1
《書》曰：「唐虞稽古，建官惟百。」 所以獎導民萌，裁成庶政。 《易》曰：「天垂象，聖人則之。」 執法在南宮之右，上相處端門之外，而鳥龍居位，雲火垂名，前史詳之，其以尚矣。 黃帝置三公之秩，以親黎元，少昊配九扈之名，以為農正，命重黎於天地，詔融冥於水火，則可得而言焉。 伊尹曰：「三公調陰陽，九卿通寒暑，大夫知人事，列士去其私。」 而成湯居亳，初置二相，以伊尹、仲虺為之，凡厥樞會，仰承君命。 總及周武下車，成康垂則，六卿分職，二公弘化，咸樹司存，各題標準，苟非其道，人弗虛榮。 貽厥孫謀，其固本也如此。 及秦變周官，漢遵嬴舊，或隨時適用，或因務遷革，霸王之典，義在於斯，既獲厥安，所謂得其時制者也。 四征興於漢代，四安起于魏初，四鎮通於柔遠，四平止於喪亂，其渡遼、淩江，輕車、強弩，式揚遐外，用表攻伐，興而復毀，厥號彌繁。 及當塗得志，克平諸夏，初有軍師祭酒，參掌戎律。 建安十三年，罷漢台司，更置丞相，而以曹公居之，用兼端揆。 孫吳、劉蜀，多依漢制，雖復臨時命氏，而無忝舊章。 世祖武皇帝即位之初，以安平王孚為太宰，鄭沖為太傅，王祥為太保，司馬望為太尉，何曾為司徒，荀顗為司空，石苞為大司馬，陳騫為大將軍，世所謂八公同辰，攀雲附翼者也。 若乃成乎棟宇，非一枝之勢； 處乎經綸，稱萬夫之敵。 或牽羊以葉於夢，或垂釣以申其道，或空桑以獻其術，或操版以啟其心。 臥龍飛鴻，方金擬璧，秦奚、鄭產，楚材晉用，斯亦曩時之良具，其又昭彰者焉。 宣王既誅曹爽，政由己出，網羅英俊，以備天官。 及蘭卿受羈，貴公顯戮，雖復策名魏氏，而乃心皇晉。 及文王纂業，初啟晉台，始置二衛，有前驅養由之弩； 及設三部，有熊渠佽飛之眾。 是以武帝龍飛，乘茲奮翼，猶武王以周之十亂而理殷民者也。 是以泰始盡于太康，喬柯茂葉，來居斯位； 自太興訖於建元，南金北銑，用處茲秩。 雖未擬乎夔拊龍言，天工人代，亦庶幾乎任官惟賢，蒞事惟能者也。
The Book of Documents says: "When Tang and Yu looked back to antiquity, they created no more than a hundred offices." That was how they encouraged the people and gave shape to the affairs of state. The Book of Changes says: "Heaven displays signs; the sage patterns himself on them." Justice lay to the right of the Southern Palace; the chief minister waited beyond the Duan Gate; bird and dragon offices held rank with cloud and fire as their emblems—prior histories lay it out clearly, and the grandeur speaks for itself. The Yellow Emperor created the Three Dukes to draw near to the people; Shaohao aligned the Nine Hu titles with agricultural oversight; Chong and Li received Heaven and Earth; Zhu Rong and Ming received fire and water—and such patterns can be put into words. Yi Yin said: "The Three Dukes harmonize yin and yang; the Nine Ministers track the seasons; grand officers attend to human affairs; ranked officers put private interest aside." When Tang of Shang made Bo his seat, he first set up two chancellors—Yi Yin and Zhong Hui—and on every pivot they carried out the sovereign's will. Under King Wu and the models left by Cheng and Kang, the Six Ministers split the labor, the Two Dukes carried royal influence abroad, every bureau had its charter, and no one claimed idle honors without the right conduct. They anchored the dynasty by planning for generations yet unborn. Qin refashioned Zhou's bureaucracy; Han largely kept Qin's frame while tweaking it for the moment—the logic of strong rule was there—and stability meant institutions matched their age. Han invented the Four Expeditions; Wei at its outset the Four Pacifications; Four Garrisons stretched toward distant peoples; Four Peace posts vanished when chaos returned. Epithets like Crossing-the-Liao, River-Fording, light chariot, and strong crossbow brandished force beyond the borders for campaigns—created, scrapped, then multiplied until the catalogue grew tangled. Once the Cao regime triumphed and pacified the heartland, it introduced the army adviser libationer to share oversight of military law. In 208 Cao Cao abolished the old Han ministerial posts, restored the chancellorship, and filled it himself, concentrating supreme executive power. Wu and Shu largely kept Han models; occasional improvised titles notwithstanding, they stayed within the classical mold. At his accession, Emperor Wu named Sima Fu Grand Preceptor, Zheng Chong Grand Tutor, Wang Xiang Grand Guardian, Sima Wang Minister of War, He Zeng Minister of Education, Xun Yi Minister of Works, Shi Bao Grand Marshal, and Chen Qian Grand General—the storied eight dukes of a single hour, men who rose by riding imperial favor. Raising the whole hall takes more than one timber; true stewardship of the realm earns the title match for ten thousand. Some arrived through dreams of sheep and grain; some through fishing metaphors; some from humble soil with a craft to sell; some by presenting the royal tablet and winning trust. Hidden dragons and soaring swans, talents weighed like gold against jade—think of Baili Xi, of Zichan's picks, or Chu officers serving Jin: the tools of antiquity for finding ministers were plain enough. After Sima Yi eliminated Cao Shuang, he ruled in his own name and stocked every court post with talent. When fine officers were seized and great nobles died in public execution, names might still stand with Wei but hearts had already turned to Jin. When Sima Zhao extended the family work and founded the Jin apparatus, he created the Two Guards with vanguard crossbows worthy of Yang Youji. When the Three Corps followed, they swelled with crack troops like the ancient palace guard. Thus Emperor Wu's rise—vaulting on these preparations—matched King Wu deploying his ten able assistants to rule the former Shang subjects. From the Taishi era through Taikang, imposing figures filled those ranks; from Daxing to Jianyuan, the finest metal south and north filled those offices. They fell short of the sage-kings' marriage of Heaven's work to human agency, yet they neared the ideal: office by virtue, tasks by competence.
2
丞相、相國，並秦官也。 晉受魏禪，並不置，自惠帝之後，省置無恆。 為之者，趙王倫、梁王肜、成都王穎、南陽王保、王敦、王導之徒，皆非復尋常人臣之職。
The titles chancellor and minister of state both originated in Qin. Jin left both vacant at the founding; after Emperor Hui the posts flickered in and out without a fixed rule. When princes such as Sima Lun, Sima Rong, Sima Ying, Sima Bao, Wang Dun, and Wang Dao took these titles, they wielded power far beyond an ordinary subject's charge.
3
太宰、太傅、太保，周之三公官也。 魏初唯置太傅，以鐘繇為之，末年又置太保，以鄭沖為之。 晉初以景帝諱故，又采《周官》官名，置太宰以代太師之任，秩增三司，與太傅太保皆為上公，論道經邦，燮理陰陽，無其人則闕。 以安平獻王孚居之。 自渡江以後，其名不替，而居之者甚寡。
Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Guardian were Zhou's classical Three Dukes. Early Wei appointed only a Grand Tutor—Zhong Yao—and near the dynasty's end added a Grand Guardian, Zheng Chong. Early Jin avoided the taboo on Sima Shi's name and borrowed Zhou ritual titles: Grand Preceptor replaced Grand Instructor, ranked above the Three Departments alongside Grand Tutor and Grand Guardian as upper dukes who counseled on the Way and the realm and balanced yin and yang—and remained empty when no one qualified. The office went to Sima Fu, Prince Xian of Anping. South of the Yangzi the title survived, yet almost nobody actually held it.
4
太尉、司徒、司空，並古官也。 自漢曆魏，置以為三公。 及晉受命，迄江左，其官相承不替。
The ministers of war, education, and works were ancient posts. Han and Wei treated them as the Three Dukes. From Jin's founding through the southern court the succession never broke.
5
大司馬，古官也。 漢制以冠大將軍、驃騎、車騎之上，以代太尉之職，故恆與太尉迭置，不並列。 及魏有太尉，而大司馬、大將軍各自為官，位在三司上。 晉受魏禪，因其制，以安平王孚為太宰，鄭沖為太傅。 王祥為太保，義陽王望為太尉，何曾為司徒，荀顗為司空，石苞為大司馬，陳騫為大將軍，凡八公同時並置，唯無丞相焉。 自義陽王望為大司馬之後，定令如舊，在三司上。
The Grand Marshal was an ancient title. Han ranked it above the chief generals as stand-in for Minister of War, so it rotated with that office rather than sitting beside it. Under Wei the Minister of War returned as its own post while Grand Marshal and Grand General sat above the Three Departments. Jin kept Wei's scheme: Sima Fu as Grand Preceptor, Zheng Chong as Grand Tutor. Wang Xiang became Grand Guardian, Sima Wang Minister of War, He Zeng Minister of Education, Xun Yi Minister of Works, Shi Bao Grand Marshal, Chen Qian Grand General—all eight peers at once, the chancellor alone omitted. After Sima Wang took Grand Marshal, statute fixed it as before—above the Three Departments.
6
大將軍，古官也。 漢武帝置，冠以大司馬名，為崇重之職。 及漢東京，大將軍不常置，為之者皆擅朝權。 至景帝為大將軍，亦受非常之任。 後以叔父孚為太尉，奏改大將軍在太尉下。 及晉受命，猶依其制，位次三司下，後復舊，在三司上。 太康元年，琅邪王伷遷大將軍，復制在三司下，伷薨後如舊。
Grand General was an ancient office. Han Wudi created it, lending it the Grand Marshal name as a post of exceptional weight. In Eastern Han it was irregular, and every holder seized court power. When Sima Jing became Grand General he too received an extraordinary commission. Later Uncle Sima Fu as Minister of War moved the Grand General below that office. Jin first kept it below the Three Departments, then restored it above them. In 280 Prince You of Langye as Grand General again ranked below the Three Departments until his death restored the old order.
7
開府儀同三司，漢官也。 殤帝延平元年，鄭騭為車騎將軍，儀同三司； 儀同之名，始自此也。 及魏黃權以車騎將軍開府儀同三司； 開府之名，起於此也。
The cluster full headquarters, ritual parity with the Three Departments was Han in origin. In 106 CE Emperor Shang named Zheng Zhi chariot-and-cavalry general with Three-Department ceremonial rank; that is when ritual parity first appears. Wei later gave Huang Quan chariot command, full headquarters, and Three-Department parity; the establish headquarters formula dates from then.
8
驃騎、車騎、衛將軍、伏波、撫軍、都護、鎮軍、中軍、四征、四鎮、龍驤、典軍、上軍、輔國等大將軍，左右光祿、光祿三大夫，開府者皆為位從公。
Grand generals of Agile Cavalry, Chariots and Cavalry, Guards, Wave-Quelling, Army-Pacifying, Chief Protector, Garrison Army, Central Army, the Four Expeditions, the Four Garrisons, Dragon-Soaring, Army Directorate, Upper Army, State-Supporting, and similar commands, along with the left and right Grand Masters of Splendid Happiness and the three Grand Masters of Splendid Happiness, ranked next to the dukes when they opened headquarters.
9
太宰、太傅、太保、司徒、司空、左右光祿大夫、光祿大夫，開府位從公者為文官公，冠進賢三梁，黑介幘。
Civil dukes ranked next to the full dukes included the Grand Steward, Grand Tutor, Grand Guardian, Minister over the Masses, Minister of Works, the left and right Grand Masters of Splendid Happiness, and the Grand Masters of Splendid Happiness; they wore the three-ridged Jinxian cap and a black kerchief.
10
大司馬、大將軍、太尉、驃騎、車騎、衛將軍、諸大將軍，開府位從公者為武官公，皆著武冠，平上黑幘。
Military junior dukes—the top martial posts with full headquarters—wore the warrior's cap and flat black scarf.
11
文武官公，皆假金章紫綬，著五時服。 其相國、丞相，皆袞冕，綠盭綬，所以殊于常公也。
Both kinds bore gold seals on purple cords and seasonal court dress. Chancellors and ministers of state alone wore full ritual robes and green ribbons—marking them above ordinary peers.
12
諸公及開府位從公者，品秩第一，食奉日五斛。 太康二年，又給絹，春百匹，秋絹二百匹，綿二百斤。 元康元年，給菜田十頃，田騶十人，立夏後不及田者，食奉一年。 置長史一人，秩一千石； 西東閣祭酒、西東曹掾、戶倉賊曹令史屬各一人； 禦屬閣下令史、西東曹倉戶賊曹令史、門令史、記室省事令史、閣下記室書令史、西東曹學事各一人。 給武賁二十人，持班劍。 給朝車駕駟、安車黑耳駕三各一乘，祭酒掾屬白蓋小車七乘，軺車施耳後戶、皁輪犢車各一乘。 自祭酒已下，令史已上，皆皁零辟朝服。 太尉雖不加兵者，吏屬皆絳服。 司徒加置左右長史各一人，秩千石； 主簿、左西曹掾屬各一人，西曹稱右西曹，其左西曹令史已下人數如舊令。 司空加置導橋掾一人。
Dukes and junior peers ranked first grade with five hu of grain daily. From 281 they also received silk—one hundred bolts each spring, two hundred each autumn, and two hundred jin of cotton. In 291 they received ten qing of kitchen gardens and ten field grooms; anyone unable to take land after Start of Summer drew a year's stipend instead. They had one chief clerk at one thousand shi; one pavilion libationer east and west, one bureau staff east and west, and one clerk each for household, granary, and thieves offices; plus imperial-staff clerks, granary and household clerks, gate and secretary clerks, and one academic officer per eastern and western bureau. Twenty martial guards with ceremonial swords were assigned. Their transport included a four-horse court carriage, secure and black-eared carriages, seven white-canopied staff carts, and light and black-wheeled calf carriages. From libationers through clerks they wore black-bordered court robes. Even unarmed Ministers of War dressed their staffs in crimson. The Minister of Education added left and right chief clerks at one thousand shi; one chief clerk and one western-bureau aide—the western bureau was styled right western bureau, with left-bureau clerks as in the old code. The Minister of Works added one bridge-guide aide.
13
諸公及開府位從公加兵者，增置司馬一人，秩千石； 從事中郎二人，秩比千石； 主簿、記室督各一人； 舍人四人； 兵鎧、士曹，營軍、刺奸、帳下都督，外都督，令史各一人。 主簿已下，令史已上，皆絳服。 司馬給吏卒如長史，從事中郎給侍二人，主簿、記室督各給侍一人。 其餘臨時增崇者，則褒加各因其時為節文，不為定制。
Junior dukes with troops added one adjutant at one thousand shi salary; two senior staff officers at near-thousand-shi pay; one chief clerk and one secretary supervisor; four attendants; single posts for armor, personnel, camp affairs, discipline, household guard, external command, and records. Staff from chief clerk through clerks wore crimson. Adjutants received runners like chief clerks; attendant gentlemen got two pages; chief clerk and secretary one each. Ad hoc honors followed occasion and were never codified.
14
諸公及開府位從公為持節都督，增參車為六人，長史、司馬、從事中郎、主簿、記室督、祭酒、掾屬、舍人如常加兵公制。
When dukes and open-headquarters officials ranked next to dukes served as credential-bearing area commanders, they had six advisory carriages; their chief administrators, marshals, attendant gentlemen, registrars, records supervisors, libationers, staff, and attendants followed the regular military-duke regulations.
15
特進，漢官也。 二漢及魏晉以加官從本官車服。 無吏卒。 太僕羊琇遜位，拜特進，加散騎常侍，無餘官，故給吏卒車服。 其餘加特進者，唯食其祿賜，位其班位而已，不別給特進吏卒車服，後定令。 特進品秩第二，位次諸公，在開府驃騎上，冠進賢兩梁，黑介幘，五時朝服，佩水蒼玉，無章綬，食奉日四斛。 太康二年，始賜春服絹五十匹，秋絹百五十匹，綿一百五十斤。 元康元年，給菜田八頃，田騶八人，立夏後不及田者，食奉一年。 置主簿、功曹史、門亭長、門下書佐各一人，給安車黑耳駕御一人，軺車施耳後戶一乘。
Extraordinary Advancement was Han in origin. Under Han, Wei, and Jin it was a supernumerary rank following one's primary office for carriages and dress. It carried no clerks or runners. When Yang Xiu of the Imperial Stud retired to Extraordinary Advancement with no other post, he alone received full staff, carriages, and robes. Later appointees took only stipend and precedence, not separate extraordinary-advancement perquisites—eventually codified. Extraordinary Advancement ranked second after dukes and above cavalry-in-chief peers, with two-ridged cap, black kerchief, seasonal court dress, dark jade, no ribbon seal, and four hu daily. From 281 they received fifty bolts of spring silk, one hundred fifty of autumn silk, and one hundred fifty jin of cotton. In 291 they received eight qing of kitchen gardens and eight field grooms, or a year's stipend if land came too late after Start of Summer. Staff included chief clerk, merit clerk, gate chief, and household scribe, plus a secure black-eared carriage and a light carriage with a rear door.
16
左右光祿大夫，假金章紫綬。 光祿大夫加金章紫綬者，品秩第二，祿賜、班位、冠幘、車服、佩玉，置吏卒羽林及卒，諸所賜給皆與特進同。 其以為加官者，唯假章綬、祿賜班位而已，不別給車服吏卒也。 又卒贈此位，本已有卿官者，不復重給吏卒，其餘皆給。
Senior Splendid Luminaries wore gold-and-purple insignia. Gold-purple Splendid Luminaries ranked second grade with stipends, precedence, dress, carriages, jade, and guards matching special advancement. Supernumerary appointees received only insignia and pay—not full perquisites. Posthumous awards skipped duplicate runners for men already at minister rank; others received full suites.
17
光祿大夫假銀章青綬者，品秩第三，位在金紫將軍下，諸卿上。 漢時所置無定員，多以為拜假賵贈之使，及監護喪事。 魏氏已來，轉復優重，不復以為使命之官。 其諸公告老者，皆家拜此位； 及在朝顯職，復用加之，及晉受命，仍舊不改，復以為優崇之制。 而諸公遜位，不復加之，或更拜上公，或以本封食公祿。 其諸卿尹中朝大官年老致仕者，及內外之職加此者，前後甚眾。 由是或因得開府，或進加金章紫綬，又復以為禮贈之位。 泰始中，唯太子詹事楊珧加給事中光祿大夫。 加兵之制，諸所供給依三品將軍。 其餘自如舊制，終武、惠、孝懷三世。
Silver-blue Splendid Luminaries ranked third—below gold-purple generals but above ordinary ministers. Han used them flexibly—often as ceremonial envoys or funeral supervisors. After Wei they became honorific rather than errand posts. Retiring dukes typically received this title by domestic edict; Active ministers might earn it too; Jin kept the practice as a mark of esteem. Stepping-down dukes did not receive it again—some became upper dukes, others lived on fief income. Many retired ministers and officials inside and outside received it. Some parlayed it into a headquarters appointment or gold-purple rank; it doubled as a ceremonial posthumous grade. During Taishi only Yang Yao combined household supervisor with attendant-within and Splendid Luminaries. Military add-ons followed third-rank general perquisites. Otherwise old rules held through three reigns until collapse.
18
光祿大夫與卿同秩中二千石，著進賢兩梁冠，黑介幘，五時朝服，佩水蒼玉，食奉日三斛。 太康二年，始給春賜絹五十匹，秋絹百匹，綿百斤。 惠帝元康元年，始給菜田六頃，田騶六人，置主簿、功曹史、門亭長、門下書佐各一人。
Splendid Luminaries ranked with ministers at middle two thousand shi, wearing the two-ridged cap, black kerchief, seasonal court dress, dark jade, and three hu daily. From 281 they received fifty bolts of spring silk, one hundred of autumn silk, and one hundred jin of cotton. In 291 under Emperor Hui they received six qing of kitchen gardens, six field grooms, and one each of chief clerk, merit clerk, gate chief, and household scribe.
19
驃騎已下及諸大將軍不開府非持節都督者，品秩第二，其祿與特進同。 置長史、司馬各一人，秩千石； 主簿，功曹史，門下督，錄事，兵鎧士賊曹，營軍、刺奸、帳下都督，功曹書佐門吏，門下書吏各一人。 其假節為都督者，所置與四征鎮加大將軍不開府為都督者同。
Junior martial peers without mansions or credentials ranked second with stipends like special advancement. Each carried chief clerk and adjutant at one thousand shi; full secretarial staff—chief clerk through gate clerks—one per slot. Credential-only commanders matched expeditionary grand generals without mansions.
20
四征鎮安平加大將軍不開府、持節都督者，品秩第二，置參佐吏卒，幕府兵騎如常都督制，唯朝會祿賜從二品將軍之例。 然則持節、都督無定員，前漢遣使始有持節。 光武建武初，征伐四方，始權時置督軍御史，事竟罷。 建安中，魏武為相，始遣大將軍督之。 二十一年，征孫權還，夏侯惇督二十六軍是也。 魏文帝黃初三年，始置都督諸州軍事，或領刺史。 又上軍大將軍曹真都督中外諸軍事、假黃鉞，則總統內外諸軍矣。 魏明帝太和四年秋，宣帝征蜀，加號大都督。 高貴鄉公正元二年，文帝都督中外諸軍，尋加大都督。 及晉受禪，都督諸軍為上，臨諸軍次之，督諸軍為下； 使持節為上，持節次之，假節為下。 使持節得殺二千石以下； 持節殺無官位人，若軍事，得與使持節同； 假節唯軍事得殺犯軍令者。 江左以來，都督中外尤重，唯王導等權重者乃居之。
Expeditionary grand generals with credentials but no mansion ranked second; staffs matched normal commanders; court pay followed second-grade rules. Area commanders had no fixed headcount; Former Han invented credential-bearing missions. Guangwu's early campaigns used temporary army censors, then disbanded them. Mid-Jian'an Cao Cao as chancellor began assigning grand generals to oversee armies. In 216 Xiahou Dun commanded twenty-six armies after the Wu campaign—a milestone. 222 CE introduced provincial military commanders, often doubling as governors. Cao Zhen as senior grand general with the golden axe commanded every army at court and frontier. 227 CE Sima Yi took the supreme commander title for the Shu expedition. 254 CE Sima Zhao commanded all forces, then took supreme commander. Jin ranked titles: commander-in-chief highest, overseer next, supervisor lowest; Full powers ranked above ordinary credential, which ranked above borrowed. Full powers allowed executing officials through two-thousand-shi rank; Ordinary credentials covered commoners; in war matched full powers; Borrowed credentials executed only military offenders. South of the river, supreme command rarely fell except to figures as powerful as Wang Dao.
21
三品將軍秩中二千石者，著武冠，平上黑幘，五時朝服，佩水蒼玉，食奉、春秋賜綿絹、菜田、田騶如光祿大夫諸卿制。 置長史、司馬各一人，秩千石； 主簿，功曹，門下都督，錄事，兵鎧士賊曹，營軍、刺奸吏、帳下都督，功曹書佐門吏，門下書吏各一人。
Third-grade two-thousand-shi generals wore warrior dress and seasonal court robes with dark jade; pay and land grants matched ministers. Staff included chief clerk and adjutant at one thousand shi; plus the full clerical roster—chief clerk through household clerks—one per position.
22
錄尚書，案漢武時，左右曹諸吏分平尚書奏事，知樞要者始領尚書事。 張安世以車騎將軍，霍光以大將軍，王鳳以大司馬，師丹以左將軍並領尚書事。 後漢章帝乙太傅趙憙、太尉牟融並錄尚書事。 尚書有錄名，蓋自憙、融始，亦西京領尚書之任，猶唐虞大麓之職也。 和帝時，太尉鄧彪為太傅，錄尚書事，位上公，在三公上，漢制遂以為常，每少帝立則置太傅錄尚書事，猶古塚宰總己之義，薨輒罷之。 自魏晉以後，亦公卿權重者為之。
Recorder of the Secretariat: under Han Wudi, left and right bureau clerks balanced memorials, and those who knew the pivot first led Secretariat affairs. Zhang Anshi, Huo Guang, Wang Feng, and Shi Dan each held Secretariat affairs from their martial posts. Under Zhang of Later Han, Grand Tutor Zhao Xi and Minister of War Mou Rong both recorded Secretariat affairs. The recorder title on the Secretariat likely began with Xi and Rong, echoing Western Han leadership and the Great Steward of antiquity. Under Emperor He, Deng Biao as Grand Tutor recorded Secretariat affairs above the Three Dukes; thereafter each minor emperor got such a tutor-steward until death ended the post. Under Wei and Jin, weighty ministers held the post as well.
23
尚書令，秩千石，假銅印墨綬，冠進賢兩梁冠，納言幘，五時朝服，佩水蒼玉，食奉月五十斛。 受拜則策命之，以在端右故也。 太康二年，始給賜絹，春三十匹，秋七十匹。 綿七十斤。 元康元年，始給菜田六頃，田騶六人，立夏後不及田者，食奉一年。 始賈充為尚書令，以目疾表置省事吏四人，省事蓋自此始。
The Secretariat director drew one thousand shi, bearing a bronze seal on a black ribbon; he wore the two-ridged scholar cap and inner-court kerchief, seasonal court robes, dark jade, and fifty hu of grain each month. Investiture came by formal edict—his seat was the premier place at the hall's right. From 281 onward the court added silk grants—thirty bolts each spring and seventy each autumn. They also issued seventy jin of cotton. From 291 vegetable plots of six qing plus six field runners applied; if fields were not assigned after summer began, the stipend was paid in cash for a full year. Jia Chong, first as director, secured four auxiliary clerks for routine paperwork—likely the origin of the 'miscellaneous clerk' post.
24
僕射，服秩印綬與令同。 案漢本置一人，至漢獻帝建安四年，以執金吾榮郃為尚書左僕射，僕射分置左右，蓋自此始。 經魏至晉，迄于江左，省置無恆，置二，則為左右僕射，或不兩置，但曰尚書僕射。 令闕，則左為省主； 若左右並闕，則置尚書僕射以主左事。
Vice directors matched the director in dress, grade, seal, and ribbon. Han began with a single vice director; in 199 Rong He of the imperial guards became the first left vice director—splitting the post into left and right starts there. Wei and Jin kept reshuffling the posts south of the river: two seats meant left and right; a lone officer was just 'Vice Director.' If the director's chair was empty, the left vice director ran the office; when both vice seats were empty, a single vice director stepped in to manage the left bench.
25
列曹尚書，案尚書本漢承秦置，及武帝遊宴後庭，始用宦者主中書，以司馬遷為之，中間遂罷其官，以為中書之職。 至成帝建始四年，罷中書宦者，又置尚書五人，一人為僕射，而四人分為四曹，通掌圖書秘記章奏之事，各有其任。 其一曰常侍曹，主丞相御史公卿事。 其二曰二千石曹，主刺史郡國事。 其三曰民曹，主吏民上書事。 其四曰主客曹，主外國夷狄事。 後成帝又置三公曹，主斷獄，是為五曹。 後漢光武以三公曹主歲盡考課諸州郡事，改常侍曹為吏部曹，主選舉祠祀事，民曹主繕修功作鹽池園苑事，客曹主護駕羌胡朝賀事，二千石曹主辭訟事，中都官曹主水火盜賊事，合為六曹。 並令僕二人，謂之八座。 尚書雖有曹名，不以為號。 靈帝以侍中梁鵠為選部尚書，于此始見曹名。 及魏改選部為吏部，主選部事，又有左民、客曹、五兵、度支、凡五曹尚書、二僕射、一令為八座。 及晉置吏部、三公、客曹、駕部、屯田、度支六曹、而無五兵。 咸寧二年，省駕部尚書。 四年，省一僕射，又置駕部尚書。 太康中，有吏部、殿中及五兵、田曹、度支、左民為六曹尚書，又無駕部、三公、客曹。 惠帝世又有右民尚書，止于六曹，不知此時省何曹也。 及渡江，有吏部、祠部、五兵、左民、度支五尚書。 祠部尚書常與右僕射通職，不恆置，以右僕射攝之，若右僕射闕，則以祠部尚書攝知右事。
The bureau system grew from Qin and Han: Emperor Wu had eunuchs run palace drafting with Sima Qian nominally attached; later that office was folded into what became the Palace Secretariat. In 29 BCE Chengdi dismissed the eunuch secretariat and set five Masters of Writing—one vice director plus four bureaus sharing libraries, classified documents, and memorial traffic. The first desk was the Permanent Attendant Bureau—for the chancellor, censorate, and senior ministers. The second was the two-thousand-shi desk—for regional inspectors and local administration. The third covered popular petitions—clerks and lay memorials. The fourth handled foreigners—tribute missions and border peoples. Chengdi added a Three Dukes bench for trials, bringing the count to five. In Later Han, Emperor Guangwu assigned year-end assessments of the provinces and commanderies to the Three Dukes bureau; selections and sacrifices to the Personnel bureau; repairs, works, salt ponds, and gardens to the People bureau; imperial escorts and Qiang-Hu court audiences to the Host-Guest bureau; lawsuits to the Two-Thousand-Shi bureau; and fires, floods, theft, and banditry in the capital offices to the Capital Officials bureau—six bureaus in all. With two vice directors they formed the famed Eight Seats. Bureaus had nicknames, but ministers were not yet titled after them. Lingdi's appointment of Liang Hu as 'Selection Bureau minister' was the first titled bureau post. Wei renamed Selection to Personnel; People, Rites, Five Armies, and Fiscal joined—five ministers plus two vice directors and the director filled the Eight Seats. Jin ran six desks—Personnel, Three Dukes, Host-Guest, Chariots, Colony Fields, Fiscal—and dropped Five Armies. 276 CE struck the chariot ministry. Two years later they trimmed a vice seat and brought chariots back. Around Taikang the roster was Personnel, Palace Hall, Five Armies, Fields, Fiscal, and Left People—no chariot, Three Dukes, or guest desks. Huidi added Right People while staying at six desks—which office vanished is unclear. South of the river the bench shrank to Personnel, Sacrifices, Five Armies, Left People, and Fiscal. Sacrifices paired with the right vice seat; if that seat sat empty, the Sacrifices minister covered right-bench business.
26
左右丞，自漢武帝建始四年置尚書，而便置丞四人。 及光武始減其二，唯置左右丞，左右丞蓋自此始也。 自此至晉不改。 晉左丞主台內禁令，宗廟祠祀，朝儀禮制，選用署吏，急假； 右丞掌台內庫藏廬舍，凡諸器用之物，及廩振人租布，刑獄兵器，督錄遠道文書章表奏事。 八座郎初拜，皆沿漢舊制，並集都座交禮，遷職又解交焉。
When Wu founded the Secretariat in 29 BCE he attached four assistant commissioners. Guangwu cut the four to the familiar left and right assistants. Jin kept that pairing intact. The left wing handled bans inside the tower, temple rites, protocol, clerk appointments, and leave requests; the right wing ran storerooms and buildings, supplies, rent cloth, prisons and arms, and long-distance paperwork. New Eight Seats still exchanged bows on the central dais per Han ritual and repeated the ceremony on transfer.
27
尚書郎，西漢舊置四人，以分掌尚書。 其一人主匈奴單于營部，一人主羌夷吏民，一人主戶口墾田，一人主財帛委輸。 及光武分尚書為六曹之後，合置三十四人，秩四百石，並左右丞為三十六人。 郎主作文書起草，更直五日於建禮門內。 尚書郎初從三署詣台試，守尚書郎，中歲滿稱尚書郎，三年稱侍郎，選有吏能者為之。 至魏，尚書郎有殿中、吏部、駕部、金部、虞曹、比部、南主客、祠部、度支、庫部、農部、水部、儀曹、三公、倉部、民曹、二千石、中兵、外兵、都兵、別兵、考功、定課，凡二十三郎。 青龍二年，尚書陳矯奏置都官、騎兵，合凡二十五郎。 每一郎缺，白試諸孝廉能結文案者五人，謹封奏其姓名以補之。 及晉受命，武帝罷農部、定課，置直事、殿中、祠部、儀曹、吏部、三公、比部、金部、倉部、度支、都官、二千石、左民、右民、虞曹、屯田、起部、水部、左右主客、駕部、車部、庫部、左右中兵、左右外兵、別兵、都兵、騎兵、左右士、北主客、南主客，為三十四曹郎。 後又置運曹，凡三十五曹，置郎二十三人，更相統攝。 及江左，無直事、右民、屯田、車部、別兵、都兵、騎兵、左右士、運曹十曹郎。 康穆以後，又無虞曹、二千石二郎，但有殿中、祠部、吏部、儀曹、三公、比部、金部、倉部、度支、都官、左民、起部、水部、主客、駕部、庫部、中兵、外兵十八曹郎。 後又省主客、起部、水部，余十五曹雲。
Han began with four Secretariat gentlemen splitting the workload. One tracked the Xiongnu court, one frontier tribes, one household and land registers, one revenue and logistics. Guangwu's six-bureau reform raised thirty-four gentlemen at four hundred shi, thirty-six with the assistants. They drafted paperwork on five-day rotations inside Jianli Gate. Trainees arrived from the Three Offices, served probation, earned full gentleman status after a year and deputy rank after three—only capable men advanced. By Wei there were twenty-three Secretariat gentlemen: Palace Hall, Personnel, Chariots, Metals, Yu Bureau, Review, Southern Host-Guest, Sacrifices, Fiscal Control, Storehouse, Agriculture, Water, Rituals, Three Dukes, Granary, People, Two-Thousand-Shi, Central Army, Outer Army, Capital Army, Separate Army, Merit Assessment, and Fixed Assessment. 234 CE added Capital Officials and Cavalry bureaus for twenty-five lines. Vacancies drew sealed lists of recommended Filial-and-Incorrupt candidates who could draft. When Jin received the mandate, Emperor Wu abolished Agriculture and Fixed Assessment and established thirty-four bureau gentlemen: Duty Affairs, Palace Hall, Sacrifices, Rituals, Personnel, Three Dukes, Review, Metals, Granary, Fiscal Control, Capital Officials, Two-Thousand-Shi, Left People, Right People, Yu Bureau, Military Colonies, Works, Water, Left and Right Host-Guest, Chariots, Coach, Storehouse, Left and Right Central Army, Left and Right Outer Army, Separate Army, Capital Army, Cavalry, Left and Right Gentlemen, Northern Host-Guest, and Southern Host-Guest. They later added Transport—thirty-five desks staffed by twenty-three gentlemen with overlapping duties. South of the river ten desks vanished—including transport and several army offices. After the Kang and Mu reigns, the Yu Bureau and Two-Thousand-Shi gentlemen also disappeared; only eighteen bureau gentlemen remained: Palace Hall, Sacrifices, Personnel, Rituals, Three Dukes, Review, Metals, Granary, Fiscal Control, Capital Officials, Left People, Works, Water, Host-Guest, Chariots, Storehouse, Central Army, and Outer Army. Three more desks—guest affairs, works, water—soon disappeared, leaving fifteen.
28
侍中，案黃帝時風後為侍中，于周為常伯之任，秦取古名置侍中，漢因之。 秦漢俱無定員，以功高者一人為僕射。 魏晉以來置四人，別加官者則非數。 掌儐贊威儀，大駕出則次直侍中護駕，正直侍中負璽陪乘，不帶劍，餘皆騎從。 禦登殿，與散騎常侍對扶，侍中居左，常侍居右。 備切問近對，拾遺補闕。 及江左哀帝興寧四年，桓溫奏省二人，後復舊。
Attendants traced to Feng Hou; Zhou called similar posts permanent stewards; Qin revived the title and Han kept it. Neither dynasty capped numbers; the senior man headed them as steward. Wei and Jin fixed four seats; extras sat outside the quota. They staged ritual and guarded spectacles: rotated duty shielded the train; the 'upright' attendant carried the seal pillion without sword; others rode escort. At imperial audiences they flanked the emperor with household standing attendants—attendant left, standing attendant right. They answered spur-of-the-moment questions and caught policy gaps. In 366 Huan Wen briefly cut two seats; the full four returned afterward.
29
給事黃門侍郎，秦官也。 漢已後並因之，與侍中俱管門下眾事，無員。 及晉，置員四人。
Yellow-gate attendant was a Qin title. Han onward paired them with palace attendants for gate business without a headcount cap. Jin capped the corps at four.
30
散騎常侍，本秦官也。 秦置散騎，又置中常侍，散騎騎從乘輿車後，中常侍得入禁中，皆無員，亦以為加官。 漢東京初，省散騎，而中常侍用宦者。 魏文帝黃初初，置散騎，合之於中常侍，同掌規諫，不典事，貂榼插右，騎而散從，至晉不改。 及元康中，惠帝始以宦者董猛為中常侍，後遂止。 常為顯職。
Elite cavalry standing attendant began under Qin. Qin ran freelance riders behind the coach and inner-chamber standing attendants—both honorific and uncapped. Later Han dropped freelance riders and staffed standing attendants with eunuchs. Wei fused freelance riders with standing attendants as feather-light counselors—fur pouch on the right, mounted escort—and Jin kept the mold. 296 CE briefly saw the eunuch Dong Meng as standing attendant—then the experiment ended. The post stayed an honor reserved for heavyweights.
31
給事中，秦官也。 所加或大夫、博士、議郎，掌顧問應對，位次中常侍。 漢因之。 及漢東京省，魏世復置，至晉不改。 在散騎常侍下，給事黃門侍郎上，無員。
Attendant-within was another Qin survival. Added to ministers or scholars, they answered imperial queries—below standing attendants in rank. Han kept the arrangement. Later Han dropped it; Wei brought it back; Jin left it alone. It sat between standing attendants and Yellow Gates—again no fixed headcount.
32
通直散騎常侍，案魏末散騎常侍又有在員外者。 泰始十年，武帝使二人與散騎常侍通員直，故謂之通直散騎常侍。 江左置四人。
Late Wei added general-access seats outside the regular standing-attendant quota. 274 CE paired two officers with standing attendants on shared rotations—hence 'general-access.' The southern court assigned four such posts.
33
員外散騎常侍，魏末置，無員。
Wei's end introduced supernumerary standing attendants outside the roster.
34
散騎侍郎四人，魏初與散騎常侍同置。 自魏至晉，散騎常侍、侍郎與侍中、黃門侍郎共平尚書奏事，江左乃罷。
Wei founded four deputy gentlemen alongside standing attendants. From Wei through Jin, Cavalier Regular Attendants and Cavalier Attendants joined Palace Attendants and Yellow Gate Attendants in reviewing Secretariat memorials; this was abolished east of the Yangzi.
35
通直散騎侍郎四人。 初，武帝置員外散騎侍郎，及太興元年，元帝使二人與散騎侍郎通員直，故謂之通直散騎侍郎，後增為四人。
Four general-access deputy gentlemen mirrored the standing-attendant rule. Wu invented supernumerary deputies; 318 CE Yuan rotated two with regular deputies—'general-access' deputies—and later raised them to four.
36
員外散騎侍郎，武帝置，無員。
Supernumerary deputies remained honorific extras without quota.
37
奉朝請，本不為官，無員。 漢東京罷三公、外戚、宗室、諸侯多奉朝請。 奉朝請者，奉朝會請召而已。 武帝亦以宗室、外戚為奉車、駙馬、騎三都尉而奉朝請焉。 元帝為晉王，以參軍為奉車都尉，掾屬為駙馬都尉，行參軍舍人為騎都尉，皆奉朝請。 後罷奉車、騎二都尉，唯留駙馬都尉奉朝請。 諸尚公主者劉惔、桓溫皆為之。
'Court attendance' was not a bureau and had no roster. Later Han cashiered the Three Dukes and packed the audience rolls with kin and nobles. It meant simply joining audiences when summoned. Wudi likewise titled kin as chariot, chief groom, and cavalry commandants with audience privileges. As Prince of Jin, Yuan titled adjutants chariot commandants, staff chief groom commandants, and acting staff as cavalry commandants—all court-attending. They later dropped chariot and cavalry commandants, leaving chief groom commandants with audience rights. Princess husbands such as Liu Tan and Huan Wen held that nominal duty.
38
中書監及令，案漢武帝游宴後庭，始使宦者典事尚書，謂之中書謁者，置令、僕射。 成帝改中書謁者令曰中謁者令，罷僕射。 漢東京省中謁者令，而有中官謁者令，非其職也。 魏武帝為魏王，置秘書令，典尚書奏事。 文帝黃初初改為中書，置監、令，以秘書左丞劉放為中書監，右丞孫資為中書令； 監、令蓋自此始也。 及晉因之，並置員一人。
Emperor Wu's revels spawned eunuch-run palace drafting—styled Secretariat visitors—with director and deputy. Chengdi renamed the visitor director and removed the deputy. Later Han dropped the inner title but kept eunuch visitors—a different job. Cao Cao as Wei prince created a secretary director for memorial traffic. 220 CE rebranded the office: Liu Fang supervised, Sun Zi directed. Those paired titles begin there. Jin kept one supervisor and one director.
39
中書侍郎，魏黃初初，中書既置監、令，又置通事郎，次黃門郎。 黃門郎已署事過，通事乃署名。 已署，奏以入，為帝省讀，書可。 及晉，改曰中書侍郎，員四人。 中書侍郎蓋此始也。 及江左初，改中書侍郎曰通事郎，尋復為中書侍郎。
Wei added general-affairs gentlemen under Yellow Gates once supervisor and director existed. Yellow Gates finished drafts; general-affairs countersigned. The packet then went to the throne for imperial 'approved.' Jin renamed them Palace Secretariat deputies—four seats. That is the origin of the deputy title. The southern court briefly called them general-affairs gentlemen, then reverted.
40
中書舍人，案晉初初置舍人、通事各一人，江左合舍人通事謂之通事舍人，掌呈奏案章。 後省，而以中書侍郎一人直西省，又掌詔命。
Early Jin paired one attendant with one messenger; south of the river merged them into general-affairs attendants who carried memorial folders to the throne. They later folded the post; a single deputy minded the western bureau and drafted edicts.
41
秘書監，案漢桓帝延熹二年置秘書監，後省。 魏武為魏王，置秘書令、丞。 及文帝黃初初，置中書令，典尚書奏事，而秘書改令為監。 後以何禎為秘書丞，而秘書先自有丞，乃以禎為秘書右丞。 及晉受命，武帝以秘書並中書省，其秘書著作之局不廢。 惠帝永平中，復置秘書監，其屬官有丞，有郎，並統著作省。
Han Huan created a library director in 159 CE; the seat later vanished. Cao Cao as Wei prince named a secretary director and deputy for archives. Huangchu split drafting from archives: Zhongshu handled memorials while the old secretary director became library supervisor. He Zhen became library deputy while a deputy already existed—so he took the new right-deputy slot. Wudi folded library staff into the Zhongshu apparatus but kept the historiography office alive. Huidi revived the library supervisor with deputies and gentlemen running the composition wing.
42
著作郎，周左史之任也。 漢東京圖籍在東觀，故使名儒著作東觀，有其名，尚未有官。 魏明帝太和中，詔置著作郎，於此始有其官，隸中書省。 及晉受命，武帝以繆徵為中書著作郎。 元康二年，詔曰：「著作舊屬中書，而秘書既典文籍，今改中書著作為秘書著作。」 於是改隸秘書省。 後別自置省而猶隸秘書。 著作郎一人，謂之大著作郎，專掌史任，又置佐著作郎八人。 著作郎始到職，必撰名臣傳一人。
The compiler post echoed Zhou's left historian. In Eastern Han, maps and registers were kept in the Eastern Observatory, so famed scholars wrote there; the title existed in name, but not yet as an office. Wei Mingdi minted the composition gentleman title under Zhongshu. Wudi named Miao Zheng Zhongshu compiler. In the second year of Yuankang an edict said: "Composition formerly belonged to the Palace Secretariat; since the Palace Library already manages documents, now change Palace Secretariat composition to Palace Library composition." Compilers henceforth answered to the library bureau. They eventually spun up a dedicated bureau still under library oversight. One chief compiler ran history with eight assistants. New compilers opened their tenure by drafting a notable minister biography.
43
太常、光祿勳、衛尉、太僕、廷尉、大鴻臚、宗正、大司農、少府、將作大匠、太后三卿、大長秋，皆為列卿，各置丞、功曹、主簿、五官等員。
The ranked ministers were the Minister of Ceremonies, Chamberlain for Attendants, Commandant of the Guards, Grand Coachman, Minister of Justice, Grand Herald, Director of Imperial Clan Affairs, Minister of Finance, Lesser Treasurer, Grand Artisan, the three ministers of the Empress Dowager, and the Empress's Privy Treasurer; each had assistants, merit clerks, chief clerks, and gatekeeper officers.
44
太常，有博士、協律校尉員，又統太學諸博士、祭酒及太史、太廟、太樂、鼓吹、陵等令，太史又別置靈台丞。
The Minister of Ceremonies had erudites and pitch-pipe commandants, and also supervised the Imperial Academy erudites and libationer, the directors of Astrology, the Imperial Ancestral Temple, Music, the drum-and-pipe bands, and the mausolea; the Astrology Office separately had a Spirit Terrace assistant.
45
太常博士，魏官也。 魏文帝初置，晉因之。 掌引導乘輿。 王公已下應追諡者，則博士議定之。
Wei created the Ceremonies erudite posts. Wendi founded them; Jin kept them. They escorted the sovereign's carriage. Erudites voted posthumous styles for nobles.
46
協律校尉，漢協律都尉之職也，魏杜夔為之。 及晉，改為協律校尉。
The harmonics post descended from Han's pitch officer—Du Kui filled it under Wei. Jin retitled it harmonics commandant.
47
晉初承魏制，置博士十九人。 及咸甯四年，武帝初立國子學，定置國子祭酒、博士各一人，助教十五人，以教生徒。 博士皆取履行清淳，通明典義者，若散騎常侍、中書侍郎、太子中庶子以上，乃得召試。 及江左初，減為九人。 元帝末，增《儀禮》、《春秋公羊》博士各一人，合為十一人。 後又增為十六人，不復分掌《五經》，而謂之太學博士也。 孝武太元十年，損國子助教員為十人。
Early Jin kept nineteen classical chairs from Wei. 278 CE launched the academy with one libationer, one professor, and fifteen assistants teaching disciples. Candidates needed pristine résumés and canonical mastery; only senior attendants and above sat the exam. South of the river the corps shrank to nine chairs. Late Yuandi added Etiquette and Gongyang chairs—eleven professors. The roster grew to sixteen unified professors rather than one canon each. 385 CE trimmed academy assistants to ten.
48
光祿勳，統武賁中郎將、羽林郎將、冗從僕射、羽林左監、五官左右中郎將、東園匠、太官，禦府、守宮、黃門、掖庭、清商、華林園、暴室等令。 哀帝興寧二年，省光祿勳，並司徒。 孝武甯康元年復置。
The Chamberlain for Attendants supervised the Huben guards, Yulin escorts, supernumerary attendants, the Yulin left intendant, the left and right Generals of the Gentlemen of the Five Offices, Eastern Park craftsmen, kitchens, wardrobes, palace maintenance, Yellow Gates, lateral courts, Qing Shang music, Hualin Garden, and detention wards. 364 CE folded Coachman into Education. 373 CE revived the Coachman.
49
衛尉，統武庫、公車、衛士、諸冶等令，左右都候，南北東西督冶掾。 及渡江，省衛尉。
Guards ran armories, carriages, foundries, patrols, and regional forge desks. South of the river they struck the guards commandant.
50
太僕，統典農、典虞都尉，典虞丞，左右中典牧都尉，車府典牧，乘黃廄、驊騮廄、龍馬廄等令。 典牧又別置羊牧丞。 太僕，自元帝渡江之後或省或置。 太僕省，故驊騮為門下之職。
Coachman oversaw herds, transport animals, and stable masters. Herds added a sheep deputy. South of the river the Coachman flickered on and off. Without a Coachman the splendid stable fell under gate affairs.
51
廷尉，主刑法獄訟，屬官有正、監、評，並有律博士員。
Justice handled crime and trials with rectifiers, reviewers, and statute professors.
52
大鴻臚，統大行、典客、園池、華林園、鉤盾等令，又有青宮列丞、鄴玄武苑丞。 及江左，有事則權置，無事則省。
The Grand Herald supervised the Grand Envoy, guest reception, imperial parks, Hualin Garden, and hook-shield offices, and also had ranked assistants of the Green Palace and assistants of Xuanwu Garden at Ye. South of the river the Herald appeared only when busy.
53
宗正，統皇族宗人圖諜，又統太醫令史，又有司牧掾員。 及渡江，哀帝省並太常，太醫以給門下省。
Clan affairs kept lineage rolls, court physicians, and pasture deputies. Aidi folded Clan into Ceremonies and lent physicians to gate affairs.
54
大司農，統太倉、籍田、導官三令，襄國都水長，東西南北部護漕掾。 及渡江，哀帝省並都水，孝武復置。
Finance ran granaries, sacred fields, milling, and canal convoys. South of the river Aidi merged Finance into hydraulics; Xiaowu split them again.
55
少府，統材官校尉、中左右三尚方、中黃左右藏、左校、甄官、平准、奚官等令，左校坊、鄴中黃左右藏、油官等丞。 及渡江，哀帝省並丹陽尹，孝武復置。 自渡江唯置一尚方，又省禦府。
Treasury oversaw workshops, treasuries, crafts, markets, and palace industries. Aidi folded Treasury into Danyang governor; Xiaowu revived it. South of the river kept a single workshop and dropped wardrobe.
56
將作大匠，有事則置，無事則罷。
The palace builders appeared only for projects.
57
太后三卿，衛尉、少府、太僕，漢置，皆隨太后宮為官號，在同名卿上，無太后則闕。 魏改漢制，在九卿下。 及晉復舊，在同號卿上。
Han titled empress-dowager suites above homonymous ministers; without a dowager the seats stayed empty. Wei ranked dowager ministers under the Nine Ministers. Jin returned them above peers with identical names.
58
大長秋，皇后卿也，有後則置，無後則省。
The empress steward existed only when a consort reigned.
59
御史中丞，本秦官也，秦時，御史大夫有二丞，其一御史丞，其一為中丞。 中丞外督部刺史，內領侍御史，受公卿奏事，舉劾案章。 漢因之，及成帝綏和元年，更名御史大夫為大司空，置長史，而中丞官職如故。 哀帝建平二年，復為御史大夫。 元壽二年，又為大司空，而中丞出外為御史臺主。 歷漢東京至晉因其制，以中丞為臺主。
The censorate assistant director was a Qin office; the censor-in-chief had two deputies, one of them the assistant director. Externally he oversaw regional inspectors; internally he led attendant censors, received ministerial memorials, and handled impeachments. Han kept the pattern; in 7 BCE the censor-in-chief became Grand Minister of Works with a chief clerk, but the assistant director stayed unchanged. Emperor Ai restored the title Censor-in-Chief in 5 BCE. In 1 BCE it reverted to Grand Minister of Works, and the assistant director headed the separate Censorate Bureau. From Eastern Han through Jin the assistant director remained bureau head.
60
治書侍御史，案漢宣帝幸宣室齋居而決事，令侍御史二人治書侍側，後因別置，謂之治書侍御史，蓋其始也。 及魏，又置治書執法，掌奏劾，而治書侍御史掌律令，二官俱置。 及晉，唯置治書侍御史，員四人。 泰始四年，又置黃沙獄治書侍御史一人，秩與中丞同，掌詔獄及廷尉不當者皆治之。 後並河南，遂省黃沙治書侍御史。 及太康中，又省治書侍御史二員。
Han Xuan's Basilica sessions spawned side clerks who became law-editing censors. Wei paired jurisprudence censors with impeachment editors. Jin kept four law-editing censors only. 268 CE added a Yellow Sands censor equal to the assistant director for edict prisons and judicial appeal. Once Henan merged in, Yellow Sands censors vanished. Taikang trimmed two law editors.
61
侍御史，案二漢所掌凡有五曹：一曰令曹，掌律令； 二曰印曹，掌刻印； 三曰供曹，掌齋祠； 四曰尉馬曹，掌廄馬； 五曰乘曹，掌護駕。 魏置八人。 及晉，置員九人，品同治書，而有十三曹：吏曹、課第曹、直事曹、印曹、中都督曹、外都督曹、媒曹、符節曹、水曹、中壘曹、營軍曹、法曹、算曹。 及江左初，省課第曹，置庫曹，掌廄牧牛馬市租，後分曹，置外左庫、內左庫雲。
Han censors ran five desks—statutes first; seals second; supplies third; stables fourth; escort fifth. Wei ran eight censors. Under Jin, nine posts were established at the same grade as document clerks, but they covered thirteen desks: Personnel, Merit Ranking, Duty Affairs, Seals, Inner Area Command, Outer Area Command, Matchmaking, Tallies, Water, Inner Rampart, Camp Army, Law, and Arithmetic. South of the river swapped merit rankings for storehouse desks tracking herds and rents, later splitting inner and outer vaults.
62
殿中侍御史，案魏蘭台遣二御史居殿中，伺察非法，即其始也。 及晉，置四人，江左置二人。 又案魏晉官品令又有禁防禦史第七品，孝武太元中有檢校御史吳琨，則此二職亦蘭台之職也。
Wei placed hall watchers from the Orchid Terrace. Jin used four hall censors; south of the river two. Rank lists included defense and inspector censors—Wu Kun shows both stayed under the terrace.
63
符節御史，秦符璽令之職也。 漢因之，位次御史中丞。 至魏，別為一台，位次御史中丞，掌授節、銅武符、竹使符。 及泰始九年，武帝省並蘭台，置符節御史掌其事焉。
Tally censors descended from Qin's seal office. Han ranked them under the assistant director. Wei gave tallies its own desk below the assistant director for seals and tokens. 273 CE folded tally duty back into the terrace.
64
司隸校尉，案漢武初置十三州，刺史各一人，又置司隸校尉，察三輔、三河、弘農七郡，曆漢東京及魏晉，其官不替。 屬官有功曹、都官從事、諸曹從事、部郡從事、主簿、錄事、門下書佐、省事、記室書佐、諸曹書佐守從事、武猛從事等員，凡吏一百人，卒三十二人。 及渡江，乃罷司隸校尉官，其職乃揚州刺史也。
Emperor Wu of Han first established thirteen provinces with one inspector each, and also established the Metropolitan Commandant to inspect the seven commanderies of the Three Adjuncts, the Three Rivers, and Hongnong; the office continued unchanged through Eastern Han, Wei, and Jin. Staff topped out at one hundred clerks and thirty-two runners across myriad desks. South of the river Yangzhou's governor absorbed metropolitan supervision.
65
謁者僕射，秦官也，自漢至魏因之。 魏置僕射，掌大拜授及百官班次，統謁者十人。 及武帝省僕射，以謁者並蘭台。 江左復置僕射，後又省。
Chief usher came from Qin through Wei. Wei's chief steward staged audiences and lineups with ten ushers. Wudi merged ushers into the terrace. South of the river restored then dropped the steward.
66
都水使者，漢水衡之職也。 漢又有都水長丞，主陂池灌溉，保守河渠，屬太常。 漢東京省都水，置河堤謁者，魏因之。 及武帝省水衡，置都水使者一人，以河堤謁者為都水官屬。 及江左，省河堤謁者，置謁者六人。
The water envoy continued Han's hydraulic commissioner. Han tasked Ceremonies with dikes and canals via water intendants. Later Han switched to dike ushers; Wei kept them. Wudi replaced the old water ministry with one envoy over dike officers. South of the river swapped dike ushers for six general ushers.
67
中領軍將軍，魏官也。 漢建安四年，魏武丞相府自置，及拔漢中，以曹休為中領軍。 文帝踐阼，始置領軍將軍，以曹休為之，主五校、中壘、武衛等三營。 武帝初省，使中軍將軍羊祜統二衛、前、後、左、右、驍衛等營，即領軍之任也。 懷帝永嘉中，改中軍曰中領軍。 永昌元年，改曰北軍中候，尋復為領軍。 成帝世，復為中候，尋復為領軍。 護軍將軍，案本秦護軍都尉官也。 漢因之，高祖以陳平為護軍中尉，武帝復以為護軍都尉，屬大司馬。 魏武為相，以韓浩為護軍，史渙為領軍，非漢官也。 建安十二年，改護軍為中護軍，領軍為中領軍，置長史、司馬。 魏初，因置護軍將軍，主武官選，隸領軍，晉世則不隸也。 元帝永昌元年，省護軍，並領軍。 明帝太寧二年，復置領、護，各領營兵。 江左以來，領軍不復別領營，總統二衛、驍騎、材官諸營，護軍猶別有營也。 資重者為領軍、護軍，資輕者為中領軍、中護軍。 屬官有長史、司馬、功曹、主簿、五官，受命出征則置參軍。
Central Army Commander was a Wei creation. Cao Cao's chancellor's office created it in 199; after Hanzhong fell, Cao Xiu became Central Army Commander. Wendi made it a formal Army Commander post for Cao Xiu over three camps: Five Schools, Central Rampart, and Martial Guard. Wudi briefly abolished it and had Central Army General Yang Hu command the guard camps in the commander's stead. Under Emperor Huai in the Yongjia era it became Central Army Commander again. In 322 it was briefly Northern Army Commandant, then restored as Army Commander. Under Cheng it again became Central Commandant, then Army Commander once more. Army Protector General derived from the Qin army-protector commandant. Han kept it; Gaozu made Chen Ping protector commandant, and Wudi restored the title under the Grand Marshal. As chancellor, Cao Cao appointed Han Hao protector and Shi Huan commander—neither a Han title. In 207 protector and commander became central protector and central commander, each with chief clerk and adjutant. Early Wei added Army Protector General for military appointments under the commander; Jin severed that tie. In 322 Emperor Yuan merged protector into commander. In 324 Ming restored commander and protector, each with camp troops. South of the river the commander oversaw guard camps collectively while the protector kept separate camps. Senior appointees were commander and protector; junior ones central commander and central protector. Staff included chief clerk, adjutant, merit clerk, chief scribe, and five officers, with campaign advisers when mobilized.
68
左右衛將軍，案文帝初置中衛。 及武帝受命，分為左右衛，以羊琇為左、趙序為右。 並置長史、司馬、功曹、主薄員，江左罷長史。
Wendi founded the central guard corps. Wudi split Central Guard into left under Yang Xiu and right under Zhao Xu. Each guard had full staff; south of the river dropped chief clerks.
69
驍騎將軍、遊擊將軍，並漢雜號將軍也。 魏置為中軍。 及晉，以領、護、左右衛、驍騎、遊擊為六軍。
Valiant cavalry and mobile corps were Han-style misc generals. Wei folded them into the central army. Jin counted directors, protectors, both guards, valiant cavalry, and mobile corps as the six armies.
70
左右前後軍將軍，案魏明帝時有左軍，則左軍魏官也，至晉不改。 武帝初又置前軍、右軍，泰始八年又置後軍，是為四軍。
Wei Mingdi invented the left army; Jin kept the pattern. Wudi first created front and right field armies; adding the rear in 272 completed the four.
71
屯騎、步兵、越騎、長水、射聲等校尉，是為五校，並漢官也。 魏晉逮于江左，猶領營兵，並置司馬、功曹、主簿。 後省左軍、右軍、前軍、後軍為鎮衛軍，其左右營校尉自如舊，皆中領軍統之。
The five camps—garrison cavalry through thunderbolt—were Han units. Wei-Jin camps kept soldiers with adjutants and clerks. Directional armies merged into guard commands still overseen by the central colonel.
72
二衛始制前驅、由基、強弩為三部司馬，各置督史。 左衛，熊渠武賁； 右衛，佽飛武賁。 二衛各五部督。 其命中武賁，驍騎、遊擊各領之。 又置武賁、羽林、上騎、異力四部，並命中為五督。 其衛、鎮四軍如五校，各置千人。 更制殿中將軍，中郎、校尉、司馬比驍騎。 持椎斧武賁，分屬二衛。 尉中武賁、持鈒冗從、羽林司馬，常從人數各有差。 武帝甚重兵官，故軍校多選朝廷清望之士居之。 先是，陳勰為文帝所待，特有才用，明解軍令。 帝為晉王，委任使典兵事。 及蜀破後，令勰受諸葛亮圍陣用兵倚伏之法，又甲乙校標幟之制，勰悉暗練之，遂以勰為殿中典兵中郎將，遷將軍。 久之，武帝每出入，勰持白獸幡在乘輿左右，鹵簿陳列齊肅。 太康末，武帝嘗出射雉，勰時已為都水使者，散從。 車駕逼暗乃還，漏已盡，當合函，停乘輿，良久不得合，乃詔勰合之。 勰舉白獸幡指麾，須臾之間而函成。 皆謝勰閑解，甚為武帝所任。
Both guards organized van guard, Youji archers, and strong crossbow divisions—each with overseers. The left guard drew Bear-Gully royal guards; the right guard drew Feiyi swimmers. Each guard deployed five division overseers. Crack-shot guards answered to valiant cavalry and mobile corps. Tiger guards, feathered forest, elite riders, and picked strongmen joined crack shots as five commands. Guard and field armies mirrored the five camps at one thousand troops each. Hall generals, palace gentlemen, and camp officers matched valiant-cavalry grade. Ax-wielding tiger guards split between both guards. Hall guards, axe escorts, and feathered-forest adjutants carried differing standing complements. Wudi prized martial appointments and stacked camps with respected courtiers. Chen Xie enjoyed Wendi's favor—acute on army regulations. As Prince of Jin he ran forces for the future emperor. After Shu's fall Chen Xie absorbed Zhuge Liang's formations and dual-camp signals—Wudi made him hall corps gentleman then general. For years Chen Xie bore the white beast banner beside the coach—his drills stayed razor sharp. Late Taikang Wudi hunted pheasants while Chen Xie, now water envoy, tagged along. Nightfall stranded the train past water-clock closing time—the royal coach shell stuck open until Wudi told Chen Xie to seal it. He waved the banner and snapped the coach shell shut. Onlookers praised his practiced hand; Wudi relied on him heavily.
73
太子太傅、少傅，皆古官也。 泰始三年，武帝始建官，各置一人，尚未置詹事，官事無大小，皆由二傅，並有功曹、主簿、五官。 太傅中二千石，少傅二千石。 其訓導者，太傅在前，少傅在後。 皇太子先拜，諸傅然後答之。 武帝后以儲副體尊，遂命諸公居之； 以本位重，故或行或領。 時侍中任愷，武帝所親敬，復使領之，蓋一時之制也。 咸甯元年，以給事黃門侍郎楊珧為詹事，掌宮事，二傅不復領官屬。 及楊珧為衛將軍，領少傅，省詹事，遂崇廣傅訓，命太尉賈充領太保，司空齊王攸領太傅，所置吏屬復如舊。 二傅進賢兩梁冠，黑介幘，五時朝服，佩水蒼玉，食奉日三斛。 太康二年，始給春賜絹五十匹，秋絹百匹，綿百斤。 其後太尉汝南王亮、車騎將軍楊駿、司空衛瓘、石鑒皆領傅保，猶不置詹事，以終武帝之世。 惠帝元康元年，復置詹事，二傅給菜田六頃，田騶六人，立夏後不及田者，食奉一年。 置丞一人，秩千石； 主簿、五官掾、功曹史、主記門下史、錄事、戶曹法曹倉曹賊曹功曹書佐、門下亭長、門下書佐、省事各一人，給赤耳安車一乘。 及湣懷建官，乃置六傅，三太、三少，以景帝諱師，故改太師為太保，通省尚書事，詹事文書關由六傅。 然自元康之後，諸傅或二或三，或四或六，及永康中復不置詹事也。 自太安已來置詹事，終孝懷之世。 渡江之後，有太傅少傅，不立師保。
Heir tutors were classical posts. In the third year of Taishi (267), Emperor Wu first created these offices, one post each; before any household supervisor was appointed, all business, large or small, passed through the two tutors, who also had merit clerks, chief clerks, and gatekeeper officers. Senior tutor drew near two thousand shi; junior tutor two thousand. Instruction lined up senior tutor forward, junior aft. The crown prince bowed first; tutors returned the courtesy. Once the heir's rank swelled, grandees filled those chairs; weight meant some served full-time, some doubled other posts. Ren Kai briefly doubled duty—a court expedient. 275 CE Yang Yao became household supervisor so tutors shed staff. When Yang Yao became General of the Guards and concurrently Junior Tutor, the household supervisor was abolished and tutor instruction was expanded: Grand Commandant Jia Chong was ordered to serve concurrently as Grand Guardian, and Minister of Works Prince You of Qi as Grand Tutor; the appointed clerical staff returned to the old pattern. Tutors wore two-ridged caps, black kerchiefs, seasonal robes, jade, three hu daily. 281 CE added seasonal silk and cotton allotments. Afterward, the Grand Commandant Prince Liang of Runan, General of Chariots and Cavalry Yang Jun, Minister of Works Wei Guan, and Shi Jian all concurrently held tutor-guardian posts, but no household supervisor was appointed through the end of Emperor Wu's reign. 291 CE revived the supervisor and granted tutors vegetable plots like ministers. One deputy at one thousand shi; full tutor household staff plus a red-eared carriage. Minhuai's six tutors—taboo turned instructor into guardian—shared Secretariat oversight. Tutor counts fluctuated; Yongkang dropped the supervisor again. Tai'an forward kept supervisors through the prince's fall. South of the river kept grand and junior tutors only.
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中庶子四人，職如侍中。
Four inner household attendants matched palace attendants.
75
中舍人四人，咸寧四年置，以舍人才學美者為之，與中庶子共掌文翰，職如黃門侍郎，在中庶子下，洗馬上。
In Xianning 4 (278), four Central Gentlemen were established, filled by gentlemen of fine literary talent; together with the Central Household Attendants they managed documents, with duties like Yellow Gate gentlemen, ranked below the Central Household Attendants and above the Xima.
76
食官令一人，職如太官令。
One food steward like the imperial chef.
77
庶子四人，職比散騎常侍、中書監令。
Four gentlemen matched standing attendants or Zhongshu leaders.
78
舍人十六人，職比散騎、中書等侍郎。
Sixteen gentlemen equaled deputy-tier posts.
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洗馬八人，職如謁者秘書，掌圖籍。 釋奠講經則掌其事，出則直者前驅，導威儀。
Eight grooms handled archives like secretariat ushers. They staged classics ceremonies and led processions when the heir traveled.
80
率更令，主宮殿門戶及賞罰事，職如光祿勳、衛尉。
The pitch director watched gates and discipline like Coachman and Guards.
81
家令，主刑獄、穀貨、飲食，職比司農、少府。 漢東京主食官令，食官令及晉自為官，不復屬家令。
The steward ran justice and pantry like Finance and Treasury. Later Han tied food to the steward; Jin detached the kitchen office.
82
僕，主車馬、親族，職如太僕、宗正。
The assistant handled transport and kin like Coachman and Clan director.
83
左右衛率，案武帝建東宮，置衛率，初曰中衛率。 泰始五年，分為左右，各領一軍。 惠帝時，湣懷太子在東宮，又加前後二率。 及江左，省前後二率，孝武太元中又置。
Wudi's heir's palace began with a central guard rate. 269 CE split them into left and right armies. Huidi's heir added front and rear guard commands. South of the river dropped front/rear until Taiyuan.
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王置師、友、文學各一人，景帝諱，故改師為傅。 友者因文王、仲尼四友之名號。 改太守為內史，省相及僕。 有郎中令、中尉、大農為三卿。 大國置左右常侍各一人，省郎中，置侍郎二人，典書、典祠、典衛、學官令、典書丞各一人，治書四人，中尉司馬、世子庶子、陵廟牧長各一人，謁者四人，中大夫六人，舍人十人，典府各一人。
Princes gained tutor, friend, and scholar—'instructor' became 'tutor' for taboo. The 'friend' title echoed Confucius's four companions. Governors became interior stewards; chancellor and assistant dropped. Three minister slots: intendant, commandant, grand agronomist. Large principalities had one left and one right permanent attendant, abolished palace gentlemen, and appointed two attendants; they also had one each of the document, sacrifices, guards, academy, and document-assistant offices, four document clerks, one each of commandant marshal, heir's gentleman, and mausoleum-pasture chief, four ushers, six central grandees, ten gentlemen, and one treasury steward.
85
咸甯三年，衛將軍楊珧與中書監荀勖以齊王攸有時望，懼惠帝有後難，因追故司空裴秀立五等封建之旨，從容共陳時宜於武帝，以為「古者建侯，所以籓衛王室。 今吳寇未殄，方岳任大，而諸王為帥，都督封國，既各不臣其統內，於事重非宜。 又異姓諸將居邊，宜參以親戚，而諸王公皆在京都，非扞城之義，萬世之固」。 帝初未之察，於是下詔議其制。 有司奏，從諸王公更制戶邑，皆中尉領兵。 其平原、汝南、琅邪、扶風、齊為大國，梁、趙、樂安、燕、安平、義陽為次國，其餘為小國，皆制所近縣益滿萬戶。 又為郡公制度如小國王，亦中尉領兵。 郡侯如不滿五千戶王，置一軍一千一百人，亦中尉領之。 于時，唯特增魯公國戶邑，追進封故司空博陵公王沈為郡公，钜平侯羊祜為南城郡侯。 又南宮王承、隨王萬各於泰始中封為縣王，邑千戶，至是改正縣王增邑為三千戶。 制度如郡侯，亦置一軍。 自此非皇子不得為王，而諸王之支庶，皆皇家之近屬至親，亦各以土推恩受封。 其大國次國始封王之支子為公，承封王之支子為侯，繼承封王之支子為伯。 小國五千戶已上，始封王之支子為子，不滿五千戶始封王之支子及始封公侯之支子皆為男，非此皆不得封。 其公之制度如五千戶國，侯之制度如不滿五千戶國，亦置一軍千人，中尉領之，伯子男以下各有差而不置軍。 大國始封之孫罷下軍，曾孫又罷上軍，次國始封子孫亦罷下軍，其餘皆以一軍為常。 大國中軍二千人，上下軍各千五百人，次國上軍二千人，下軍千人。 其未之國者，大國置守土百人，次國八十人，小國六十人，郡侯縣公亦如小國制度。 既行，所增徙各如本奏遣就國，而諸公皆戀京師，涕泣而去。 及吳平後，齊王攸遂之國。
In the third year of Xianning Guards General Yang Yao and Palace Secretariat supervisor Xun Xu, fearing later troubles for Emperor Hui, cited former Minister of Works Pei Xiu's feudal plan and told Emperor Wu: "In antiquity establishing nobility was to screen and guard the royal house. They argued Wu remained and princes commanding regions refused to treat staff as subjects. Moreover various generals of other surnames hold the frontierlands—it is fitting to mix in kin; yet various princes and dukes all remain in the capital—not the meaning of defending walls or enduring fortification." Wudi ordered debate before deciding. Bureaus wanted princes refitted with armed middle commandants. Pingyuan, Runan, Langya, Fufeng, and Qi were large principalities; Liang, Zhao, Le'an, Yan, Anping, and Yiyang were middling principalities; the rest were small, with nearby counties assigned to fill each to ten thousand households. County dukes mirrored small princes with armed commandants. Smaller marquisates raised eleven hundred men under middle commandants. Only Lu gained extra households; Shen and Yang Hu were bumped posthumously. Taishi county princes jumped to three thousand households. County princes matched county marquis armies. Only imperial sons could be kings; cadets took descending noble ranks. Cadet ranks stepped down duke-marquis-earl by lineage tier. Small-fief cadets became viscounts or barons under household thresholds. High nobles kept armies; lowest ranks had none. Succession trimmed armies generation by generation. Troop floors matched principality tier. Princes still in capital kept reduced household guards by size. Enforcement sent peers weeping from Luoyang. After Wu fell Sima You finally left for his domain.
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中朝制，典書令在常侍下，侍郎上。 及渡江，則侍郎次常侍，而典書令居三軍下。 公國則無中尉、常侍、三軍，侯國又無大農、侍郎，伯子男唯典書以下，又無學官、令史職，皆以次損焉。 公侯以下置官屬，隨國大小無定制，其餘官司各有差。 名山大澤不以封，鹽鐵金銀銅錫，始平之竹園，別都宮室園囿，皆不為屬國。 其仕在天朝者，與之國同，皆自選其文武官。 諸入作卿士而其世子年已壯者，皆遣蒞國。 其王公已下，茅社符璽，車旗命服，一如泰始初故事。
Capital ranks placed classics director between attendant and gentleman. South of the river reshuffled—gentlemen under attendants, classics director under three-armies. Ducal states lacked commandants, permanent attendants, and the Three Armies; marquis states also lacked grand agronomists and attendants; earls, viscounts, and barons had only document stewards and lower offices, with no academy officers or clerks, each grade reduced in turn. Staffing scaled loosely by fief. Strategic lands and mints stayed imperial. Capital nobles picked staff like those in the provinces. Adult heirs had to take seats in their domains. Noble regalia matched Taishi inaugural rules.
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州置刺史，別駕、治中從事、諸曹從事等員。 所領中郡以上及江陽、硃提郡，郡各置部從事一人，小郡亦置一人。 又有主簿，門亭長、錄事、記室書佐、諸曹佐、守從事、武猛從事等。 凡吏四十一人，卒二十人。 諸州邊遠，或有山險，濱近寇賊羌夷者，又置弓馬從事五十餘人。 徐州又置淮海，涼州置河津，諸州置都水從事各一人。 涼、益州置吏八十五人，卒二十人。 荊州又置監佃督一人。
Each province ran inspectors with aides and bureau staff. Interior commanderies gained division clerks. Plus clerks, recorders, and bailiffs. Forty-one clerks and twenty runners standard. Frontier provinces added mounted archer aides. Xuzhou took Huaihai aides; Liangzhou river crossing; others water clerks. Liang and Yi ran eighty-five clerks. Jingzhou added a colony superintendent.
88
郡皆置太守，河南郡京師所在，則曰尹。 諸王國以內史掌太守之任，又置主簿、主記室、門下賊曹、議生、門下史、記室史、錄事史、書佐、循行、幹、小史、五官掾、功曹史、功曹書佐、循行小史、五官掾等員。 郡國戶不滿五千者，置職吏五十人，散吏十三人； 五千戶以上，則職吏六十三人，散吏二十一人； 萬戶以上，職吏六十九人，散吏三十九人。 郡國皆置文學掾一人。
Commanderies used 'warden' except Henan 'intendant.' Princely kingdoms used interior stewards to perform the duties of commandery administrators and also had chief clerks, chief records offices, gate bandit offices, deliberation students, gate and records clerks, registrar clerks, document assistants, patrol officers, functionaries, petty clerks, gatekeeper aides, merit clerks and assistants, and related posts. Under five thousand households: fifty duty and thirteen extra clerks; above five thousand: sixty-three duty and twenty-one supernumerary; above ten thousand: sixty-nine duty and thirty-nine supernumerary. Every commandery kept a literary aide.
89
縣大者置令，小者置長。 有主簿、錄事史、主記室史、門下書佐、幹、遊徼、議生、循行功曹史、小史、廷掾、功曹史、小史書佐幹、戶曹掾史幹、法曹門幹、金倉賊曹掾史、兵曹史、吏曹史、獄小史、獄門亭長、都亭長、賊捕掾等員。 戶不滿三百以下，職吏十八人，散吏四人； 三百以上，職吏二十八人，散吏六人； 五百以上，職吏四十人，散吏八人； 千以上，職吏五十三人，散吏十二人； 千五百以上，職吏六十八人，散吏一十八人； 三千以上，職吏八十八人，散吏二十六人。
Big districts got magistrates; small ones got chiefs. County offices stacked chief clerks through precinct bailiffs—full fiscal and legal desks. Under three hundred households: eighteen duty and four extra clerks; above three hundred: twenty-eight duty and six extra; above five hundred: forty duty and eight extra; above one thousand: fifty-three duty and twelve extra; above fifteen hundred: sixty-eight duty and eighteen extra; above three thousand: eighty-eight duty and twenty-six extra.
90
郡國及縣，農月皆隨所領戶多少為差，散吏為勸農。 又縣五百以上皆置鄉，三千以上置二鄉，五千以上置三鄉，萬以上置四鄉，鄉置嗇夫一人。 鄉戶不滿千以下，置治書史一人； 千以上置史、佐各一人，正一人； 五千五百以上，置史一人，佐二人。 縣率百戶置裏吏一人，其土廣人稀，聽隨宜置裏吏，限不得減五十戶。 戶千以上，置校官掾一人。
Planting season scaled clerks to household counts; extras promoted agriculture. Townships scaled with population—each run by a bailiff. Small townships added one law clerk; larger townships added clerk, assistant, and rectifier; above fifty-five hundred: one clerk and two assistants. Hamlet overseers averaged one per hundred households but flexed in sparse terrain—never below fifty households. Thousand-household counties gained an academy clerk.
91
縣皆置方略吏四人。 洛陽縣置六部尉。 江左以後，建康亦置六部尉，餘大縣置二人，次縣、小縣各一人。 鄴、長安置吏如三千戶以上之制。
Every county kept four strategy aides. Luoyang ran six ward captains. Jiankang mirrored Luoyang's six wards; other counties used one or two. Ye and Chang'an staffed at the three-thousand tier.
92
四中郎將，並後漢置，曆魏及晉，並有其職，江左彌重。
The four palace generals survived Han through Jin and mattered more in the south.
93
護羌、夷、蠻等校尉，案武帝置南蠻校尉于襄陽，西戎校尉于長安，南夷校尉于甯州。 元康中，護羌校尉為涼州刺史，西戎校尉為雍州刺史，南蠻校尉為荊州刺史。 及江左初，省南蠻校尉，尋又置於江陵，改南夷校尉曰鎮蠻校尉。 及安帝時，于襄陽置甯蠻校尉。
Wudi posted barbarian commissioners—south at Xiangyang, west at Chang'an, Yi at Ning. Yuankang folded commissioners into provincial inspectors—Qiang into Liang, Rong into Yong, Man into Jing. South of the river Man posts flickered; Jiangling revived them; Yi commissioner became 'pacify Man.' Andi added a pacification commissioner at Xiangyang.
94
護匈奴、羌、戎、蠻、夷、越中郎將，案武帝置四中郎將，或領刺史，或持節為之。 武帝又置平越中郎將，居廣州，主護南越。
Wudi's four palace generals doubled as governors or credential holders for tribes. Wudi added a Yue pacification general at Guangzhou for the far south.