yingchuan commandery. 〈First laid out under Qin. Nine counties reported twenty-eight thousand three hundred households.〉
54
Xuchang County. 〈The last Han emperor kept court at Xu. After Wei yielded the mandate to Cao Pi the capital shifted to Luoyang, but the Xu halls and arsenals stayed in use under the new name Xuchang.〉 Changshe, Yingyin, and Linying counties. 〈The county doubled as a duchy's chancellery.〉 Yan and Shaoling counties. 〈Shaoling likewise hosted a ducal chancellor.〉 Yanling County. 〈Yanling carried the same ducal staff line.〉 Xinji and Changping counties.
55
Runan commandery. 〈Han-era foundation. Fifteen counties mustered twenty-one thousand five hundred households.〉
56
Xiangcheng commandery. 〈Created in Western Jin the second year of Taishi. Seven counties held eighteen thousand households.〉
57
西
Xiangcheng County. 〈Seat of the marquisate chancellor. The western Buleng fortress still crowns a ridge here.〉 Fanchang County. 〈Cao Pi accepted Han's abdication on this ground.〉 Jia and Dingling counties. 〈The county hosted the marquisate chancellor.〉 Fucheng County. 〈Fucheng likewise held the marquisal staff.〉 Kunyang County. 〈Seat of the adjoining duchy's chancellor.〉 Wuyang County. 〈Xuandi of Han first drew his fief from this town.〉
58
Ruoyin commandery. 〈Wei had founded it, dropped it, then Western Jin restored it in the second year of Taishi. Eight counties counted eighty-five hundred households.〉
59
鹿
Ruoyin County. 〈The old Hu viscounty on the Huai marches.〉 Shen County. 〈Once a Chu border town.〉 Yuanlu, Gushi, Tongyang, Xincai, and Song counties. 〈Song county hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Baoxin County.
60
The Liang kingdom. 〈Han-era foundation. Twelve counties and thirteen thousand households fell under it.〉
61
[21]
Suiyang County. 〈Spring and Autumn Song kept court here.〉 Meng, Yu, and Xiayi counties. 〈Dangshan rises here, famous for veined building stone.〉 Ningling County. 〈Domain of the Ge lord in antiquity.〉 Gushu, Chen, Xiang, Changping [21], Yangxia, Wuping, and Ku counties. 〈Eastward stands the Lai hamlet temple marking Laozi's birthplace.〉
62
The Pei kingdom. 〈Han first drew the circuit. Nine counties held five thousand ninety-six households.〉
63
[22]
Xiang and Pei counties. 〈The hamlet where Liu Bang began his uprising.〉 Feng, Zhuyi [22], Fuli, Zhujiu, the Xiao county on the Xiao River, Hong, and the Xiao seat farther east.
64
Qiao commandery. 〈Wei carved it from Pei. Seven counties mustered barely one thousand households.〉
65
Qiao, Chengfu, Zuo, Shansang, Longkang, Qi, and Zhi counties.
66
Lu commandery. 〈Han foundation. Seven counties counted thirty-five hundred households.〉
67
[23]
Lu County. 〈The Qufu basin where the Duke of Zhou's son Boqin ruled Lu.〉 Wenyang, Bian, and Zou counties. 〈Sacred Mount Yi stands inside the border.〉 Fan County. 〈The old Lesser Zhu polity. [23] Endnote twenty-three seals the Fan county entry before〉.〉 Xue County. 〈Xi Zhong of legend first received his charter here.〉 Gongqiu County.
68
Yiyang commandery. 〈Wei opened the circuit. Seven counties held sixteen thousand seven hundred households.〉
69
西 西
Xiyang County. 〈Once the Xian viscounty of Chu.〉 Dai, Qichun, Zhu, Xiling, Qisi, and Yiyang counties.
70
Anfeng commandery. 〈Wei organized the commandery. Five counties counted twelve hundred households.〉
71
Anfeng on the wind graph, Yulou, and Anfeng on the abundance graph were three seats in one commandery. 〈The cluster carried a marquis chancellor.〉 Liao and Songzi counties. 〈Songzi hosted the marquisal minister.〉
72
西 [24]
Both classics treat the belt inside the Yellow River as one of Shun's twelve pastorates. The Yuanming Bao reads the Mao-Bi stars as seed of Jizhou and the Zhao heartland.' Its terrain mixes passes and easy ground, so every dynasty built a capital there: when the realm totters Ji still feels safe, when armies weaken Ji stays strong, when fields fail Ji still feeds the north. Shun sliced the overwide Ji plain into Bing west of Wei and You north of Yan, and Zhou kept his lines. Emperor Wu of Han reused the classical Jizhou label for the same ground, and Han and Jin never renamed it. The province wrapped thirteen jurisdictions and eighty-three counties [24] with three hundred twenty-six thousand households.
73
The Zhao kingdom. 〈Han charter. Nine counties reported forty-two thousand households.〉
74
Fangzi, Yuanshi, Pingji, and Gaoyi counties. 〈Gaoyi hosted a ducal chancellor.〉 Zhongqiu, Bairen, Pingxiang, and Xiaquyang counties. 〈Once the drum polity of the Gu viscounts.〉 Qiao County.
75
鹿
The Julu kingdom. 〈Qin first mapped it. Two counties counted ten thousand forty households.〉
76
鹿
Yingtao and Julu counties.
77
The Anping kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties held twenty-one thousand households.〉
78
Xindu, Xiaobo, Wuyi, Wusui, and Guanjin counties. 〈Guanjin carried the marquis chancellor title.〉 Fuliu and Guangzong counties. 〈Both were marquisal seats.〉 Jing County.
79
The Pingyuan kingdom. 〈Han charter. Nine counties mustered thirty-one thousand households.〉
80
西
Pingyuan, Gaotang, Chiping, Boping, Liaocheng, Ande, Xipingchang, Ban, and Ge counties.
81
The Leling kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Five counties counted thirty-three thousand households.〉
82
Yanci, Yangxin, Luowo, Xinle, and Leling counties. 〈Headquarters of the commandant once stood here.〉
83
The Bohai commandery. 〈Han foundation. Ten counties and forty thousand households were tallied.〉
84
Nanpi, Dongguang, Fuyang, Rao'an, Gaocheng, Chonghe, Dong'anling, Tiao, and Guangchuan counties. 〈Nanpi hosted the marquisate chancellor.〉 Fucheng county.
85
The Zhangwu kingdom. 〈Raised in Emperor Wu's first Taishi year. Four counties and thirteen thousand households.〉
86
Dongpingshu, Wen'an, Zhangwu, and Shuzhou counties.
87
The Hejian kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Six counties and twenty-seven thousand households.〉
88
[25]
Lecheng county. 〈Lecheng hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Wuyuan and Mo counties. 〈Mo county hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Yicheng,[25] Zhongshui, and Chengping counties.
89
The Gaoyang kingdom. 〈Created when Emperor Wu opened Taishi. Four counties and seven thousand households.〉
90
Bolu, Gaoyang, and Beixincheng counties. 〈Bolu hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Liwei county.
91
The Boling commandery. 〈Han foundation. Four counties and ten thousand households.〉
92
Anping, Raoyang, Nanshenze, and Anguo counties.
93
The Qinghe kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Six counties and twenty-two thousand households.〉
94
Qinghe, Dongwucheng, and Yimu counties. 〈Qinghe hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Beiqiu, Ling, and Shu counties.
95
The Zhongshan kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties and thirty-two thousand households.〉
96
Lunu, Weichang, Xinshi, Anxi, Puyin, Wangdu, Tang, and Beiping counties.
97
The Changshan commandery. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties and twenty-four thousand households.〉
98
西
Zhending, Shiyi, Jingxing, and Shangquyang counties. 〈Northwest of the seat rises Flying Fox Pass.〉 Puwu, Nanxingtang, Lingshou, and Jiumen counties. 〈Jiumen county hosted the marquis chancellor.〉
99
Once Emperor Hui had passed, Ji Province slipped under Shi Le's sway. In Taixing 2 he crowned himself at Xiangguo and proclaimed the Zhao dynasty. Murong Jun later toppled Shi Le's Zhao, then Fu Jian swept away the Murongs as well. When Fu Jian shattered in Taiyuan 8, every acre slid to Murong Chui. Murong Chui then enthroned himself at Zhongshan as Later Yan. Wei eventually snuffed out Later Yan.
100
涿
The Fanyang kingdom. 〈The Han first chartered Zhuo Commandery. Emperor Wen of Wei rechristened it Fanyang. Jin Wudi raised it to a kingdom and invested Emperor Xuan's nephew Sima Sui as prince. Eight counties and eleven thousand households.〉
101
涿
Zhuo, Liangxiang, Fangcheng, Changxiang, Qiu, Gu'an, Fanyang, and Rongcheng counties. 〈Zhuo county hosted the marquis chancellor.〉
102
The Yan kingdom. 〈Han charter; Emperor Zhao converted it into Guangyang Commandery. Ten counties and twenty-nine thousand households.〉
103
Ji and Anci counties. 〈Ji county hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Changping and Jundu counties. 〈Jundu guarded a mountain barrier.〉 Guangyang, Lu, and Anle counties. 〈Guangyang paired with the kingdom chancellor. Liu Shan of Shu raised this seat to a public dukedom.〉 Quanzhou county. 〈Quanzhou hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Yongnu and Hunu counties.
104
The Beiping commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Four counties and five thousand households.〉
105
Xuwu, Tuyin, Junmi, and Wuzhong counties.
106
The Shanggu commandery. 〈Qin charter—the seat crowns the ravine, which explains the name. Two counties and four thousand seventy households.〉
107
Juyang and Juyong counties.
108
The Guangning commandery. 〈Split from Shanggu under Taikang, headquarters for the commandant. Three counties and three thousand nine hundred fifty households.〉
109
涿鹿
Xialuo, Pan, and Zhuolu counties.
110
The Dai commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Four counties and three thousand four hundred households.〉
111
Dai, Guangchang, Pingshu, and Dangcheng counties.
112
西
The Liaoxi commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Three counties and two thousand eight hundred households.〉
113
Yangle, Feiru, and Haiyang counties.
114
After Emperor Hui, You Province submitted to Shi Le. Yonghe 5 saw Murong Jun crown himself at Ji as Former Yan. Two years later he shifted the court to Ye. After Jun fell, Murong Wei lost Former Yan to Fu Jian. Fu Jian's collapse handed the ground back to Murong Chui's Later Yan. After Chui died, Murong Bao withdrew toward Helong.
115
[26]
The classical tribute lists count it as Ji soil; Zhou drew Youzhou's border here; Han folded it into Youbeiping. Near Later Han's end Gongsun Du claimed the Pingzhou governorship. He and his son Kang, then Kang's heir Wenyi, held Liaodong until every Eastern Yi tribe owed them allegiance. Wei placed an Eastern Yi colonel at Xiangping, carved Pingzhou out of five northeastern commands, then folded it back into Youzhou. Once Gongsun Wenyi fell, the Eastern Yi colonel alone remained at Xiangping. In Xianning 2, tenth month, the court commissioned Pingzhou from Changli, Liaodong, Xuantu, Daifang, and Lelang. Twenty-six counties totaling eighteen thousand one hundred households. Editorial cross-reference [26].
116
The Changli commandery. 〈Han listed it under the Liaodong dependent state; Wei promoted it to full commandery. Two counties and nine hundred households.〉
117
Changli and Bintu counties.
118
The Liaodong kingdom. 〈Qin first chartered it as a commandery. Emperor Guangwu briefly parked Liaodong under Qingzhou before folding it back into Youzhou. Eight counties and five thousand four hundred households.〉
119
西
Xiangping county. 〈Headquarters of the Eastern Yi colonel.〉 Wen, Jujiu, Lejiu, Anshi, Xi'anping, Xinchang, and Licheng counties.
120
The Lelang commandery. 〈Han foundation. Six counties and three thousand seven hundred households.〉
121
Chaoxian county. 〈Zhou once invested Jizi here.〉 Tunyou, Hunmi, and Suicheng counties. 〈The Long Wall line starts from this ridge.〉 Lufang and Siwang counties.
122
The Xuantu commandery. 〈Han foundation. Three counties and three thousand two hundred households.〉
123
Gaogouli, Wangping, and Gaoxian counties.
124
The Daifang commandery. 〈Gongsun Du carved it out. Seven counties and four thousand nine hundred households.〉
125
Daifang, Liekou, Nanxin, Changcen, Tixi, Hanzai, and Haiming counties.
126
宿
Pingzhou's first inspector was Murong Hui, but Yongjia's chaos soon lifted him as chief protector. His grandson Murong Jun later carried the court to Ji. Murong Bao retreated to Helong, and Wei swallowed everything from Youzhou south to Lupu stockade. Murong Xi scattered his kinsmen as inspectors—Youzhou at Lingzhi, Qingzhou at Xincheng, Bingzhou at Fancheng, Yingzhou at Sujun, Jizhou at Feiru. Gao Yun paired You-Ji shepherds at Feiru while anchoring Bingzhou at Bailang. Feng Ba seized the throne at Helong, kept the Yan dynastic name, and Wei eventually crushed him.
127
The Taiyuan kingdom. 〈Qin first chartered it. Thirteen counties and fourteen thousand households.〉
128
Jinyang county. 〈Jinyang hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Yangqu, Yuci, Yuli, Yu, Langmeng, Yangyi, Daling, Qi, Pingtao, Jingling, Zhongdu, and Wu counties.
129
The Shangdang commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Ten counties and thirteen thousand households.〉
130
Lu, Tunliu, Huguan, Changzi, Xuan, Gaodu, Tongdi, Nie, Xiangyuan, and Wuxiang counties.
131
西
The Xihe kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Four counties and six thousand three hundred households.〉
132
Lishi, Xicheng, Zhongyang, and Jiexiu counties.
133
The Leping commandery. 〈Created mid-Taishi. Five counties and four thousand three hundred households.〉
134
Zhan, Shang'ai, Shouyang, Liaoyang, and Leping counties.
135
The Yanmen commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Eight counties and twelve thousand seven hundred households.〉
136
𣳫
Guangwu, Guo, Yituo, Pingcheng, Junren, Fanzi, Yuanping, and Mayi counties.
137
The Xinxing commandery. 〈Wei carved it out. Five counties and nine thousand households.〉
138
Jiuyuan, Dingxiang, Yunzhong, Guangmu, and Jinchang counties.
139
The Jingzhao commandery. 〈Han foundation. Nine counties and forty thousand households.〉
140
Chang'an, Duling, Bacheng, Lantian, Gaolu, and Wannian counties. 〈Once the Liyang county seat.〉 Xinfeng, Yinban, and Zheng counties. 〈Homeland of Duke Zheng, brother to King Xuan of Zhou.〉
141
The Fengyi commandery. 〈Han charter—originally Left Fengyi. Eight counties and seven thousand seven hundred households.〉
142
西
Linjin county. 〈Old Daliyang; Qin seized it and rechristened the seat. It drew the name from the Linjin River altar beside the Yellow River.〉 Xiagui county. 〈When Duke Wu of Qin smashed the Ji Rong he carved out this county; Shanggui already lay upstream, so people spoke of this seat as 「Lower Gui」.〉 Chongquan and Pinyang counties. 〈Qin's Duke Li planted it on the sunny reach of the Pin.〉 Suyi, Lianshao, Heyang, and Xiayang counties. 〈Once Shaoliang until King Huiwen of Qin rechristened it. Mount Liang rises northwest of the seat.〉
143
The Fufeng commandery. 〈Han raised it as chief ennoblements officer, then Right Fufeng under Taichu. Six counties and twenty-three thousand households.〉
144
西 西
Chiyang county. 〈Founded under Han Emperor Hui. Mount Zhennie looms nearby.〉 Mei county. 〈The Chengguo channel taps the Wei River here.〉 Yong county. 〈Yong paired with the marquis chancellor. It shelters five suburban altars and more than three hundred shrines to Taihao, the Yellow Emperor, and their successors.〉 Qian county. 〈Mount Wu on the west was classically read as Mount Qian.〉 Chencang and Meiyang counties. 〈Mount Qi to the northwest marks Old Duke Danfu's settlement.〉
145
The Anding commandery. 〈Han foundation. Seven counties and five thousand five hundred households.〉
146
西
Linjing, Chaona, Wushi, Dulu, Chungou, and Yinmi counties. 〈Shang-era Mi survived on this soil.〉 Xichuan county.
147
The Beidi commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Two counties and two thousand six hundred households.〉
148
Niyang and Fuping counties.
149
[28]
The Shiping commandery. 〈Founded in Taishi year two. Gloss [28]: five counties and eighteen thousand households.〉
150
Huaili county. 〈Qin listed Feiqiu until Han Emperor Gaozu rechristened the county. Mount Huang palace lay beside the seat.〉 Shiping and Wugong counties. 〈Taiyi Peak eastward matched classical Zhongnan ridgelines.〉 Hu county. 〈Archaic Hu fell when heir Qi struck north.〉 Kuai township.
151
The Xinping commandery. 〈Han foundation. Two counties and two thousand seven hundred households.〉
152
西
Qi county. 〈The Qi River curls along the western flank.〉 Fenyi county.
153
[29] [30]
Emperor Hui elevated Fufeng into the Qin princedom. The court shifted its capital. Gloss [29]: post-Jianxing turmoil forfeited Yongzhou to Liu Cong. Liu Yao crowned himself at Chang'an as Zhao and scattered inspectors—Qin-Liang at Shanggui, Shuozhou at Gaoping, Youzhou on Beidi soil, Bingzhou guarding Puban. Shi Le seized Chang'an and resurrected Yongzhou. Once the Shi house fell, Fu Jian clamped Guanzhong and enthroned Former Qin at Chang'an. They carved out a metropolitan colonelcy at Yongzhou while pinning Yuzhou at Xuchang, Qinzhou at Shanggui, Jingzhou at Fengyang, Luozhou at Yiyang, and Bingzhou at Puban. Fu Jian split metropolitan territory into Yongzhou, peeled Xianyang from Jingzhao, and slid Luozhou forward to Shancheng. Once Former Yan fell they raised Pingzhou at Longcheng from Youzhou—inspectors ringed Ji, Fuhan, Jinyang, Luoyang, Cangyuan, and Puban. Luozhou slid south to Fengyang, eastern Yuzhou anchored Xuchang, while Jingzhou and Xuzhou watched Xiangyang and Pengcheng. Yao Chang soon erased Former Qin and styled Later Qin. Yao Xing seized Luoyang, stacked Bing-Ji shepherds at Puban, Yu power at Luoyang, Yanzhou at Cangyuan, carved northern metropolitan belts, and parked Yongzhou at Anding. Yao Hong perished before Liu Yu and Helian Bobo swallowed the plateau. Helian Bobo crowned himself at Tongwan as the Xia dynasty. He named a Youzhou shepherd at Dacheng, crushed Liu Yizhen at Chang'an, left son Gui as viceroy, and dubbed the court Southern Terrace. Inspectors littered Sancheng, Xingcheng, Yinmi, Puban, Anding, Wugong, Lijian,[30] and Shan—later editors lost the exact map. After Emperor Yuan crossed the Great River, northern provinces became empty titles on the left bank. Wei Gai briefly held Yongzhou at Zancheng until the office vanished and Shiping sojourned at Wudang. Qin exiles triggered renaming Tangyi to Qin Commandery with Weishi nested inside. Emperor Kang ordered Yu Yi west as Jingzhou inspector with seat at Xiangyang. Qin-Yong exiles spilling through Fan and Mian persuaded Emperor Xiaowu to stage Yongzhou at Xiangyang plus seven attached commanderies. Xiangyang itself once answered only to Jingzhou.
154
西 使 西 西 西西西西 西 西
Classical geography marks this as Yongzhou's western bound; Zhou's decay left it to Rong and Di bands. Qin's Ganquan halls at Meiyang echoed the Xiongnu golden idols raised for Heaven. Deprived of Ganquan, the Xiongnu parked Xiutu and Hunye across Liangzhou. Their surrender let Han layer Zhangye, Jiuquan, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. Jincheng joined to complete the five Hexi commands. Han renamed Zhou's Yongzhou Liangzhou for its biting chill. The corridor squeezes northwest between ranges, brushes western Qiang, and reaches the Tarim—Han strategists called it amputating the Xiongnu right arm. Emperor Xian's Liangzhou revolts forced the distant Hexi quintet to become their own Yongzhou. Late Han ritualists recombined the western march into one Yongzhou. Wei split Liangzhou anew, kept the Wuji colonel over the Silk Road, and Jin kept the mold. Eight commanderies, forty-six counties, thirty thousand seven hundred households.
155
The Jincheng commandery. 〈Han foundation. Five counties and two thousand households.〉
156
Yuzhong, Yunjie, Jincheng, Baitu, and Haomen counties.
157
西
The Xiping commandery. 〈Han foundation. Four counties and four thousand households.〉
158
西
Xidu, Linqiang, Changning, and Anyi counties.
159
The Wuwei commandery. 〈Han foundation. Seven counties and five thousand nine hundred households.〉
160
Guzang, Xuanwei, Yici, Cangsong, Xianmei, Lijian, and Fanhe counties.
161
The Zhangye commandery. 〈Han foundation. Three counties and three thousand seven hundred households.〉
162
[31]
Yongping and Linze counties. 〈Former Han Zhaowu county retitled to dodge Emperor Wen's personal name.〉 Annotation [31]: Wulan county. 〈Han preserved the old Wulan label.〉
163
西
The Xi commandery. 〈Han foundation. Five counties and one thousand nine hundred households.〉
164
Rile, Shandan, Xianti, Wansui, and Lanci counties. 〈Some glosses split the name as Lan-Jue Pool.〉
165
The Jiuquan commandery. 〈Han foundation. Nine counties and four thousand four hundred households.〉
166
祿
Fulu, Huishui, Anmi, Xingma, Leguan, Biaoshi, Yanshou, Yumen, and Shatou counties.
167
The Dunhuang commandery. 〈Han foundation. Twelve counties and six thousand three hundred households.〉
168
[32][33]
Changpu, Dunhuang, Longle, Yangguan, Xiaogu, Guangzhi, Yihe, Ming'an,[32] Shenquan,[33] Yiwu, Xinxiang, and Ganqi counties.
169
西
The Xihai commandery. 〈Split from Zhangye when Wuwei prefect Zhang Ya memorialized Emperor Xiandi in Xingping 2. One county and two thousand five hundred households.〉
170
Juyan county. 〈Southeast marshes match the Documents' drifting sands.〉
171
西 西 西 西 駿西西西[34]西 [35]駿 西 禿 西
Yuankang 5 carved Jinchang from Dunhuang and Jiuquan scraps plus two new seats. Zhang Gui petitioned Yongning courts to plant Qin-Yong exiles northwest of Guzang inside Wu Xing Commandery. From Xiping he sliced Jinxing Commandery—Jinxing, Fuhan, Yonggu, Linjin, and allies. As refugees fled the Yellow River plain, Zhang Gui kept Jin rites alive beyond the passes as Former Liang. Zhang Shi peeled Lingju and Zhiyang off Jincheng, added Yongdeng, and welded the trio into Guangwu Commandery. Zhang Mao raised Dingzhou from Wuxing, Jincheng, Xiping, and Angu. Zhang Jun carved Liangzhou from eleven western seats,[34] stacked another eight into Hezhou, and branded three desert bases Shazhou. Note [35]: Zhang Jun governed Liangzhou pro tem over three provinces. Zhang Zuo rechristened Dunhuang as Shangzhou. Yongxing planted Hanyang for grazing until Zhang Xuanjing styled it Qilian Commandery. Zhang Tiansi added an independent Linsong Commandery. After Zhang Tiansi yielded to Former Qin, Lü Guang seized the corridor. At Guzang Lü Guang listened to Guo Mo's omens and dubbed Changsong Eastern Zhangye. Lü Long's capitulation to Yao Xing shattered the plateau into three rivals. Li Gao's Western Liang flew its banner from Dunhuang. Tufa Wugu styled Southern Liang from Ledu. Juqu Mengxun proclaimed Northern Liang at Zhangye. The trio partitioned the Hexi pentarchy.
172
Classical Yongzhou fed Wei Longyou commands overseen by a Qiang colonel—sometimes suspended. the fifth year of Taishi welded Yongzhou's Longyou belt, Jincheng from the western Liang corridor, and Yinping from the Hanzhong Liang stack into Qinzhou at Jicheng. Taikang 3 swallowed Qinzhou back into Yongzhou. Seven years later Qinzhou returned with seat at Shanggui. Six commanderies, twenty-four counties, thirty-two thousand one hundred households.
173
西
The Longxi commandery. 〈Qin charter. Four counties and three thousand households.〉
174
Xiangwu and Shouyang counties. 〈Mount Niao-Wu guards the eastern skyline.〉 Lintao and Didao counties.
175
The Nan'an commandery. 〈Han foundation. Three counties and four thousand three hundred households.〉
176
Yuandao, Xinxing, and Zhongtao counties.
177
[36]
The Tianshui commandery. 〈Han Emperor Wu founded it; Emperor Ming tried Hanyang; Jin revived Tianshui. Gloss [36]: six counties and eight thousand five hundred households.〉
178
Shanggui and Ji counties. 〈Original Qinzhou headquarters.〉 Shichang, Xinyang, and Xianxin counties. 〈Han archives labeled it Xianqin.〉 Chengji county.
179
The Lüeyang commandery. 〈Born as Guangwei Commandery until Taishi retitled it. Four counties and nine thousand three hundred twenty households.〉
180
Linwei, Pingxiang, Lüeyang, and Qingshui counties.
181
The Wudu commandery. 〈Han foundation. Five counties and three thousand households.〉
182
Xiabian, Hechi, Ju, Wudu, and Gudao counties.
183
The Yinping commandery. 〈Founded mid-Taishi. Two counties and three thousand households.〉
184
[37]
Yinping and Pingguang[37] counties.
185
西 駿
Emperor Hui stitched Didao Commandery from nine counties carved out of Longxi. Zhang Jun shifted the bundle to Liangzhou and stacked Wushi atop Didao. Exiles dubbed Liang-within-Liangzhou Northern Qinzhou at Qianchi.
186
西 [38] 西 西 [39]
Classical Huayang country belonged to Shun's twelve pastures. 'Liang' evokes hard western temper—the label stuck. The Zhou Rites map paired Liang with Yong. Han simply treated it as part of Yizhou. In Chuping 6 Linqing County joined Yongning Commandery, per gloss [38]. Liu Zhang converted Yongning into Badong and peeled Baxia from Ba. Liu Bei carved Zitong Commandery from four Guanghan counties and rechristened Jiameng as Hanshou. Dangqu Commandery lasted briefly before its seats slid back into Ba. the third year of Taishi raised Liangzhou at Hanzhong, upgraded Hanshou to Jinshou, and spun Xindu from Guanghan. Eight commanderies, forty-four counties,[39] seventy-six thousand three hundred households.
187
The Hanzhong commandery. 〈Qin charter. Eight counties and fifteen thousand households.〉
188
西
Nanzheng, Puchi, Baozhong, Mianyang, Chenggu, Xixiang, Huangjin, and Xingdao counties.
189
The Zitong commandery. 〈Shu regime. Eight counties and ten thousand two hundred households.〉
190
Zitong, Fucheng, Wulian, Huang'an, Hande, Jinshou, Jiange, and Baishui counties.
191
The Guanghan commandery. 〈Han foundation. Three counties and five thousand one hundred households.〉
192
Guanghan, Deyang, and Wucheng counties.
193
The Xindu commandery. 〈the second year of Taishi creation. Four counties and twenty-four thousand five hundred households.〉
194
Luo, Shifang, Mianzhu, and Xindu counties.
195
The Fuling commandery. 〈Shu regime. Five counties and four thousand two hundred households.〉
196
Hanfu, Fuling, Hanping, Hanjia, and Wanning counties.
197
The Ba commandery. 〈Qin charter. Four counties and three thousand three hundred households.〉
198
Jiangzhou, Dianjiang, Linjiang, and Zhi counties.
199
西 [40]
The Baxi commandery. 〈Shu regime. Note [40]: nine counties and twelve thousand households.〉
200
西
Langzhong, Xichongguo, Cangxi, Qiqie, Nanjiangguo, Hanchang, Dangqu, Anhan, and Pingzhou counties.
201
The Badong commandery. 〈Han foundation. Three counties and six thousand five hundred households.〉
202
[41]
Yufu,[41] Quyin, and Nanpu counties.
203
西 西 西
Taikang 6, ninth month, folded Xindu back into Guanghan. Emperor Hui revived Dangqu from Baxi and bundled four frontier commands under Liangzhou. Li Te swallowed Liangzhou seats; Yongjia fragments entered Yang Maosou's sphere; exiles duplicated Yinping north and south. Huan Wen's Shu campaign yielded Jinchang Commandery with ten refugee counties. Yichang and Jinxing nestled inside Ba Commandery. Suining appeared southeast of Deyang. The court planted Jiange County under Jinshou's Liangzhou umbrella. Emperor Xiaowu peeled Jinshou Commandery from northern Zitong with four counties. The Zitong headquarters slid homeward and Jiange vanished. Southern Hanzhong appeared while Ba and Zitong fed Jinshan Commandery. Emperor An's reign stacked refugee commands until ten more prefectures cluttered the map.
204
西 [42]西 西
Classical Liangzhou melted into Yong once Zhou paired Liang with Yong. The apocryphal Yuan Ming Bao ties Yizhou's name to Shen-Wei stars and narrow passes. Commentators gloss yi as perilous terrain—or ever-widening frontier. When Qin's King Hui swallowed Shu he parked Zhang Ruo as prefect. Even Qin Shihuang's thirty-sixfold reform kept Shu Commandery. Early Han knew three Ba-Shu units. Gaozu carved Guanghan from Shu for a quartet of western prefectures. Han Emperor Wu's Yi thrust forged eight commands before stacking them under Yizhou province. Later Han layered Yongchang, dependent prefectures, and Wenshan onto the southwest. Chuping 1 saw Liu Zhang peel Yongning from Ba. The forty-second apparatus note records Jian'an 6 renaming Yongning into Badong, folding Ba into Baxi, and planting Fuling Commandery. Year twenty-one Liu Bei drew Guling Commandery out of Ba. Liu Bei's Zhangwu edicts rewired Ba-Shu names across the basin. Liu Shan's Jianxing reforms multiplied southern commands. Wei annexation canceled Eastern Guanghan. the second year of Taishi lifted Liangzhou from Yizhou and parked Hanzhong inside. Year seven added Ningzhou west of Yizhou. Eight commanderies, forty-four counties, one hundred forty-nine thousand three hundred households.
205
The Shu commandery. 〈Qin charter. Six counties and fifty thousand households.〉
206
Chengdu, Guangdu, Fan, Jiangyuan, Linqiong, and Pi counties.
207
The Qianwei commandery. 〈Han foundation. Five counties and ten thousand households.〉
208
Wuyang, Nan'an, Bodao, Zizhong, and Niubi counties.
209
The Wenshan commandery. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties and sixteen thousand households.〉
210
Wenshan, Shengqian, Du'an, Guangyang, Xingle, Pingkang, Canling, and Guangrou counties.
211
The Hanjia commandery. 〈Shu regime. Four counties and thirteen thousand households.〉
212
Hanjia, Xiyang, Yandao, and Maoniu counties.
213
The Jiangyang commandery. 〈Shu regime. Three counties and three thousand one hundred households.〉
214
Jiangyang, Fu, and Han'an counties.
215
The Zhuti commandery. 〈Shu regime. Five counties and two thousand six hundred households.〉
216
Zhuti, Nanguang, Hanyang, Nanqin, and Tanglang counties.
217
The Yuexi commandery. 〈Han foundation. Five counties and fifty-three thousand four hundred households.〉
218
Huiwu, Qiongdu, Beishui, Dingzi, and Taileng counties.
219
The Zangke commandery. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties and one thousand two hundred households.〉
220
[43][44]
Wanshou, Juolan, Zhizhi,[43] Yelang, Wuxian,[44] Bingqu, Bi, and Pingyi counties.
221
Post-Hui turmoil let Li Te seize Han titles across Yizhou. Li Xiong peeled Shenli and Hanyuan from Hanjia and Shu. Courtiers beyond the river maintained empty registers. Huan Wen's victory restored Jin lines—four fresh commands replaced Li Xiong's pairs. Xian'an 2 handed Yizhou back to Former Qin. Taiyuan 8 returned the basin to Jin. Long'an 2 raised Jinxi, Suining, and Jinning.
222
Han-Wei archives label it Yizhou. the seventh year of Taishi carved Ningzhou from four southwestern commands.
223
The Yunnan commandery. 〈Shu regime. Nine counties and nine thousand two hundred households.〉
224
Yunping, Yunnan, Longdong, Qingling, Gufu, Xielong, Dieyu, Suijiu, and Yongning counties.
225
The Xinggu commandery. 〈Shu regime. Eleven counties and six thousand two hundred households.〉
226
[45][46]
Lügao, Gouting, Wanwen, Louwo, Wuduo,[45] Bengui, Tengxiu, Tanfeng,[46] Hanxing, Jincheng, and Doulang counties.
227
The Jianning commandery. 〈Shu regime. Seventeen counties and twenty-nine thousand households.〉
228
Wei, Kunze, Cunpi, Xinding, Tangao, Mudan, Tonglai, Loujiang, Muma, Guchang, Lianran, Qinzang, Shuangbai, Yuyuan, Xiuyun, Lingqiu, and Dianchi counties.
229
The Yongchang commandery. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties and thirty-eight thousand households.〉
230
Buwei, Yongshou, Bisu, Yongxiang, Nanfu, Zuitang, Ailao, and Bonan counties.
231
西 [47]
Taikang 3 folded Ningzhou back into Yizhou under a southern Yi colonel. Tai'an 2 revived Ningzhou and spawned another Yizhou Commandery west of Jianning. Yongjia 2 rechristened Yizhou Commandery as Jinning and bisected Zangke. Gloss forty-seven reminds readers that Li Te once again seized those counties before Jin returned. Li Shou carved Hanzhou from six southern commands. Xiankang 4 stacked Anzhou atop four frontier commands. Eight years later Jin dissolved Anzhou, reassigned Yuexi, and struck Yongchang.
232
Collation notes
233
殿殿
Editors prefer Palace "Kong" over Song "wind" for the sacred peak. Zhuangzi places the Yellow Emperor's Kongtong pilgrimage.
234
Cross-headings prove Yiyang belongs to Emperor Wu's Taikang expansions.
235
·
The Yongshou census clashes with Fan Ye's Yongshou two gloss.
236
殿 殿
Palace editions insert ting before marquis. Palace wording aligns with Wei Emperor Wen's record.
237
Song's "rise" fits context better than "fall".
238
The county tally reads ninety-nine while households hit forty-nine thousand two hundred forty. Editors flag such mismatches once rather than line by line.
239
··
Bi Yuan's collation cites Zhang Liang's Bolangsha blow against Qin Shihuang. (Hereafter Bi's Collations) Bi Yuan opens by insisting every gazetteer parks Bolang Sands at Yangwu. Bi Yuan argues a dozen commentary graphs belong under Yangwu, not with Juan county.
240
Editors adopt Song's ‘bu’ where others misread ‘jun’.
241
··
Heading cites Bi Yuan and Fang Kai's apparatus. (Hereafter Fang's Collations) Bi and Fang emend Fenyang to Fenyin. Song correctly orders ‘ducal chancellor’ versus transposed prints.
242
Tang scribes dodged taboo by renaming Qingyuan Qingquan.
243
Sui editors swapped Guangqi for Daqi.
244
Song's ‘terminus’ beats other prints’ ‘omen.’
245
Yuan Tingtao corrects the ruler named on the marquisate. The Jin transfer invested him prince at Chenliu.
246
Headline mistakenly said Jiyang for Jiyin. Han sources prove Jiyang impossible here. Parallel passages anchor Jiyin, not Jiyang. Commentarial tradition backs the emendation. Editors adopt the correction.
247
··
Bi Kan's biography writes Yuanju while Han Treatise I, Xu Han Treatise III, Liu Song's prefectural roster, Wei geography, and Sui geography all agree on Yuanju for this seat.
248
·
Characters were reversed to Luhu. Du Yu confirms Hulu order. Hydrological glosses agree. Historical nomenclature traces Wang Mang's tweak. Characters now match canonical order.
249
·
Ma Xu emends bird radical. Parallel passages demand Xi.
250
Extra ‘Wu’ infected Nancheng. Empress Jingxian, Empress Hui, Yang Hu, Yang Xin, and Yang Yuanbao uniformly call them Taishan Nancheng natives; Song, Qi, and Sui gazetteers likewise omit the stray wu graph that Jin duplicated from Nanwuyang. Editors strip the intrusive graph.
251
·
Erroneous ‘east’ prefix. Commentators reject the extra graph. Geography distinguishes homophonous seats. Imperial mandate confirms Mou without ‘east.’ Parallel citations justify deletion.
252
Duplicate Changping entry flagged.
253
·····
Fang Kai questions bamboo versus Zhu. Broad manuscript tradition favors Zhuyi. Epigraphy confirms Zhuyi. Bamboo radical prevails in canonical texts.
254
·
Song preserves Fan graph.
255
殿
Palace arithmetic aligns with county counts.
256
·
Earlier gazetteers omit the suffix.
257
殿
Palace household figures reconcile.
258
Erroneous yang character intruded. Early encyclopedias omit yang. Editors remove yang.
259
Song Taishi date prevails.
260
Likely scribal duplication.
261
Parallel texts read Li Run.
262
Taboo note restored to Wen.
263
Yi misprinted for Ming. Bi Yuan cites hydronym. Editors adopt Ming'an. Following entries mirror this fix.
264
Tang editors dodged Li Yuan's name.
265
駿西西西西·駿
Modern editors therefore plug Xihai back into Zhang Jun's elevenfold Liangzhou list and restore Guangwu where older prints mangled it into Xuwu, following Zhang Jun's biography in Wei Shu.
266
西·駿
Wei Shu restores Gaochang and Wuji titles.
267
Wei, not Jin, revived Tianshui. Three Kingdoms notices prove Wei-period seat.
268
Chronology critics fix regnal year.
269
殿
Palace county tally matches.
270
西 西
Qiao Zhou dates Liu Zhang's split. Line clarifies Liu Zhang's foundation.
271
·
Song restores Yufu against mistaken ‘fish belly.’ Han Treatise I, Xu Han Treatise V, Huayang Annals book one, Fan Ye's Zhang Kan biography, and Chen Shou's Shu Founder biography unanimously preserve the Yufu spelling.
272
Because Liu Yan died in Xingping 1 and only afterward did Liu Zhang inherit Yizhou, the headline era cannot be Chuping 1—scribes must read Xingping.
273
Characters reversed. Sources agree on order Zhiyuan. Han court histories agree. Editors swap order.
274
Second graph corrupted. Broad consensus on Wuxian. Graph correction.
275
Orthographic note from Hanshu. Hydrology agrees.
276
·
Bronze versus bell phonetics. Song preserves Tan graph. Those witnesses march in step with Han Treatise I, Xu Han Treatise V, Song geography book four, Huayang Annals book four, and Li Daoyuan's commentary on the Wen River.
277
Wang Xun biography excerpt begins. Memorial describes adjustments. Wang Xun's account clashes with the geography chapter.
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