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昔者元胎無象,太素流形,對越在天,以爲元首,則記所謂冬居營窟,夏居橧巢,飲血茹毛,未有麻絲者也。 及燧人鑽火,庖犧出震,風宗下武,炎胤昌基,畫野無聞,其歸一揆。 黃帝則東海南江,登空躡岱,至於崑峰振轡,崆山訪道,[1]存諸汗竹,不可厚誣。 高陽任地依神,帝嚳順天行義。 東踰蟠木,西濟流沙,北至幽陵,南撫交阯,日月所經,舟車所至,莫匪王臣,不踰茲域。 帝堯時,禹平水土,以爲九州。 虞舜登庸,厥功彌劭,表提類而分區宇,判山河而考疆域,冀北創并部之名,燕齊起幽營之號,則書所謂肇十有二州,封十有二山者也。 夏功在于唐堯,殷因無所損益。 周武克商,自豐徂鎬。 至成王時,改作禹貢,徐梁入於青雍,冀野析於幽并。 職方掌天下之土,以周厥利; 保章辯九州之野,皆有分星。 東南曰揚州,正南曰荊州,河南曰豫州,正東曰青州,河東曰兗州,正西曰雍州,東北曰幽州,河內曰冀州,正北曰并州。 始皇初并天下,懲{乂心}戰國,削罷列侯,分天下爲三十六郡。 〈三川、河東、南陽、南郡、九江、鄣郡、會稽、潁川、碭郡、泗水、薛郡、東郡、琅邪、齊郡、上谷、漁陽、右北平、遼西、遼東、代郡、鉅鹿、邯鄲、上黨、太原、雲中、九原、雁門、上郡、隴西、北地、漢中、巴郡、蜀郡、黔中、長沙,凡三十五郡,與內史爲三十六郡也。〉 於是興師踰江,平取百越,又置閩中、南海、桂林、象郡,凡四十郡,郡一守焉。 其地則西臨洮而北沙漠,東縈西帶,皆臨大海。 漢祖龍興,革秦之弊,分內史爲三部,更置郡國二十有三, 〈桂陽、江夏、豫章、河內、魏郡、東海、楚國、平原、梁國、定襄、泰山、汝南、淮陽、千乘、東萊、燕國、清河、信都、常山、中山、渤海、廣漢、涿郡,合二十三也。 三內史者,河上、渭南、中地也。 地理志曰:高祖增二十六,武帝改河上、渭南、中地以爲京兆、馮翊、扶風,是爲三輔也。〉 文增厥九, 〈廣平、城陽、淄川、濟南、膠西、膠東、河間、廬江、衡山,武帝改衡山曰「六安」。〉 景加其四。 〈濟北、濟陰、山陽、北海也。 宣改濟北曰東平。〉 武帝開越攘胡,初置十七, 〈南海、蒼梧、鬱林、合浦、交阯、九真、日南、珠崖、儋耳九郡,平西南夷置牂柯、越巂、沈黎、汶山、犍爲、益州六郡,西置武都郡,又分立零陵郡,合十七郡。〉 拓土分疆,又增十四。 〈弘農、臨淮、西河、朔方、酒泉、陳留、安定、天水、玄菟、樂浪、廣陵、敦煌、武威、張掖。〉 昭帝少事,又增其一。 〈金城也。〉 至平帝元始二年,凡新置郡國七十有一,與秦四十,合一百一十有一。 改雍曰涼,改梁曰益,又置徐州,復夏舊號,南置交阯,北有朔方,凡爲十三部。 〈涼、益、荊、揚、青、豫、兗、徐、幽、并、冀十一州,交阯、朔方二刺史,合十三部。〉 光武投戈之歲,在彫秏之辰,郡國蕭條,并省者八。 〈城陽、淄川、高密、膠東、六安、真定、泗水、廣陽。〉 建武十一年,省州牧,復爲刺史,員十三人,各掌一州。 明帝置一, 〈永昌也。〉 章帝置二, 〈任城、吳郡。〉 和順改作,其名有九。 〈和置濟北、廣陽,順改淮陽爲陳,改楚爲彭城,濟東爲東平,臨淮爲下邳,千乘爲六安,信都爲安平,天水爲漢陽。〉 省朔方刺史,合之於司隸,凡十三部, 〈其與西漢不同者,司隸校尉部郡治河南,朔方隸於并部。〉 而郡國百有八焉。 〈省前漢八,分置五,改舊名七,因舊九十六,少前漢三也。〉 桓靈頗增於前,復置六郡。 〈桓,高陽、高涼、博陵; 靈,南安、鄱陽、廬陵。〉 魏武定霸,三方鼎立,生靈版蕩,關洛荒蕪,所置者十二, 〈新興、樂平、西平、新平、略陽、陰平、帶方、譙、樂陵、章武、南鄉、襄陽。〉 所省者七, 〈上郡、朔方、五原、雲中、定襄、漁陽、廬江。〉 而文帝置七, 〈朝歌、陽平、弋陽、魏興、新城、義陽、[2]安豐。〉 明及少帝增二, 〈明,上庸也; 少,平陽也。〉 得漢郡者五十四焉。 蜀先主於漢建安之間初置郡九, 〈巴東、巴西、梓潼、江陽、汶山、漢嘉、朱提、宕渠、涪陵。〉 後主增二, 〈雲南、興古。〉 得漢郡者十有一焉。 吳主大皇帝初置郡五, 〈臨賀、武昌、珠崖、新安、廬陵南部。〉 少帝、景帝各四, 〈少,臨川、臨海、衡陽、湘東。 景,天門、建安、建平、合浦北部。〉 歸命侯亦置十有二郡, 〈始安、始興、邵陵、安成、新昌、武平、九德、吳興、東陽、桂林、滎陽、宜都。〉 得漢郡者十有八焉。
In the earliest age, before form coalesced from undivided simplicity, people already looked toward heaven as their sovereign; the old annals picture them wintering in earthen dens, summering in treetop huts, living on raw flesh and blood, long before cloth ever softened their lives. Then Suiren struck fire from wood, Fuxi rose in the east like thunder, wind and flame passed their line down to martial kings, and the royal house widened its base; we hear nothing yet of surveying fields into squares, but every step still aimed at the same single standard of rule. The Yellow Emperor pressed east to the sea and south along the great streams, climbed Kongsang and crossed Mount Tai, climbed Kunlun to tighten his reins and sought the Way on Kongshan; the fact is inked on bamboo that has soaked in human sweat, and it would be perverse to dismiss it as mere legend. Zhuanxu, the High Yang line, grounded his power in the land and the spirits; Emperor Ku shaped policy by heaven's pattern and the moral law. Their sway ran east past the curling forest, west across the shifting sands, north to the cold marches, south to the Red River delta—every place the sun and moon lit and every road a wheel could find lay inside the ring of royal subjects, and nothing beyond that ring counted as theirs. Under Emperor Yao, Yu drained the flood and settled the soil, and from that labor the Nine Provinces took their shape. Once Shun took office, his achievement only deepened: he sorted kinds of terrain, carved the realm into regions, traced ranges and rivers to fix true borders, split the northern Ji plain to name the Bing command, and gave Yan and Qi the new titles of You and Ying—exactly the twelve provinces and twelve sacred peaks the classics say he first ordained. The Xia built on the work of Yao of Tang; the Shang inherited that map and left its proportions unchanged. When King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang, he moved the seat of power from Feng to Hao. Under King Cheng the court rewrote the "Tribute of Yu" grid: Xu and Liang were folded into Qing and Yong, while the old Ji heartland was carved into new You and Bing sectors. The Bureau of Domains held the register of every soil under heaven, weighing what each tract could yield; The star-masters matched each of the Nine Provinces to its own stretch of sky, every region with its allotted constellation. The southeast quarter was Yangzhou, the south face Jingzhou, the ground south of the Yellow River Yuzhou, the east face Qingzhou, the ground east of the river Yanzhou, the west face Yongzhou, the northeast Youzhou, the inner bend of the river Jizhou, and the north face Bingzhou. The First Emperor, fresh from unifying the realm and determined not to repeat Warring States chaos, stripped the old enfeoffed nobles of power and carved the empire into thirty-six commanderies. 〈The gloss lists thirty-five outer commanderies—from Sanchuan and Hedong down the coast to Changsha—and counts them with the capital intendant's district to make the famous thirty-six.〉 He then sent armies south of the Yangtze, crushed the Yue peoples, and added Minzhong, Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang, bringing the whole system to forty commanderies, each overseen by a single appointed governor. The new realm ran west to the Tao River and north to the sands, while east and south it looped like a sash until every outer edge touched the sea. When the Han founder seized the mandate, he undid Qin's excesses, split the old inner intendant into three metropolitan circuits, and added twenty-three new commanderies and princely kingdoms, 〈namely Guiyang through Zhuo commandery, twenty-three units in all. The three inner districts were Heshang south of the bend, Weinan, and the central capital belt. The Han geography adds that Gaozu created twenty-six units and that Emperor Wu renamed the three inner belts Jingzhao, Fengyi, and Fufeng—the region later called the Three Adjuncts of Chang'an.〉 Emperor Wen of Han added nine more, 〈Guangping, Chengyang, Zichuan, Jinan, Jiaoxi, Jiaodong, Hejian, Lujiang, and Hengshan—the last of which Emperor Wu renamed Liu'an.〉 Emperor Jing added four more. 〈Jibei, Jiyin, Shanyang, and Beihai. Emperor Xuan renamed Jibei as Dongping.〉 Emperor Wu campaigned south against Yue and north against the steppe peoples, and his first expansion added seventeen commanderies, 〈nine southern coast commands from Nanhai to Dan'er, six carved from the southwest Yi heartland, Wudu on the western flank, and a split Lingling—seventeen new units in that push.〉 Further conquests widened the map by fourteen more commanderies. 〈Hongnong through Zhangye—the fourteen interior and frontier seats listed in the commentary.〉 Under the short reign of Emperor Zhao the court added only one more. 〈Jincheng commandery.〉 By the second year of Yuanshi under Emperor Ping, Han had founded seventy-one new units; added to Qin's forty, the roster stood at one hundred eleven. Yong became Liang, Liang became Yi, Xuzhou returned to the rolls, southern Jiaozhi and northern Shuofang were wired in, and the old Xia-style names were revived until the realm sat in thirteen inspectorates. 〈Eleven provinces from Liang to Ji plus two special zones, Jiaozhi and Shuofang, each with its own regional commissioner—thirteen departments in all.〉 When Guangwu laid down the sword, the realm was gaunt from war; eight redundant commanderies were folded away in the general retrenchment. 〈Chengyang, Zichuan, Gaomi, Jiaodong, Liu'an, Zhending, Sishui, and Guangyang were the eight struck from the map.〉 In the eleventh year of Jianwu the court abolished the provincial governorships, restored classic regional censors, and fixed their number at thirteen, one to each major province. Emperor Ming added one seat, 〈Yongchang in the far southwest.〉 Emperor Zhang added two commands, 〈Rencheng and Wu commandery.〉 Under Emperors He and Shun the map was redrawn nine times. 〈Emperor He revived Jibei and Guangyang; Emperor Shun renamed Huaiyang as Chen, the old Chu core as Pengcheng, Jidong as Dongping, Linhuai as Xiapi, Qiansheng as Liu'an, Xindu as Anping, and Tianshui as Hanyang.〉 Shuofang's inspectorate was folded into the capital superintendent's zone, leaving thirteen departments in the Eastern Han scheme, 〈Unlike Western Han, the metropolitan belt was administered from Henan, while Shuofang answered to the Bing inspector rather than standing alone.〉 The Eastern Han roster thus held one hundred eight commanderies and kingdoms. 〈Eight Western Han units were cut, five new ones split off, seven were simply renamed, ninety-six kept their old titles—three fewer than the old Han total.〉 Under Emperors Huan and Ling the court added six commanderies beyond the earlier baseline. 〈Emperor Huan created Gaoyang, Gaoliang, and Boling; Emperor Ling added Nan'an, Poyang, and Luling.〉 When Cao Cao seized the north the realm split three ways, the people were scattered like tablets on a flood, the old capitals lay in ruins, and he could found only twelve new commanderies, 〈from Xinxing down the Han river arc to Xiangyang, twelve seats in all.〉 Seven older commands were struck at the same time, 〈Shang, Shuofang, Wuyuan, Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Yuyang, and Lujiang were the seven removed.〉 Emperor Wen of Wei then added seven more, 〈Zhaoge, Yangping, the Ru-nan Yiyang, Weixing, Xincheng, the Huai-line Yiyang, and Anfeng.〉 Emperor Ming and the first boy emperor each added one commandery—two in all, 〈Mingdi restored Shangyong; the boy emperor added Pingyang.〉 Wei thus held fifty-four commanderies inherited from Han. Between the Jian'an years, Liu Bei in Shu-Han first carved out nine commanderies, 〈Badong, Baxi, Zitong, Jiangyang, Wenshan, Hanjia, Zhuti, Dangqu, and Fuling.〉 Liu Shan later added two more, 〈Yunnan and Xingu in the far south.〉 Shu ultimately held eleven Han-era commanderies. Sun Quan, Wu's Great Emperor, first founded five commanderies, 〈Linhe, Wuchang, Zhuya, Xin'an, and the southern annex of Luling.〉 Sun Liang and Sun Xiu each added four commanderies, 〈Sun Liang created Linchuan, Linhai, Hengyang, and Xiangdong; Sun Xiu added Tianmen, Jian'an, Jianping, and northern Hepu.〉 Sun Hao, the "Marquis Who Surrendered His Mandate," still ordered twelve more commanderies founded, 〈Shi'an, Shixing, Shaoling, Ancheng, Xinchang, Wuping, Jiude, Wuxing, Dongyang, Guilin, Yingyang, and Yidu.〉 Wu in the end controlled eighteen commanderies that had once belonged to Han.
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晉武帝太康元年,既平孫氏,凡增置郡國二十有三, 〈滎陽、上洛、頓丘、臨淮、東莞、襄城、汝陰、長廣、廣甯、昌黎、新野、隨郡、陰平、義陽、毗陵、宣城、南康、晉安、寧浦、始平、略陽、樂平、南平。〉 省司隸置司州,別立梁、秦、寧、平四州,仍吳之廣州,凡十九州, 〈司、冀、兗、豫、荊、徐、揚、青、幽、平、并、雍、涼、秦、梁、益、寧、交、廣州。〉 郡國一百七十三, 〈仍吳所置二十五,仍蜀新置十一,仍魏所置二十一,仍漢舊九十三,置二十三。〉 以爲冠帶之國,盡有殷周之土。 若乃敦龐於天地之始,昭晰於犧農之世,用長黎元,未爭疆埸。 而玉環楛矢,夷裘風駕,南翬表貺,東風入律,光乎上德,奚遠弗臻。 然則星象麗天,山河紀地,端掖裁其弘敞,崤函判其都邑,仰觀俯察,萬物攸歸。 是以洛沚咸陽,宛然秦漢,晉濱河西,同知堯禹,于茲新邑,宅是鎬京,五尺童子皆能口誦者,史官弗之書也。
In the first year of Taikang, after Jin Wudi crushed the Sun regime, the court created twenty-three new commanderies and kingdoms, 〈Twenty-three units from Yingyang on the Yellow River plain to Nanping on the southern rim.〉 The old metropolitan belt became Sizhou, Liang, Qin, Ning, and Ping were spun off as new provinces, Wu's Guangzhou was kept, and the empire was reorganized into nineteen provinces, 〈Si through Guang—the nineteen names that now girdled the reunited realm.〉 The commandery and kingdom count stood at one hundred seventy-three, 〈Twenty-five Wu foundations, eleven Shu additions, twenty-one Wei creations, ninety-three Han survivals, and twenty-three brand-new Jin seats.〉 Jin now wore the full cap-and-girdle dignity of the central states and held every tract the Yin and Zhou kings had once claimed. In the first mists of creation life spread in generous abundance; under Fuxi and Shennong the world grew plain and bright, and the people multiplied long before anyone quarreled over furrows on a map. Jade rings and blunt arrows, furs from forest peoples, embassies riding the seasonal winds, southern birds offered as tribute, eastern breezes tuning the pitch-pipes—all of it proclaimed a sovereign virtue so luminous that no corner of the map stayed beyond reach. Stars lace the sky while mountains and rivers score the earth; palace avenues pace out the capital's grandeur, the Xiao and Han passes mark where dynasties chose to sit—look up or down and every creature finds its place inside that frame. Everyone nods when you name the Luo shoals or Xianyang as the heart of Qin and Han, or liken Jin's hold on the western riverbank to the world Yao and Shun knew; every schoolchild can chant how the new capital sits where Haojing once stood—truths so worn smooth by memory that the official annals pass them by in silence.
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昔庖犧氏生於成紀,而爲天子,都於陳。 神農氏都陳,而別營于曲阜。 黃帝生於壽丘,而都於涿鹿。 少昊始自窮桑,而遷都曲阜。 顓頊始自窮桑,而徙邑商丘。 高辛即號,建都于亳。 孫卿子曰:「不登高山,不知天之高; 不臨深谿,不知地之厚也。」 大哉坤象,萬物資生,載崑華而不墜,傾河海而寧泄。 考卜惟王,乘飛駐軫,睨𡹮山而鐫勒,覽曾城以爲玩。 時逢稽浸,道接陵夷,平王東遷,星離豆剖,當塗馭宇,瓜分鼎立。 世祖武皇帝接千祀之餘,當八堯之禪,先王桑梓,罄宇來歸,斯固可得而言者矣。 惠皇不虞,中州盡棄,永嘉南度,綸行建鄴,九分天下而有二焉。
Legend places Fuxi's birth at Chenji and his enthronement at Chen. Shennong ruled from Chen yet pitched a second court at Qufu. The Yellow Emperor was born on Shouqiu hill and built his capital at Zhuolu. Shaohao rose from Qiongsang and later shifted his seat to Qufu. Zhuanxu likewise started from Qiongsang before relocating his capital to Shangqiu. Gaoxin took the throne-name and founded his capital at Bo. Xunzi wrote, "Unless you climb a high peak you cannot grasp how high the sky hangs; unless you stand above a deep gorge you cannot feel how thick the earth runs beneath you." Vast is the earth's emblem in the Changes: every creature draws life from it; it shoulders Kunlun and Mount Hua without collapsing, and even when the Yellow River and the sea pour through it, the land does not burst. Kings read the tortoise cracks, raced chariots to the ends of the roads, squinted up at Minshan and carved boastful stelae, and treated terraced capitals as baubles. Then came years of flood and dearth, the royal Way slid downhill, Pingwang fled east and the realm shattered like stars and pods, the Caos seized the chariot-reins, and the land was carved into three rival stoves. Our martial founding emperor, Shizu, picked up the threads after a thousand years of sacrifice, stood in the moment of a mandate-shift worthy of Yao's age, and watched the old heartland—the mulberry-and-catalpa home of the kings—empty itself back into his hands; that much, at least, can be told aloud. When Emperor Hui fell to calamity the Central Plain was lost; after the Yongjia flight south the court set its capital at Jiankang by imperial decree, holding barely two shares of a realm once counted in ninths.
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昔大禹觀於濁河而受綠字,寰瀛之內可得而言也。 天有七星,地有七表; 天有四維,地有四瀆。 八紘之外,名爲八極。 地不足東南,天不足西北。 八極之廣,東西二億三萬一千三百里,南北二億三萬一千三百里。 自地至天,半八極之數,自下亦如之。 昔黃帝令豎亥步自東極,至于西極,五億十萬九千八百八步。 史臣案,凡周天積百七萬九百一十三里,徑三十五萬六千九百七十里。 所謂南北爲經,東西爲緯。 天有十二次,日月之所躔; 地有十二辰,王侯之所國也。 或因生得姓,因功命土,祁、酉、燕、齊,在乎茲域。
Long ago Yu the Great stood by the silty Yellow River and read the green script that mapped the world; inside the belt of the oceans every place can finally be named. Seven stellar mansions hang above, and seven terrestrial markers answer them below; The sky is hung on four cosmic stays, and the land is gouged by four mighty watercourses that carry the flood away. Beyond the encircling girdle that ropes in the known world lie the eight outermost reaches. The ground gives way to the southeast, while the empyrean gapes widest toward the northwest. From the eastern pole to the western spans two hundred thirty-one thousand three hundred li—and the same measure runs from south to north. The vault above measured half the span of the Eight Poles, and the same depth echoed below. Once the Yellow Emperor bade Shu Hai stride from sunrise to sunset; the tally came to five hundred nine thousand eight hundred eight measured paces. Court mathematicians reckoned heaven's circuit at 1,070,913 li and its diameter at 356,970 li. This is what is meant by naming north-south the warp and east-west the weft. Twelve lunar lodges score the sky—the highway of sun and moon; twelve earthly divisions underpin the map where lords and princes plant their altars of soil and grain. Some clans took names from ancestral seats, others earned fiefs for deeds done—and the old domains of Qi, You, Yan, and Qi all fall inside these bounds.
5
昔黃帝旁行天下,方制萬里,得百里之國萬區,則《周易》所謂「首出庶物,萬國咸寧」者也。 昔在帝堯,協和萬邦,制八家爲鄰,三鄰爲朋,三朋爲里,五里爲邑,十邑爲都,十都爲師,州十有二師焉。 夏后氏東漸于海,西被于流沙,南浮于江,而朔南暨聲教,窮豎亥所步,莫不率俾,會群臣於塗山,執玉帛者萬國。 於是九州之內,作爲五服。 天子之國,內五百里甸服,百里賦納總,二百里納銍,三百里納秸服,四百里粟,五百里米。 甸服外五百里侯服,百里采,二百里任,三百里候。 侯服外五百里綏服,三百里揆文教,二百里奮武衛。 綏服外五百里要服,三百里夷,二百里蔡。 要服外五百里荒服,三百里蠻,二百里流。 訖于四海,弼成五服,五服至于五千里。 夏德中微,遇有窮之亂。 少康中興,不失舊物。 自孔甲之後,以至于桀,諸侯相兼,其能存者三千餘國,方於塗山,十損其七矣。 成湯敗桀於焦,遷鼎於亳,伊摯、仲虺之徒,大明憲典。 王者之制爵祿,公侯伯子男凡五等。 天子之田方千里,公侯田方百里,伯七十里,子男五十里。 不能五十里者,不達於天子,附於諸侯,曰附庸。 凡四海之內九州,州方千里。 州建百里之國三十,七十里之國六十,五十里之國百有二十,凡二百一十國。 名山大澤不以封,其餘以爲附庸間田。 八州,州二百一十國。 天子之縣內,百里之國九,七十里之國二十有一,五十里之國六十有三,凡九十三國。 名山大澤不以班,其餘以祿士,以爲間田。 凡九州,千七百七十三國。 天子之元士,諸侯之附庸,不與。 天子百里之內以供官,千里之內以爲御,千里之外設方伯。 五國以爲屬,屬有長; 十國以爲連,連有帥; 三十國以爲卒,卒有正; 二百一十國以爲州,州有伯。 八州,八伯,五十六正,百六十八帥,三百三十六長。 八伯各以其屬屬於天子之老二人,分天下爲左右,曰二伯。 千里之內曰甸,千里之外曰采,曰流。 天子使其大夫爲三監,監於方伯之國,國三人。 天子之縣,內,諸侯祿也; 外,諸侯嗣也。 武王歸豐,監於二代,設爵惟五,分土惟三。 封同姓五十餘國,周公、康叔建於魯衛,各數百里。 太公封於齊,表東海者也。 凡一千八百國,布列於五千里內。 而太昊、黃帝之後,唐虞侯伯猶存。 大司徒以諸公之地封疆方五百里,其食者半; 諸侯之地方四百里,其食者參之一; 諸伯之地方三百里,其食者參之一; 諸子之地方二百里,其食者四之一; 諸男之地方百里,其食者四之一。 不易之地家百畝,一易之地家二百畝,再易之地家三百畝。 五家爲比,使之相保; 五比爲閭,使之相受; 四閭爲族,使之相葬; 五族爲黨,使之相救; 五黨爲州,使之相賙; 五州爲鄉,使之相賓。 小司徒以五人爲伍,五伍爲兩,四兩爲卒,五卒爲旅,五旅爲師,五師爲軍。 以起軍旅,以作田役,以比追胥,以令貢賦。 乃經土地而井牧其田野,九夫爲井,四井爲邑,四邑爲丘,四丘爲甸,四甸爲縣,四縣爲都。 遺人則十里有廬,廬有飲食。 三十里有宿,宿有路室,路室有委。 五十里有市,市有候,候有館,館有積。 遂人則五家爲鄰,五鄰爲里,四里爲酇,五酇爲鄙,五鄙爲縣,五縣爲遂。 大司馬以九畿之籍,施邦國之政。 方千里曰國畿,其外方五百里曰侯畿,又其外方五百里曰甸畿,又其外方五百里曰男畿,又其外方五百里曰采畿,又其外方五百里曰衛畿,又其外方五百里曰蠻畿,又其外方五百里曰夷畿,又其外方五百里曰鎮畿,又其外方五百里曰藩畿。 〈畿,田限也。 自王城以外,面五千里爲界,有分限者九也。〉 于時治致太平,政稱刑措,民口千三百七十一萬四千九百三十三,蓋周之盛者也。 其衰也,則禮樂征伐出自諸侯,強吞弱而眾暴寡。 春秋之初,尚有千二百國,迄獲麟之末,二百四十二年,弒君三十六,亡國五十二,諸侯奔走不得保其社稷者不可勝數,而見於春秋經傳者百有七十國焉。 百三十九知其所居, 〈魯、邾、鄭、宋、紀、衛、西虢、莒、齊、陳、杞、蔡、邢、郕、晉、薛、許、鄧、秦、曹、楚、隨、黃、梁、虞、鄖、小邾、徐、燕、鄀、麋、舒、庸、郯、萊、吳、越、有窮、三苗、瓜州、有虞、東虢、共、宿、申、夷、向、南燕、滕、凡、戴、息、郜、芮、魏、淳于、穀、巴、州、蓼、羅、賴、牟、葛、譚、蕭、遂、滑、權、鄣、霍、耿、江、冀、弦、道、柏、微、鄫、厲、項、密、任、須句、顓臾、頓、管、雍、畢、豐、邘、應、蔣、茅、胙、夔、介、焦、沈、六、巢、根牟、唐、黎、郇瑕、寒、有鬲、斟灌、斟尋、過、有過、戈、偪陽、邿、鑄、豕韋、唐杜、楊、豳、鄶、觀、扈、邳、胡、黎、大庭、駘、岐、邶、鍾吾、蒲姑、昆吾、房、密須、甲父、鄅、桐、亳、韓、趙。〉 三十一國盡亡其處, 〈祭、極、荀、賈、貳、軫、絞、於餘丘、陽、箕、英氏、毛、聃、莘、偪、封父、仍、有仍、崇、鄟、庸、姺、奄、商奄、褒姒、蓐、有緡、闕鞏、飂、鬷、窮桑。〉 蠻夷戎狄不在其間。 五伯迭興,總其盟會。 陵夷至于戰國,遂有七王, 〈韓、魏、趙、燕、齊、秦、楚。〉 又有宋、衛、中山,不斷如綫,如三晉篡奪,亦稱孤也。
Long ago the Yellow Emperor quartered the realm, squared a domain ten thousand li on a side, and carved it into ten thousand hundred-li polities—the very epoch the Book of Changes extols when it says, "He who rises first above the throng brings every kingdom to rest." Under Yao the countries learned concord, and government knit tight: eight families made a street, three streets a cluster, three clusters a ward, five wards a market town, ten such towns a greater burgh, ten burghs a canton, and twelve cantons stitched one province. The Xia stretched east until the tide foamed at their feet, west to the shifting sands, south along the great rivers, until their transforming influence ran from pole to pole as far as Shu Hai had ever measured; none refused homage. At Mount Tu they gathered the lords, and ten thousand courts arrived with jade disks and silk. Within the Nine Provinces they layered five concentric belts of fealty. Around the capital ran five hundred li of royal fields: the inner ring sent whole stalks bundled, the next matured heads, the third straw and labor, the fourth threshed grain, the outermost polished rice for the palace kettle. Beyond that stretched another five hundred li of baronial land: the first hundred fed royal manors, the next two hundred supplied ministers of trust, the outer three hundred patrolled the marches. Next came five hundred li meant to "soothe": three hundred for schools and rites, two hundred bristling with spears that guarded the cordon. Outside the pacified belt lay five hundred li of "treaty" ground—three hundred li of loosely ruled bordermen, two hundred more under banishment law. The rim was five hundred li of wilderness—three hundred left to rough hill tribes, two hundred reserved for the river of banishment. The pattern ran to the four seas, the five girdles locked in place, a full five thousand li from throne to tide-line. Halfway through their age the Xia lost heart, and the realm reeled beneath Youqiong's revolt. Shaokang rallied the line and never surrendered the ancestral cauldrons. From Kong Jia to tyrant Jie the lords devoured one another until barely three thousand states remained—seven in ten had vanished since the great conference at Mount Tu. Cheng Tang broke Jie at Jiao and carried the tripods to Bo; ministers like Yi Yin and Zhong Hui lit clear lamps of law and precedent. Royal custom fixed five noble ranks—from duke down to baron—each with its stipend. The king measured a thousand li square; dukes and marquises a hundred, earls seventy, viscounts and barons a bare fifty on a side. Polities shy of fifty li could not seek audience alone; they hung on greater lords as client domains. Within the four seas lay nine provinces, each a thousand-li square on the chart. Each province raised thirty great hundred-li realms, sixty middling seventy-li counties, and a hundred twenty small fifty-li cells—two hundred ten banners in all. Crown peaks and imperial bogs never left the king's ledger; leftover patches became vassal pockets and buffer strips. Eight of the nine provinces repeated that pattern—two hundred ten states apiece. Inside the royal demesne itself stood nine hundred-li seats, twenty-one seventy-li manors, and sixty-three fifty-li plots—ninety-three realms devoted to the throne. Sacred heights and royal marshes were never fiefed away; the scraps paid stipendiary officials and plugged holes between grants. Across the Nine Provinces the tallies listed one thousand seven hundred seventy-three states. The count omits the king's senior householders and the petty clients of great barons. The inner hundred li fed the bureaucracy, the thousand li stocked palace service, and beyond that the king set regional elders to rule in his stead. Five states formed a dependency cluster led by a chief. Ten states formed a league placed under a captain. Thirty states formed a corps overseen by a senior marshal. Two hundred ten states formed a province ruled by a regional elder. Eight provinces meant eight great lords, fifty-six marshals, one hundred sixty-eight captains, and three hundred thirty-six village heads. Each provincial lord knelt to one of the king's two senior regents, splitting the world into eastern and western halves—the Two Chiefs of high Zhou. Inside the thousand-li cordon lay the royal hearths; outside stretched ministerial estates and the flowing lands of exile. The king posted three-man inspectorates in every regional capital to eye the barons for him. Domains hugging the throne were stipendiary grants to great lords. Those farther out settled into noble lines handed down through inheritance. King Wu withdrew to Feng, studied Xia and Shang, fixed five noble rows, and sorted fief size into three steps. He planted more than fifty Zhou princes across the map—the Duke of Zhou at Lu, Kang Shu at Wei—each commanding several hundred li. Tai Gong took Qi as his shield against the eastern tide. Eighteen hundred realms checkered the five-thousand-li heartland. Lines sprung from Taihao and the Yellow Emperor, marquises who remembered Yao and Shun, still clung to titles in that new Zhou dawn. The Minister of Education carved dukes five hundred li square but let them tax only half the soil; marquises held four hundred li yet drew a third to their kitchens; earls kept three hundred li with the same third rule; viscounts two hundred li but spent only a quarter; barons a bare hundred li yet owned a quarter of the yield. Permanent fields granted a household a hundred mu, once-fallow soil two hundred, and thrice-tired ground three hundred so the tax base stayed even. Five families swore mutual bail; five such rings a lane that housed the homeless; four lanes a clan burying its dead together; five clans a company that rushed to fires and raids; five companies a canton pooling famine grain; five cantons a countryside whose elders still bowed in guest-rite. The junior steward stacked squads: five men a file, five files a pair, four pairs a company, five companies a battalion, five battalions a host, five hosts the full army. Those ladders raised campaigns, drafted ditch gangs, mustered night watchmen, and split the grain and corvée rolls. Surveyors laid the well-net: nine farmers to a well, four wells a hamlet, four hamlets a hill-girdle, four hill-girdles a parcel, four parcels a county, four counties a great city. Wayfarers found a lodge every ten li with water and a warm bowl. Every thirty li brought a full station, roadside cells, and stacked grain. Every fifty li markets bustled with guard posts, guest halls, and piled stores. Rural marshals wove five homes into a lane, five lanes a hamlet, four hamlets a township, five townships a patch, five patches a county, five counties a sui belt. The war minister read the nine belts girding Wangcheng and from them spun every lord's marching orders. The capital sat in a thousand-li square; then nine half-thousand-li rings unrolled—baronial fields, royal estates, male fiefs, salary lands, guard strips, southern wilds, eastern wilds, garrison marches, and a final curtain of outer vassals. 〈The marginal note explains that ji denotes the border of taxable fields. It adds that from the royal walls each quarter runs five thousand li, ringed by nine stepped partitions.〉 That age ripened into the Great Peace, the racks stood empty, and the census inked 13,714,933 names—a Zhou summer at flood tide. When it rotted, drums and odes marched under barons' banners, strong states swallowed weak neighbors, and packs harried the lone. Early Spring and Autumn still counted twelve hundred flags; by the day Confucius penned the unicorn's close—two hundred forty-two bloodied years—thirty-six kings had been knifed, fifty-two realms snuffed, and numberless lords fled ruined shrines, though the classic and its gloss remember only one hundred seventy names. One hundred thirty-nine of them still have identifiable capitals on the map. 〈Among them stand classic Zhou seats—Lu, Zhu, Zheng, Song, Qi, Jin, Chu, Wu, Yue, Qin—and scores of lesser capitals whose spellings still align when cross-checked against Han epitaphs and Spring and Autumn glosses.〉 Thirty-one others vanished so completely that their very sites are forgotten. 〈Names like Zhai, Jiao, and Qiongsang survive only as ghosts in the footnotes.〉 Southern, eastern, western, and northern tribes were never part of that roll. Five overlords rose in turn to chair the league altars and stamp clan oaths. The slide ran on into the Warring States, and seven crowned powers shouldered the world— 〈Han, Wei, Zhao, Yan, Qi, Qin, and Chu.〉 Song, Wei, and Zhongshan still hung by a thread, while the breakaway triplets of Jin stole the mandate yet whimpered that they ruled as orphaned heirs.
6
《司馬法》廣陳三代,曰:古者六尺爲步,步百爲畝,畝百爲夫,夫三爲屋,屋三爲井。 井方一里,是爲九夫,八家共之。 一夫一婦受私田百畝,公田十畝,是爲八百八十畝,餘二十畝爲廬舍,出入相友,守望相助,疾病相救。 民受田,上田夫百畝,中田夫二百畝,下田夫三百畝,歲受耕之,爰自其處。 其家眾男爲餘夫,亦以口受田如此。 士工商家受田,五口乃當農夫一口。 有賦有稅,稅謂公田什一及工商衡虞之入也,賦供車馬甲兵士從之役。 民年二十受田,六十歸田。 種穀必雜五種,以備災旱。 田中不得有樹,以妨五穀。 環廬種桑柘,菜茹有畦,瓜瓠果蓏植於疆埸,雞㹠狗豕無失其時。 閭有序,鄉有庠,序以明教,庠以行禮。 司馬之法,官設六軍之眾,因井田而制軍。 令地方一里爲井,井十爲通,通十爲成,成方十里。 成十爲終,終十爲同,同方百里。 同十爲封,封十爲畿,畿方千里。 故井四爲邑,邑四爲丘,丘十六井,有戎馬一匹,牛三頭。 四丘爲甸,甸六十四井也,有戎馬四匹,兵車一乘,牛十二頭,甲士三人,卒七十二人。 是謂乘車之制。 一同百里,提封萬井,除山川、坑岸、城池、邑居、園囿、街路三千六百井,定出賦六千四百井,戎馬四百匹,兵車百乘,此卿大夫菜地之大者也,是謂百乘之家。 一封三百六十六里,提封十萬井,定出賦六萬四千井,戎馬四千匹,兵車千乘,此謂諸侯之大者也,謂之千乘之國。 天子畿內方千里,提封百萬井,定出賦六十四萬井,戎馬四萬匹,兵車萬乘,戎卒七十二萬人,故天子稱萬乘之主焉。
The Military Canons of Sima recount the Three Ages: six feet to the pace, a hundred paces to the survey mu, a hundred mu to a husband's share, three husbands to a cluster, three clusters to the sacred well of nine farms. Each well squared a li, carved nine strips, and yoked eight families to its central lord's strip. Each couple drew a hundred private mu and ten for the common furrow—880 mu under tillage and twenty for roofs; neighbors pledged friendship at every gate, stood night watch together, and nursed fevers shoulder to shoulder. Farmers drew graded plots—one hundred mu on rich soil, two hundred on middling, three hundred on lean—rotating with the seasons as the law nudged them along. Extra grown sons counted as surplus tillers and earned more acreage by the same mouth tally. Gentry, craftsmen, and merchants held land too, yet five of their mouths paid as one plowman's share. Two ledgers ran: "tax" skimmed the lord's tenth and the townsmen who trafficked scales and marshes; "levy" horseshoed chariots, buckled armor, and dragooned footmen. A man took land at twenty and surrendered it at sixty. Every field blended five grains so famine could not kill the harvest whole. Grain land stayed shadeless—no orchard stealing sunlight from the staples. Mulberries hugged each roof, kitchen gardens squared their rows, melons straggled along the headlands, and every yard timed its fowl and hogs to the turning moons. Each lane kept a school where royal lessons shone, each district a hall where elders rehearsed ceremony. The war statutes called up six hosts, threading regiment on regiment straight from the well-field grid. The statute squared the soil into one-li well-fields, stacked ten wells into a tong, ten tong into a cheng block ten li on a side. Ten cheng units formed a zhong, ten zhong a tong, and each tong measured a hundred li square. Ten tong made a feng barony, ten feng made the royal ji belt, and the ji itself stretched a thousand li on a side. Four wells formed a hamlet, four hamlets a mound-unit of sixteen wells, stocked with one cavalry mount and three oxen. Four mound-units made a dian of sixty-four wells, enough for four mounts, one war chariot, twelve oxen, three armored guards, and seventy-two footmen. That was the reckoning behind each chariot levy. A hundred-li tong claimed ten thousand nominal wells; after carving out hills, rivers, towns, and roads, six thousand four hundred wells paid the corvée, yielding four hundred horses and a hundred chariots—the great ministerial estate called a "hundred-chariot" house. A feng of 366 li wrapped a hundred thousand wells on paper, sixty-four thousand of them taxable, supporting four thousand horses and a thousand chariots—the scale of a great feudal lord, a true "thousand-chariot" kingdom. The royal thousand-li core listed a million wells, taxed six hundred forty thousand of them, and could field forty thousand horses, ten thousand chariot teams, and seven hundred twenty thousand troops—why the king is styled lord of "ten thousand chariots."
7
秦始皇既得志於天下,訪周之敗,以爲處士橫議,諸侯尋戈,四夷交侵,以弱見奪,於是削去五等焉。 漢興,創艾亡秦孤立而敗,於是割裂封疆,立爵二等,功臣侯者百有餘邑。 于時民罹秦項,戶口彫弊,大侯不過萬家,小者五六百戶,而尊王子弟,大啟九國。 古者有分土而無分民,若乃大者跨州連郡,小則十有餘城,以戶口爲差降,略封疆之遠近,所謂分民自漢始也。 起雁門以東,盡遼陽,爲燕代。 常山以南,太行左轉,渡河濟,漸于海,爲齊趙。 穀泗以注,奄有龜蒙,爲梁楚。 東帶江湖,薄會稽,爲荊吳。 北界淮瀕,略廬衡,爲淮南。 波漢之陽,亙九疑,爲長沙。 諸侯比境,周匝三垂,外接胡越。 天子自有三河、東郡、潁川、南陽,自江陵以西至巴蜀,北至雲中,西至隴西,與京師內史,凡十五郡。 文帝采賈生之議分齊趙,景帝用朝錯之計削吳楚。 武帝施主父之冊,下推恩之令,使諸侯王得分戶邑以封子弟,不行黜陟,而藩國自析。 自此以來,齊分爲七,趙分爲六,梁分爲五,淮南分爲三。 皇子始立者大國不過十餘城,長沙、燕、代雖有舊名,皆亡南北邊矣。 自文景與民休息,至平帝元始二年,民戶千二百二十三萬三千六十二,口五千九百五十九萬四千九百七十八,其地東西九千三百二里,南北萬三千三百六十八里。 大率十里一亭,亭有長。 十亭一鄉,鄉有三老,有秩嗇夫、游徼各一人。 縣大率方百里,民稠則減,稀則曠,鄉亭亦如之。 皆秦制也。 光武中興,不踰前制,東海王彊以去就有禮,故優以大封,兼食魯郡二十九縣,其餘稱爲寵錫者,兼一郡而已。 至桓帝永壽三年,戶千六十七萬七千九百六十,口五千六百四十八萬六千八百五十六,[3]斯亦戶口之滋殖者也。 獻帝建安元年拜曹操爲鎮東將軍,封費亭侯。 魏文帝黃初三年,初制封王之庶子爲鄉公,嗣王之庶子爲亭侯,[4]公侯之庶子爲亭伯。 劉備章武元年,亦以郡國封建諸王,或遙採嘉名,不由檢土地所出。 其戶二十萬,男女口九十萬。 孫權赤烏五年,亦取中州嘉號封建諸王。 其戶五十二萬三千,男女口二百四十萬。 晉文帝爲晉王,命裴秀等建立五等之制,惟安平郡公孚邑萬戶,制度如魏諸王。 其餘縣公邑千八百戶,地方七十五里; 大國侯邑千六百戶,地方七十里; 次國侯邑千四百戶,地方六十五里; 大國伯邑千二百戶,地方六十里; 次國伯邑千戶,地方五十五里; 大國子邑八百戶,地方五十里; 次國子邑六百戶,地方四十五里; 男邑四百戶,地方四十里。 [5]武帝泰始元年,封諸王以郡爲國。 邑二萬戶爲大國,置上中下三軍,兵五千人; 邑萬戶爲次國,置上軍下軍,兵三千人; 五千戶爲小國,置一軍,兵千五百人。 王不之國,官於京師。 罷五等之制,公侯邑萬戶以上爲大國,五千戶以上爲次國,不滿五千戶爲小國。 太康元年,平吳,大凡戶二百四十五萬九千八百四十,口一千六百一十六萬三千八百六十三。 而江左諸國並三分食一,元帝渡江,太興元年,始制九分食一。
Once the First Emperor owned the realm he studied why Zhou fell: wandering scholars had stirred debate, barons had raised arms, border peoples had pressed in, and weakness invited seizure—so he abolished the five noble grades altogether. The Han founders, smarting from Qin's lonely collapse, sliced the map anew, kept only two noble ranks, and enfeoffed a hundred-odd marquisates for their generals and ministers. The people were still scarred by Qin and Xiang Yu, so even great marquises counted fewer than ten thousand families and small ones only five or six hundred—yet the throne showered honors on imperial kinsmen and flung open nine huge kingdoms. Antiquity parceled land, not subjects; now great fiefs swallowed whole provinces while small ones still held ten walled towns, ranked by headcount instead of true distance—"sharing out the people" really began under Han. From Yanmen east to the Liaoyang coast became the Yan and Dai bloc. South of Changshan the Taihang swung east, the realm crossed the Yellow River and the Ji River, and the land ran down to the sea as Qi and Zhao. Where the Gu and Si rivers drain, taking in Mount Gui and Mount Meng, lay Liang and Chu. The belt of great rivers and lakes eastward to Kuaiji formed Jing and Wu. North along the Huai, sweeping Mount Lu and Mount Heng, sat Huainan. South of the Han, strung along the Nine Doubts peaks, was Changsha. The kingdoms shared borders, wrapped the inner realm on three sides, and pressed outward against the Hu and Yue frontiers. The throne kept the Three Rivers belt, Dong, Yingchuan, and Nanyang, the arc from Jiangling west into Ba and Shu, the northern rim to Yunzhong, the western rim to Longxi, plus the inner capital districts—fifteen commanderies in all. Emperor Wen followed Jia Yi's advice to split Qi and Zhao; Emperor Jing used Chao Cuo's scheme to shave away Wu and Chu. Emperor Wu adopted Zhufu's memorial and promulgated the "extending grace" edict so kings could parcel towns among sons—no overt demotions were needed, yet every great kingdom quietly fell apart. After that Qi shattered into seven fragments, Zhao into six, Liang into five, and Huainan into three. Newly enfeoffed princes held at best a dozen towns, and storied names like Changsha, Yan, and Dai no longer guarded the old northern and southern marches. From the Wen-Jing recovery to the second year of Yuansheng under Emperor Ping, the census recorded 12,233,062 households and 59,594,978 persons on a domain stretching 9,302 li east-west and 13,368 li north-south. Roughly every ten li stood a waystation with its headman. Ten stations made a township with three elders, a salaried overseer, and a roving constable. A county normally squared a hundred li, shrinking where crowded and swelling where empty, with townships and stations adjusted the same way. All of this followed Qin blueprints. Guangwu's revival kept Han's old ceilings; only Prince Qiang of Donghai, for yielding his claim with grace, won a super-fief that swallowed twenty-nine Lu counties, while other royal favors rarely exceeded a single commandery. By Yongshou 3 under Emperor Huan the registers showed 10,677,960 households and 56,486,856 people[3]—another surge in the population rolls. In the first year of Jian'an Emperor Xian named Cao Cao General Who Pacifies the East and made him Marquis of Feiting Precinct. In Huangchu 3 Cao Pi decreed that a king's younger sons became township dukes, an heir-apparent king's younger sons precinct marquises,[4] and younger sons of dukes and marquises precinct earls. In his first Zhangwu year Liu Bei also enfeoffed princes across commanderies, sometimes borrowing glamorous old names without regard to what the soil actually yielded. Shu at that count held two hundred thousand households and nine hundred thousand souls. In Chiwu 5 Sun Quan likewise raided the old Central Plain style of noble titles for his princes. Wu then counted 523,000 households and 2,400,000 people. When Sima Zhao held the title Prince of Jin he had Pei Xiu draft the revived five noble ranks; only Commandery Duke Fu of Anping kept a ten-thousand-household seat on the old Wei royal scale. Other county dukes drew 1,800 households across seventy-five li square; Marquises of great kingdoms held 1,600 households over seventy li square; Marquises of secondary kingdoms had 1,400 households and sixty-five li square; Great-kingdom earls drew 1,200 households across sixty li; Lesser-kingdom earls had a thousand households over fifty-five li; Great-kingdom viscounts received eight hundred households in fifty li square; Secondary viscounts held six hundred households over forty-five li; Baronial seats stopped at four hundred households on forty li square. [5] In the first year of Taishi Emperor Wu made each prince's domain a full commandery-sized kingdom. Twenty thousand households marked a great kingdom with upper, middle, and lower armies totaling five thousand troops; Ten thousand households made a second-rank kingdom with upper and lower hosts of three thousand soldiers; Five thousand households defined a small fief with a single army of fifteen hundred. Princes were kept in the capital and never took up residence in their nominal kingdoms. When the five-grade scheme was dropped, dukes and marquises above ten thousand households ranked as great fiefs, those above five thousand as middling, and the rest as small. After Wu fell in the first Taikang year the census added 2,459,840 households and 16,163,863 mouths to the Jin totals. Southern principalities had kept a third of their rent for the throne, but after Yuandi crossed the Yangzi the court in Taixing 1 cut the royal share to one-ninth.
8
案禹貢豫州之地。 及漢武帝,初置司隸校尉,所部三輔、三河諸郡。 其界西得雍州之京兆、馮翊、扶風三郡,北得冀州之河東、河內二郡,東得豫州之弘農、河南二郡,郡凡七。 位望隆于牧伯,[6]銀印青綬。 及光武都洛陽,司隸所部與前漢不異。 魏氏受禪,即都漢宮,司隸所部河南、河東、河內、弘農并冀州之平陽,合五郡,置司州。 晉仍居魏都,乃以三輔還屬雍州,分河南立滎陽,分雍州之京兆立上洛,廢東郡立頓丘,遂定名司州,以司隸校尉統之。 州統郡一十二,縣一百,戶四十七萬五千七百。 [7]
We now treat the ground classed as Yuzhou in the "Tribute of Yu." Under Emperor Wu the Metropolitan Superintendent first appeared, overseeing the Three Adjuncts and Three Rivers commands. Its span took Jingzhao, Fengyi, and Fufeng from Yongzhou in the west, Hedong and Henei from Ji in the north, and Hongnong and Henan from Yu in the east—seven commanderies in all. The post outranked provincial governors,[6] bearing a silver seal on green ribbon. When Guangwu moved the capital to Luoyang the metropolitan belt matched Western Han's layout. Wei took the Han palaces at Luoyang, folded Henan, Hedong, Henei, Hongnong, and Pingyang from Ji into one metropolitan zone, and renamed it Sizhou. Jin stayed in Wei's Luoyang, sent the Three Adjuncts back to Yongzhou, peeled Yingyang from Henan and Shangluo from Jingzhao, replaced Dong with Dunqiu, and locked in the name Sizhou under the metropolitan commandant. Sizhou ruled twelve commanderies and a hundred counties with 475,700 registered households. [7] This marks editorial footnote seven in the source apparatus.
9
河南郡 〈漢置。 統縣十二,戶一十一萬四千四百。 置尹。〉
Henan commandery 〈First set up under Han. It governed twelve counties and 111,400 households. Its capital seat held a metropolitan yin governor.〉
10
洛陽 〈置尉。 五部、三市。 東西七里,南北九里。 東有建春、東陽、清明三門,南有開陽、平昌、宣陽、建陽四門,西有廣陽、西明、閶闔三門,北有大夏、廣莫二門。 司隸校尉、河南尹及百官列城內也。〉 河南 〈周東都王城郟鄏也。〉 鞏 〈周孝王封周桓公孫惠公於鞏,號東周,故戰國時有東、西周號。 芒山、首陽其界也。〉 河陰新安 〈函谷關所居。〉 成皋 〈有關,鄭之武牢。〉 緱氏 〈有劉聚,周大夫劉子邑。 有延壽城、仙人祠。〉 陽城 〈有鄂阪關。 此邑是爲地中,夏至景尺五寸。 有陽城山、箕山,許由墓在焉。〉 新城 〈有延壽關。 故戎蠻子之國。〉 陸渾 〈故蠻子國,楚莊王伐陸渾是也。〉 梁 〈戰國時謂爲南梁,別少梁也。〉 陽翟
Luoyang 〈The county had a captain of police. The city was divided into five wards and three market wards. Its wall ran seven li east-west and nine li north-south. East wall opened Jianchun, Dongyang, and Qingming; the south four gates including Kaiyang; the west Guangyang, Ximing, and Changhe; the north Daxia and Guangmo. The metropolitan commandant, the Henan governor, and the full bureaucracy sat inside those walls.〉 Henan county 〈The Eastern Zhou royal city at Jia-Ru.〉 Gong county 〈King Xiao enfeoffed Duke Hui of Zhou at Gong as "Eastern Zhou," which is why Warring States texts speak of eastern and western Zhou polities. Mount Mang and Shouyang marked its frontier.〉 The entries Heyin and Xin'an lay along this stretch. 〈The seat of Hangu Pass.〉 Chenggao county 〈Held the barrier known in Zheng times as Wulao.〉 Goushi county 〈Contained the Liu settlement, seat of the Zhou minister styled Liu Zi. It also held Yanshou town and the shrine to the immortals.〉 Yangcheng county 〈The Eban defile guarded its border. Surveyors treated this town as the geodetic middle: at midsummer the noon shadow measured one foot five inches. Yangcheng and Ji ranges loomed there, and Xu You's grave lay on the slope.〉 Xincheng county 〈Yanshou Pass blocked its road. It was once the realm of the Rong chieftain called Manzi.〉 Luhun county 〈The old Manzi polity that King Zhuang of Chu campaigned against at Luhun.〉 Liang county 〈Warring States texts call it "Southern Liang" to distinguish it from Lesser Liang in the west.〉 Yangdi county
11
滎陽郡 〈泰始二年置。 統縣八,戶三萬四千。〉
Yingyang commandery 〈Created in the second year of Taishi. The commandery comprised eight counties with thirty-four thousand registered households.〉
12
滎陽 〈地名敖,秦置敖倉者。〉 京 〈鄭太叔段所居。〉 密 〈故周畿內。〉 卷 〈有博浪長沙,張良擊秦始皇處。 [8]〉 陽武苑陵中牟 〈六國時,趙獻侯都。〉 開封 〈宋蓬池在東北,或曰蓬澤。〉
Yingyang County. 〈Locally it was called Ao, the site of Qin's great Ao Granary.〉 Jing County. 〈Here Prince Duan, Duke Zhuang of Zheng's younger brother, had his seat.〉 Mi County. 〈Once lay inside the Zhou king's inner demesne.〉 Juan County. 〈It includes Bolangsha, the sandbank where Zhang Liang's retainers hurled their iron hammer at the Qin emperor's carriage. [8]〉 Yangwu, Yuanling, and Zhongmou counties. 〈During the Warring States era Zhao's Marquis Xian ruled from here.〉 Kaifeng County. 〈The Song state's Peng Pool lies to the northeast, also known as the Peng Marsh.〉
13
弘農郡 〈漢置。 統縣六,戶一萬四千。〉
Hongnong commandery. 〈Founded under Han rule. It administered six counties with fourteen thousand households on the books.〉
14
弘農 〈本函谷關。 漢武帝遷於新安縣。〉 湖 〈故曰胡,漢武更名湖。〉 陝 〈故虢國,周分陝東西,二相主之。〉 宜陽黽池華陰 〈華山在縣南。〉
Hongnong County. 〈This was the old Hangu barrier gate. Emperor Wu of Han shifted the pass complex into Xin'an County.〉 Hu County. 〈The sound stayed Hu on the tongue, but Emperor Wu of Han swapped the logographs so the rolls now read the word for 'lake' instead of the older form.〉 Shan County. 〈Ancient Guo; when Zhou split the realm east and west of Shan, two chief ministers each held one side.〉 Yiyang, Mianchi, and Huayin counties. 〈The sacred Hua range rises just south of the county seat.〉
15
上洛郡 〈泰始二年,分京兆南部置。 [9]統縣三,戶萬七千。〉
The Shangluo commandery. 〈Created in the second year of Taishi by carving out the southern half of Jingzhao. [9] The new unit held three counties and roughly seventeen thousand households.〉
16
上洛 〈嶢關在縣西北。〉 商 〈秦相衛商鞅邑。〉 盧氏 〈熊耳山在東,伊水所出。〉
Shangluo County. 〈The Yao barrier stands northwest of the county seat.〉 Shang County. 〈The estate granted to Shang Yang of Wei while he served as Qin's chief minister.〉 Lushi County. 〈The Bear-Ear range lies to the east, where the Yi River rises.〉
17
平陽郡 〈故屬河東,魏分立。 統縣十二,戶四萬二千。〉
Pingyang commandery. 〈Formerly part of Hedong until Wei carved it off as a separate commandery. It ruled twelve counties with forty-two thousand households.〉
18
平陽 〈舊堯都。 侯國。〉 楊 〈故楊侯國。〉 端氏 〈韓、魏、趙既爲諸侯,以端氏封晉君也。〉 永安 〈故霍伯國。 霍山在東。〉 蒲子狐讘襄陵 〈公國相。〉 絳邑 〈晉武公自曲沃徙此。〉 濩澤 〈析城山在西南。〉 臨汾 〈公國相。〉 北屈 〈壺口山在東南。 有南屈,故稱北。〉 皮氏 〈故耿國〉
Pingyang County. 〈Ancient capital of Emperor Yao. Seat of a marquisate.〉 Yang County. 〈Once the fief of the Marquis of Yang.〉 Duanshi County. 〈After Han, Wei, and Zhao were recognized as full states, they assigned Duanshi as the Jin ruler's residual domain.〉 Yong'an County. 〈The old polity of the Huo earls. Mount Huo rises to the east.〉 Puzi, Huzhe, and Xiangling counties. 〈County seat also served as chancellor of the adjoining ducal fief.〉 Jiangyi County. 〈Marquis Wu of Jin transferred his court here from Quwo.〉 Huòzé County. 〈Mount Xicheng looms to the southwest.〉 Linfen County. 〈Here too the county magistrate doubled as chancellor of the ducal domain.〉 Northern Qu County. 〈The Hukou gorge mountains lie to the southeast. Because another Qu lay to the south, this one took the label Northern Qu.〉 Pishi County. 〈Territory of the old Geng polity〉
19
河東郡 〈秦置。 統縣九,戶四萬二千五百。〉
Hedong commandery. 〈First organized under Qin. It comprised nine counties with forty-two thousand five hundred households.〉
20
安邑 〈舊舜都。〉 聞喜 〈故曲沃。 晉武公自晉陽徙此。〉 垣 〈王屋山在東北,沇水所出。〉 汾陽 〈公國相。 [10]〉 大陽 〈吳山在西。 周武王封西周太伯後於此。〉 猗氏 〈古猗頓城。〉 解 〈有鹽池。〉 蒲阪 〈有歷山,舜所耕也。 有雷首山,夷齊居其陽,所謂首陽山。〉 河北
Anyi County. 〈Tradition places Shun's capital here.〉 Wenxi County. 〈Originally called Quwo. Marquis Wu of Jin relocated his seat here from Jinyang.〉 Yuan County. 〈Mount Wangwu stands to the northeast, source of the Yan River.〉 Fenyang County. 〈The county hosted the chancellor of the paired ducal state. [10]〉 Dayang County. 〈The Wu range lies to the west. King Wu of Zhou granted this ground to the line of Taibo, elder uncle of the Zhou house.〉 Yishi County. 〈Site of the old walled town linked to the merchant Yidun.〉 Xie County. 〈The famous salt lakes lie here.〉 Puban County. 〈It holds Li Mountain, said field where Shun farmed as a commoner. Thunder-Head Ridge faces the sun here, where Boyi and Shuqi withdrew—the range later called Shouyang.〉 Hebei County.
21
汲郡 〈泰始二年置。 統縣六,戶三萬七千。〉
Ji commandery. 〈Created in Western Jin the second year of Taishi. It oversaw six counties with thirty-seven thousand households.〉
22
汲 〈有銅關。〉 朝歌 〈紂所都。〉 共 〈故國。 北山,淇水所出。〉 林慮獲嘉 〈故汲新中鄉。 漢武帝行過時,獲呂嘉首,因改名。〉 修武 〈晉所啟南陽,秦改名修武。〉
Ji County. 〈Contains the Bronze Gate pass.〉 Zhaoge County. 〈Capital of the tyrant Zhou, last king of Shang.〉 Gong County. 〈An old independent polity. The northern hills are where the Qi River rises.〉 Linyu and Huojia counties. 〈Originally Xinzhong township in Ji. Emperor Wu of Han renamed it after capturing rebel leader Lü Jia's head while marching through.〉 Xiuwu County. 〈Jin first registered this tract as Nanyang before Qin rule rechristened it Xiuwu.〉
23
河內郡 〈漢置。 統縣九,戶五萬二千。〉
Henei commandery. 〈First organized under Han. It held nine counties with fifty-two thousand registered households.〉
24
野王 〈太行山在西北。〉 州 〈故晉邑。〉 懷平皋 〈邢侯自襄國徙此。〉 河陽沁水軹 〈故周原邑。〉 山陽溫 〈故國也,蘇忿生封。〉
Yewang County. 〈The Taihang massif rises to the northwest.〉 Zhou County. 〈Once a town of the state of Jin.〉 Huai and Pinggao counties. 〈The lord of Xing relocated his seat here from Xiangguo.〉 Heyang, Qinshui, and Zhi counties. 〈The Zhou heartland's old Yuan township.〉 Shanyang and Wen counties. 〈An ancient polity granted to Su Fensheng as lord.〉
25
廣平郡 〈魏置。 統縣十五,戶三萬五千二百。〉
Guangping commandery. 〈Wei founded the commandery. Fifteen counties and thirty-five thousand two hundred households fell under it.〉
26
廣平邯鄲 〈秦置爲郡〉 易陽武安涉襄國 〈故邢侯國都。〉 南和任曲梁列人肥鄉臨水廣年 〈侯相。〉 斥漳平恩
Guangping and Handan counties. 〈Qin first elevated the district to commandery rank〉 Yiyang, Wu'an, She, and Xiangguo counties. 〈Once the chief seat of the marquisate of Xing.〉 Nanhe, Ren, Quliang, Liren, Feixiang, Linshui, and Guangnian counties. 〈The county seat hosted the marquisate's chancellor.〉 Chizhang and Ping'en counties.
27
陽平郡 〈魏置。 統縣七,戶五萬一千。〉
Yangping commandery. 〈Wei carved out the commandery. It registered seven counties and fifty-one thousand households.〉
28
元城 〈漢元后生邑。〉 館陶清泉[11]發干東武陽陽平樂平
Yuancheng County. 〈Birthplace of Grand Empress Wang Zhengjun of Han.〉 Guantao, Qingquan [11], Fagan, Dongwuyang, Yangping, and Leping counties.
29
魏郡 〈漢置。 統縣八,戶四萬七百。〉
Wei commandery. 〈Founded in Han times. Eight counties counted forty thousand seven hundred households.〉
30
鄴 〈魏武受封居此。〉 長樂魏斥丘安陽蕩陰內黃 〈黃池在西。〉 黎陽 〈故黎侯國。〉
Ye County. 〈Cao Cao took his princely fief and kept his seat here.〉 Changle, Wei, Chiqiu, Anyang, Dangyin, and Neihuang counties. 〈The covenant ground of Huangchi lies to the west.〉 Liyang County. 〈Territory of the old Li marquisate.〉
31
頓丘郡 〈泰始二年置。 統縣四,戶六千三百。〉
Dunqiu commandery. 〈Founded in Western Jin the second year of Taishi. Four counties mustered six thousand three hundred households.〉
32
頓丘繁陽陰安衛
Dunqiu, Fanyang, Yin'an, and Wei counties.
33
永嘉之後,司州淪沒劉聰。 聰以洛陽爲荊州,及石勒,復以爲司州。 石季龍又分司州之河南、河東、弘農、滎陽,兗州之陳留、東燕爲洛州。 元帝渡江,亦僑置司州於徐,非本所也。 後以弘農人流寓尋陽者僑立爲弘農郡。 又以河東人南寓者,於漢武陵郡孱陵縣界上明地僑立河東郡,統安邑、聞喜、永安、臨汾、弘農、譙、松滋、大戚八縣。 [12]並寄居焉。 永和五年,桓溫入洛,復置河南郡,屬司州。
After the Yongjia debacle the heartland Sizhou fell to Liu Cong's armies. Liu Cong rebranded Luoyang as Jingzhou on his maps, while Shi Le later restored the Sizhou label once he held the city. Shi Hu carved Henan, Hedong, Hongnong, and Yingyang away from Sizhou, added Chenliu and Dongyan from Yanzhou, and pieced them into a new Luozhou. After Yuan of Jin crossed the Yangzi the court likewise set up a so-called Sizhou on Xu soil, far from its true ground in the north. Refugees from Hongnong who huddled at Xunyang were later registered into a migrant Hongnong commandery. Hedong exiles who followed the southward trek were grouped at Shangming along the old Chanling border in Wuling, where the throne drew a paper Hedong commandery over Anyi, Wenxi, Yong'an, Linfen, Hongnong, Qiao, Songzi, and Daqi counties. [12] All eight existed only as exiled names patched onto southern soil. In Yonghe five Huan Wen marched into Luoyang and revived Henan commandery under the eastern Sizhou.
34
案禹貢濟河之地,舜置十二牧,則其一也。 《周禮》:「河東曰兗州。」 《春秋元命包》云:「五星流爲兗州。 兗,端也,[13]信也。」 又云:「蓋取兗水以名焉。」 漢武帝置十三州,以舊名爲兗州,自此不改。 州統郡國八,縣五十六,戶八萬三千三百。
The belt between the Ji River and the Yellow River that the Tribute of Yu maps was one of the twelve pastorates Shun ordained. The Rites of Zhou reads: 'East of the Yellow River bears the name Yanzhou.' The apocryphal Yuanming Bao adds: 'The five planets fell as rays and fixed the name Yanzhou. The gloss runs 'Yan means being straight as an edge' [13] and steadfast in trust.' Another line in the same text claims the name came from the Yan River. When Emperor Wu of Han carved thirteen inspectorates he kept the classical label for Yanzhou, and later regimes left it untouched. The province wrapped eight princedoms and commanderies, fifty-six counties, and eighty-three thousand three hundred households.
35
陳留國 〈漢置。 統縣十,戶三萬。 魏武帝封。 [14]〉
The Chenliu kingdom. 〈Founded in Han. It listed ten counties and thirty thousand hearths. Cao Cao invested the territory as his own princely fief. [14]〉
36
小黃浚儀 〈有洪溝,漢高祖項羽欲分處。〉 封丘酸棗 〈烏巢地在東南。〉 濟陽長垣 〈故匡城,孔子所厄也。〉 雍丘 〈故杞國。〉 尉氏襄邑外黃
Xiaohuang and Junyi counties. 〈The Hong Canal runs here, where Liu Bang and Xiang Yu once drew their line for splitting the realm.〉 Fengqiu and Suanzao counties. 〈Cao Cao's raid on Yuan Shao's grain depots at Wuchao unfolded southeast of here.〉 Jiyang and Changyuan counties. 〈The old Kuang fort where Confucius was cornered between Chen and Cai.〉 Yongqiu County. 〈Heartland of the Ji polity whose lords bore the Si surname.〉 Weishi, Xiangyi, and Waihuang counties.
37
濮陽國 〈故屬東郡,晉初分東郡置。 統縣四,戶二萬一千。〉
The Puyang kingdom. 〈It was sliced out of Eastern Commandery when Jin first reworked the map. Four counties and twenty-one thousand households lay inside it.〉
38
濮陽 〈古昆吾國。 師延爲紂作靡靡之樂,既而投此水。 公國相。〉 廩丘 〈公國相。 有羊角城。〉 白馬 〈有瓠子堤。〉 鄄城 〈公國相。〉
Puyang County. 〈Seat of the mythic Kunwu polity. Court musician Shi Yan composed wanton airs for King Zhou, then drowned himself in this same stream when the dynasty collapsed. The county seat also doubled as the duchy's chancellor.〉 Linqiu County. 〈Its magistrate held the adjoining duchy's chancellorship. Ram-Horn fort caps the ridgeline here.〉 Baima County. 〈The old Huzi spillway embankment crosses the county.〉 Juancheng County. 〈Juancheng likewise hosted the duchy's chief minister.〉
39
濟陰郡[15] 〈漢置。 統縣九,戶七千六百。〉
Jiyin commandery [15], with the heading carrying scholion marker fifteen. 〈Dated to Han administration. Nine counties barely mustered seven thousand six hundred households.〉
40
定陶 〈漢高祖封彭越爲梁王,都此。〉 乘氏 〈故侯國。〉 句陽離狐宛句[16]己氏成武 〈有楚丘亭〉 單父 〈故侯國。〉 城陽 〈舜所漁,堯冢在西。〉
Dingtao County. 〈Liu Bang made Peng Yue king of Liang with his capital fixed here.〉 Shengshi County. 〈Once a marquis's private realm.〉 Juyang, Lihu, Wanqu [16], Jishi, and Chengwu counties. 〈Preserves the Chu Mound watch post of old Qi.〉 Shanfu County. 〈Another old marquisate.〉 Chengyang County. 〈The lake wherein Shun plied his nets, with Emperor Yao's mound looming to the west.〉
41
高平國 〈故屬梁國,晉初分山陽置。 統縣七,戶三千八百。〉
The Gaoping kingdom. 〈Formerly sat inside the Liang princedom until early Jin peeled it off from Shanyang. Seven counties held only three thousand eight hundred households on the rolls.〉
42
昌邑 〈侯相。 有甲父亭。〉 鉅野 〈魯獲麟所。〉 方與金鄉湖陸[17]高平 〈侯國。〉 南平陽 〈侯國。 有漆亭。〉
Changyi County. 〈The county hosted the marquisate chancellor. The Jiafu watch post stands here.〉 Juye County. 〈The classic hunt where Confucius saw the unicorn took place here.〉 Fangyu, Jinxiang, Hulu [17], and Gaoping counties. 〈Seat of a marquisate.〉 Southern Pingyang County. 〈Another marquisal seat. A Qi Pavilion marker survives on the map.〉
43
任城國 〈漢置。 統縣三,戶一千七百。〉
The Rencheng kingdom. 〈Founded under Han. Three counties counted seventeen hundred households.〉
44
任城 〈古任國。〉 亢父樊
Rencheng County. 〈The old polity of Ren.〉 Kangfu and Fan counties.
45
東平國 〈漢置。 統縣七,戶六千四百。〉
The Dongping kingdom. 〈Dated to Han. Seven counties mustered six thousand four hundred households.〉
46
須昌壽張 〈有蚩尤祠。〉 范無鹽富城東平陸剛平
Xuchang and Shouzhang counties. 〈Chiyou's cult hall still receives offerings here.〉 Fan, Wuyan, Fucheng, Dongpinglu, and Gangping counties.
47
濟北國 〈漢置。 統縣五,戶三千五百。〉
The Jibei kingdom. 〈Organized in Han. Five counties held thirty-five hundred households.〉
48
盧 〈扁鵲所生。 縣西有石門。〉 臨邑東阿穀城 〈有烏下聚。 [18]〉 蛇丘 〈有下灌亭。〉
Lu County. 〈Tradition marks this as Bian Que's birthplace. Stone Gate gorge opens west of the seat.〉 Linyi, Dong'e, and Gucheng counties. 〈Contains the Wuxia cluster. [18]〉 Sheqiu County. 〈The Xiaguan post lies within the border.〉
49
泰山郡 〈漢置。 統縣十一,戶九千三百。〉
Taishan commandery. 〈Han first drew the circuit. Eleven counties and nine thousand three hundred households fell under it.〉
50
奉高 〈西南有明堂。〉 博 〈有龜山。〉 嬴南城[19]梁父 〈侯國。 有菟裘聚。〉 山茌 〈茌山在東北。〉 新泰 〈故曰平陽。〉 南武陽 〈有顓臾城。〉 萊蕪 〈有原山。〉 牟[20] 〈故牟國。〉 鉅平 〈有陽關亭。〉
Fenggao County. 〈The Mingtang ritual hall stood to the southwest.〉 Bo County. 〈Tortoise Hill rises inside the border.〉 Ying, Nancheng [19], and Liangfu counties. 〈A marquisal domain. The Tuqiu hamlet where Confucius once planned retirement lies here.〉 Shanci County. 〈Mount Chi looms to the northeast.〉 Xintai County. 〈Formerly recorded under the Pingyang label.〉 Nanwuyang County. 〈Walls of the Zhuanyu polity still show on the ground.〉 Laiwu County. 〈Mount Yuan caps the skyline here.〉 Mou County [20]. 〈Heartland of the old Mou kingdom.〉 Juping County. 〈The Yangguan watch post survives on the heights.〉
51
惠帝之末,兗州闔境淪沒石勒。 後石季龍改陳留郡爲建昌郡,屬洛州。 是時遺黎南渡,元帝僑置兗州,寄居京口。 明帝以郗鑒爲刺史,寄居廣陵,置濮陽、濟陰、高平、太山等郡。 後改爲南兗州,或還江南,或居盱眙,或居山陽。 後始割地爲境,常居廣陵,南與京口對岸。 咸康四年,於北譙界立陳留郡。 安帝分廣陵郡之建陵、臨江、如皋、寧海、蒲濤五縣置山陽郡,屬南兗州。
Under Emperor Hui's closing years the entire Yanzhou circuit collapsed into Shi Le's hands. Shi Hu later renamed Chenliu to Jianchang and folded it under Luozhou. Survivors forded the Yangzi, and Yuan of Jin papered a migrant Yanzhou onto Jingkou. Emperor Ming appointed Xi Jian as regional inspector with a seat at Guangling, attaching Puyang, Jiyin, Gaoping, Taishan, and more nominal commanderies to him. The office was rebranded South Yanzhou and drifted between Jiangnan, Xuyi, and Shanyang as the front moved. Eventually real soil was assigned and the seat settled at Guangling, opposite Jingkou on the far shore. Xiankang four saw a new Chenliu commandery planted along the northern Qiao frontier. Emperor An carved five Guangling bayside counties into a Shanyang commandery still listed under South Yanzhou.
52
案禹貢爲荊河之地。 《周禮》:「河南曰豫州。」 豫者舒也,言稟中和之氣,性理安舒也。 《春秋元命包》云:「鉤鈐星別爲豫州。」 地界,西自華山,東至于淮,北自濟,南界荊山。 秦兼天下,以爲三川、河東、南陽、潁川、碭、泗水、薛七郡。 漢改三川爲河南郡,武帝置十三州,豫州舊名不改,以河南、河東二郡屬司隸,又以南陽屬荊州。 先是,改泗水曰沛郡,改碭郡曰梁,改薛曰魯,分梁沛立汝南郡,分潁川立淮陽郡。 後漢章帝改淮陽曰陳郡。 魏武分沛立譙郡,魏文分汝南立弋陽郡。 及武帝受命,又分潁川立襄城郡,分汝南立汝陰郡,合陳郡于梁國。 州統郡國十,縣八十五,戶十一萬六千七百九十六。
The Tribute of Yu maps this belt between the Jing range and the Yellow River. The Rites of Zhou names the tract south of the river Yuzhou.' Yu' implies ease, because the land drinks in balanced vapors and its temper stays unruffled. The Yuanming Bao pairs the Gou-Qian asterisms with Yuzhou.' Its compass ran from Mount Hua westward to the Huai eastward, from the Ji northward to Mount Jing southward. Qin's first map folded the region into Sanchuan, Hedong, Nanyang, Yingchuan, Dang, Sishui, and Xue commanderies. Han retitled Sanchuan Henan, Emperor Wu's thirteen circuits kept the Yuzhou label, while Henan and Hedong answered to Sili and Nanyang slid under Jingzhou. Earlier rounds had renamed Sishui to Pei, Dang to Liang, Xue to Lu, spun Runan from Liang and Pei, and Huaiyang from Yingchuan. Eastern Han's Emperor Zhang rechristened Huaiyang Chen. Cao Cao carved Qiao from Pei, and Cao Pi raised Yiyang from Runan. Once Sima Yan took the throne he added Xiangcheng from Yingchuan, Ruoyin from Runan, and folded Chen into Liang. The province oversaw ten jurisdictions, eighty-five counties, and 116,796 households.
53
潁川郡 〈秦置。 統縣九,戶二萬八千三百。〉
Yingchuan commandery. 〈First laid out under Qin. Nine counties reported twenty-eight thousand three hundred households.〉
54
許昌 〈漢獻帝都許。 魏禪,徙都洛陽,許宮室武庫存焉,改爲許昌。〉 長社潁陰臨潁 〈公國相。〉 郾邵陵 〈公國相。〉 鄢陵 〈公國相。〉 新汲長平
Xuchang County. 〈The last Han emperor kept court at Xu. After Wei yielded the mandate to Cao Pi the capital shifted to Luoyang, but the Xu halls and arsenals stayed in use under the new name Xuchang.〉 Changshe, Yingyin, and Linying counties. 〈The county doubled as a duchy's chancellery.〉 Yan and Shaoling counties. 〈Shaoling likewise hosted a ducal chancellor.〉 Yanling County. 〈Yanling carried the same ducal staff line.〉 Xinji and Changping counties.
55
汝南郡 〈漢置。 統縣十五,戶二萬一千五百。〉
Runan commandery. 〈Han-era foundation. Fifteen counties mustered twenty-one thousand five hundred households.〉
56
襄城郡 〈泰始二年置。 統縣七,戶一萬八千。〉
Xiangcheng commandery. 〈Created in Western Jin the second year of Taishi. Seven counties held eighteen thousand households.〉
57
襄城 〈侯相。 有西不羹城。〉 繁昌 〈魏文受禪於此。〉 郟定陵 〈侯相。〉 父城 〈侯相。〉 昆陽 〈公國相。〉 舞陽 〈宣帝始封此邑。〉
Xiangcheng County. 〈Seat of the marquisate chancellor. The western Buleng fortress still crowns a ridge here.〉 Fanchang County. 〈Cao Pi accepted Han's abdication on this ground.〉 Jia and Dingling counties. 〈The county hosted the marquisate chancellor.〉 Fucheng County. 〈Fucheng likewise held the marquisal staff.〉 Kunyang County. 〈Seat of the adjoining duchy's chancellor.〉 Wuyang County. 〈Xuandi of Han first drew his fief from this town.〉
58
汝陰郡 〈魏置郡,後廢,泰始二年復置。 統縣八,戶八千五百。〉
Ruoyin commandery. 〈Wei had founded it, dropped it, then Western Jin restored it in the second year of Taishi. Eight counties counted eighty-five hundred households.〉
59
汝陰 〈故胡子國。〉 慎 〈故楚邑。〉 原鹿固始鮦陽新蔡宋 〈侯相。〉 褒信
Ruoyin County. 〈The old Hu viscounty on the Huai marches.〉 Shen County. 〈Once a Chu border town.〉 Yuanlu, Gushi, Tongyang, Xincai, and Song counties. 〈Song county hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Baoxin County.
60
梁國 〈漢置。 統縣十二,戶一萬三千。〉
The Liang kingdom. 〈Han-era foundation. Twelve counties and thirteen thousand households fell under it.〉
61
睢陽 〈春秋時宋都。〉 蒙虞下邑 〈有碭山,山有文石。〉 寧陵 〈故葛伯國。〉 穀熟陳項長平[21]陽夏武平苦 〈東有賴鄉祠,老子所生地。〉
Suiyang County. 〈Spring and Autumn Song kept court here.〉 Meng, Yu, and Xiayi counties. 〈Dangshan rises here, famous for veined building stone.〉 Ningling County. 〈Domain of the Ge lord in antiquity.〉 Gushu, Chen, Xiang, Changping [21], Yangxia, Wuping, and Ku counties. 〈Eastward stands the Lai hamlet temple marking Laozi's birthplace.〉
62
沛國 〈漢置。 統縣九,戶五千九十六。〉
The Pei kingdom. 〈Han first drew the circuit. Nine counties held five thousand ninety-six households.〉
63
相沛 〈漢高祖所起處。〉 豐竺邑[22]符離杼秋洨虹蕭
Xiang and Pei counties. 〈The hamlet where Liu Bang began his uprising.〉 Feng, Zhuyi [22], Fuli, Zhujiu, the Xiao county on the Xiao River, Hong, and the Xiao seat farther east.
64
譙郡 〈魏置。 統縣七,戶一千。〉
Qiao commandery. 〈Wei carved it from Pei. Seven counties mustered barely one thousand households.〉
65
譙城父酇山桑龍亢蘄銍
Qiao, Chengfu, Zuo, Shansang, Longkang, Qi, and Zhi counties.
66
魯郡 〈漢置。 統縣七,戶三千五百。〉
Lu commandery. 〈Han foundation. Seven counties counted thirty-five hundred households.〉
67
魯 〈曲阜之地,魯侯伯禽所居。〉 汶陽卞鄒 〈有繹山。〉 蕃 〈故小邾之國。 [23]〉 薛 〈奚仲所封。〉 公丘
Lu County. 〈The Qufu basin where the Duke of Zhou's son Boqin ruled Lu.〉 Wenyang, Bian, and Zou counties. 〈Sacred Mount Yi stands inside the border.〉 Fan County. 〈The old Lesser Zhu polity. [23] Endnote twenty-three seals the Fan county entry before〉.〉 Xue County. 〈Xi Zhong of legend first received his charter here.〉 Gongqiu County.
68
弋陽郡 〈魏置。 統縣七,戶一萬六千七百。〉
Yiyang commandery. 〈Wei opened the circuit. Seven counties held sixteen thousand seven hundred households.〉
69
西陽 〈故弦子國。〉 軑蘄春邾西陵期思弋陽
Xiyang County. 〈Once the Xian viscounty of Chu.〉 Dai, Qichun, Zhu, Xiling, Qisi, and Yiyang counties.
70
安豐郡 〈魏置。 統縣五,戶一千二百。〉
Anfeng commandery. 〈Wei organized the commandery. Five counties counted twelve hundred households.〉
71
安風雩婁安豐 〈侯相。〉 蓼松滋 〈侯相。〉
Anfeng on the wind graph, Yulou, and Anfeng on the abundance graph were three seats in one commandery. 〈The cluster carried a marquis chancellor.〉 Liao and Songzi counties. 〈Songzi hosted the marquisal minister.〉
72
案禹貢、《周禮》並爲河內之地,舜置十二牧,則其一也。 《春秋元命包》云:「昴畢散爲冀州,分爲趙國。」 其地有險有易,帝王所都,亂則冀安,弱則冀強,荒則冀豐。 舜以冀州南北闊大,分衛以西爲并州,燕以北爲幽州,周人因焉。 及漢武置十三州,以其地依舊名爲冀州,歷後漢至晉不改。 州統郡國十三,縣八十三,[24]戶三十二萬六千。
Both classics treat the belt inside the Yellow River as one of Shun's twelve pastorates. The Yuanming Bao reads the Mao-Bi stars as seed of Jizhou and the Zhao heartland.' Its terrain mixes passes and easy ground, so every dynasty built a capital there: when the realm totters Ji still feels safe, when armies weaken Ji stays strong, when fields fail Ji still feeds the north. Shun sliced the overwide Ji plain into Bing west of Wei and You north of Yan, and Zhou kept his lines. Emperor Wu of Han reused the classical Jizhou label for the same ground, and Han and Jin never renamed it. The province wrapped thirteen jurisdictions and eighty-three counties [24] with three hundred twenty-six thousand households.
73
趙國 〈漢置。 統縣九,戶四萬二千。〉
The Zhao kingdom. 〈Han charter. Nine counties reported forty-two thousand households.〉
74
房子元氏平棘高邑 〈公國相。〉 中丘柏人平鄉下曲陽 〈故鼓子國。〉 鄡
Fangzi, Yuanshi, Pingji, and Gaoyi counties. 〈Gaoyi hosted a ducal chancellor.〉 Zhongqiu, Bairen, Pingxiang, and Xiaquyang counties. 〈Once the drum polity of the Gu viscounts.〉 Qiao County.
75
鉅鹿國 〈秦置。 統縣二,戶一萬四十。〉
The Julu kingdom. 〈Qin first mapped it. Two counties counted ten thousand forty households.〉
76
廮陶鉅鹿
Yingtao and Julu counties.
77
安平國 〈漢置。 統縣八,戶二萬一千。〉
The Anping kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties held twenty-one thousand households.〉
78
信都下博武邑武遂觀津 〈侯相。〉 扶柳廣宗 〈侯國。〉 經
Xindu, Xiaobo, Wuyi, Wusui, and Guanjin counties. 〈Guanjin carried the marquis chancellor title.〉 Fuliu and Guangzong counties. 〈Both were marquisal seats.〉 Jing County.
79
平原國 〈漢置。 統縣九,戶三萬一千。〉
The Pingyuan kingdom. 〈Han charter. Nine counties mustered thirty-one thousand households.〉
80
平原高唐茌平博平聊城安德西平昌般鬲
Pingyuan, Gaotang, Chiping, Boping, Liaocheng, Ande, Xipingchang, Ban, and Ge counties.
81
樂陵國 〈漢置。 統縣五,戶三萬三千。〉
The Leling kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Five counties counted thirty-three thousand households.〉
82
厭次陽信漯沃新樂樂陵 〈有都尉居。〉
Yanci, Yangxin, Luowo, Xinle, and Leling counties. 〈Headquarters of the commandant once stood here.〉
83
勃海郡 〈漢置。 統縣十,戶四萬。〉
The Bohai commandery. 〈Han foundation. Ten counties and forty thousand households were tallied.〉
84
南皮東光浮陽饒安高城重合東安陵蓨廣川 〈侯相。〉 阜城
Nanpi, Dongguang, Fuyang, Rao'an, Gaocheng, Chonghe, Dong'anling, Tiao, and Guangchuan counties. 〈Nanpi hosted the marquisate chancellor.〉 Fucheng county.
85
章武國 〈泰始元年置。 統縣四,戶一萬三千。〉
The Zhangwu kingdom. 〈Raised in Emperor Wu's first Taishi year. Four counties and thirteen thousand households.〉
86
東平舒文安章武束州
Dongpingshu, Wen'an, Zhangwu, and Shuzhou counties.
87
河間國 〈漢置。 統縣六,戶二萬七千。〉
The Hejian kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Six counties and twenty-seven thousand households.〉
88
樂城 〈侯相。〉 武垣鄚 〈侯相。〉 易城[25]中水成平
Lecheng county. 〈Lecheng hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Wuyuan and Mo counties. 〈Mo county hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Yicheng,[25] Zhongshui, and Chengping counties.
89
高陽國 〈泰始元年置。 統縣四,戶七千。〉
The Gaoyang kingdom. 〈Created when Emperor Wu opened Taishi. Four counties and seven thousand households.〉
90
博陸高陽北新城 〈侯相。〉 蠡吾
Bolu, Gaoyang, and Beixincheng counties. 〈Bolu hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Liwei county.
91
博陵郡 〈漢置。 統縣四,戶一萬。〉
The Boling commandery. 〈Han foundation. Four counties and ten thousand households.〉
92
安平饒陽南深澤安國
Anping, Raoyang, Nanshenze, and Anguo counties.
93
清河國 〈漢置。 統縣六,戶二萬二千。〉
The Qinghe kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Six counties and twenty-two thousand households.〉
94
清河東武城繹幕 〈侯相。〉 貝丘靈鄃
Qinghe, Dongwucheng, and Yimu counties. 〈Qinghe hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Beiqiu, Ling, and Shu counties.
95
中山國 〈漢置。 統縣八,戶三萬二千。〉
The Zhongshan kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties and thirty-two thousand households.〉
96
盧奴魏昌新市安喜蒲陰望都唐北平
Lunu, Weichang, Xinshi, Anxi, Puyin, Wangdu, Tang, and Beiping counties.
97
常山郡 〈漢置。 統縣八,戶二萬四千。〉
The Changshan commandery. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties and twenty-four thousand households.〉
98
真定石邑井陘上曲陽 〈山在縣西北,有阪號飛狐口。〉 蒲吾南行唐靈壽九門 〈侯相。〉
Zhending, Shiyi, Jingxing, and Shangquyang counties. 〈Northwest of the seat rises Flying Fox Pass.〉 Puwu, Nanxingtang, Lingshou, and Jiumen counties. 〈Jiumen county hosted the marquis chancellor.〉
99
惠帝之後,冀州淪沒於石勒。 勒以太興二年僭號於襄國,稱趙。 後爲慕容雋所滅,慕容氏又爲苻堅所滅。 孝武太元八年,堅敗,其地入慕容垂。 垂僭號於中山,是爲後燕。 後燕卒滅於魏。
Once Emperor Hui had passed, Ji Province slipped under Shi Le's sway. In Taixing 2 he crowned himself at Xiangguo and proclaimed the Zhao dynasty. Murong Jun later toppled Shi Le's Zhao, then Fu Jian swept away the Murongs as well. When Fu Jian shattered in Taiyuan 8, every acre slid to Murong Chui. Murong Chui then enthroned himself at Zhongshan as Later Yan. Wei eventually snuffed out Later Yan.
100
范陽國 〈漢置涿郡。 魏文更名范陽郡。 武帝置國,封宣帝弟子綏爲王。 統縣八,戶一萬一千。〉
The Fanyang kingdom. 〈The Han first chartered Zhuo Commandery. Emperor Wen of Wei rechristened it Fanyang. Jin Wudi raised it to a kingdom and invested Emperor Xuan's nephew Sima Sui as prince. Eight counties and eleven thousand households.〉
101
涿良鄉方城長鄉遒故安范陽容城 〈侯相。〉
Zhuo, Liangxiang, Fangcheng, Changxiang, Qiu, Gu'an, Fanyang, and Rongcheng counties. 〈Zhuo county hosted the marquis chancellor.〉
102
燕國 〈漢置,孝昭改爲廣陽郡。 統縣十,戶二萬九千。〉
The Yan kingdom. 〈Han charter; Emperor Zhao converted it into Guangyang Commandery. Ten counties and twenty-nine thousand households.〉
103
薊安次 〈侯相。〉 昌平軍都 〈有關。〉 廣陽潞安樂 〈國相。 蜀主劉禪封此縣公。〉 泉州 〈侯相。〉 雍奴狐奴
Ji and Anci counties. 〈Ji county hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Changping and Jundu counties. 〈Jundu guarded a mountain barrier.〉 Guangyang, Lu, and Anle counties. 〈Guangyang paired with the kingdom chancellor. Liu Shan of Shu raised this seat to a public dukedom.〉 Quanzhou county. 〈Quanzhou hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Yongnu and Hunu counties.
104
北平郡 〈秦置。 統縣四,戶五千。〉
The Beiping commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Four counties and five thousand households.〉
105
徐無土垠俊靡無終
Xuwu, Tuyin, Junmi, and Wuzhong counties.
106
上谷郡 〈秦置,郡在谷之上頭,故因名焉。 統縣二,戶四千七十。〉
The Shanggu commandery. 〈Qin charter—the seat crowns the ravine, which explains the name. Two counties and four thousand seventy households.〉
107
沮陽居庸
Juyang and Juyong counties.
108
廣甯郡 〈故屬上谷,太康中置郡,都尉居。 統縣三,戶三千九百五十。〉
The Guangning commandery. 〈Split from Shanggu under Taikang, headquarters for the commandant. Three counties and three thousand nine hundred fifty households.〉
109
下洛潘涿鹿
Xialuo, Pan, and Zhuolu counties.
110
代郡 〈秦置。 統縣四,戶三千四百。〉
The Dai commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Four counties and three thousand four hundred households.〉
111
代廣昌平舒當城
Dai, Guangchang, Pingshu, and Dangcheng counties.
112
遼西郡 〈秦置。 統縣三,戶二千八百。〉
The Liaoxi commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Three counties and two thousand eight hundred households.〉
113
陽樂肥如海陽
Yangle, Feiru, and Haiyang counties.
114
惠帝之後,幽州沒於石勒。 及穆帝永和五年,慕容雋僭號於薊,是爲前燕。 七年,雋移都於鄴。 雋死,子暐爲苻堅所滅。 堅敗,地復入慕容垂,是爲後燕。 垂死,寶遷于和龍。
After Emperor Hui, You Province submitted to Shi Le. Yonghe 5 saw Murong Jun crown himself at Ji as Former Yan. Two years later he shifted the court to Ye. After Jun fell, Murong Wei lost Former Yan to Fu Jian. Fu Jian's collapse handed the ground back to Murong Chui's Later Yan. After Chui died, Murong Bao withdrew toward Helong.
115
案禹貢冀州之域,於周爲幽州界,漢屬右北平郡。 後漢末,公孫度自號平州牧。 及其子康、康子文懿並擅據遼東,東夷九種皆服事焉。 魏置東夷校尉,居襄平,而分遼東、昌黎、玄菟、帶方、樂浪五郡爲平州,後還合爲幽州。 及文懿滅後,有護東夷校尉,居襄平。 咸寧二年十月,分昌黎、遼東、玄菟、帶方、樂浪等郡國五置平州。 統縣二十六,戶一萬八千一百。 [26]
The classical tribute lists count it as Ji soil; Zhou drew Youzhou's border here; Han folded it into Youbeiping. Near Later Han's end Gongsun Du claimed the Pingzhou governorship. He and his son Kang, then Kang's heir Wenyi, held Liaodong until every Eastern Yi tribe owed them allegiance. Wei placed an Eastern Yi colonel at Xiangping, carved Pingzhou out of five northeastern commands, then folded it back into Youzhou. Once Gongsun Wenyi fell, the Eastern Yi colonel alone remained at Xiangping. In Xianning 2, tenth month, the court commissioned Pingzhou from Changli, Liaodong, Xuantu, Daifang, and Lelang. Twenty-six counties totaling eighteen thousand one hundred households. Editorial cross-reference [26].
116
昌黎郡 〈漢屬遼東屬國都尉,魏置郡。 統縣二,戶九百。〉
The Changli commandery. 〈Han listed it under the Liaodong dependent state; Wei promoted it to full commandery. Two counties and nine hundred households.〉
117
昌黎賓徒
Changli and Bintu counties.
118
遼東國 〈秦立爲郡。 漢光武以遼東等屬青州後,還幽州。 統縣八,戶五千四百。〉
The Liaodong kingdom. 〈Qin first chartered it as a commandery. Emperor Guangwu briefly parked Liaodong under Qingzhou before folding it back into Youzhou. Eight counties and five thousand four hundred households.〉
119
襄平 〈東夷校尉所居。〉 汶居就樂就安市西安平新昌力城
Xiangping county. 〈Headquarters of the Eastern Yi colonel.〉 Wen, Jujiu, Lejiu, Anshi, Xi'anping, Xinchang, and Licheng counties.
120
樂浪郡 〈漢置。 統縣六,戶三千七百。〉
The Lelang commandery. 〈Han foundation. Six counties and three thousand seven hundred households.〉
121
朝鮮 〈周封箕子地。〉 屯有渾彌遂城 〈秦築長城之所起。〉 鏤方駟望
Chaoxian county. 〈Zhou once invested Jizi here.〉 Tunyou, Hunmi, and Suicheng counties. 〈The Long Wall line starts from this ridge.〉 Lufang and Siwang counties.
122
玄菟郡 〈漢置。 統縣三,戶三千二百。〉
The Xuantu commandery. 〈Han foundation. Three counties and three thousand two hundred households.〉
123
高句麗望平高顯
Gaogouli, Wangping, and Gaoxian counties.
124
帶方郡 〈公孫度置。 統縣七,戶四千九百。〉
The Daifang commandery. 〈Gongsun Du carved it out. Seven counties and four thousand nine hundred households.〉
125
帶方列口南新長岑提奚含資海冥
Daifang, Liekou, Nanxin, Changcen, Tixi, Hanzai, and Haiming counties.
126
平州初置,以慕容廆爲刺史,遂屬永嘉之亂,廆爲眾所推。 及其孫雋移都于薊。 其後慕容垂子寶又遷于和龍,自幽州至於廬溥鎮以南地入於魏。 慕容熙以幽州刺史鎮令支,青州刺史鎮新城,并州刺史鎮凡城,營州刺史鎮宿軍,冀州刺史鎮肥如。 高雲以幽、冀二州牧鎮肥如,并州刺史鎮白狼。 後爲馮跋所篡,跋僭號於和龍,是爲後燕,卒滅於魏。
Pingzhou's first inspector was Murong Hui, but Yongjia's chaos soon lifted him as chief protector. His grandson Murong Jun later carried the court to Ji. Murong Bao retreated to Helong, and Wei swallowed everything from Youzhou south to Lupu stockade. Murong Xi scattered his kinsmen as inspectors—Youzhou at Lingzhi, Qingzhou at Xincheng, Bingzhou at Fancheng, Yingzhou at Sujun, Jizhou at Feiru. Gao Yun paired You-Ji shepherds at Feiru while anchoring Bingzhou at Bailang. Feng Ba seized the throne at Helong, kept the Yan dynastic name, and Wei eventually crushed him.
127
太原國 〈秦置。 統縣十三,戶一萬四千。〉
The Taiyuan kingdom. 〈Qin first chartered it. Thirteen counties and fourteen thousand households.〉
128
晉陽 〈侯相。〉 陽曲榆次于離盂狼孟陽邑大陵祁平陶京陵中都鄔
Jinyang county. 〈Jinyang hosted the marquis chancellor.〉 Yangqu, Yuci, Yuli, Yu, Langmeng, Yangyi, Daling, Qi, Pingtao, Jingling, Zhongdu, and Wu counties.
129
上黨郡 〈秦置。 統縣十,戶一萬三千。〉
The Shangdang commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Ten counties and thirteen thousand households.〉
130
潞屯留壺關長子泫氏高都銅鞮湼襄垣武鄉
Lu, Tunliu, Huguan, Changzi, Xuan, Gaodu, Tongdi, Nie, Xiangyuan, and Wuxiang counties.
131
西河國 〈漢置。 統縣四,戶六千三百。〉
The Xihe kingdom. 〈Han foundation. Four counties and six thousand three hundred households.〉
132
離石隰城中陽介休
Lishi, Xicheng, Zhongyang, and Jiexiu counties.
133
樂平郡 〈泰始中置。 統縣五,戶四千三百。〉
The Leping commandery. 〈Created mid-Taishi. Five counties and four thousand three hundred households.〉
134
沾上艾壽陽轑陽樂平
Zhan, Shang'ai, Shouyang, Liaoyang, and Leping counties.
135
雁門郡 〈秦置。 統縣八,戶一萬二千七百。〉
The Yanmen commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Eight counties and twelve thousand seven hundred households.〉
136
廣武崞𣳫陶平城葰人繁畤原平馬邑
Guangwu, Guo, Yituo, Pingcheng, Junren, Fanzi, Yuanping, and Mayi counties.
137
新興郡 〈魏置。 統縣五,戶九千。〉
The Xinxing commandery. 〈Wei carved it out. Five counties and nine thousand households.〉
138
九原定襄雲中廣牧晉昌
Jiuyuan, Dingxiang, Yunzhong, Guangmu, and Jinchang counties.
139
京兆郡 〈漢置。 統縣九,戶四萬。〉
The Jingzhao commandery. 〈Han foundation. Nine counties and forty thousand households.〉
140
長安杜陵霸城藍田高陸萬年 〈故櫟陽縣。〉 新豐陰般鄭 〈周宣王弟鄭桓公邑。〉
Chang'an, Duling, Bacheng, Lantian, Gaolu, and Wannian counties. 〈Once the Liyang county seat.〉 Xinfeng, Yinban, and Zheng counties. 〈Homeland of Duke Zheng, brother to King Xuan of Zhou.〉
141
馮翊郡 〈漢置,名左馮翊。 統縣八,戶七千七百。〉
The Fengyi commandery. 〈Han charter—originally Left Fengyi. Eight counties and seven thousand seven hundred households.〉
142
臨晉 〈故大荔,秦獲之,更名。 有河水祠,祠臨晉水,故名。〉 下邽 〈秦武公伐邽戎,置有上邽,故加「下」。〉 重泉頻陽 〈秦厲公置,在頻水之陽。〉 粟邑蓮芍郃陽夏陽 〈故少梁,秦惠文王更名。 梁山在西北。〉
Linjin county. 〈Old Daliyang; Qin seized it and rechristened the seat. It drew the name from the Linjin River altar beside the Yellow River.〉 Xiagui county. 〈When Duke Wu of Qin smashed the Ji Rong he carved out this county; Shanggui already lay upstream, so people spoke of this seat as 「Lower Gui」.〉 Chongquan and Pinyang counties. 〈Qin's Duke Li planted it on the sunny reach of the Pin.〉 Suyi, Lianshao, Heyang, and Xiayang counties. 〈Once Shaoliang until King Huiwen of Qin rechristened it. Mount Liang rises northwest of the seat.〉
143
扶風郡 〈漢武帝以爲主爵都尉,太初中更名右扶風。 統縣六,戶二萬三千。〉
The Fufeng commandery. 〈Han raised it as chief ennoblements officer, then Right Fufeng under Taichu. Six counties and twenty-three thousand households.〉
144
池陽 〈漢惠帝置。 有巀嶭山。〉 郿 〈成國渠首受渭。〉 雍 〈侯相。 有五畤、太昊、黃帝以下祠三百三所。〉 汧 〈吳山在西,古文以爲汧山。〉 陳倉美陽 〈岐山在西北,周太王所邑。〉
Chiyang county. 〈Founded under Han Emperor Hui. Mount Zhennie looms nearby.〉 Mei county. 〈The Chengguo channel taps the Wei River here.〉 Yong county. 〈Yong paired with the marquis chancellor. It shelters five suburban altars and more than three hundred shrines to Taihao, the Yellow Emperor, and their successors.〉 Qian county. 〈Mount Wu on the west was classically read as Mount Qian.〉 Chencang and Meiyang counties. 〈Mount Qi to the northwest marks Old Duke Danfu's settlement.〉
145
安定郡 〈漢置。 統縣七,戶五千五百。〉
The Anding commandery. 〈Han foundation. Seven counties and five thousand five hundred households.〉
146
臨涇朝那烏氏都盧鶉觚陰密 〈殷時密國。〉 西川
Linjing, Chaona, Wushi, Dulu, Chungou, and Yinmi counties. 〈Shang-era Mi survived on this soil.〉 Xichuan county.
147
北地郡 〈秦置。 統縣二,戶二千六百。〉
The Beidi commandery. 〈Qin first mapped it. Two counties and two thousand six hundred households.〉
148
泥陽富平
Niyang and Fuping counties.
149
始平郡 〈泰始二年置。 [28]統縣五,戶一萬八千。〉
The Shiping commandery. 〈Founded in Taishi year two. Gloss [28]: five counties and eighteen thousand households.〉
150
槐里 〈秦曰廢丘,漢高帝更名。 有黃山宮。〉 始平武功 〈太一山在東,古文以爲終南。〉 鄠 〈古國,夏啟所伐。〉 蒯城
Huaili county. 〈Qin listed Feiqiu until Han Emperor Gaozu rechristened the county. Mount Huang palace lay beside the seat.〉 Shiping and Wugong counties. 〈Taiyi Peak eastward matched classical Zhongnan ridgelines.〉 Hu county. 〈Archaic Hu fell when heir Qi struck north.〉 Kuai township.
151
新平郡 〈漢置。 統縣二,戶二千七百。〉
The Xinping commandery. 〈Han foundation. Two counties and two thousand seven hundred households.〉
152
漆 〈漆水在西。〉 汾邑
Qi county. 〈The Qi River curls along the western flank.〉 Fenyi county.
153
惠帝即位,改扶風國爲秦國。 徙都。 [29]建興之後,雍州沒於劉聰。 及劉曜徙都長安,改號曰趙,以秦、涼二州牧鎮上邽,朔州牧鎮高平,幽州刺史鎮北地,并州牧鎮蒲阪。 石勒克長安,復置雍州。 石氏既敗,苻健僭據關中,又都長安,是爲前秦。 於是乃於雍州置司隸校尉,以豫州刺史鎮許昌,秦州刺史鎮上邽,荊州刺史鎮豐陽,洛州刺史鎮宜陽,并州刺史鎮蒲阪。 苻堅時,分司隸爲雍州,分京兆爲咸陽郡,洛州刺史鎮陝城。 滅燕之後,分幽州置平州,鎮龍城,幽州刺史鎮薊城,河州刺史鎮枹罕,并州刺史鎮晉陽,豫州刺史鎮洛陽,兗州刺史鎮倉垣,雍州刺史鎮蒲阪。 於是移洛州居豐陽,以許昌置東豫州,以荊州刺史鎮襄陽,徐州刺史鎮彭城。 既而姚萇滅苻氏,是爲後秦。 及萇子興克洛陽,以并、冀二州牧鎮蒲阪,豫州牧鎮洛陽,兗州刺史鎮倉垣,分司隸領北五郡,置雍州刺史鎮安定。 及姚泓爲劉裕所滅,其地尋入赫連勃勃。 勃勃僭號於統萬,是爲夏。 置幽州牧於大城,又平劉義真於長安,遣子璝鎮焉,號曰南臺。 以朔州牧鎮三城,秦州刺史鎮杏城,雍州刺史鎮陰密,并州刺史鎮蒲阪,梁州牧鎮安定,北秦州刺史鎮武功,豫州牧鎮李閏,[30]荊州刺史鎮陝,其州郡之名並不可知也。 然自元帝渡江,所置州亦皆遙領。 初以魏該爲雍州刺史,鎮酇城,尋省,僑立始平郡,寄居武當城。 有秦國流人至江南,改堂邑爲秦郡,僑立尉氏縣屬焉。 康帝時,庾翼爲荊州刺史,遷鎮襄陽。 其後秦雍流人多南出樊沔,孝武始於襄陽僑立雍州,仍立京兆、始平、扶風、河南、廣平、義成、北河南七郡,並屬襄陽。 襄陽故屬荊州。
Emperor Hui elevated Fufeng into the Qin princedom. The court shifted its capital. Gloss [29]: post-Jianxing turmoil forfeited Yongzhou to Liu Cong. Liu Yao crowned himself at Chang'an as Zhao and scattered inspectors—Qin-Liang at Shanggui, Shuozhou at Gaoping, Youzhou on Beidi soil, Bingzhou guarding Puban. Shi Le seized Chang'an and resurrected Yongzhou. Once the Shi house fell, Fu Jian clamped Guanzhong and enthroned Former Qin at Chang'an. They carved out a metropolitan colonelcy at Yongzhou while pinning Yuzhou at Xuchang, Qinzhou at Shanggui, Jingzhou at Fengyang, Luozhou at Yiyang, and Bingzhou at Puban. Fu Jian split metropolitan territory into Yongzhou, peeled Xianyang from Jingzhao, and slid Luozhou forward to Shancheng. Once Former Yan fell they raised Pingzhou at Longcheng from Youzhou—inspectors ringed Ji, Fuhan, Jinyang, Luoyang, Cangyuan, and Puban. Luozhou slid south to Fengyang, eastern Yuzhou anchored Xuchang, while Jingzhou and Xuzhou watched Xiangyang and Pengcheng. Yao Chang soon erased Former Qin and styled Later Qin. Yao Xing seized Luoyang, stacked Bing-Ji shepherds at Puban, Yu power at Luoyang, Yanzhou at Cangyuan, carved northern metropolitan belts, and parked Yongzhou at Anding. Yao Hong perished before Liu Yu and Helian Bobo swallowed the plateau. Helian Bobo crowned himself at Tongwan as the Xia dynasty. He named a Youzhou shepherd at Dacheng, crushed Liu Yizhen at Chang'an, left son Gui as viceroy, and dubbed the court Southern Terrace. Inspectors littered Sancheng, Xingcheng, Yinmi, Puban, Anding, Wugong, Lijian,[30] and Shan—later editors lost the exact map. After Emperor Yuan crossed the Great River, northern provinces became empty titles on the left bank. Wei Gai briefly held Yongzhou at Zancheng until the office vanished and Shiping sojourned at Wudang. Qin exiles triggered renaming Tangyi to Qin Commandery with Weishi nested inside. Emperor Kang ordered Yu Yi west as Jingzhou inspector with seat at Xiangyang. Qin-Yong exiles spilling through Fan and Mian persuaded Emperor Xiaowu to stage Yongzhou at Xiangyang plus seven attached commanderies. Xiangyang itself once answered only to Jingzhou.
154
案禹貢雍州之西界,周衰,其地爲狄。 秦興美陽甘泉宮,本匈奴鑄金人祭天之處。 匈奴既失甘泉,又使休屠、渾邪王等居涼州之地。 二王後以地降漢,漢置張掖、酒泉、敦煌、武威郡。 其後又置金城郡,謂之河西五郡。 漢改周之雍州爲涼州,蓋以地處西方,常寒涼也。 地勢西北邪出,在南山之間,南隔西羌,西通西域,于時號爲斷匈奴右臂。 獻帝時,涼州數有亂,河西五郡去州隔遠,於是乃別以爲雍州。 末又依古典定九州,乃合關右以爲雍州。 魏時復分以爲涼州,刺史領戊己校尉,護西域,如漢故事,至晉不改。 統郡八,縣四十六,戶三萬七百。
Classical geography marks this as Yongzhou's western bound; Zhou's decay left it to Rong and Di bands. Qin's Ganquan halls at Meiyang echoed the Xiongnu golden idols raised for Heaven. Deprived of Ganquan, the Xiongnu parked Xiutu and Hunye across Liangzhou. Their surrender let Han layer Zhangye, Jiuquan, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. Jincheng joined to complete the five Hexi commands. Han renamed Zhou's Yongzhou Liangzhou for its biting chill. The corridor squeezes northwest between ranges, brushes western Qiang, and reaches the Tarim—Han strategists called it amputating the Xiongnu right arm. Emperor Xian's Liangzhou revolts forced the distant Hexi quintet to become their own Yongzhou. Late Han ritualists recombined the western march into one Yongzhou. Wei split Liangzhou anew, kept the Wuji colonel over the Silk Road, and Jin kept the mold. Eight commanderies, forty-six counties, thirty thousand seven hundred households.
155
金城郡 〈漢置。 統縣五,戶二千。〉
The Jincheng commandery. 〈Han foundation. Five counties and two thousand households.〉
156
榆中允街金城白土浩亹
Yuzhong, Yunjie, Jincheng, Baitu, and Haomen counties.
157
西平郡 〈漢置。 統縣四,戶四千。〉
The Xiping commandery. 〈Han foundation. Four counties and four thousand households.〉
158
西都臨羌長寧安夷
Xidu, Linqiang, Changning, and Anyi counties.
159
武威郡 〈漢置。 統縣七,戶五千九百。〉
The Wuwei commandery. 〈Han foundation. Seven counties and five thousand nine hundred households.〉
160
姑臧宣威揖次倉松顯美驪靬番和
Guzang, Xuanwei, Yici, Cangsong, Xianmei, Lijian, and Fanhe counties.
161
張掖郡 〈漢置。 統縣三,戶三千七百。〉
The Zhangye commandery. 〈Han foundation. Three counties and three thousand seven hundred households.〉
162
永平臨澤 〈漢昭武縣,避文帝諱改也。〉 [31]屋蘭 〈漢因屋蘭名焉。〉
Yongping and Linze counties. 〈Former Han Zhaowu county retitled to dodge Emperor Wen's personal name.〉 Annotation [31]: Wulan county. 〈Han preserved the old Wulan label.〉
163
西郡 〈漢置。 統縣五,戶一千九百。〉
The Xi commandery. 〈Han foundation. Five counties and one thousand nine hundred households.〉
164
日勒刪丹仙提萬歲蘭池 〈一云蘭絕池。〉
Rile, Shandan, Xianti, Wansui, and Lanci counties. 〈Some glosses split the name as Lan-Jue Pool.〉
165
酒泉郡 〈漢置。 統縣九,戶四千四百。〉
The Jiuquan commandery. 〈Han foundation. Nine counties and four thousand four hundred households.〉
166
福祿會水安彌騂馬樂涫表氏延壽玉門沙頭
Fulu, Huishui, Anmi, Xingma, Leguan, Biaoshi, Yanshou, Yumen, and Shatou counties.
167
敦煌郡 〈漢置。 統縣十二,戶六千三百。〉
The Dunhuang commandery. 〈Han foundation. Twelve counties and six thousand three hundred households.〉
168
昌蒲敦煌龍勒陽關效穀廣至宜禾冥安[32]深泉[33]伊吾新鄉乾齊
Changpu, Dunhuang, Longle, Yangguan, Xiaogu, Guangzhi, Yihe, Ming'an,[32] Shenquan,[33] Yiwu, Xinxiang, and Ganqi counties.
169
西海郡 〈故屬張掖,漢獻帝興平二年,武威太守張雅請置。 統縣一,戶二千五百。〉
The Xihai commandery. 〈Split from Zhangye when Wuwei prefect Zhang Ya memorialized Emperor Xiandi in Xingping 2. One county and two thousand five hundred households.〉
170
居延 〈澤在東南,尚書所謂流沙也。〉
Juyan county. 〈Southeast marshes match the Documents' drifting sands.〉
171
元康五年,惠帝分敦煌郡之宜禾、伊吾、冥安、深泉、廣至等五縣,分酒泉之沙頭縣,又別立會稽、新鄉,凡八縣爲晉昌郡。 永寧中,張軌爲涼州刺史,鎮武威,上表請合秦雍流移人於姑臧西北,置武興郡,統武興、大城、烏支、襄武、晏然、新鄣、平狄、司監等縣。 又分西平界置晉興郡,統晉興、枹罕、永固、臨津、臨鄣、廣昌、大夏、遂興、罕唐、左南等縣。 是時中原淪沒,元帝徙居江左,軌乃控據河西,稱晉正朔,是爲前涼。 及張寔,分金城之令居、枝陽二縣,又立永登縣,合三縣立廣武郡。 張茂分武興、金城、西平、安故爲定州。 張駿分武威、武興、西平、張掖、酒泉、建康、西海、西郡、湟河、晉興、廣武合十一郡爲涼州,[34]興晉、金城、武始、南安、永晉、大夏、武成、漢中爲河州,敦煌、晉昌、高昌、西域都護、戊己校尉、玉門大護軍三郡三營爲沙州。 [35]張駿假涼州都督,攝三州。 張祚又以敦煌郡爲商州。 永興中,置漢陽縣以守牧地,張玄靚改爲祁連郡。 張天錫又別置臨松郡。 天錫降於苻氏,其地尋爲呂光所據。 呂光都於姑臧後,以郭黁言讖,改昌松爲東張掖郡。 及呂隆降於姚興,其地三分。 武昭王爲西涼,建號於敦煌。 禿髮烏孤爲南涼,建號於樂都。 沮渠蒙遜爲北涼,建號於張掖。 而分據河西五郡。
Yuankang 5 carved Jinchang from Dunhuang and Jiuquan scraps plus two new seats. Zhang Gui petitioned Yongning courts to plant Qin-Yong exiles northwest of Guzang inside Wu Xing Commandery. From Xiping he sliced Jinxing Commandery—Jinxing, Fuhan, Yonggu, Linjin, and allies. As refugees fled the Yellow River plain, Zhang Gui kept Jin rites alive beyond the passes as Former Liang. Zhang Shi peeled Lingju and Zhiyang off Jincheng, added Yongdeng, and welded the trio into Guangwu Commandery. Zhang Mao raised Dingzhou from Wuxing, Jincheng, Xiping, and Angu. Zhang Jun carved Liangzhou from eleven western seats,[34] stacked another eight into Hezhou, and branded three desert bases Shazhou. Note [35]: Zhang Jun governed Liangzhou pro tem over three provinces. Zhang Zuo rechristened Dunhuang as Shangzhou. Yongxing planted Hanyang for grazing until Zhang Xuanjing styled it Qilian Commandery. Zhang Tiansi added an independent Linsong Commandery. After Zhang Tiansi yielded to Former Qin, Lü Guang seized the corridor. At Guzang Lü Guang listened to Guo Mo's omens and dubbed Changsong Eastern Zhangye. Lü Long's capitulation to Yao Xing shattered the plateau into three rivals. Li Gao's Western Liang flew its banner from Dunhuang. Tufa Wugu styled Southern Liang from Ledu. Juqu Mengxun proclaimed Northern Liang at Zhangye. The trio partitioned the Hexi pentarchy.
172
案禹貢本雍州之域,魏始分隴右置焉,刺史領護羌校尉,中間暫廢。 及泰始五年,又以雍州隴右五郡及涼州之金城、梁州之陰平,合七郡置秦州,鎮冀城。 太康三年,罷秦州,并雍州。 七年,復立,鎮上邽。 統郡六,縣二十四,戶三萬二千一百。
Classical Yongzhou fed Wei Longyou commands overseen by a Qiang colonel—sometimes suspended. the fifth year of Taishi welded Yongzhou's Longyou belt, Jincheng from the western Liang corridor, and Yinping from the Hanzhong Liang stack into Qinzhou at Jicheng. Taikang 3 swallowed Qinzhou back into Yongzhou. Seven years later Qinzhou returned with seat at Shanggui. Six commanderies, twenty-four counties, thirty-two thousand one hundred households.
173
隴西郡 〈秦置。 統縣四,戶三千。〉
The Longxi commandery. 〈Qin charter. Four counties and three thousand households.〉
174
襄武首陽 〈鳥鼠山在東。〉 臨洮狄道
Xiangwu and Shouyang counties. 〈Mount Niao-Wu guards the eastern skyline.〉 Lintao and Didao counties.
175
南安郡 〈漢置。 統縣三,戶四千三百。〉
The Nan'an commandery. 〈Han foundation. Three counties and four thousand three hundred households.〉
176
獂道新興中陶
Yuandao, Xinxing, and Zhongtao counties.
177
天水郡 〈漢武置,孝明改爲漢陽,晉復爲天水。 [36]統縣六,戶八千五百。〉
The Tianshui commandery. 〈Han Emperor Wu founded it; Emperor Ming tried Hanyang; Jin revived Tianshui. Gloss [36]: six counties and eight thousand five hundred households.〉
178
上邽冀 〈秦州故居。〉 始昌新陽顯新 〈漢顯親縣。〉 成紀
Shanggui and Ji counties. 〈Original Qinzhou headquarters.〉 Shichang, Xinyang, and Xianxin counties. 〈Han archives labeled it Xianqin.〉 Chengji county.
179
略陽郡 〈本名廣魏,泰始中更名焉。 統縣四,戶九千三百二十。〉
The Lüeyang commandery. 〈Born as Guangwei Commandery until Taishi retitled it. Four counties and nine thousand three hundred twenty households.〉
180
臨渭平襄略陽清水
Linwei, Pingxiang, Lüeyang, and Qingshui counties.
181
武都郡 〈漢置。 統縣五,戶三千。〉
The Wudu commandery. 〈Han foundation. Five counties and three thousand households.〉
182
下辯河池沮武都故道
Xiabian, Hechi, Ju, Wudu, and Gudao counties.
183
陰平郡 〈泰始中置。 統縣二,戶三千。〉
The Yinping commandery. 〈Founded mid-Taishi. Two counties and three thousand households.〉
184
陰平平廣[37]
Yinping and Pingguang[37] counties.
185
惠帝分隴西之狄道、臨洮、河關,又立洮陽、遂平、武街、始興、第五、真仇六縣,合九縣置狄道郡,屬秦州。 張駿分屬涼州,又以狄道縣立武始郡。 江左分梁爲秦,寄居梁州,又立氐池爲北秦州。
Emperor Hui stitched Didao Commandery from nine counties carved out of Longxi. Zhang Jun shifted the bundle to Liangzhou and stacked Wushi atop Didao. Exiles dubbed Liang-within-Liangzhou Northern Qinzhou at Qianchi.
186
案禹貢華陽黑水之地,舜置十二牧,則其一也。 梁者,言西方金剛之氣強梁,故因名焉。 《周禮》職方氏以梁并雍。 漢不立州名,以其地爲益州。 及獻帝初平六年,[38]以臨江縣屬永寧郡。 建安六年,劉璋改永寧爲巴東郡,分巴郡墊江置巴西郡。 劉備據蜀,又分廣漢之葭萌、涪城、梓潼、白水四縣,改葭萌曰漢壽,又立漢德縣,以爲梓潼郡; 割巴郡之宕渠、宣漢、漢昌三縣置宕渠郡,尋省,以縣並屬巴西郡。 泰始三年,分益州,立梁州於漢中,改漢壽爲晉壽,又分廣漢置新都郡。 梁州統郡八,縣四十四,[39]戶七萬六千三百。
Classical Huayang country belonged to Shun's twelve pastures. 'Liang' evokes hard western temper—the label stuck. The Zhou Rites map paired Liang with Yong. Han simply treated it as part of Yizhou. In Chuping 6 Linqing County joined Yongning Commandery, per gloss [38]. Liu Zhang converted Yongning into Badong and peeled Baxia from Ba. Liu Bei carved Zitong Commandery from four Guanghan counties and rechristened Jiameng as Hanshou. Dangqu Commandery lasted briefly before its seats slid back into Ba. the third year of Taishi raised Liangzhou at Hanzhong, upgraded Hanshou to Jinshou, and spun Xindu from Guanghan. Eight commanderies, forty-four counties,[39] seventy-six thousand three hundred households.
187
漢中郡 〈秦置。 統縣八,戶一萬五千。〉
The Hanzhong commandery. 〈Qin charter. Eight counties and fifteen thousand households.〉
188
南鄭蒲池褒中沔陽成固西鄉黃金興道
Nanzheng, Puchi, Baozhong, Mianyang, Chenggu, Xixiang, Huangjin, and Xingdao counties.
189
梓潼郡 〈蜀置。 統縣八,戶一萬二百。〉
The Zitong commandery. 〈Shu regime. Eight counties and ten thousand two hundred households.〉
190
梓潼涪城武連黃安漢德晉壽劍閣白水
Zitong, Fucheng, Wulian, Huang'an, Hande, Jinshou, Jiange, and Baishui counties.
191
廣漢郡 〈漢置。 統縣三,戶五千一百。〉
The Guanghan commandery. 〈Han foundation. Three counties and five thousand one hundred households.〉
192
廣漢德陽五城
Guanghan, Deyang, and Wucheng counties.
193
新都郡 〈泰始二年置。 統縣四,戶二萬四千五百。〉
The Xindu commandery. 〈the second year of Taishi creation. Four counties and twenty-four thousand five hundred households.〉
194
雒什方緜竹新都
Luo, Shifang, Mianzhu, and Xindu counties.
195
涪陵郡 〈蜀置。 統縣五,戶四千二百。〉
The Fuling commandery. 〈Shu regime. Five counties and four thousand two hundred households.〉
196
漢復涪陵漢平漢葭萬寧
Hanfu, Fuling, Hanping, Hanjia, and Wanning counties.
197
巴郡 〈秦置。 統縣四,戶三千三百。〉
The Ba commandery. 〈Qin charter. Four counties and three thousand three hundred households.〉
198
江州墊江臨江枳
Jiangzhou, Dianjiang, Linjiang, and Zhi counties.
199
巴西郡 〈蜀置。 [40]統縣九,戶一萬二千。〉
The Baxi commandery. 〈Shu regime. Note [40]: nine counties and twelve thousand households.〉
200
閬中西充國蒼溪岐愜南充國漢昌宕渠安漢平州
Langzhong, Xichongguo, Cangxi, Qiqie, Nanjiangguo, Hanchang, Dangqu, Anhan, and Pingzhou counties.
201
巴東郡 〈漢置。 統縣三,戶六千五百。〉
The Badong commandery. 〈Han foundation. Three counties and six thousand five hundred households.〉
202
魚復[41]朐䏰南浦
Yufu,[41] Quyin, and Nanpu counties.
203
太康六年九月,罷新都郡并廣漢郡。 惠帝復分巴西置宕渠郡,統宕渠、漢昌、宣漢三縣,并以新城、魏興、上庸合四郡以屬梁州。 尋而梁州郡縣沒于李特,永嘉中又分屬楊茂搜,其晉人流寓於梁益者,仍於二州立南北二陰平郡。 及桓溫平蜀之後,以巴漢流人立晉昌郡,領長樂、安晉、延壽、安樂、宣漢、寧都、新興、吉陽、東關、永安十縣; 又置益昌、晉興二縣,屬巴西郡; 於德陽界東南置遂寧郡; 又於晉壽置劍閣縣,屬梁州。 後孝武分梓潼北界立晉壽郡,統晉壽、白水、邵歡、興安四縣; 梓潼郡徙居梓潼,罷劍閣縣; 又別置南漢中郡,分巴西、梓潼爲金山郡。 及安帝時,又立新巴、汶陽二郡,又有北新巴、華陽、南陰平、北陰平四郡,其後又立巴渠、懷安、宋熙、白水、上洛、北上洛、南宕渠、懷漢、新興、安康等十郡。
Taikang 6, ninth month, folded Xindu back into Guanghan. Emperor Hui revived Dangqu from Baxi and bundled four frontier commands under Liangzhou. Li Te swallowed Liangzhou seats; Yongjia fragments entered Yang Maosou's sphere; exiles duplicated Yinping north and south. Huan Wen's Shu campaign yielded Jinchang Commandery with ten refugee counties. Yichang and Jinxing nestled inside Ba Commandery. Suining appeared southeast of Deyang. The court planted Jiange County under Jinshou's Liangzhou umbrella. Emperor Xiaowu peeled Jinshou Commandery from northern Zitong with four counties. The Zitong headquarters slid homeward and Jiange vanished. Southern Hanzhong appeared while Ba and Zitong fed Jinshan Commandery. Emperor An's reign stacked refugee commands until ten more prefectures cluttered the map.
204
案禹貢及舜十二牧俱爲梁州之域,周合梁於雍,則又爲雍州之地。 《春秋元命包》云:「參伐流爲益州,益之爲言阨也。」 言其所在之地險阨也,亦曰疆壤益大,故以名焉。 始秦惠王滅蜀,置郡,以張若爲蜀守。 及始皇置三十六郡,蜀郡之名不改。 漢初有漢中、巴、蜀。 高祖六年,分蜀置廣漢,凡爲四郡。 武帝開西南夷,更置犍爲、牂柯、越巂、益州四郡,凡八郡,遂置益州統焉,益州蓋始此也。 及後漢,明帝以新附置永昌郡,安帝又以諸道置蜀、廣漢、犍爲三郡屬國都尉,及靈帝又以汶江、蠶陵、廣柔三縣立汶山郡。 獻帝初平元年,劉璋分巴郡立永寧郡。 [42]建安六年,改永寧爲巴東,以巴郡爲巴西,又立涪陵郡。 二十一年,劉備分巴郡立固陵郡。 蜀章武元年又改固陵爲巴東郡,巴西郡爲巴郡,又分廣漢立梓潼郡,分犍爲立江陽郡,以蜀郡屬國爲漢嘉郡,以犍爲屬國爲朱提郡。 劉禪建興二年,改益州郡爲建寧郡,廣漢屬國爲陰平郡,分建寧永昌立雲南郡,分建寧牂柯立興古郡,分廣漢立東廣漢郡。 魏景元中,蜀平,省東廣漢郡。 及武帝泰始二年,分益州置梁州,以漢中屬焉。 七年,又分益州置寧州。 益州統郡八,縣四十四,戶十四萬九千三百。
Classical Liangzhou melted into Yong once Zhou paired Liang with Yong. The apocryphal Yuan Ming Bao ties Yizhou's name to Shen-Wei stars and narrow passes. Commentators gloss yi as perilous terrain—or ever-widening frontier. When Qin's King Hui swallowed Shu he parked Zhang Ruo as prefect. Even Qin Shihuang's thirty-sixfold reform kept Shu Commandery. Early Han knew three Ba-Shu units. Gaozu carved Guanghan from Shu for a quartet of western prefectures. Han Emperor Wu's Yi thrust forged eight commands before stacking them under Yizhou province. Later Han layered Yongchang, dependent prefectures, and Wenshan onto the southwest. Chuping 1 saw Liu Zhang peel Yongning from Ba. The forty-second apparatus note records Jian'an 6 renaming Yongning into Badong, folding Ba into Baxi, and planting Fuling Commandery. Year twenty-one Liu Bei drew Guling Commandery out of Ba. Liu Bei's Zhangwu edicts rewired Ba-Shu names across the basin. Liu Shan's Jianxing reforms multiplied southern commands. Wei annexation canceled Eastern Guanghan. the second year of Taishi lifted Liangzhou from Yizhou and parked Hanzhong inside. Year seven added Ningzhou west of Yizhou. Eight commanderies, forty-four counties, one hundred forty-nine thousand three hundred households.
205
蜀郡 〈秦置。 統縣六,戶五萬。〉
The Shu commandery. 〈Qin charter. Six counties and fifty thousand households.〉
206
成都廣都繁江原臨邛郫
Chengdu, Guangdu, Fan, Jiangyuan, Linqiong, and Pi counties.
207
犍爲郡 〈漢置。 統縣五,戶一萬。〉
The Qianwei commandery. 〈Han foundation. Five counties and ten thousand households.〉
208
武陽南安僰道資中牛鞞
Wuyang, Nan'an, Bodao, Zizhong, and Niubi counties.
209
汶山郡 〈漢置。 統縣八,戶一萬六千。〉
The Wenshan commandery. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties and sixteen thousand households.〉
210
汶山升遷都安廣陽興樂平康蠶陵廣柔
Wenshan, Shengqian, Du'an, Guangyang, Xingle, Pingkang, Canling, and Guangrou counties.
211
漢嘉郡 〈蜀置。 統縣四,戶一萬三千。〉
The Hanjia commandery. 〈Shu regime. Four counties and thirteen thousand households.〉
212
漢嘉徙陽嚴道旄牛
Hanjia, Xiyang, Yandao, and Maoniu counties.
213
江陽郡 〈蜀置。 統縣三,戶三千一百。〉
The Jiangyang commandery. 〈Shu regime. Three counties and three thousand one hundred households.〉
214
江陽符漢安
Jiangyang, Fu, and Han'an counties.
215
朱提郡 〈蜀置。 統縣五,戶二千六百。〉
The Zhuti commandery. 〈Shu regime. Five counties and two thousand six hundred households.〉
216
朱提南廣漢陽南秦堂狼
Zhuti, Nanguang, Hanyang, Nanqin, and Tanglang counties.
217
越巂郡 〈漢置。 統縣五,戶五萬三千四百。〉
The Yuexi commandery. 〈Han foundation. Five counties and fifty-three thousand four hundred households.〉
218
會無邛都卑水定苲臺登
Huiwu, Qiongdu, Beishui, Dingzi, and Taileng counties.
219
牂柯郡 〈漢置。 統縣八,戶一千二百。〉
The Zangke commandery. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties and one thousand two hundred households.〉
220
萬壽且蘭談指[43]夜郎毋歛[44]幷渠鄨平夷
Wanshou, Juolan, Zhizhi,[43] Yelang, Wuxian,[44] Bingqu, Bi, and Pingyi counties.
221
惠帝之後,李特僭號於蜀,稱漢,益州郡縣皆沒于特。 李雄又分漢嘉、蜀二郡立沈黎、漢原二郡。 是時益州郡縣雖沒李氏,江左並遙置之。 桓溫滅蜀,其地復爲晉有,省漢原、沈黎而立南陰平、晉原、寧蜀、始寧四郡焉。 咸安二年,益州復沒於苻氏。 太元八年,復爲晉有。 隆安二年,又立晉熙、遂寧、晉寧三郡云。
Post-Hui turmoil let Li Te seize Han titles across Yizhou. Li Xiong peeled Shenli and Hanyuan from Hanjia and Shu. Courtiers beyond the river maintained empty registers. Huan Wen's victory restored Jin lines—four fresh commands replaced Li Xiong's pairs. Xian'an 2 handed Yizhou back to Former Qin. Taiyuan 8 returned the basin to Jin. Long'an 2 raised Jinxi, Suining, and Jinning.
222
於漢魏爲益州之域。 泰始七年,武帝以益州地廣,分益州之建寧、興古、雲南、交州之永昌,合四郡爲寧州,統縣四十五,戶八萬三千。
Han-Wei archives label it Yizhou. the seventh year of Taishi carved Ningzhou from four southwestern commands.
223
雲南郡 〈蜀置。 統縣九,戶九千二百。〉
The Yunnan commandery. 〈Shu regime. Nine counties and nine thousand two hundred households.〉
224
雲平雲南梇棟青蛉姑復邪龍楪榆遂久永寧
Yunping, Yunnan, Longdong, Qingling, Gufu, Xielong, Dieyu, Suijiu, and Yongning counties.
225
興古郡 〈蜀置。 統縣十一,戶六千二百。〉
The Xinggu commandery. 〈Shu regime. Eleven counties and six thousand two hundred households.〉
226
律高句町宛溫漏臥毋掇[45]賁古滕休鐔封[46]漢興進乘都篖
Lügao, Gouting, Wanwen, Louwo, Wuduo,[45] Bengui, Tengxiu, Tanfeng,[46] Hanxing, Jincheng, and Doulang counties.
227
建寧郡 〈蜀置。 統縣十七,戶二萬九千。〉
The Jianning commandery. 〈Shu regime. Seventeen counties and twenty-nine thousand households.〉
228
味昆澤存䣖新定談槀母單同瀨漏江牧麻穀昌連然秦臧雙柏俞元修雲泠丘滇池
Wei, Kunze, Cunpi, Xinding, Tangao, Mudan, Tonglai, Loujiang, Muma, Guchang, Lianran, Qinzang, Shuangbai, Yuyuan, Xiuyun, Lingqiu, and Dianchi counties.
229
永昌郡 〈漢置。 統縣八,戶三萬八千。〉
The Yongchang commandery. 〈Han foundation. Eight counties and thirty-eight thousand households.〉
230
不韋永壽比蘇雍鄉南涪巂唐哀牢博南
Buwei, Yongshou, Bisu, Yongxiang, Nanfu, Zuitang, Ailao, and Bonan counties.
231
太康三年,武帝又廢寧州入益州,立南夷校尉以護之。 太安二年,惠帝復置寧州,又分建寧以西七縣別立爲益州郡。 永嘉二年,改益州郡曰晉寧,分牂柯立平夷、夜郎二郡。 [47]然是時其地再爲李特所有。 其後李壽分寧州興古、永昌、雲南、朱提、越巂、河陽六郡爲漢州。 咸康四年,分牂柯、夜郎、朱提、越巂四郡置安州。 八年,又罷并寧州,以越巂還屬益州,省永昌郡焉。
Taikang 3 folded Ningzhou back into Yizhou under a southern Yi colonel. Tai'an 2 revived Ningzhou and spawned another Yizhou Commandery west of Jianning. Yongjia 2 rechristened Yizhou Commandery as Jinning and bisected Zangke. Gloss forty-seven reminds readers that Li Te once again seized those counties before Jin returned. Li Shou carved Hanzhou from six southern commands. Xiankang 4 stacked Anzhou atop four frontier commands. Eight years later Jin dissolved Anzhou, reassigned Yuexi, and struck Yongchang.
232
校勘記
Collation notes
233
崆山訪道「崆」,宋本、局本等作「風」,殿本作「崆」,今從殿本。 黃帝于崆峒山訪道,傳自莊子。
Editors prefer Palace "Kong" over Song "wind" for the sacred peak. Zhuangzi places the Yellow Emperor's Kongtong pilgrimage.
234
義陽據下「武帝增置」之文及「義陽郡」下之文,義陽郡又置于晉武帝太康時。
Cross-headings prove Yiyang belongs to Emperor Wu's Taikang expansions.
235
永壽三年戶千六十七萬七千九百六十口五千六百四十八萬六千八百五十六後漢書郡國志在本志校記中以後簡稱《續漢志·一》注云:「永壽二年,戶千六百七萬九百六,口五千六萬六千八百五十六人。」
The Yongshou census clashes with Fan Ye's Yongshou two gloss.
236
嗣王之庶子爲亭侯各本無「亭」字,殿本有。 今從殿本,與魏志文帝紀合。
Palace editions insert ting before marquis. Palace wording aligns with Wei Emperor Wen's record.
237
位望隆于牧伯「隆」,各本作「降」,宋本作「隆」,今從宋本。
Song's "rise" fits context better than "fall".
238
縣一百戶四十七萬五千七百下所列爲縣九十九,戶四十九萬二千四百。 兩數不合,各州頗有此類情況,以後不具校。
The county tally reads ninety-nine while households hit forty-nine thousand two hundred forty. Editors flag such mismatches once rather than line by line.
239
有博浪長沙張良擊秦始皇處畢沅《晉書·地理志·新補正》 (以下簡稱《畢校》) 謂「遍檢諸地志,皆云博浪沙在陽武。」 疑此十二字注本在「陽武」下,錯簡入卷縣耳。
Bi Yuan's collation cites Zhang Liang's Bolangsha blow against Qin Shihuang. (Hereafter Bi's Collations) Bi Yuan opens by insisting every gazetteer parks Bolang Sands at Yangwu. Bi Yuan argues a dozen commentary graphs belong under Yangwu, not with Juan county.
240
分京兆南部置「部」,各本作「郡」,宋本作「部」,今從宋本。
Editors adopt Song's ‘bu’ where others misread ‘jun’.
241
汾陽公國相《畢校》及方愷《新校·晉書·地理志》 (以後簡稱《方校》) 均謂「汾陽」當作「汾陰」。 按:「公國相」,各本作「公相國」,「相國」二字誤倒,宋本不誤,今從宋本。
Heading cites Bi Yuan and Fang Kai's apparatus. (Hereafter Fang's Collations) Bi and Fang emend Fenyang to Fenyin. Song correctly orders ‘ducal chancellor’ versus transposed prints.
242
清泉考異:本「清淵」,避唐諱改。
Tang scribes dodged taboo by renaming Qingyuan Qingquan.
243
大戚考異:大戚即廣戚,隋避煬帝諱改。
Sui editors swapped Guangqi for Daqi.
244
兗端也「端」,各本作「瑞」,今從宋本作「端」。
Song's ‘terminus’ beats other prints’ ‘omen.’
245
魏武帝封考異:袁廷檮曰,「武帝」當作「元帝」,即常道鄉公也。 晉受禪,封爲陳留王。
Yuan Tingtao corrects the ruler named on the marquisate. The Jin transfer invested him prince at Chenliu.
246
濟陰郡原作「濟陽郡」。 考異:漢無濟陽郡,蓋「濟陰」之誤。 卞壺傳濟陰冤句人,宋書州郡志於城武、離狐二縣並云晉太康地志屬濟陰。 按:《左傳》隱公七年杜注及郤詵傳並可證。 今據改。
Headline mistakenly said Jiyang for Jiyin. Han sources prove Jiyang impossible here. Parallel passages anchor Jiyin, not Jiyang. Commentarial tradition backs the emendation. Editors adopt the correction.
247
宛句卞壺傳作「冤句」,《漢書·地理志》在本志校記中以後簡稱漢志上、《續漢志·三》、宋書州郡志在本志校記中以後簡稱宋志一、魏書地形志在本志校記中以後簡稱後魏志二、隋書地理志在本志校記中以後簡稱隋志中並作「冤句」。
Bi Kan's biography writes Yuanju while Han Treatise I, Xu Han Treatise III, Liu Song's prefectural roster, Wei geography, and Sui geography all agree on Yuanju for this seat.
248
湖陸原作「陸湖」。 舉正:當作「湖陸」,見《左傳》襄公十九年杜注。 斠注:水經濟水、泗水注亦作「湖陸」。 按:漢志上、《續漢志·三》謂本曰湖陵,莽改湖陸。 今據乙正。
Characters were reversed to Luhu. Du Yu confirms Hulu order. Hydrological glosses agree. Historical nomenclature traces Wang Mang's tweak. Characters now match canonical order.
249
烏下聚馬與龍晉書地理志注後簡稱馬校:「烏」當作「嶲」。 《續漢志·三》作「嶲下聚」,劉昭注引《左傳》僖公二十六年杜注作「嶲下」。
Ma Xu emends bird radical. Parallel passages demand Xi.
250
南城原作「南武城」。 考異:景獻羊皇后、惠羊皇后、羊祜傳、宋書羊欣、羊元保傳並云泰山南城人,宋、齊、隋志皆稱南城,惟晉志多一「武」字,殆因下文有「南武陽」而衍一「武」字。 按:錢說是,今據刪。
Extra ‘Wu’ infected Nancheng. Empress Jingxian, Empress Hui, Yang Hu, Yang Xin, and Yang Yuanbao uniformly call them Taishan Nancheng natives; Song, Qi, and Sui gazetteers likewise omit the stray wu graph that Jin duplicated from Nanwuyang. Editors strip the intrusive graph.
251
牟原作「東牟」。 考異:「東」字衍。 漢志上、《續漢志·三》泰山郡有牟縣,即春秋牟國,與東萊之東牟非一地。 羊祜傳詔以泰山之南武陽、牟、南城、梁父、平陽爲南城郡,是晉時已名牟縣也。 按:宋志一、《左傳》桓公十五年注「泰山牟縣」,均亦無「東」字,今據刪。
Erroneous ‘east’ prefix. Commentators reject the extra graph. Geography distinguishes homophonous seats. Imperial mandate confirms Mou without ‘east.’ Parallel citations justify deletion.
252
長平馬校:縣已見前潁川郡,此誤複出。
Duplicate Changping entry flagged.
253
竺邑《方校》:武陔傳,「沛國竹邑人」,此作「竺邑」,似誤。 斠注:魏志明紀、胡質傳引虞預晉書、宋書州郡志、水經睢水注引李奇說皆作「竹邑」。 竺邑即竹邑,本漢縣,有竹邑侯張壽碑。 按:《漢志·上》、《續漢志·二》、《後漢書·明八王傳》、《吳志·薛綜傳》、《隋志·下》彭城郡符離下注並作「竹」。
Fang Kai questions bamboo versus Zhu. Broad manuscript tradition favors Zhuyi. Epigraphy confirms Zhuyi. Bamboo radical prevails in canonical texts.
254
蕃各本作「番」,今從宋本作「蕃」,與漢志下、《續漢志·二》合。
Song preserves Fan graph.
255
縣八十三「三」,各本作「二」,今從殿本作「三」,與實領縣數合。
Palace arithmetic aligns with county counts.
256
易城漢志上、《續漢志·二》、後魏志上及後漢書劉虞傳並無「城」字。
Earlier gazetteers omit the suffix.
257
戶一萬八千一百「八千」,各本作「六千」,今從殿本作「八千」,與統計戶數相符。
Palace household figures reconcile.
258
陰氣雍閼也「陰」下原有「陽」字。 斠注:類聚六、御覽一六四引太康地記均無「陽」字。 按:無「陽」字是,今據刪。
Erroneous yang character intruded. Early encyclopedias omit yang. Editors remove yang.
259
始平郡泰始二年置「二」,各本作「三」,今從宋本作「二」,與宋志三合。
Song Taishi date prevails.
260
徙都疑此二字因涉下文「徙都長安」而誤衍。
Likely scribal duplication.
261
李閏姚萇載記、魏書安定王燮傳皆作「李潤」。
Parallel texts read Li Run.
262
避文帝諱改也「文」,原誤作「景」,今改正。
Taboo note restored to Wen.
263
冥安「冥」原作「宜」。 《畢校》:應作「冥安」,《元和郡縣志》以縣界冥水爲名。 按:畢說是,今據改。 下同。
Yi misprinted for Ming. Bi Yuan cites hydronym. Editors adopt Ming'an. Following entries mirror this fix.
264
深泉考異:「淵泉」作「深泉」,避唐諱。
Tang editors dodged Li Yuan's name.
265
張駿分武威武興西平張掖酒泉建康西海西郡湟河晉興廣武合十一郡爲涼州原缺「西海」,「廣武」誤作「須武」,今據《後魏書·張駿傳》補改。
Modern editors therefore plug Xihai back into Zhang Jun's elevenfold Liangzhou list and restore Guangwu where older prints mangled it into Xuwu, following Zhang Jun's biography in Wei Shu.
266
敦煌晉昌高昌西域都護戊己校尉玉門大護軍三郡三營爲沙州原缺「高昌」,「戊己」誤作「張茂以」,今據《後魏書·張駿傳》增改。
Wei Shu restores Gaochang and Wuji titles.
267
晉復爲天水「晉」當作「魏」。 魏時有天水郡,見三國志姜維傳及注、楊阜傳、曹真傳、張既傳、閻溫傳。
Wei, not Jin, revived Tianshui. Three Kingdoms notices prove Wei-period seat.
268
及獻帝初平六年趙一清水經注釋三三:全祖望謂初平只四年,無六年,當作元年。
Chronology critics fix regnal year.
269
縣四十四各本作「縣三十三」,今從殿本作「縣四十四」,與統計實數合。
Palace county tally matches.
270
蜀置《畢校》:譙周《巴記》,建安六年劉璋分巴郡墊江以上爲巴西郡。 據此,則巴西郡劉璋時分置。
Qiao Zhou dates Liu Zhang's split. Line clarifies Liu Zhang's foundation.
271
魚復各本作「魚腹」,今從宋本作「魚復」。 漢志上、《續漢志·五》、華陽國志一、後漢書張堪傳、蜀志先主傳並作「魚復」。
Song restores Yufu against mistaken ‘fish belly.’ Han Treatise I, Xu Han Treatise V, Huayang Annals book one, Fan Ye's Zhang Kan biography, and Chen Shou's Shu Founder biography unanimously preserve the Yufu spelling.
272
初平元年劉璋分巴郡立永寧郡考異:劉焉以興平元年卒,子璋始爲益州牧,則初平元年璋尚未牧益州,「初平」當爲「興平」之訛。
Because Liu Yan died in Xingping 1 and only afterward did Liu Zhang inherit Yizhou, the headline era cannot be Chuping 1—scribes must read Xingping.
273
談指原作「指談」。 斠注:兩漢志、華陽國志四並作「談指」。 按:漢書昭帝紀、前漢紀十六亦作「談指」。 今據乙正。
Characters reversed. Sources agree on order Zhiyuan. Han court histories agree. Editors swap order.
274
毋歛原作「毋劍」。 斠注:兩漢志、宋志、華陽國志四、水經溫水注皆作「毋歛」。 按:「劍」乃誤字,今改。
Second graph corrupted. Broad consensus on Wuxian. Graph correction.
275
毋掇漢志上「掇」作「棳」,師古曰其字從木。 水經溫水注亦作「毋棳」。
Orthographic note from Hanshu. Hydrology agrees.
276
鐔封「鐔」,各本作「鐸」。 宋本及音義作「鐔」,今從宋本。 與漢志上、《續漢志·五》、宋志四、華陽國志四、水經溫水注合。
Bronze versus bell phonetics. Song preserves Tan graph. Those witnesses march in step with Han Treatise I, Xu Han Treatise V, Song geography book four, Huayang Annals book four, and Li Daoyuan's commentary on the Wen River.
277
永嘉二年至夜郎二郡王遜傳:「元帝加遜安南將軍,刺史如故。 遜表請改分牂牁爲平夷郡,分建寧爲夜郎郡,改益州爲晉寧郡,事皆施行。」 與此志不同。
Wang Xun biography excerpt begins. Memorial describes adjustments. Wang Xun's account clashes with the geography chapter.