1
志第二十二職官一=【序】=高祖發跡太原，官名稱位，皆依隋舊。 及登極之初，未遑改作，隨時署置，務從省便。
Treatise 22, Offices and Ranks, Part 1 — Preface. When Emperor Gaozu first rose in Taiyuan, the names and ranks of offices all followed Sui practice. At the beginning of his reign he had not yet had time to redesign the system; posts were filled as needed, with every effort toward simplicity and convenience.
2
武德七年定令：以太尉、司徒、司空為三公。 尚書、門下、中書、秘書、殿中、內侍為六省。 次御史台； 次太常、光祿、衛尉、宗正、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府，為九寺； 次將作監； 次國子學； 次天策上將府； 次左右衛、左右驍衛、左右領軍、左右武候、左右監門、左右屯、左右領，為十四衛府。 東宮置三師、三少、詹事府、門下典書兩坊。 次內坊； 次家令、率更、僕三寺； 次左右衛率府、左右宗衛率府、左右虞候率府、左右監門率府、左右內率府，為十率府。 王公以下置府佐國官。 公主置邑司已下。 並為京職事官。 州縣、鎮戍、岳瀆、關津為外職事官。 又以開府儀同三司、特進、左光祿大夫、右光祿大夫、散騎常侍、太中大夫、通直散騎常侍、中大夫、員外散騎常侍、中散大夫、散騎侍郎、通直散騎侍郎、員外散騎侍郎、朝議郎、承議郎、通議郎、通直郎、朝請郎、宣德郎、朝散郎、宣義郎、給事郎、征事郎、承奉郎、承務郎、儒林郎、登仕郎、文林郎、將仕郎，並為文散官。 輔國、鎮軍二大將軍，冠軍、雲麾、忠武、壯武、宣威、明威、信遠、遊騎、遊擊十將軍，為散號將軍，以加武士之無職事者。 改上開府儀同三司為上輕車都尉，開府儀同三司為輕車都尉，儀同三司為騎都尉，秦王、齊王下統軍為護軍，副統軍為副護軍，上大都督為驍騎尉，大都督為飛騎尉，帥都督為雲騎尉，都督為武騎尉，車騎將軍為游騎將軍，親衛驃騎將軍為親衛中郎將，其勳衛驃騎准此。 親衛車騎將軍為親衛郎將，其勳衛翊衛車騎並准此。 監門府郎將為監門中郎將，領左右郎將，准此。 諸軍驃騎將軍為統軍，其秦王、齊王下領三衛及庫直、驅咥直、車騎並准此。 諸軍車騎將軍為別將。 其散官文騎尉為承議郎，屯騎尉為通直郎，雲騎尉為登仕郎，羽騎尉為將仕郎。
The code promulgated in the seventh year of Wude (624) defined the Three Dukes as the Grand Preceptor, the Minister of Education, and the Minister of Works. The Six Departments were the Department of State Affairs, the Chancellery, the Secretariat, the Archive Secretariat, the Palace Administration, and the Palace Domestic Service. Next came the Censorate; then the nine directorates: Ceremonies, Banquets, the Guard, the Imperial Clan, the Stud, Justice, Guests, Agriculture, and the Treasury; then the Directorate of Works; then the National University; then the Heavenly Stratagem General-in-Chief Office; then the fourteen guard offices: the Left and Right Guards, Valiant Cavalry, Army Inspectors, Military Inspectors, Gatekeepers, Garrisons, and Commanders. The Eastern Palace was staffed with the Three Preceptors, the Three Junior Preceptors, the Household Administration of the Heir Apparent, and the two bureaus of the Chancellery and Archive. Then the inner bureaus; then the three palace directorates: the Household Steward, the Timekeeper, and the Servants; then the ten commandant offices of the heir's guard, imperial clan guard, patrol guard, gate guard, and inner guard, left and right. Princes and dukes and below were assigned mansion aides and fief officials. Princesses were provided with fief administrations and subordinate staff. All of these were capital offices with substantive duties. Prefectures and counties, frontier garrisons, offices for sacred mountains and rivers, and passes and fords were external duty-holding offices. The civil prestige offices included Open-the-Feudal-Office Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes, Special Advancement, the Left and Right Masters of Splendid Happiness, Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, Grand Master of Palace Counsel, and the full sequence of masters, gentlemen, and candidate ranks down to Candidate for Office. The two great generals Assistant-to-the-State and Pacifier-of-the-Army, together with the ten prestige generals from Champion through Roaming Strike, served as honorary military titles for men of arms who held no substantive office. Superior Open-the-Feudal-Office was renamed Superior Commandant of Light Chariots; the ordinary and lesser grades of that title became Commandants of Light Chariots and Cavalry; army commanders under the Princes of Qin and Qi became Protectors of the Army, with deputies as deputy protectors; command ranks were renamed commandants of valiant, flying, cloud, and martial cavalry; the Chariot-and-Cavalry General became Roaming Cavalry General; and the Personal and Merit Guard Swift-Cavalry Generals became central commanders of the guard. The Personal Guard Chariot-and-Cavalry General became Personal Guard Commandant, and the Merit and Wing Guards followed the same pattern. The Gate Office commandant became Gate Office central commander, and the leading left and right commandants were treated likewise. Swift-Cavalry Generals in the field armies became army commanders, and the same applied to officers under the Princes of Qin and Qi who led the Three Guards, armory duty, drive duty, and chariot-and-cavalry units. Chariot-and-Cavalry Generals in the various armies were renamed separate commanders. Among the prestige ranks, Literary Cavalry Commandant became Supporter of Proposals, Garrison Cavalry Commandant became Regular Communication Gentleman, Cloud Cavalry Commandant became Entering Office Gentleman, and Feathered Cavalry Commandant became Candidate for Office Gentleman.
3
武德九年，罷天策上將府。
In the ninth year of Wude (626), the Heavenly Stratagem General-in-Chief Office was abolished.
4
貞觀元年，改國子學為國子監，分將作為少府監，通將作為三監。 八年七月，始以雲麾將軍為從三品階。 九月，以統軍正四品下，別將正五品上。 十一年，改令置太師、太傅、太保為三師。 其三公已下，六省、一台、九寺、三監、十二衛、東宮諸司，並從舊定。 又改以光祿大夫為從二品，金紫光祿大夫為正三品，銀青光祿大夫為從三品，正議大夫為正四品上，通議大夫為正四品下，太中大夫為從四品上，中大夫為從四品下，中散大夫為正五品上，朝議大夫為正五品下，朝請大夫為從五品上，朝散大夫為從五品下。 其六品下，唯改通議郎為奉議郎，自餘依舊。 更置驃騎大將軍為從一品武散官； 輔國、鎮軍二大將軍為從二品武散官。 冠軍將軍加大字。 及雲麾已下、遊擊已上，改為五品已上武散官。 又置昭武、振威、致果、翊麾、宣節、禦武、仁勇、陪戎八校尉副尉為六品已下武散官。
In the first year of Zhenguan (627), the National University became the Directorate of the Sons of the State; the Works directorate was divided into the Palace Workshops Directorate, and together they formed the three directorates. In the seventh month of the eighth year (634), the Cloud Banner General was first assigned to the secondary third rank. In the ninth month, the army commander was set at primary fourth rank, lower grade, and the separate commander at primary fifth rank, upper grade. In the eleventh year (637), the code was revised to establish the Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Protector as the Three Preceptors. From the Three Dukes downward, the Six Departments, Censorate, nine directorates, three supervisory directorates, twelve guards, and Eastern Palace offices all remained as previously defined. The prestige ranks were also reassigned: Master of Splendid Happiness to secondary second rank; the gold-seal and silver-seal masters of splendid happiness to primary and secondary third rank; and the masters of regular counsel, communication counsel, grand palace counsel, palace counsel, scattered counsel, court discussion, court invitation, and court disbursement to their respective fourth- and fifth-rank grades. For the sixth rank and below, only Communication Discussion Gentleman was renamed Offering Discussion Gentleman; all other titles remained unchanged. The Swift-Cavalry Grand General was newly created as a secondary first-rank military prestige office; while Assistant-to-the-State and Pacifier-of-the-Army became secondary second-rank military prestige offices. The title Champion General was enlarged to Grand Champion General. From Cloud Banner down through Roaming Strike up, these became military prestige offices of the fifth rank and above. Eight commandant and deputy-commandant titles—Illustrious Martial, Quelling Might, Achieving Fruit, Assisting Banner, Proclaiming Festival, Defending Martial, Benevolent Courage, and Escort Martial—were also created as military prestige offices of the sixth rank and below.
5
凡九品已上職事，皆帶散位，謂之本品。 職事則隨才錄用，或從閑入劇，或去高就卑，遷從出入，參差不定。 散位則一切以門廕結品，然後勞考進敘。 《武德令》，職事高者解散官，欠一階不到為「兼」。 職事卑者，不解散官。 《貞觀令》，以職事高者為「守」，職事卑者為「行」，仍各帶散位。 其欠一階，依舊為「兼」，與當階者，皆解散官。 永徽已來，欠一階者，或為兼，或帶散官，或為守，參而用之。 其兩職事者亦為「兼」，頗相錯亂。 咸亨二年，始一切為「守」。
Every substantive office from the ninth rank upward carried a prestige rank, which was called one's basic rank. Substantive appointments followed talent: one might move from a light post to a demanding one, or step down from high to low office, with transfers in every direction and no fixed pattern. Prestige rank, by contrast, was first established entirely through hereditary privilege, and only later advanced by merit review. Under the Wude Code, if the substantive post outranked the prestige title, the prestige title was set aside; if the appointee fell one grade short of the post, the designation was "concurrent." When the substantive post was lower than the prestige rank, the prestige title was retained. The Zhenguan Code called a higher substantive appointment "acting" and a lower one "performing," while in both cases the holder still bore his prestige rank. If the appointee was one grade short, the old label "concurrent" still applied; if he matched the grade of the post, the prestige title was set aside. From the Yonghui era onward, when an appointee was one grade short, "concurrent," retention of the prestige title, or "acting" were applied in varying combinations. Holders of two substantive posts were also labeled "concurrent," which led to considerable confusion. In the second year of Xianheng (671), the designation was uniformly standardized as "acting."
6
自高宗之後，官名品秩，屢有改易。 今錄永泰二年官品。 其改易品秩者，注於官品之下。 若改官名及職員有加減者，則各附之於本職云。
After Emperor Gaozong, office titles and ranks were changed again and again. What follows records the official grades as of the second year of Yongtai (766). Changes in grade are noted beneath each entry in the grade table. Changes in office names or in the number of incumbents are recorded separately under each substantive office.
7
唐初因隋號，武德三年三月，改納言為侍中，內史令為中書令，給事郎為給事中，內書省為中書省。
Early Tang initially kept Sui titles; in the third month of the third year of Wude (620), Supplicator became Palace Attendant, Inner Scribe Director became Secretariat Director, Gentleman of Service became Attendant of Affairs, and the Inner Scribe Department became the Secretariat.
8
貞觀二十三年六月，改民部尚書為戶部尚書。 七月，改治書侍御史為御史中丞，改諸州治中為司馬，別駕為長史，治禮郎為奉禮郎。
In the sixth month of the twenty-third year of Zhenguan (649), the Minister of the People was renamed Minister of the Household. In the seventh month, the Drafting Attendant Censor became Censor-in-Chief; in all prefectures the administrator became administrative aide, the vice director became chief aide, and the ritual gentleman became offering ritual gentleman.
9
顯慶元年，改戶部尚書為度支尚書，侍郎為度支侍郎。 又置驃騎大將軍員，從一品。
In the first year of Xianqing (656), the Minister of the Household was renamed Minister of Revenue, and the vice minister likewise. A post of Swift-Cavalry Grand General was also created at the secondary first rank.
10
龍朔二年二月甲子，改百司及官名。 改尚書省為中台，僕射為匡政，左右丞為肅機，左右司郎中為丞務，吏部為司列，主爵為司封，考功為司績，禮部為司禮，祠部為司禋，膳部為司膳，主客為司蕃，戶部為司元，度支為司度，倉部為司倉，金部為司珍，兵部為司戎，職方為司域，駕部為司輿，庫部為司庫，刑部為司刑，都官為司僕，比部為司計，工部為司平，屯田為司田，虞部為司虞，水部為司川，余司依舊。 尚書為太常伯，侍郎為少常伯，郎中為大夫。 中書門下為東西台。 侍中為左相，黃門侍郎為東台侍郎，給事中為東台舍人，散騎常侍為左右侍極，諫議大夫為正諫大夫。 中書令為右相，侍郎為西台侍郎，舍人為西台舍人。 秘書省為蘭台，監為太史，少監為侍郎，丞為大夫。 著作郎為司文郎中，太史令為秘閣郎中。 御史台為憲台，御史大夫為大司憲，御史中丞為司憲大夫。 殿中省為中禦府，丞為大夫。 尚食為奉膳，尚藥為奉醫，尚衣為奉冕，尚舍為奉扆，尚乘為奉駕，尚輦為奉禦，並為大夫。 內侍省為內侍監。 太常為奉常，光祿為司宰，衛尉為司衛，宗正為司宗，太僕為司馭，大理為詳刑，正為大夫。 鴻臚為司文，司農為司稼，太府為外府，卿並為正卿。 少府監為內府監。 將作監為繕工監，大匠為大監，少匠為少監。 國子監為司成館，國子祭酒為大司成，司業為少司成，博士為宣業。 都水為司津監。 左、右衛府、左、右驍衛府、左、右武衛府，並除「府」字。 左、右屯衛府為左右威衛，左、右領軍衛為左右戎衛，武候為金吾衛，千牛為奉宸衛，屯營為羽林軍。 詹事為端尹府，門下、典書為左右春坊，左右庶子為左右中護。 中允為左贊善大夫，洗馬為司經大夫，中舍人為右贊善大夫。 家令寺為宮府寺，率更寺為司更寺，僕寺為馭僕寺，長官並為大夫。 左、右衛率府為典戎衛，左、右宗衛率府為司禦衛，左右虞候率府為清道衛，監門率府為崇掖衛，內率府為奉裕衛。 七日，又制廢尚書令，改起居郎為左史，起居舍人為右史，著作佐郎為司文郎，太史丞為秘閣郎，左右千牛為奉宸，司議郎為左司議郎，太子舍人為右司議郎。 典膳、藥藏、內直監、宮門大夫，並改為郎。 太子千牛為奉裕。
On the jiazi day of the second month of the second year of Longshuo (662), the names of the hundred offices were all changed. The Department of State Affairs became the Central Terrace; vice directors became Rectifiers of Governance; assistants became Custodians of the Secretariat; bureau directors became Assistants in Affairs; Personnel became Bureau of Rosters; Fiefs became Bureau of Enfeoffments; Merit Review became Bureau of Records; Rites became Bureau of Rites; Sacrifices became Bureau of Sacrifices; Provisions became Bureau of Provisions; Guests became Bureau of Foreign Guests; Household became Bureau of Origins; Revenue became Bureau of Measures; Granaries became Bureau of Granaries; Coinage became Bureau of Treasures; War became Bureau of Arms; Appointments became Bureau of Territories; Transport became Bureau of Carriages; Stores became Bureau of Stores; Punishments became Bureau of Punishments; Justice became Bureau of Retainers; Audit became Bureau of Accounts; Works became Bureau of Equilibrium; Colonies became Bureau of Fields; Forestry became Bureau of Parks; Waterways became Bureau of Rivers; the remaining offices kept their old names. Ministers were titled Grand Regular Preceptors, vice ministers Junior Regular Preceptors, and directors Grand Masters. The Secretariat and Chancellery became the Eastern and Western Terraces. The Palace Attendant became Left Chancellor; the Yellow Gate Vice Minister became Eastern Terrace Vice Minister; the Attendant of Affairs became Eastern Terrace Draftsman; the Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry became Left and Right Attendants-in-Waiting; and the Remonstrance Master became Regular Remonstrance Master. The Secretariat Director became Right Chancellor; the vice minister became Western Terrace Vice Minister; and the draftsman became Western Terrace Draftsman. The Archive Secretariat became the Orchid Terrace; its director became Grand Astrologer, the vice director Vice Minister, and the assistant Grand Master. The Compilation Gentleman became Director of the Bureau of Writings; the Grand Astrologer became Director of the Secret Pavilion. The Censorate became the Law Terrace; the Censor-in-Chief became Grand Law Administrator; and the Attendant Censor-in-Chief became Law Administrator Grand Master. The Palace Administration became the Central Imperial Household, and its assistant became Grand Master. The directors of food, medicine, robes, lodgings, transport, and palanquins became Offerings of Food, Medicine, Crowns, Screens, Carriages, and Imperial Service, each titled Grand Master. The Palace Domestic Service became the Palace Domestic Directorate. Ceremonies became Offering Regular; Banquets became Bureau of Sacrifices; the Guard became Bureau of Guard; the Imperial Clan became Bureau of the Clan; the Stud became Bureau of Carriage; Justice became Detailed Punishments; and each director was titled Grand Master. Guests became Bureau of Writings; Agriculture became Bureau of Harvests; the Treasury became Outer Treasury; and all directors were titled Regular Director. The Palace Workshops Directorate became the Inner Treasury Directorate. The Works Directorate became the Repair Works Directorate; the chief artisan became Grand Director and the junior artisan Vice Director. The Directorate of the Sons of the State became the Academy of Accomplishment; the rector became Grand Accomplisher, the vice rector Junior Accomplisher, and the erudite Proclaimer of Accomplishment. The Director of Waterways became the Directorate of Fords. The Left and Right Guards, Valiant Cavalry, and Martial Guards all dropped the word "office" from their titles. The Left and Right Garrison Guards became Left and Right Majestic Guards; the Army Inspector Guards became Military Guards; the Military Inspectors became Golden Crow Guards; the Thousand-Ox Guards became Offering Imperial Guards; and the Garrison Camp became the Feathered Forest Army. The Household Administrator became the Rectifier-in-Chief Office; the Chancellery and Archive became the Left and Right Spring Bureaus; and the left and right junior preceptors became Left and Right Central Protectors. The Central Approver became Left Assistant-in-Goodness Grand Master; the Groom became Classics Grand Master; and the Central Draftsman became Right Assistant-in-Goodness Grand Master. The Household Steward Directorate became the Palace Household Directorate; the Timekeeper became the Bureau of Time; the Servants became the Driving Servants Directorate; and each chief was titled Grand Master. The Left and Right Guard Commandants became Model Military Guards; the Imperial Clan Commandants became Bureau of Imperial Guards; the Patrol Commandants became Clear-the-Way Guards; the Gate Commandant became Honored Flank Guard; and the Inner Commandant became Offering Abundance Guard. On the seventh day it was further ordered to abolish the Director of the Department of State Affairs; the Court Diary Gentleman became Left Scribe and the draftsman Right Scribe; the compilation assistant became Bureau of Writings Gentleman and the astrologer assistant Secret Pavilion Gentleman; the left and right Thousand-Ox became Offering Imperial; the Discussion Gentleman became Left Discussion Gentleman and the heir's draftsman Right Discussion Gentleman. The directors of provisions, the medicine storehouse, inner duty, and the palace gate were all retitled Gentlemen. The heir's Thousand-Ox Guard was renamed Offering Abundance.
11
總章二年置司列、司戎少常伯各兩員。
In the second year of Zongzhang (669), two Junior Regular Preceptors each were added to the Bureaus of Rosters and Arms.
12
咸亨元年十二月詔：「龍朔二年新改尚書省百司及僕射已下官名，並依舊。 其東宮十率府，有異上臺諸衛，各宜依舊為率府。 其左司議郎除「左」字。 其左、右金吾、左、右威衛，依新改」。 永淳元年七月，置州別駕。
An edict of the twelfth month of the first year of Xianheng (670) declared: "The new Longshuo-era names for the Department of State Affairs and all offices from the vice directors downward shall all revert to the old designations. The Eastern Palace's ten commandant offices, which had differed from the capital guard offices, shall each again be commandant offices as before. The word "left" shall be dropped from Left Discussion Gentleman. The Left and Right Golden Crow and Left and Right Majestic Guards shall keep their new names." In the seventh month of the first year of Yongchun (682), prefectural vice directors were established.
13
光宅元年九月，改尚書省為文昌台，左、右僕射為文昌左、右相。 吏部為天官，戶部為地官，禮部為春官，兵部為夏官，刑部為秋官，工部為冬官。 門下省為鸞台，中書省為鳳閣，侍中為納言，中書令為內史。 太常為司禮，鴻臚為司賓，宗正為司屬，光祿為司膳，太府為司府，太僕為司僕，衛尉為司衛，大理為司刑。 司農依舊。 左、右驍衛為左右威衛，左、右武衛為左、右鷹揚衛，左、右威衛為左右豹衛，左、右領軍衛為左右玉鈴衛。 左、右金吾衛依舊。 御史台改為左肅政台，專知京百官及監諸軍旅，並承詔出使。 更置右肅政台，專知諸州案察。
In the ninth month of the first year of Guangzai (688), the Department of State Affairs became the Wenchang Terrace, and the left and right vice directors became the Wenchang Left and Right Chancellors. Personnel became the Heavenly Office, Household the Earthly Office, Rites the Spring Office, War the Summer Office, Punishments the Autumn Office, and Works the Winter Office. The Chancellery became the Phoenix Terrace, the Secretariat the Phoenix Pavilion, the Palace Attendant the Supplicator, and the Secretariat Director the Inner Scribe. Ceremonies became Bureau of Rites, Guests Bureau of Guests, the Imperial Clan Bureau of Dependents, Banquets Bureau of Provisions, the Treasury Bureau of Treasury, the Stud Bureau of Servants, the Guard Bureau of Guard, and Justice Bureau of Punishments. Agriculture kept its old name. The Left and Right Valiant Cavalry became Left and Right Majestic Guards; the Martial Guards became Soaring Hawk Guards; the former Majestic Guards became Leopard Guards; and the Army Inspector Guards became Jade Bell Guards. The Left and Right Golden Crow Guards kept their old names. The Censorate became the Left Rectification Terrace, charged exclusively with oversight of capital officials and military forces and with carrying out missions by imperial edict. A Right Rectification Terrace was also established, charged exclusively with investigating the prefectures.
14
垂拱元年二月，改黃門侍郎為鸞台侍郎，文昌都省為都台，主爵為司封，秘書省為麟台，內侍省為司宮台，少府監為尚方監。 其左、右尚方兩署除「方」字。 將作監為營繕監，國子監為成均監，都水監為水衡監。 其詹事府為宮尹府，詹事為太尹，少詹事為少尹。 左、右內率府為左右奉裕率府，千牛為左右奉裕，左、右監門率府為左右控鶴禁率府，諸衛鎧曹改為胄曹，司膳寺肴藏署改為珍羞署。 十月，增置天官侍郎二員。 又置左、右補闕、拾遣各二員。 三年，加秋官侍郎一員。
In the second month of the first year of Chuigong (685), the Yellow Gate Vice Minister became Phoenix Terrace Vice Minister; the Wenchang Chief Department became the Chief Terrace; Fiefs became the Bureau of Enfeoffments; the Archive Secretariat became the Unicorn Terrace; the Palace Domestic Service became the Palace Affairs Terrace; and the Palace Workshops Directorate became the Imperial Works Directorate. The Left and Right Imperial Works offices dropped the character for "works" from their titles. The Works Directorate became Construction and Repair; the Directorate of the Sons of the State became the Academy of Equilibrium; and the Directorate of Waterways became the Water Balance Directorate. The Household Administration of the Heir Apparent became the Palace Rectifier Office; its administrator became Grand Rectifier and the junior administrator Junior Rectifier. The Left and Right Inner Commandant Offices became Left and Right Offering Abundance Commandant Offices; the Thousand-Ox Guards became Left and Right Offering Abundance; the Gate Commandant Offices became Left and Right Crane-Control Forbidden Commandant Offices; guard armor bureaus were renamed helmet bureaus; and the Provisions Directorate's dish storehouse became the Delicacies Office. In the tenth month, two vice ministers of the Heavenly Office were added. Left and Right Supplementation Omission and Left and Right Memorial Retrieval were also created, two posts on each side. In the third year, one vice minister of the Autumn Office was added.
15
永昌元年，置左、右司員外郎各一員。
In the first year of Yongchang (689), one extra director each was added to the left and right bureaus.
16
天授二年，增置左、右補闕、拾遺各三員，通滿五員。
In the second year of Tianshou (691), three more posts each were added to the Left and Right Supplementation Omission and Memorial Retrieval offices, bringing each side to five incumbents in all.
17
長壽二年，增夏官侍郎三員。
In the second year of Changshou (693), three vice ministers of the Summer Office were added.
18
大足元年，加營繕少匠一員，左右羽林衛各增置將軍一員。 洛、雍、並、荊、揚、益六州，置左、右司馬各一員。
In the first year of Dazu (701), one junior artisan was added to Construction and Repair, and each of the Left and Right Feathered Forest Guards gained an additional general. For the six prefectures of Luo, Yong, Bing, Jing, Yang, and Yi, one left and one right administrative aide each were established.
19
長安三年，增置司勳員外郎一員，地官依舊置侍郎一員，洛、並及三大都督府司馬宜依舊置一員。
In the third year of Chang'an (703), one extra director of the Bureau of Merit was added; the Earthly Office again had one vice minister; and Luo, Bing, and the three great area-command headquarters each again had one administrative aide as before.
20
神龍元年二月，台閣官名，並依永淳已前故事。 廢左、右司員外郎。 左右千牛衛各置大將軍一員。 東都置太廟官吏，增置太常、大理少卿各一員。 二年，又置員外官凡二千餘人。 超授閹官七品已上員外者，又千餘人。 十二月，復置左右司員外郎各一員。
In the second month of the first year of Shenlong (705), the names of terrace and pavilion offices all reverted to the practice in force before Yongchun. The left and right bureau extra directors were abolished. Each of the Left and Right Thousand-Ox Guards was given one grand general. Officials for the ancestral temple were established at the Eastern Capital, and one vice director each was added to Ceremonies and Justice. In the second year, more than two thousand extra-status officials were also appointed. More than a thousand eunuchs were also promoted beyond their proper grade to seventh rank and above as extra-status officials. In the twelfth month, the left and right bureau extra directors were restored, one on each side.
21
景雲二年，復置太子左、右諭德、太子左、右贊善大夫各兩員。 雍、洛及大都督府長史加為三品階，別駕致敬，依前。
In the second year of Jingyun (711), the heir's left and right moral instructors and left and right assistants-in-goodness were restored, two posts on each side. The chief aides of Yong, Luo, and the great area-command headquarters were raised to the third rank, while vice directors' ceremonial salutations remained as before.
22
太極元年，光祿、大理、鴻臚、太府、衛尉、宗正，各增置少卿一員。 秘書少監、國子司業、少府少監、將作少匠、左右台中丞，各增置一員。 雍、洛二州及益、並、荊、揚四大都督府，各增置司馬一員，分為左、右司馬。
In the first year of Taiji (712), Banquets, Justice, Guests, the Treasury, the Guard, and the Imperial Clan each gained an additional vice director. One additional post each was created for the archive vice director, national university vice rector, palace workshops vice director, works junior artisan, and the left and right terrace attendant censors-in-chief. For the two prefectures of Yong and Luo and the four great area commands of Yi, Bing, Jing, and Yang, one additional administrative aide was added on each side, divided into left and right aides.
23
開元元年十二月，改尚書左右僕射為左右丞相，中書省為紫微省，門下省為黃門省，侍中為監。 雍州為京兆府，洛州為河南府。 長史為尹，司馬為少尹，錄事參軍為司錄參軍，余司改司為曹。
In the twelfth month of the first year of Kaiyuan (713), the left and right vice directors became left and right chancellors; the Secretariat became the Purple Forbidden Department; the Chancellery became the Yellow Gate Department; and the Palace Attendant became Supervisor. Yong Prefecture became the Capital District Prefecture and Luo Prefecture the Henan Prefecture. The chief aide became intendant, the administrative aide junior intendant, and the recording adjutant bureau recording adjutant; the remaining offices changed the word for "office" to "bureau."
24
五年九月，紫微省依舊為中書省，黃門省為門下省，黃門監為侍中。
In the ninth month of the fifth year (717), the Purple Forbidden Department again became the Secretariat, the Yellow Gate Department the Chancellery, and the Yellow Gate Supervisor the Palace Attendant.
25
二十四年九月，改主爵為司封。
In the ninth month of the twenty-fourth year (736), Fiefs was renamed the Bureau of Enfeoffments.
26
天寶元年二月，侍中改為左相，中書令改為右相，左、右丞相依舊為僕射，黃門侍郎為門下侍郎。 改州為郡，刺史為太守。
In the second month of the first year of Tianbao (742), the Palace Attendant became Left Chancellor and the Secretariat Director Right Chancellor; the left and right assistants again became vice directors; and the Yellow Gate Vice Minister became Chancellery Vice Minister. Prefectures were renamed commanderies and regional inspectors grand administrators.
27
十一載正月，改吏部為文部，兵部為武部，刑部為憲部。 其行內諸司有部者並改。 改駕部為司駕，改庫部為司庫，金部為司金，倉部為司儲，比部為司計，祠部為司禋，膳部為司膳，虞部為司虞，水部為司水。 將作大匠為監，少匠為少監。
In the first month of the eleventh year (752), the Ministry of Personnel became the Literary Department, War the Martial Department, and Punishments the Law Department. Within the ministries, all subordinate offices bearing the word for "department" were likewise renamed. Transport became the Bureau of Carriages, Stores the Bureau of Stores, Coinage the Bureau of Coinage, Granaries the Bureau of Granaries, Audit the Bureau of Accounts, Sacrifices the Bureau of Sacrifices, Provisions the Bureau of Provisions, Forestry the Bureau of Parks, and Waterways the Bureau of Water. The works chief artisan became director and the junior artisan vice director.
28
至德二載十二月敕：「近日所改百司額及郡名並官名，一切依故事。」 於是侍中、中書令、兵、吏部等並仍舊。 罷郡為州，復以太守為刺史。
An edict of the twelfth month of the second year of Zhide (757) declared: "The recent changes to the titles of the hundred offices, commandery names, and office names shall all revert to precedent." Thereupon the Palace Attendant, Secretariat Director, War, Personnel, and the rest all reverted to their former names. Commanderies were abolished in favor of prefectures, and grand administrators again became regional inspectors.
29
正第一品
Primary first rank
30
太師、太傅、太保、太尉、司徒、司空、王
Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, Grand Protector, Grand Marshal, Minister of Education, Minister of Works, and King
31
從第一品
Secondary first rank
32
開府儀同三司、太子太師、太子太傅、太子太保、驃騎大將軍、嗣王、郡王、國公
Open-the-Feudal-Office Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes; the heir's grand preceptor, grand tutor, and grand protector; Swift-Cavalry Grand General; heir-apparent king; commandery king; and state duke
33
正第二品
Primary second rank
34
特進、輔國大將軍、開國郡公、上柱國
Special Advancement, Assistant-to-the-State Grand General, fief-establishing commandery duke, and upper pillar of the state
35
從第二品
Secondary second rank
36
尚書左右僕射、太子少師、太子少傅、太子少保、京兆、河南、太原等七府牧、大都督、大都護、光祿大夫、鎮軍大將軍、開國縣公、柱國
Left and right vice directors of the Department of State Affairs; the heir's junior preceptor, junior tutor, and junior protector; the prefects of the seven great prefectures including the Capital District, Henan, and Taiyuan; great area commander and great protector-general; Master of Splendid Happiness; Pacifier-of-the-Army Grand General; fief-establishing county duke; and pillar of the state
37
正第三品
Primary third rank
38
侍中、中書令、吏部尚書、門下侍郎、中書侍郎、左右衛、左右驍衛、左右武衛、左右威衛、左右領軍衛、左右金吾衛、左右監門衛、左右羽林軍、左右龍武、左右英武六軍大將軍、左右千牛衛大將軍、戶部、禮部、兵部、刑部、工部尚書、太子賓客、太常卿、宗正卿、太子詹事、左右散騎常侍、內侍監、中都督、上都護、金紫光祿大夫、冠軍大將軍、懷化大將軍、上護軍
Palace Attendant, Secretariat Director, ministers of personnel, household, rites, war, punishments, and works; chancellery and secretariat vice ministers; the left and right guards, valiant cavalry, martial guards, majestic guards, army inspector guards, golden crow guards, gate guards, and feathered forest army; grand generals of the dragon martial and valiant martial six armies and of the thousand-ox guards; the heir's guest; directors of ceremonies and the imperial clan; the heir's household administrator; left and right regular attendants of the scattered cavalry; palace domestic director; middle area commander and superior protector-general; master of splendid happiness with gold seal and purple ribbon; champion and cherishing-transformation grand generals; and upper protector of the army
39
從第三品
Secondary third rank
40
御史大夫、秘書監、光祿、衛尉、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府卿、國子祭酒、殿中監、少府監、將作監、諸衛羽林〔入正三品〕千牛龍武將軍、下都督、上州刺史、京兆、河南、太原等七尹、五大都督府長史、大都護府副都護、親王傅、銀青光祿大夫、開國侯、雲麾將軍、歸德將軍、護軍
Censor-in-chief; archive director; directors of banquets, the guard, the stud, justice, guests, agriculture, and the treasury; national university rector; directors of palace administration, palace workshops, and works; generals of the guards, feathered forest army [raised to primary third rank], thousand-ox guard, and dragon martial army; lower area commander; upper-prefecture regional inspector; intendants of the seven great prefectures; chief aides of the five great area commands; deputy protector-general; prince tutor; master of splendid happiness with silver seal and blue ribbon; fief-establishing marquis; cloud banner and returning-to-virtue generals; and protector of the army
41
正第四品上階
Primary fourth rank, upper grade
42
門下侍郎、中書侍郎、尚書左丞、吏部侍郎、太常少卿、太子左庶子、太子少詹事、太子左右衛、左右司禦、左右清道、左右內率、左右監門率府率、中州刺史、軍器監、上都護府副都護、上府折沖都尉、正議大夫、開國伯、忠武將軍、上輕車都尉
Chancellery and secretariat vice ministers; left assistant of the department of state affairs; personnel vice minister; ceremonies vice director; the heir's left junior preceptor and junior household administrator; the heir's left and right guards; left and right bureau of imperial guards, clear-the-way, inner, and gate commandants; middle-prefecture regional inspector; armory directorate; superior protectorate deputy protector-general; upper-area strike-and-suppress commandant; regular counsel master; fief-establishing earl; loyal martial general; and superior commandant of light chariots
43
正第四品下階
Primary fourth rank, lower grade
44
尚書右丞、諸司侍郎、太子右庶子、左右諭德、左右千牛衛、左右監門衛中郎將、親勳翊衛羽林中郎將、下州刺史、通議大夫、壯武將軍
Right assistant of the department of state affairs; vice ministers of the various ministries; the heir's right junior preceptor; left and right moral instructors; left and right thousand-ox and gate guard central commanders; personal, merit, and wing guard feathered forest central commanders; lower-prefecture regional inspector; communication counsel master; and robust martial general
45
從第四品上階
Secondary fourth rank, upper grade
46
秘書少監、八寺少卿、殿中少監、太子左右衛、司禦、清道、內率、監門副率、太子親勳翊衛中郎將、太子家令、太子率更令、太子僕、內侍、大都護親王府長史、太中大夫、宣威將軍、輕車都尉
Archive vice director; vice directors of the eight directorates; palace administration vice director; the heir's left and right guards; bureau of imperial guards, clear-the-way, inner, and gate deputy commandants; the heir's personal, merit, and wing guard central commanders; the heir's household steward, timekeeper, and servants; palace domestic attendant; great protectorate and prince mansion chief aide; grand palace counsel master; proclaimer of might general; and commandant of light chariots
47
從第四品下階
Secondary fourth rank, lower grade
48
國子司業、少府少監、將作少匠、京兆、河南、太原府少尹、大都督府、大都護府、親王府司馬、上州別駕、中府折沖都尉、中大夫、明威將軍
National university vice rector; palace workshops vice director and works junior artisan; junior intendants of the capital district, henan, and taiyuan prefectures; great area command and great protectorate; prince mansion administrative aide; upper-prefecture vice director; middle-area strike-and-suppress commandant; palace counsel master; and bright might general
49
正第五品上階
Primary fifth rank, upper grade
50
諫議大夫、御史中丞、國子博士、給事中、中書舍人、太子中允、太子左右贊善大夫、都水使者、萬年、長安、河南、洛陽、太原、晉陽、奉先、會昌縣令、親勳翊衛羽林郎將、中都督府、上都護府長史、親王府諮議參軍事、軍器少監、太史少監、親王府典軍、中散大夫、開國子、定遠將軍、上騎都尉
Remonstrance master; attendant censor-in-chief; national university erudite; attendant of affairs; secretariat draftsman; the heir's central approver and left and right assistants-in-goodness; waterways commissioner; magistrates of the capital and metropolitan counties; personal, merit, and wing guard feathered forest commandants; middle area command and superior protectorate chief aide; prince mansion advisory adjutant; armory and grand astrologer vice directors; prince mansion model army officer; scattered counsel master; fief-establishing viscount; settling-the-distance general; and superior commandant of cavalry
51
正第五品下階
Primary fifth rank, lower grade
52
太子中舍人、尚食、尚藥、奉禦、太子親勳翊衛郎將、內常侍、中都督、上都護府司馬、中州別駕、下府折沖都尉、朝議大夫、寧遠將軍
The heir's central draftsman; directors of food and medicine; offering imperial service; the heir's personal, merit, and wing guard commandants; regular palace domestic attendant; middle area commander; superior protectorate administrative aide; middle-prefecture vice director; lower-area strike-and-suppress commandant; court discussion master; and pacifying-the-distance general
53
從第五品上階
Secondary fifth rank, upper grade
54
尚書左右諸司郎中、秘書丞、著作郎、太子洗馬、殿中丞、尚衣、尚舍、尚乘、尚輦、奉禦、獻陵昭陵恭陵橋陵八陵令、親王府副典軍、下都督府、上州長史、下州別駕、朝請大夫、開國男、遊擊將軍、騎都尉
Left and right bureau directors of the department of state affairs; archive assistant; compilation gentleman; the heir's groom; palace administration assistant; directors of robes, lodgings, transport, and palanquins; offering imperial service; directors of the eight imperial mausoleums; prince mansion deputy model army officer; lower area command; upper-prefecture chief aide; lower-prefecture vice director; court invitation master; fief-establishing baron; roaming strike general; and commandant of cavalry
55
從第五品下階
Secondary fifth rank, lower grade
56
大理正、太常丞、太史令、內給事太子典內、下都督府、上州司馬、親王友、宮苑總監、上牧監、上府果毅都尉、駙馬都尉、奉車都尉、朝散大夫、遊擊將軍
Justice rectifier; ceremonies assistant; grand astrologer director; inner supply attendant and heir's palace store director; lower area command; upper-prefecture administrative aide; prince friend; palace park and upper pasturage directors; upper-area resolute fruit commandant; consort and offering carriage commandants; court disbursement master; and roaming cavalry general
57
正第六品上階
Primary sixth rank, upper grade
58
太學博士、太子詹事府丞、太子司議郎、太子舍人、中郡長史、太子典膳藥藏郎、京兆、河南、太原府諸縣令、親王府掾屬、武庫中尚署令、諸衛左右司階、中府果毅都尉、鎮軍兵滿二萬人已上司馬、親勳翊衛校衛、朝議郎、昭武校尉、驍騎尉
University erudite; the heir's household administration assistant, discussion gentleman, and draftsman; middle-commandery chief aide; the heir's provisions and medicine storehouse gentlemen; county magistrates of the capital prefectures; prince mansion staff members; armory and central works directors; left and right guard bureau adjutants; middle-area resolute fruit commandant; pacifier-of-the-army administrative aide when troops exceed twenty thousand; personal, merit, and wing guard defenders; court discussion gentleman; illustrious martial commandant; and valiant cavalry commandant
59
正第六品下階
Primary sixth rank, lower grade
60
千牛備身左右、太子文學、下州長史、中州司馬、內謁者監、中牧監、上牧副監、上鎮將、承議郎、昭武副尉
Left and right thousand-ox bodyguards; the heir's literary officer; lower-prefecture chief aide; middle-prefecture administrative aide; inner herald director; middle and upper pasturage directors; upper garrison commander; supporter of proposals gentleman; and illustrious martial deputy commandant
61
從第六品上階
Secondary sixth rank, upper grade
62
起居郎、起居舍人、尚書諸司員外郎、八寺丞、大理司直、國子助教、城門符寶郎、通事舍人、秘書郎、著作佐郎、侍御醫、諸衛羽林長史、兩京市署令、下州司馬、親王文學、主簿、記室、錄事參軍、諸州上縣令、諸率府左右司階、鎮軍兵不滿二萬人司馬、左右監門校尉、親勳翊衛旅帥、奉議郎、振威校尉、飛騎尉
Court diary gentleman and draftsman; extra directors of the department bureaus; assistants of the eight directorates; justice direct examiner; national university assistant erudite; gate talisman-and-seal gentleman; communications draftsman; archive and compilation assistants; attending imperial physician; guard and feathered forest chief aides; two capitals market directors; lower-prefecture administrative aide; prince literary officer; registrar, recorder, and recording adjutant; upper-county magistrates; commandant office bureau adjutants; pacifier-of-the-army administrative aide when troops fall short of twenty thousand; left and right gate commandants; personal, merit, and wing guard brigade commanders; offering discussion gentleman; quelling might commandant; and flying cavalry commandant
63
從第六品下階
Secondary sixth rank, lower grade
64
侍御史、少府、將作、國子監丞、太子內直典設宮門郎、太公廟令、司農寺諸園苑監、沙苑監、下牧監、宮苑總監副、互市監、中牧副監、下府果毅都尉、親王府校尉、通直郎、振威副尉
Attending censor; assistants of palace workshops, works, and the national university; the heir's inner duty, furnishing, and palace gate gentlemen; grand duke temple director; agriculture park, sand park, lower pasturage, and palace park deputies; market exchange director; middle pasturage deputy director; lower-area resolute fruit commandant; prince mansion commandant; regular communication gentleman; and quelling might deputy commandant
65
正第七品上階
Primary seventh rank, upper grade
66
四門博士、詹事司直、左右千牛衛長史、尚食尚藥直長、太子左右衛司禦清道率府長史、軍器監丞、諸州中縣令、京兆河南太原府司錄參軍事、大都督大都護府錄事參軍事、親王府諸曹參軍、中鎮將、太子千牛、親勳翊衛隊正副隊正、朝請郎、致果校尉、雲騎尉
Four gates erudite; household direct examiner; left and right thousand-ox guard chief aides; food and medicine duty chiefs; the heir's guard, imperial guard, and clear-the-way commandant office chief aides; armory directorate assistant; middle-county magistrates; bureau recording adjutants of the capital prefectures; recording adjutants of the great area commands and protectorates; prince mansion bureau adjutants; middle garrison commander; the heir's thousand-ox guard; personal, merit, and wing guard squad leaders; court invitation gentleman; achieving fruit commandant; and cloud cavalry commandant
67
正第七品下階
Primary seventh rank, lower grade
68
尚衣尚舍尚乘尚輦直長、太子通事舍人、內寺伯、京兆河南太原府大都督大都護府諸曹參軍、中都督上都護府錄事參軍事、諸倉諸冶司竹溫湯監、諸衛左右中候、上府別將、上府長史、上鎮副、下鎮將、下牧副監、宣德郎、致果副尉
Duty chiefs of robes, lodgings, transport, and palanquins; the heir's communications draftsman; inner temple steward; bureau adjutants of the capital prefectures and great commands; recording adjutants of middle area commands and superior protectorates; granary, smeltery, bamboo, and hot-spring directors; left and right guard central inspectors; upper-area separate commander and chief aide; upper and lower garrison commanders; lower pasturage deputy director; proclaimer of virtue gentleman; and achieving fruit deputy commandant
69
從第七品上階
Secondary seventh rank, upper grade
70
殿中侍御史、左右補闕、太常博士、太學助教、門下錄事、中書主書、尚書都事、九寺主簿、太子詹事主簿、太子左右內率監門率府長史、太子侍醫、太子三寺丞、都水監丞、諸州中下縣令、親王府東西閣祭酒、京縣丞、下都督府上州錄事參軍、中都督上都護府諸曹參軍事、中府別將長史、中鎮副、左右監門直長勳衛、太子親衛、朝散郎、翊麾校尉、武騎尉
Palace attending censor; left and right supplementation omission; ceremonies erudite and university assistant erudite; chancellery recorder and secretariat chief clerk; department and nine directorate registrars; the heir's household registrar and inner and gate commandant office chief aides; the heir's attending physician and three directorate assistants; waterways directorate assistant; lower-middle-county magistrates; prince mansion eastern and western pavilion libationers; capital-county assistants; recording and bureau adjutants; middle-area separate commander chief aide; middle garrison deputy; left and right gate duty chiefs and merit guards; the heir's personal guard; court disbursement gentleman; assisting banner commandant; and martial cavalry commandant
71
從第七品下階
Secondary seventh rank, lower grade
72
太史丞、御史台少府將作國子監主簿、掖庭令、宮闈令、上署令、諸州下縣令、諸陵署丞、司農寺諸園苑副監、宮苑總監丞，下都督府諸曹參軍，太子內坊丞、親王國令、公主家令、上州諸參軍事、下府別將長史、下鎮副、諸屯監、諸率府左右中候、鎮軍滿二萬人以上諸曹判司、太子左右監門直長、親王府旅帥、諸折沖府校尉、宣議郎、翊麾副尉
Grand astrologer assistant; censorate, palace workshops, works, and national university registrars; rear and inner palace directors; upper office director; lower-county magistrates; mausoleum and agriculture park deputies; palace park directorate assistant; lower area command bureau adjutants; the heir's inner bureau assistant; prince fief and princess household directors; upper-prefecture adjutants; lower-area separate commander chief aide; lower garrison deputy; garrison colony directors; commandant office central inspectors; pacifier-of-the-army bureau reviewers when troops exceed twenty thousand; the heir's left and right gate duty chiefs; prince mansion brigade commander; strike-and-suppress office commandants; proclaimer of righteousness gentleman; and assisting banner deputy commandant
73
正第八品上階
Primary eighth rank, upper grade
74
監察御史、協律郎、諸衛羽林龍武軍錄事參軍事、中署令、中州錄事參軍事、太醫博士、太子典膳藥藏丞、軍器監主簿、武庫署丞、兩京市署丞、上牧監丞、鎮軍不滿二萬人以上諸曹判司、翊衛、太子勳衛、親王府執仗執乘親事、給事郎、宣節校尉
Investigating censor; pitch-harmonizing gentleman; recording adjutants of the guards, feathered forest, and dragon martial armies; middle office director; middle-prefecture recording adjutant; imperial medical erudite; the heir's provisions and medicine storehouse assistants; armory directorate registrar and armory office assistant; two capitals market office assistants; upper pasturage directorate assistant; pacifier-of-the-army bureau reviewers when troops fall short of twenty thousand; wing and merit guards; the heir's merit guard; prince mansion staff bearers and carriage attendants; gentleman of service; and proclaiming festival commandant
75
正第八品下階
Primary eighth rank, lower grade
76
奚官內僕內府局令、下署令、諸衛羽林龍武諸曹參軍事、中州諸司參軍事、親王府京兆河南太原府大都督大都護府參軍事、尚藥局司醫、京兆河南太原府諸縣丞、太子內直宮門丞、太公廟丞、諸宮農圃監、互市監丞、司竹副監、司農寺諸園苑監丞、靈台郎、諸衛左右司戈、上戍主、備身、征事郎、宣節副尉
Directors of palace women, inner servants, and inner treasury bureaus; lower office directors; bureau adjutants of the guards, feathered forest, and dragon martial armies; middle-prefecture bureau adjutants; prince mansion and capital prefecture adjutants; medicine bureau physicians; county assistants of the capital prefectures; the heir's inner duty and palace gate assistants; grand duke temple assistant; palace farm and garden directors; market exchange, bamboo, and agriculture park assistants; spirit terrace gentleman; left and right guard guards-with-halberds; upper garrison chief; bodyguard; campaign affairs gentleman; and proclaiming festival deputy commandant
77
從第八品上階
Secondary eighth rank, upper grade
78
左右拾遣、太醫署針博士、四門助教、左右千牛衛錄事參軍、下州錄事參軍、諸州上縣丞、中牧監丞、京縣主簿、太子左右衛司禦清道率府錄事參軍、中都督府上都護府參軍、親王府行參軍、京兆河南太原大都督府博士、諸倉諸冶司竹溫湯監丞、保章正、太子翊衛諸府旅帥、承奉郎、禦侮校尉
Left and right memorial retrieval; imperial medical acupuncture erudite; four gates assistant erudite; left and right thousand-ox guard recording adjutants; lower-prefecture recording adjutants; upper-county assistants; middle pasturage directorate assistant; capital-county registrar; the heir's guard, imperial guard, and clear-the-way commandant office recording adjutants; middle area command and superior protectorate adjutants; prince mansion acting adjutant; erudites of the capital prefectures and great area commands; granary, smeltery, bamboo, and hot-spring directorate assistants; keeper of the standard; the heir's wing guard and commandant office brigade commanders; bearer of offerings gentleman; and defending insult commandant
79
從第八品下階
Secondary eighth rank, lower grade
80
大理評事、律學博士、太醫署丞、醫監、太子左右春坊錄事、左右千牛衛諸曹參軍、內謁者、太子左右衛司禦清道率府諸曹參軍事、太子諸署令、掖庭宮圍局丞、太史都水監主簿、中書門下尚書都省兵吏部考功禮部主事、上署丞、下都督府上州參軍事、中都督府上州博士、諸州中縣丞、諸王府典簽、京縣尉、親王國大司農、公主家丞、諸屯監丞、上關令、上府兵曹、上鎮倉曹兵曹參軍事、挈壺正、中戍主、上戌副、率府左右司戈、太子備身、親王府隊正、承務郎、禦侮副尉
Justice reviewer; law erudite; imperial medical assistant and medical director; the heir's left and right spring bureau recorders; left and right thousand-ox guard bureau adjutants; inner herald; the heir's guard, imperial guard, and clear-the-way commandant office bureau adjutants; the heir's office directors; rear palace and inner enclosure bureau assistants; grand astrologer and waterways directorate registrars; secretariat, chancellery, department, war, personnel, merit review, and rites clerks; upper office assistants; lower area command and upper-prefecture adjutants and erudites; middle-county assistants; prince mansion chief recorders; capital-county marshals; prince fief grand agriculture director; princess household assistant; garrison colony assistants; upper pass director; upper-area military bureau; upper garrison granary and military bureau adjutants; water-clock keeper; middle and upper garrison chiefs; commandant office guards-with-halberds; the heir's bodyguard; prince mansion squad leader; bearer of duties gentleman; and defending insult deputy commandant
81
正第九品上階
Primary ninth rank, upper grade
82
校書郎、太祝、太子左右內率監門府錄事參軍、太子內方典直、中署丞、典客署掌客、親勳翊衛府羽林兵曹參軍事、嶽瀆令、諸津令、下牧監丞、諸州中下丞、中郡博士、京兆河南太原府諸縣主簿、武庫署監事、儒林郎、仁勇校尉
Collator gentleman; grand sacrificer; the heir's inner and gate commandant office recording adjutants; the heir's inner bureau duty chief; middle office assistant; guest reception office host; personal, merit, and wing guard and feathered forest military bureau adjutants; sacred mountain and river and ford directors; lower pasturage directorate assistant; lower-middle-county assistants; middle-commandery erudite; county registrars of the capital prefectures; armory office overseer; forest of scholars gentleman; and benevolent courage commandant
83
正第九品下階
Primary ninth rank, lower grade
84
正字、太子校書、奚官內僕內府局丞、下署丞、尚食局食醫、尚藥局醫佐、尚乘局奉乘司庫司廩、太史局司辰、典廄署主乘、太子左右內率監門率府諸曹參軍事、太子三寺主簿、詹事府錄事、太子親勳翊府兵曹參軍事、諸州下縣丞、諸州上縣中縣主簿、中州參軍事、下州博士、京兆河南太原府諸縣尉、上牧主簿、諸宮農圃監丞、中關令、中府兵曹、親王國尉、上關丞、諸衛左右執戟、中鎮兵曹參軍、下戍主、諸折沖府隊正、登仕郎、仁勇副尉
Orthography gentleman; the heir's collator; assistants of palace women, inner servants, and inner treasury bureaus; lower office assistants; food bureau dietary physician; medicine bureau medical assistant; transport bureau offering carriage, stores, and granary; astrology bureau timekeeper; stud office chief carriage attendant; the heir's inner and gate commandant office bureau adjutants; the heir's three directorate registrars; household administration recorder; the heir's personal, merit, and wing guard military bureau adjutants; lower-county assistants; upper- and middle-county registrars; middle- and lower-prefecture adjutants and erudites; county marshals of the capital prefectures; upper pasturage registrar; palace farm and garden directorate assistants; middle pass director; middle-area military bureau; prince fief marshal; upper pass assistant; left and right guard halberdiers; middle garrison military bureau adjutant; lower garrison chief; strike-and-suppress office squad leaders; entering office gentleman; and benevolent courage deputy commandant
85
從第九品上階
Secondary ninth rank, upper grade
86
尚書諸司御史台秘書省殿中省主事、奉禮郎、律學助教、太子正字、弘文館校書、太史司曆、太醫署醫助教、京兆河南太原府九寺少府將作監錄事、都督都護府上州錄事市令、宮匹總監主簿、中牧監主簿、諸州中下縣主簿、上縣中縣尉、下府兵曹、文林郎、陪戎校尉
Clerks of the department bureaus, censorate, archive secretariat, and palace administration; offering ritual gentleman; law assistant erudite; the heir's orthography gentleman; hongwen pavilion collator; astrology calendar officer; imperial medical assistant erudite; recorders of the nine directorates, palace workshops, and works in the capital prefectures; recorders and market directors of area commands, protectorates, and upper prefectures; palace textiles directorate registrar; middle pasturage registrar; lower-middle-county registrars; upper- and middle-county marshals; lower-area military bureau; forest of letters gentleman; and escort martial commandant
87
從第九品下階
Secondary ninth rank, lower grade
88
內侍省主事、國子監親王府錄事、太子左右春坊主事、崇文館校書、書學博士、算學博士、門下典儀、太醫署按摩咒禁博士、太卜署博士、太醫署針助教、太醫署醫正、太卜署卜正、太史局監候、親王國丞、掖庭局宮教博士、太子諸署丞、太子典食署丞、太子廄牧署典乘、諸監作諸監事計官、太官署監膳、太樂鼓吹署樂正、大理寺獄丞、下州參軍事、中州下州醫博士、諸州中縣下縣尉、京縣錄事、下牧監主簿、下關令、中關丞、諸衛羽林長上、公主邑司錄事、諸津丞、下鎮兵曹參軍、諸率府左右執戟、親王府隊副、諸折沖府隊副、將仕郎、陪戎副尉
Palace domestic service clerk; national university and prince mansion recorders; the heir's left and right spring bureau clerks; chongwen pavilion collator; calligraphy and mathematics erudites; chancellery ritual protocol officer; imperial medical massage and incantation erudites; grand divination erudite and chief diviner; imperial medical acupuncture assistant erudite and chief physician; astrology observatory officer; prince fief assistant; rear palace palace instruction erudite; the heir's office, food office, and stud office assistants; workshop overseers and accounting clerks; grand cuisine dietary overseer; grand music wind-and-percussion music master; justice prison assistant; lower-prefecture adjutants; middle- and lower-prefecture medical erudites; middle- and lower-county marshals; capital-county recorder; lower pasturage registrar; lower and middle pass directors and assistants; guard and feathered forest senior guardsmen; princess fief recorder; ford assistants; lower garrison military bureau adjutant; commandant office halberdiers; prince mansion squad deputy; strike-and-suppress office squad deputies; candidate for office gentleman; and escort martial deputy commandant
89
流內九品三十階之內，又有視流內起居，五品至從九品。 初以薩寶府、親王國官及三師、三公、開府、嗣郡王、上柱國已下護軍勳官帶職事者府官等品。 開元初，一切罷之。 今唯有薩寶、祅正二官而已。 又有流外自勳品以至九品，以為諸司令史、贊者、典謁、亭長、掌固等品。 視流外亦自勳品至九品，開元初唯留薩寶、祅祝及府史，餘亦罷之。
Within the thirty grades of the nine ranks in the regular sequence, there were also quasi-regular court diary attendants, ranging from the fifth rank down to the secondary ninth. At first these grades applied to the Sogdian treasury office, prince fief officials, and the ranks of the three preceptors, three dukes, open-the-feudal-office holders, heir-apparent and commandery kings, merit officers from upper pillar of the state down through protector of the army, and the mansion officials of men who held substantive posts. At the beginning of the Kaiyuan era, all of these were abolished. Today only the two offices of Sogdian Chief and Zoroastrian Rectifier remain. There were also outside-the-flow ranks from merit grade through the ninth rank, assigned to the various offices' clerks, ushers, reception attendants, station chiefs, and gatekeepers. Quasi-outside-the-flow ranks likewise ran from merit grade to the ninth rank; at the beginning of Kaiyuan only the Sogdian chief, zoroastrian sacrificer, and mansion clerks were kept, and the rest were abolished as well.
90
職事者，諸統領曹事，供命王命，上下相攝，以持庶績。 近代已來，又分為文武二職，分曹置員，各理所掌。 五品已上，舊制吏部尚書進用。 自隋已後，則中書門下知政事官訪擇聞奏，然後下制授之。 三品已上，德高委重者，亦有臨軒冊授。 自神龍之後，冊禮廢而不用，朝遷命官，制敕而已。 六品已上，吏部選擬錄奏，書旨授之。
Substantive officers were those who directed bureau affairs, carried out the sovereign's commands, and coordinated superiors and subordinates to sustain the work of government. In recent times the offices were further divided into civil and military tracks, with separate bureaus and posts, each administering its own sphere. Under the old system, appointments from the fifth rank upward were advanced by the Minister of Personnel. From the Sui dynasty onward, secretariat and chancellery officials in charge of state affairs would investigate candidates, report their selection, and only then issue an edict of appointment. For the third rank and above, when a man's virtue and the trust placed in him were especially great, investiture could also be performed before the throne. After the Shenlong era, the investiture ceremony fell out of use; court transfers and appointments were made by edict alone. For the sixth rank and above, the Ministry of Personnel selected nominees, submitted a record for approval, and appointments were conveyed by written decree.
91
有唐已來，出身入仕者，著令有秀才、明經、進士、明法、書算。 其次以流外入流。 若以門資入仕，則先授親勳翊衛六番，隨文武簡入。 選例又有齋郎、品子、勳官及五等封爵、屯官之屬，亦有番第，許同揀選。 天寶三載，又置崇玄學，習《道德》等經，同明經例。 自余或臨時聽敕，不可盡載。 其秀才，有唐已來無其人。
Since the Tang dynasty, the statutes defined five examination routes into office: cultivated talent, classics, presented scholar, law, calligraphy, and mathematics. Next came promotion from outside-the-flow status into the regular official sequence. Those entering office through hereditary privilege were first assigned six rotations in the personal, merit, and wing guards, and then selected into the civil or military track as appropriate. Selection rules also covered fast-day officers, ranked sons, merit officers, holders of the five grades of enfeoffment, and garrison officers; all had rotation orders and were permitted to compete in the selection process. In the third year of Tianbao (744), the Revering the Mystic Academy was also established for the study of the Classic of the Way and Virtue and related texts, following the same rules as the classics examination. Other routes were sometimes granted by temporary imperial order and cannot all be recorded here. As for the cultivated talent examination, no one has passed it since the Tang dynasty began.
92
職事官資，則清濁區分，以次補授。 又以三品已下官，及門下、中書侍郎、尚書左右丞、諸司侍郎、太常少卿、太子少詹事、左右庶子、秘書少監、國子司業為清望官。 太子左右諭德、左右衛左右千牛衛中郎將、太子左右率府左右內率府率及副、太子左右衛率府中朗將、諫議大夫、御史中丞、給事中、中書舍人、太子中允、中舍人、左右贊善大夫、洗馬、國子博士、尚書諸司郎中、秘書丞、著作郎、太常丞、左右衛郎將、左右衛率府郎將、起居郎、起居舍人、太子司議郎、尚書諸司員外郎、太子舍人、侍御史、秘書郎、著作佐郎、太學博士、詹事丞、太子文學、國子助教、左右補闕、殿中侍御史、太常博士、四門博士、詹事司直、太學助教、左右拾遺、監察御史、四門助教為清官。 自外各以資次遷授。 開元中，裴光庭為吏部尚書，始用循資格以注擬六品已下選人。 其後每年雖小有移改，然相承至今用之。
Substantive offices were classified as clear or murky in rank, and appointments were made in that order. Officials from the third rank downward—including chancellery and secretariat vice ministers, the left and right assistants of the Department of State Affairs, vice ministers of the ministries, the ceremonies vice director, the heir's junior household administrator, the left and right junior preceptors, the archive vice director, and the national university vice rector—were classified as clear-prestige offices. Clear offices included the heir's moral instructors; guard and thousand-ox central commanders; the heir's commandant and inner commandant offices and their deputies; remonstrance master; attendant censor-in-chief; attendant of affairs and secretariat draftsman; the heir's approvers, assistants-in-goodness, and groom; national university erudite; department directors and extra directors; archive, compilation, and ceremonies staff; guard and commandant office commandants; court diary gentlemen; attending, palace, and investigating censors; supplementation omission and memorial retrieval; and the various erudites and assistants listed above. All other offices were filled by transfer and appointment according to qualification and seniority. During the Kaiyuan era, when Pei Guangting served as Minister of Personnel, he first applied the seniority regulations to nominate candidates of the sixth rank and below. Thereafter, though small adjustments were made from year to year, the system has been handed down and remains in use to the present day.
93
武散官，舊謂之散位，不理職務，加官而已。 後魏及梁，皆以散號將軍記其本階。 自隋改用開府儀同三司已下。 貞觀年，又分文武，入仕者皆帶散位，謂之本品。
Military prestige offices were formerly called scattered ranks; they carried no duties and served only as honorary titles. In Later Wei and Liang, prestige-title generals were used to record one's basic grade. From the Sui dynasty onward, the system used Open-the-Feudal-Office Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes and the ranks below it. In the Zhenguan era, civil and military tracks were again distinguished; everyone who entered office carried a prestige rank, which was called the basic rank.
94
以門資出身者，諸嗣王、郡王出身從四品下，親王諸子封郡公者從五品上，國公正六品上，郡公正六品下，縣公從六品上，侯正七品上，伯正七品下，子從七品上，男從七品下。 皇帝緦麻以上親、皇太后周親出身六品上。 皇太后大功親、皇后周親從六品上。 皇帝袒免親、皇太后小功緦麻親、皇后大功親正七品上。 皇后小功緦麻親、皇太子妃周親從七品上。 其外戚各依服屬降宗親二階敘。 諸娶郡主者出身六品上，娶縣主者正七品上，郡主子出身從七品上。 縣主子從八品上。 一品子正七品上，二品子正七品下，三品子從七品上，從三品子從七品下，正四品子正八品上，從四品子正八品下，正五品子從八品上，從五品及國公子從八品下。 三品以上廕曾孫，五品以上廕孫。 孫降子一等，曾孫降孫一等。
Those entering through hereditary privilege began at secondary fourth rank, lower grade for heir-apparent and commandery kings; secondary fifth rank, upper grade for princes' sons enfeoffed as commandery dukes; primary sixth rank, upper or lower grade for state and commandery dukes; secondary sixth rank, upper grade for county dukes; and the seventh-rank grades for marquis, earl, viscount, and baron in descending order. The emperor's relatives within the fine-hemp mourning circle and the empress dowager's relatives within five degrees of mourning entered at primary sixth rank, upper grade. The empress dowager's relatives in the major mourning grade and the empress's relatives within five degrees of mourning entered at secondary sixth rank, upper grade. The emperor's bared-shoulder relatives, the empress dowager's minor- and fine-hemp relatives, and the empress's major-mourning relatives entered at primary seventh rank, upper grade. The empress's minor- and fine-hemp relatives and the crown princess's relatives within five degrees of mourning entered at secondary seventh rank, upper grade. Affinal kin were ranked two grades lower than the corresponding imperial relative, according to their mourning obligations. Men who married commandery princesses entered at primary sixth rank, upper grade; those who married county princesses at primary seventh rank, upper grade; and sons of commandery princesses at secondary seventh rank, upper grade. Sons of county princesses entered at secondary eighth rank, upper grade. Sons were ranked by their fathers' grade: first-rank fathers' sons at primary seventh rank, upper grade; second-rank at primary seventh, lower; third-rank at secondary seventh, upper; secondary third-rank at secondary seventh, lower; primary fourth-rank at primary eighth, upper; secondary fourth-rank at primary eighth, lower; primary fifth-rank at secondary eighth, upper; and secondary fifth-rank sons and state dukes' sons at secondary eighth, lower grade. Officials of the third rank and above could extend privilege to great-grandsons; those of the fifth rank and above, to grandsons. Grandsons were ranked one grade lower than sons, and great-grandsons one grade lower than grandsons.
95
諸秀才出身，上上第，正八品上； 上中第，正八品下； 上下第，從九品上。 明經出身，上上第，從八品下； 上中第，從九品上。 進士、明法出身，甲第，從九品上； 乙第，從九品下。 若通二經已外，每一經加一等。
Cultivated talent entrants of the highest of the highest grade entered at primary eighth rank, upper grade; the highest of the middle grade at primary eighth rank, lower grade; and the highest of the lower grade at secondary ninth rank, upper grade. Classics entrants of the highest of the highest grade entered at secondary eighth rank, lower grade; the highest of the middle grade at secondary ninth rank, upper grade. Presented scholar and law entrants of the first class entered at secondary ninth rank, upper grade; and those of the second class at secondary ninth rank, lower grade. If a candidate mastered more than two classics, each additional classic raised his entry grade by one level.
96
勳官預文武選者，上柱國正六品上敘，以下遞降一階。 凡入仕之後，遷代則以四考為限。 四考中中，進年勞一階敘。 每一考中上，進一階； 一考上下，進二階。 五品已上非恩制所加，更無進之令。
Merit officers competing in the civil or military selection began at primary sixth rank, upper grade for upper pillar of the state, with each lower merit title one grade below. After entering office, promotions and transfers were assessed in cycles of four merit reviews. If all four reviews were rated middle-middle, one grade was advanced for years of service. Each review rated middle-upper advanced one grade; and one review rated upper-lower advanced two grades. For the fifth rank and above, unless promotion came through a grace edict, no further advancement rule applied.
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自武德至乾封，未有泛階之恩。 應入三品者，皆以恩舊特拜，入五品者多依選敘，計階至朝散大夫已上，奏取進止，每年量多少進敘。 餘並依本品授官。 若滿三計至，即一切聽入。 至乾封元年，文武普加二階。 永淳元年二月敕：「文武官累積勞效，計至五品。 一計至者，多未甄擢。 再計至者，隨例必升，賢愚一貫。 自今已後，一計至已上，有在官清慎，狀跡灼然，材堪應務者，所司具狀錄奏，當與進階。 若公正無聞，循默自守，及未經任州縣官者，雖頻經計至，不在加階之限。 即為恆例。」 弘道元年，又普加一階。 乃有九品職事及三衛階高者，併入五品。 則天朝，泛階漸多，始令仕經八考，職事六品者許入。 萬歲通天元年敕：「自今已後，文武官加階應入五品者，並取出身，已曆十二考已上，進階之時，見居六品官。 其應入三品人，出身已二十五考以上，進階見居三品官。」 無幾，入五品又加至十六考。 神功元年制「勳官、品子、流外國官出身，不得任清資要官。 應入三品，不得進階」。 開元已來，伎術者經二十考，三省都事及主事、錄事十八考，亦聽敘。 吏部檢歷任階考，判成錄奏。 每制之日，應入三品五品者，皆令人參趁。 或是遠方牧宰、諸司閒職，齎持金帛贈遣主典，知加階令史，乃有受納萬數者。 台省要職，以加位為榮，亦有遣主典錢帛者。
From the Wude era through Qianfeng, there was no general grace promotion for all officials. Those due to enter the third rank were specially appointed by grace for long service; entry into the fifth rank mostly followed selection and seniority. When an official's grade reached court disbursement master or above, a memorial was submitted for imperial approval, and each year a measured number were advanced. All others received substantive offices according to their basic rank. If an official completed three full review cycles, he was permitted to advance in all cases. In the first year of Qianfeng (666), all civil and military officials universally received a two-grade promotion. An edict of the second month of the first year of Yongchun (682) declared: "When civil and military officials accumulate merit and reach the fifth rank, those who reach it in one review cycle are mostly not selected and promoted. Those who reach it in two cycles are promoted by rule without exception, whether capable or not. From now on, for those who reach the fifth rank in one cycle or more, if they prove pure and cautious in office, their conduct clearly excellent, and their talent fit for duty, the responsible office shall submit a detailed report and they shall receive advancement. If fair conduct is unheard of, they merely follow routine in silence, or have never served as prefectural or county officials, then even if they frequently reach the threshold, they are not eligible for grade advancement. This shall be the standing rule." In the first year of Hongdao (683), one grade was again added for all officials. As a result, ninth-rank substantive officers and high-grade members of the Three Guards were swept up into the fifth rank. During Wu Zetian's reign, general promotions became increasingly common; it was first ordered that after eight merit reviews, holders of sixth-rank substantive posts were permitted to advance. An edict of the first year of Wansui Tongtian (696) declared: "From now on, civil and military officials whose grade advancement should bring them into the fifth rank must meet origin requirements, have completed twelve or more merit reviews, and at the time of advancement hold a sixth-rank substantive post. Those due to enter the third rank must have completed twenty-five or more merit reviews from their origin grade, and at advancement must hold a third-rank substantive post." Before long, the requirement for entry into the fifth rank was further raised to sixteen reviews. A regulation of the first year of Shengong (698) stated: "Those entering from merit officer, ranked son, or outside-the-flow foreign-office origins may not hold clear-qualification key offices. And those due to enter the third rank may not advance in grade." Since the Kaiyuan era, technical specialists after twenty reviews, and the chief clerks, clerks, and recorders of the Three Departments after eighteen reviews, were also permitted to advance. The Ministry of Personnel examined past grades and reviews, rendered its judgment, recorded the results, and submitted a memorial. On each day an edict was issued, candidates due to enter the third or fifth rank all sent representatives to press their cases. Some were distant regional governors or holders of idle offices who brought gold and silk as gifts to the chief clerks and the clerks who handled grade advancement, and some accepted sums in the tens of thousands. Key posts in the censorate and secretariat regarded grade advancement as an honor, and some also sent money and silk to the chief clerks.
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舊例，開府及特進，雖不職事，皆給俸祿，預朝會，行立在於本品之次。 光祿大夫已下，朝散大夫已上，衣服依本品，無祿俸，不預朝會。 朝議郎已下，黃衣執笏，於吏部分番上下承使及親驅使，甚為猥賤。 每當上之時，至有為主事令史守扃鑰執鞭帽者。 兩番已上，則隨番許簡，通時務者始令參選。 一登職事已後，雖官有代滿，即不復番上。
By old precedent, holders of open-the-feudal-office and special advancement, though they held no substantive duties, all received salary, attended court assemblies, and stood in procession immediately below their basic rank. From master of splendid happiness down through court disbursement master, dress followed the basic rank, but there was no salary and no attendance at court assemblies. From court discussion gentleman downward, officials wore yellow robes and held tablets, rotating shifts at the Ministry of Personnel to run errands and personal commissions — a most base and demeaning duty. When they reported for duty, some even guarded keys for the chief clerks or carried their whips and hats. After two rotations or more, they became eligible for selection with their cohort; only those versed in current affairs were then permitted to compete in the selection process. Once they gained a substantive post, they no longer reported for rotation duty, even when their term in office expired.
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勳官者，出於周、齊交戰之際。 本以酬戰士，其後漸及朝流。 階爵之外，更為節級。 周置上開府儀同三司、開府儀同三司、上儀同三司、儀同三司等十一號。 隋文帝因周之舊，更增損之。 有上柱國、柱國、上大將軍、大將軍、上開府儀同三司、開府儀同三司，上儀同三司、儀同三司，大都督、帥都督、都督，起正二品至七品，總十一等，用賞勳勞。 煬帝又改為左光祿大夫、右光祿大夫、金紫光祿大夫、銀青光祿大夫、正議大夫、朝請大夫、朝散大夫、建節奮武尉、宣惠尉十一等，以代都督已上。 又增置綏德、懷仁、守義、奉誠、立信等五尉，以至從九品。 武德初，雜用隋制，至七年頒令，定用上柱國、柱國、上大將軍、大將軍、上輕車都尉、輕車都尉、上騎都尉、騎都尉、驍騎尉、飛騎尉、雲騎尉、武騎尉，凡十二等，起正二品，至從七品。 貞觀十一年，改上大將軍為上護軍，大將軍為護軍，自外不改，行之至今。
Merit officers originated in the era when Northern Zhou and Northern Qi were at war. They were originally meant to reward warriors, but later gradually extended to court officials as well. Beyond grades and enfeoffments, they became an additional tier of honors. Northern Zhou established eleven titles including Superior and ordinary Open-the-Feudal-Office Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes and Superior and ordinary Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes. Emperor Wen of Sui followed Zhou precedent and further revised the system. The titles were upper and ordinary pillar of the state, superior and grand general, superior and ordinary open-the-feudal-office and equal-in-ceremony-with-the-three-dukes ranks, and great, leading, and ordinary commander — from primary second rank through seventh rank, eleven grades in all, used to reward merit and service. Emperor Yang further replaced them with eleven grades from left and right master of splendid happiness through court disbursement master, plus establishment-of-festival valiant martial commandant and proclaimer of favor commandant, in place of commander and the ranks above it. He also added five commandants—Pacifying Virtue, Cherishing Benevolence, Keeping Righteousness, Offering Sincerity, and Establishing Trust—extending down to the secondary ninth rank. At the beginning of Wude the Sui system was used in mixed fashion; in the seventh year a code fixed twelve merit grades from upper pillar of the state through commandants of valiant, flying, cloud, and martial cavalry, ranging from primary second rank to secondary seventh rank. In the eleventh year of Zhenguan (637), superior grand general became superior protector of the army and grand general became protector of the army; the rest were unchanged, and this system remains in use to the present day.
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永微已後，以國初勳名與散官名同，年月既久，漸相錯亂。 咸亨五年三月，更下詔申明，各以類相比。 武德初光祿大夫比今日上柱國，左光祿大夫比柱國，右光祿大夫及上大將軍比上護軍，金紫光祿大夫及將軍比護軍，銀青光祿大夫及上開府比上輕車都尉，正議大夫及開府比輕車都尉，通議大夫及上儀同三司比上騎都尉，朝請大夫及儀同比騎都尉。 授勳者動盈萬計，每年納課，亦分番於兵部及本郡當上省司。 又分支諸曹，身應役使，有類僮僕，據令乃與公卿齊班，論實在於胥吏之下。 蓋以其猥多，又出自兵卒，所以然也。
After the Yonghui era, because early Tang merit titles shared names with prestige offices, the two categories gradually became confused over the years. In the third month of the fifth year of Xianheng (674), an edict was again issued clarifying how each category should be matched. At the beginning of Wude, master of splendid happiness corresponded to today's upper pillar of the state; the left master of splendid happiness to pillar of the state; the right master of splendid happiness and superior grand general to superior protector of the army; the gold-seal master of splendid happiness and general to protector of the army; the silver-seal master and superior open-the-feudal-office to superior commandant of light chariots; regular counsel master and open-the-feudal-office to commandant of light chariots; communication counsel master and superior equal in ceremony with the three dukes to superior commandant of cavalry; and court invitation master and equal in ceremony with the three dukes to commandant of cavalry. Those granted merit titles often numbered in the tens of thousands; each year they paid dues and also rotated through duty at the Ministry of War and their home commandery, reporting to the provincial offices. They were also assigned to various bureaus and personally performed corvée service like household servants; by regulation they stood in procession with dukes and ministers, but in reality they ranked below the clerks. This was because they were so numerous and low in status, and because they came from the ranks of common soldiers.
101
武德初，以諸道軍務事繁，分置行台尚書省。 其陝東道大行台尚書省，令一人，掌管內軍人，總判省事。 僕射一人，掌貳令事。 左丞一人，右丞一人，掌分司糾正省內。 都事一人，主事四人，並掌同京省。 兵部尚書一人，兼掌吏部事。 司勳郎中一人。 主事一人。 考功郎中一人，主事一人。 兵部郎中一人，主事二人。 駕部郎中一人，主事二人。 民部尚書一人，兼掌禮部事。 禮部郎中一人，主事一人。 膳部郎中一人，主事一人。 度支郎中一人，主事二人。 倉部郎中一人，主事二人。 工部郎中一人，主事一人。 屯田郎中一人，主事一人。 每郎中兼京省二司。 食貨監一人，掌膳羞、財物、賓客、鋪設、音樂、醫藥事，丞二人。 農圃監一人，掌倉廩、園圃、柴炭、芻槁、運漕之事，丞四人。 武器監一人，掌兵仗、廄牧之事，丞二人。 百工監一人，掌舟車及營造雜作之事，丞四人。 諸道行台尚書省令一人，掌同陝東道大行台。 僕射一人，丞一人，都事二人，主事二人。 兵部尚書一人，兼掌吏部、禮部事。 考功郎中一人。 主事二人。 膳部郎中一人，主事二人。 兵部郎中二人，主事二人。 民部尚書一人，兼掌刑部、工部。 倉部郎中二人，主事二人。 刑部郎中一人，主事二人。 屯田郎中一人，主事二人。 食貨監一人，兼掌農圃監事，丞一人。 兼掌百工監事，丞二人。
At the beginning of Wude, because military affairs in the various circuits were numerous and complex, mobile departments of state affairs were established in the field. The great mobile department of state affairs for the Shandong East Circuit had one director who oversaw internal military personnel and had chief authority over all office affairs. One vice director assisted the director. One left and one right assistant divided duties and corrected matters within the department. One chief clerk and four clerks, with duties identical to those of the capital department. One Minister of War, who also oversaw personnel affairs. One director of the Bureau of Merit. One clerk. One director of merit review and one clerk. One war bureau director and two clerks. One transport bureau director and two clerks. One Minister of the People, who also oversaw rites affairs. One rites bureau director and one clerk. One provisions bureau director and one clerk. One revenue bureau director and two clerks. One granaries bureau director and two clerks. One works bureau director and one clerk. One colonies bureau director and one clerk. Each director also concurrently held two bureaus in the capital department. One food and goods directorate oversaw delicacies, property, guests, furnishings, music, and medicine, with two assistants. One farms and gardens directorate oversaw granaries, gardens, fuel, fodder, and tribute grain transport, with four assistants. One weapons directorate oversaw arms and stables and pasturage, with two assistants. One hundred crafts directorate oversaw boats, carriages, construction, and miscellaneous works, with four assistants. Each circuit's mobile department had one director with duties matching those of the Shandong East great mobile terrace. One vice director, one assistant, two chief clerks, and two clerks. One Minister of War, who also oversaw personnel and rites affairs. One director of merit review. Two clerks. One provisions bureau director and two clerks. Two war bureau directors and two clerks. One Minister of the People, who also oversaw punishments and works. Two granaries bureau directors and two clerks. One punishments bureau director and two clerks. One colonies bureau director and two clerks. One food and goods directorate also oversaw farms and gardens affairs, with one assistant. It also oversaw hundred crafts affairs, with two assistants.
102
時秦王、齊王府官之外，又各置左右六護軍府及左右親事帳內府。 其左一右一護軍府護軍各一人，掌率統軍已下侍衛陪從。 副護軍各二人。 長史各一人。 錄事參軍各一人。 倉曹參軍事各一人，兵曹參軍事各一人，鎧曹參軍事各一人。 統軍各五人，別將各十人，分掌領親勳衛及外軍。 左二右二護軍府、左三右三護軍府，各減統軍三人，別將六人。 余職員同左一右一府。 其左右親事府統軍各一人，掌率左右別將、侍衛陪從。 長史一人。 錄事參軍事各一人。 兵曹參軍事各一人，鎧曹參軍事各一人。 左別將各一人，右別將各一人。 掌率親事以上侍衛陪從。 其帳內府職員品秩，與統軍府同。 又有庫直及驅咥直。 各於左右內選才堪者，量事置之。
At that time, besides the staffs of the Princes of Qin and Qi, each prince also had left and right sets of six protector-of-the-army offices and personal-attendant inner-account offices. The left-first and right-first protector-of-the-army offices each had one protector who commanded army commanders and below in guard attendance and escort. Each had two deputy protectors of the army. One chief aide each. One recording adjutant each. Each had one granary bureau adjutant, one military bureau adjutant, and one armor bureau adjutant. Each office had five army commanders and ten separate commanders, who divided command of the personal, merit, and wing guards and the external armies. The left-second, right-second, left-third, and right-third protector-of-the-army offices each had three fewer army commanders and six fewer separate commanders. The remaining staff matched those of the left-first and right-first offices. The left and right personal-attendant offices each had one army commander who led the left and right separate commanders in guard attendance and escort. One chief aide. One recording adjutant each. Each had one military bureau adjutant and one armor bureau adjutant. Each side had one left and one right separate commander. They commanded personal attendants and above in guard attendance and escort. The staff grades and ranks of the inner-account offices were the same as those of the army commander offices. There were also armory duty officers and drive duty officers. Talented men were selected from the left and right staffs and assigned according to the needs of each task.
103
武德四年，太宗平洛陽之後，又置天策上將府官員。 天策上將一人，掌國之征討，總判府事。 長史、司馬各一人，從事中郎二人，並掌通判府事。 軍諮祭酒二人，謀軍事，贊相禮儀，宴接賓客。 典簽四人，掌宣傳導引之事。 主簿二人，掌省復教命。 錄事二人，記室參軍事二人，掌書疏表啟，宣行教命。 功曹參軍事二人，掌官員假使、儀式、醫藥、選舉、考課、祿恤、鋪設等事。 倉曹參軍二人，掌糧廩、公廨、田園、廚膳、過所等事。 兵曹參軍事二人，掌兵士簿帳、差點等事。 騎曹參軍事二人，掌馬驢雜畜簿帳及牧養支料草粟等事。 鎧曹參軍事二人，掌戎仗之事。 士曹參軍事二人，掌營造及罪罰之事。 參軍事六人，掌出使及雜檢校之事。 其陝東道大行台尚書令及天策上將，太宗在籓為之。 及升儲，並省之。 山東道行台，武德五年省。 餘道九年省。
In the fourth year of Wude (621), after Emperor Taizong pacified Luoyang, staff for the Heavenly Stratagem General-in-Chief Office was also established. One Heavenly Stratagem General-in-Chief directed the state's military campaigns and had chief authority over all office affairs. One chief aide, one administrative aide, and two attendant gentlemen all shared general authority over office affairs. Two military counsel libationers planned military affairs, assisted in ritual etiquette, and received guests at banquets. Four protocol secretaries handled proclamation, transmission, and guidance. Two registrars reviewed and returned edicts and orders. Two recorders and two secretariat adjutants managed documents, memorials, and reports, and proclaimed and executed orders. Two merit bureau adjutants managed temporary official assignments, ceremonies, medicine, selection, merit review, salary and condolence payments, and furnishings. Two granary bureau adjutants managed grain stores, government offices, gardens, kitchens, and travel permits. Two military bureau adjutants managed soldiers' registers and assignments. Two cavalry bureau adjutants managed registers of horses, donkeys, and other livestock, along with pasturage, fodder, and grain supplies. Two armor bureau adjutants managed military equipment. Two works bureau adjutants managed construction and punishments. Six adjutants managed missions abroad and miscellaneous inspections. The Shandong East great mobile terrace director and Heavenly Stratagem General-in-Chief were held by Taizong while he was still a prince. When he was elevated as heir apparent, both offices were abolished. The Shandong Circuit mobile terrace was abolished in the fifth year of Wude (622). The remaining circuit mobile terraces were abolished in the ninth year (626).