Volume 38 Treatises 18: Geography 1

志第二十二職官一=【序】=高祖發跡太原，官名稱位，皆依隋舊。及登極之初，未遑改作，隨時署置，務從省便。

Treatise 22, Offices and Ranks, Part 1 — Preface. When Emperor Gaozu first rose in Taiyuan, the names and ranks of offices all followed Sui practice. At the beginning of his reign he had not yet had time to redesign the system; posts were filled as needed, with every effort toward simplicity and convenience.

武德七年定令：以太尉、司徒、司空為三公。尚書、門下、中書、秘書、殿中、內侍為六省。次御史台；次太常、光祿、衛尉、宗正、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府，為九寺；次將作監；次國子學；次天策上將府；次左右衛、左右驍衛、左右領軍、左右武候、左右監門、左右屯、左右領，為十四衛府。東宮置三師、三少、詹事府、門下典書兩坊。次內坊；次家令、率更、僕三寺；次左右衛率府、左右宗衛率府、左右虞候率府、左右監門率府、左右內率府，為十率府。王公以下置府佐國官。公主置邑司已下。並為京職事官。州縣、鎮戍、岳瀆、關津為外職事官。又以開府儀同三司從一品、特進正二品、左光祿大夫從二品、右光祿大夫正三品、散騎常侍從三品、太中大夫正四品、通直散騎常侍正四品、中大夫從四品上、員外散騎常侍從四品下、中散大夫正五品上、散騎侍郎正五品下、通直散騎侍郎從五品上、員外散騎侍郎從五品下、朝議郎、承議郎正六品、通議郎、通直郎從六品、朝請郎、宣德郎正七品、朝散郎、宣義郎從七品、給事郎、征事郎正八品、承奉郎、承務郎從八品、儒林郎、登仕郎正九品、文林郎、將仕郎從九品，並為文散官。輔國正二品、鎮軍從二品二大將軍，冠軍正三品、雲麾從三品、忠武、壯武、宣威、明威、信遠、遊騎、遊擊自正四品上到從五品下十將軍，為散號將軍，以加武士之無職事者。改上開府儀同三司為上輕車都尉，開府儀同三司為輕車都尉，儀同三司為騎都尉，秦王、齊王下統軍為護軍，副統軍為副護軍，上大都督為驍騎尉，大都督為飛騎尉，帥都督為雲騎尉，都督為武騎尉，車騎將軍為游騎將軍，親衛驃騎將軍為親衛中郎將，其勳衛驃騎准此。親衛車騎將軍為親衛郎將，其勳衛翊衛車騎並准此。監門府郎將為監門中郎將，領左右郎將，准此。諸軍驃騎將軍為統軍，其秦王、齊王下領三衛及庫直、驅咥直、車騎並准此。諸軍車騎將軍為別將。其散官文騎尉為承議郎，屯騎尉為通直郎，雲騎尉為登仕郎，羽騎尉為將仕郎。

The code promulgated in the seventh year of Wude (624) defined the Three Dukes as the Grand Preceptor, the Minister of Education, and the Minister of Works. The Six Departments were the Department of State Affairs, the Chancellery, the Secretariat, the Archive Secretariat, the Palace Administration, and the Palace Domestic Service. Next came the Censorate; then the nine directorates: Ceremonies, Banquets, the Guard, the Imperial Clan, the Stud, Justice, Guests, Agriculture, and the Treasury; then the Directorate of Works; then the National University; then the Heavenly Stratagem General-in-Chief Office; then the fourteen guard offices: the Left and Right Guards, Valiant Cavalry, Army Inspectors, Military Inspectors, Gatekeepers, Garrisons, and Commanders. The Eastern Palace was staffed with the Three Preceptors, the Three Junior Preceptors, the Household Administration of the Heir Apparent, and the two bureaus of the Chancellery and Archive. Then the inner bureaus; then the three palace directorates: the Household Steward, the Timekeeper, and the Servants; then the ten commandant offices of the heir's guard, imperial clan guard, patrol guard, gate guard, and inner guard, left and right. Princes and dukes and below were assigned mansion aides and fief officials. Princesses were provided with fief administrations and subordinate staff. All of these were capital offices with substantive duties. Prefectures and counties, frontier garrisons, offices for sacred mountains and rivers, and passes and fords were external duty-holding offices. The civil honorary ranks were Honored Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes at junior first rank; Extraordinary Promoter at senior second rank; Left Grand Master for Splendid Happiness at junior second rank; Right Grand Master for Splendid Happiness at senior third rank; Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry at junior third rank; Grand Master of Palace Counsel and Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry for Direct Communication at senior fourth rank; Master of Palace Counsel at junior fourth rank, upper grade; Extra Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry at junior fourth rank, lower grade; Master of Scattered Counsel at senior fifth rank, upper grade; Gentleman of the Scattered Cavalry at senior fifth rank, lower grade; Regular Gentleman of the Scattered Cavalry at junior fifth rank, upper grade; Extra Gentleman of the Scattered Cavalry at junior fifth rank, lower grade; Court Consultant and Gentleman for Supporting Discussion at senior sixth rank; Master of Discussion and Master for Direct Discussion at junior sixth rank; Gentleman Invited to Court and Gentleman for Proclaiming Virtue at senior seventh rank; Gentleman for Court Service and Gentleman for Proclaiming Righteousness at junior seventh rank; Gentleman Attendant and Gentleman for Campaign Affairs at senior eighth rank; Gentleman for Receiving Service and Gentleman for Receiving Duties at junior eighth rank; Gentleman of the Forest of Learning and Gentleman for Entering Office at senior ninth rank; and Gentleman of Literary Elegance and Gentleman Awaiting Office at junior ninth rank. The two great generals Auxiliary-to-the-State and Pacifier of the Army ranked senior and junior second rank; Champion and Cloud Banner ranked senior and junior third rank; and the ten prestige generals from Loyal Martial through Roaming Strike, ranging from senior fourth rank, upper grade to junior fifth rank, lower grade, served as honorary military titles for men of arms who held no substantive office. Superior Open-the-Feudal-Office Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes was renamed Superior Commandant of Light Chariots; Open-the-Feudal-Office Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes became Commandant of Light Chariots; Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes became Commandant of Cavalry; army commanders under the Princes of Qin and Qi became Protectors of the Army, with deputy commanders as deputy Protectors; superior great commanders became Commandants of Valiant Cavalry; great commanders became Commandants of Flying Cavalry; leading commanders became Commandants of Cloud Cavalry; commanders became Commandants of Martial Cavalry; Chariot-and-Cavalry Generals became Roaming Cavalry Generals; and Personal Guard Swift-Cavalry Generals became Personal Guard Central Commanders, with Merit Guard Swift-Cavalry Generals following the same rule. The Personal Guard Chariot-and-Cavalry General became Personal Guard Commandant, and the Merit and Wing Guards followed the same pattern. The Gate Office commandant became Gate Office central commander, and the leading left and right commandants were treated likewise. Swift-Cavalry Generals in the field armies became army commanders, and the same applied to officers under the Princes of Qin and Qi who led the Three Guards, armory duty, drive duty, and chariot-and-cavalry units. Chariot-and-Cavalry Generals in the various armies were renamed separate commanders. Among the prestige ranks, Literary Cavalry Commandant became Supporter of Proposals, Garrison Cavalry Commandant became Regular Communication Gentleman, Cloud Cavalry Commandant became Entering Office Gentleman, and Feathered Cavalry Commandant became Candidate for Office Gentleman.

武德九年，罷天策上將府。

In the ninth year of Wude (626), the Heavenly Stratagem General-in-Chief Office was abolished.

貞觀元年，改國子學為國子監，分將作為少府監，通將作為三監。八年七月，始以雲麾將軍為從三品階。九月，以統軍正四品下，別將正五品上。十一年，改令置太師、太傅、太保為三師。其三公已下，六省、一台、九寺、三監、十二衛、東宮諸司，並從舊定。又改以光祿大夫為從二品，金紫光祿大夫為正三品，銀青光祿大夫為從三品，正議大夫為正四品上，通議大夫為正四品下，太中大夫為從四品上，中大夫為從四品下，中散大夫為正五品上，朝議大夫為正五品下，朝請大夫為從五品上，朝散大夫為從五品下。其六品下，唯改通議郎為奉議郎，自餘依舊。更置驃騎大將軍為從一品武散官；輔國、鎮軍二大將軍為從二品武散官。冠軍將軍加大字。及雲麾已下、遊擊已上，改為五品已上武散官。又置昭武、振威、致果、翊麾、宣節、禦武、仁勇、陪戎八校尉副尉自正六品至從九品，上階為校尉，下為副尉。為六品已下武散官。

In the first year of Zhenguan (627), the National University became the Directorate of the Sons of the State; the Works directorate was divided into the Palace Workshops Directorate, and together they formed the three directorates. In the seventh month of the eighth year (634), the Cloud Banner General was first assigned to the secondary third rank. In the ninth month, the army commander was set at primary fourth rank, lower grade, and the separate commander at primary fifth rank, upper grade. In the eleventh year (637), the code was revised to establish the Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Protector as the Three Preceptors. From the Three Dukes downward, the Six Departments, Censorate, nine directorates, three supervisory directorates, twelve guards, and Eastern Palace offices all remained as previously defined. The prestige ranks were also reassigned: Master of Splendid Happiness to secondary second rank; the gold-seal and silver-seal masters of splendid happiness to primary and secondary third rank; and the masters of regular counsel, communication counsel, grand palace counsel, palace counsel, scattered counsel, court discussion, court invitation, and court disbursement to their respective fourth- and fifth-rank grades. For the sixth rank and below, only Communication Discussion Gentleman was renamed Offering Discussion Gentleman; all other titles remained unchanged. The Swift-Cavalry Grand General was newly created as a secondary first-rank military prestige office; while Assistant-to-the-State and Pacifier-of-the-Army became secondary second-rank military prestige offices. The title Champion General was enlarged to Grand Champion General. From Cloud Banner down through Roaming Strike up, these became military prestige offices of the fifth rank and above. Eight pairs of commandants and deputy commandants were also created — Illustrious Martial, Quelling Might, Achieving Fruit, Assisting Banner, Proclaiming Festival, Defending Martial, Humane Courage, and Escorting Arms — ranging from senior sixth rank to junior ninth rank, with the higher grades styled commandants and the lower deputy commandants. These served as military honorary ranks below the sixth rank.

凡九品已上職事，皆帶散位，謂之本品。職事則隨才錄用，或從閑入劇，或去高就卑，遷從出入，參差不定。散位則一切以門廕結品，然後勞考進敘。《武德令》，職事高者解散官，欠一階不到為「兼」。職事卑者，不解散官。《貞觀令》，以職事高者為「守」，職事卑者為「行」，仍各帶散位。其欠一階，依舊為「兼」，與當階者，皆解散官。永徽已來，欠一階者，或為兼，或帶散官，或為守，參而用之。其兩職事者亦為「兼」，頗相錯亂。其欠一階之「兼」，古念反。其職事之兼，古恬反。字同音異耳。咸亨二年，始一切為「守」。

Every substantive office from the ninth rank upward carried a prestige rank, which was called one's basic rank. Substantive appointments followed talent: one might move from a light post to a demanding one, or step down from high to low office, with transfers in every direction and no fixed pattern. Prestige rank, by contrast, was first established entirely through hereditary privilege, and only later advanced by merit review. Under the Wude Code, if the substantive post outranked the prestige title, the prestige title was set aside; if the appointee fell one grade short of the post, the designation was "concurrent." When the substantive post was lower than the prestige rank, the prestige title was retained. The Zhenguan Code called a higher substantive appointment "acting" and a lower one "performing," while in both cases the holder still bore his prestige rank. If the appointee was one grade short, the old label "concurrent" still applied; if he matched the grade of the post, the prestige title was set aside. From the Yonghui era onward, when an appointee was one grade short, "concurrent," retention of the prestige title, or "acting" were applied in varying combinations. Holders of two substantive posts were also labeled "concurrent," which led to considerable confusion. The character for "acting concurrently" when one grade short is read gù-niàn. The character for "acting concurrently" when holding two executive posts is read gù-tián. The written character is the same; only the pronunciation differs. In the second year of Xianheng (671), the designation was uniformly standardized as "acting."

自高宗之後，官名品秩，屢有改易。今錄永泰二年官品。其改易品秩者，注於官品之下。若改官名及職員有加減者，則各附之於本職云。

After Emperor Gaozong, office titles and ranks were changed again and again. What follows records the official grades as of the second year of Yongtai (766). Changes in grade are noted beneath each entry in the grade table. Changes in office names or in the number of incumbents are recorded separately under each substantive office.

唐初因隋號，武德三年三月，改納言為侍中，內史令為中書令，給事郎為給事中，內書省為中書省。

Early Tang initially kept Sui titles; in the third month of the third year of Wude (620), Supplicator became Palace Attendant, Inner Scribe Director became Secretariat Director, Gentleman of Service became Attendant of Affairs, and the Inner Scribe Department became the Secretariat.

貞觀二十三年六月，改民部尚書為戶部尚書。七月，改治書侍御史為御史中丞，改諸州治中為司馬，別駕為長史，治禮郎為奉禮郎。

In the sixth month of the twenty-third year of Zhenguan (649), the Minister of the People was renamed Minister of the Household. In the seventh month, the Drafting Attendant Censor became Censor-in-Chief; in all prefectures the administrator became administrative aide, the vice director became chief aide, and the ritual gentleman became offering ritual gentleman.

顯慶元年，改戶部尚書為度支尚書，侍郎為度支侍郎。又置驃騎大將軍員，從一品。

In the first year of Xianqing (656), the Minister of the Household was renamed Minister of Revenue, and the vice minister likewise. A post of Swift-Cavalry Grand General was also created at the secondary first rank.

龍朔二年二月甲子，改百司及官名。改尚書省為中台，僕射為匡政，左右丞為肅機，左右司郎中為丞務，吏部為司列，主爵為司封，考功為司績，禮部為司禮，祠部為司禋，膳部為司膳，主客為司蕃，戶部為司元，度支為司度，倉部為司倉，金部為司珍，兵部為司戎，職方為司域，駕部為司輿，庫部為司庫，刑部為司刑，都官為司僕，比部為司計，工部為司平，屯田為司田，虞部為司虞，水部為司川，余司依舊。尚書為太常伯，侍郎為少常伯，郎中為大夫。中書門下為東西台。侍中為左相，黃門侍郎為東台侍郎，給事中為東台舍人，散騎常侍為左右侍極，諫議大夫為正諫大夫。中書令為右相，侍郎為西台侍郎，舍人為西台舍人。秘書省為蘭台，監為太史，少監為侍郎，丞為大夫。著作郎為司文郎中，太史令為秘閣郎中。御史台為憲台，御史大夫為大司憲，御史中丞為司憲大夫。殿中省為中禦府，丞為大夫。尚食為奉膳，尚藥為奉醫，尚衣為奉冕，尚舍為奉扆，尚乘為奉駕，尚輦為奉禦，並為大夫。內侍省為內侍監。太常為奉常，光祿為司宰，衛尉為司衛，宗正為司宗，太僕為司馭，大理為詳刑，正為大夫。鴻臚為司文，司農為司稼，太府為外府，卿並為正卿。少府監為內府監。將作監為繕工監，大匠為大監，少匠為少監。國子監為司成館，國子祭酒為大司成，司業為少司成，博士為宣業。都水為司津監。左、右衛府、左、右驍衛府、左、右武衛府，並除「府」字。左、右屯衛府為左右威衛，左、右領軍衛為左右戎衛，武候為金吾衛，千牛為奉宸衛，屯營為羽林軍。詹事為端尹府，門下、典書為左右春坊，左右庶子為左右中護。中允為左贊善大夫，洗馬為司經大夫，中舍人為右贊善大夫。家令寺為宮府寺，率更寺為司更寺，僕寺為馭僕寺，長官並為大夫。左、右衛率府為典戎衛，左、右宗衛率府為司禦衛，左右虞候率府為清道衛，監門率府為崇掖衛，內率府為奉裕衛。七日，又制廢尚書令，改起居郎為左史，起居舍人為右史，著作佐郎為司文郎，太史丞為秘閣郎，左右千牛為奉宸，司議郎為左司議郎，太子舍人為右司議郎。典膳、藥藏、內直監、宮門大夫，並改為郎。太子千牛為奉裕。

On the jiazi day of the second month of the second year of Longshuo (662), the names of the hundred offices were all changed. The Department of State Affairs became the Central Terrace; vice directors became Rectifiers of Governance; assistants became Custodians of the Secretariat; bureau directors became Assistants in Affairs; Personnel became Bureau of Rosters; Fiefs became Bureau of Enfeoffments; Merit Review became Bureau of Records; Rites became Bureau of Rites; Sacrifices became Bureau of Sacrifices; Provisions became Bureau of Provisions; Guests became Bureau of Foreign Guests; Household became Bureau of Origins; Revenue became Bureau of Measures; Granaries became Bureau of Granaries; Coinage became Bureau of Treasures; War became Bureau of Arms; Appointments became Bureau of Territories; Transport became Bureau of Carriages; Stores became Bureau of Stores; Punishments became Bureau of Punishments; Justice became Bureau of Retainers; Audit became Bureau of Accounts; Works became Bureau of Equilibrium; Colonies became Bureau of Fields; Forestry became Bureau of Parks; Waterways became Bureau of Rivers; the remaining offices kept their old names. Ministers were titled Grand Regular Preceptors, vice ministers Junior Regular Preceptors, and directors Grandees. The Secretariat and Chancellery became the Eastern and Western Terraces. The Palace Attendant became Left Chancellor; the Yellow Gate Vice Minister became Eastern Terrace Vice Minister; the Attendant of Affairs became Eastern Terrace Draftsman; the Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry became Left and Right Attendants-in-Waiting; and the Remonstrance Master became Regular Remonstrance Master. The Secretariat Director became Right Chancellor; the vice minister became Western Terrace Vice Minister; and the draftsman became Western Terrace Draftsman. The Archive Secretariat became the Orchid Terrace; its director became Grand Astrologer, the vice director Vice Minister, and the assistant Grand Master. The Compilation Gentleman became Director of the Bureau of Writings; the Grand Astrologer became Director of the Secret Pavilion. The Censorate became the Law Terrace; the Censor-in-Chief became Grand Law Administrator; and the Attendant Censor-in-Chief became Law Administrator Grand Master. The Palace Administration became the Central Imperial Household, and its assistant became Grand Master. The directors of food, medicine, robes, lodgings, transport, and palanquins became Offerings of Food, Medicine, Crowns, Screens, Carriages, and Imperial Service, each titled Grand Master. The Palace Domestic Service became the Palace Domestic Directorate. Ceremonies became Offering Regular; Banquets became Bureau of Sacrifices; the Guard became Bureau of Guard; the Imperial Clan became Bureau of the Clan; the Stud became Bureau of Carriage; Justice became Detailed Punishments; and each director was titled Grand Master. Guests became Bureau of Writings; Agriculture became Bureau of Harvests; the Treasury became Outer Treasury; and all directors were titled Regular Director. The Palace Workshops Directorate became the Inner Treasury Directorate. The Works Directorate became the Repair Works Directorate; the chief artisan became Grand Director and the junior artisan Vice Director. The Directorate of the Sons of the State became the Academy of Accomplishment; the rector became Grand Accomplisher, the vice rector Junior Accomplisher, and the erudite Proclaimer of Accomplishment. The Director of Waterways became the Directorate of Fords. The Left and Right Guards, Valiant Cavalry, and Martial Guards all dropped the word "office" from their titles. The Left and Right Garrison Guards became Left and Right Majestic Guards; the Army Inspector Guards became Military Guards; the Military Inspectors became Golden Crow Guards; the Thousand-Ox Guards became Offering Imperial Guards; and the Garrison Camp became the Feathered Forest Army. The Household Administrator became the Rectifier-in-Chief Office; the Chancellery and Archive became the Left and Right Spring Bureaus; and the left and right junior preceptors became Left and Right Central Protectors. The Central Approver became Left Assistant-in-Goodness Grand Master; the Groom became Classics Grand Master; and the Central Draftsman became Right Assistant-in-Goodness Grand Master. The Household Steward Directorate became the Palace Household Directorate; the Timekeeper became the Bureau of Time; the Servants became the Driving Servants Directorate; and each chief was titled Grand Master. The Left and Right Guard Commandants became Model Military Guards; the Imperial Clan Commandants became Bureau of Imperial Guards; the Patrol Commandants became Clear-the-Way Guards; the Gate Commandant became Honored Flank Guard; and the Inner Commandant became Offering Abundance Guard. On the seventh day it was further ordered to abolish the Director of the Department of State Affairs; the Court Diary Gentleman became Left Scribe and the draftsman Right Scribe; the compilation assistant became Bureau of Writings Gentleman and the astrologer assistant Secret Pavilion Gentleman; the left and right Thousand-Ox became Offering Imperial; the Discussion Gentleman became Left Discussion Gentleman and the heir's draftsman Right Discussion Gentleman. The directors of provisions, the medicine storehouse, inner duty, and the palace gate were all retitled Gentlemen. The heir's Thousand-Ox Guard was renamed Offering Abundance.

總章二年置司列、司戎少常伯各兩員。

In the second year of Zongzhang (669), two Junior Regular Preceptors each were added to the Bureaus of Rosters and Arms.

咸亨元年十二月詔：「龍朔二年新改尚書省百司及僕射已下官名，並依舊。其東宮十率府，有異上臺諸衛，各宜依舊為率府。其左司議郎除「左」字。其左、右金吾、左、右威衛，依新改」。永淳元年七月，置州別駕。

An edict of the twelfth month of the first year of Xianheng (670) declared: "The new Longshuo-era names for the Department of State Affairs and all offices from the vice directors downward shall all revert to the old designations. The Eastern Palace's ten commandant offices, which had differed from the capital guard offices, shall each again be commandant offices as before. The word "left" shall be dropped from Left Discussion Gentleman. The Left and Right Golden Crow and Left and Right Majestic Guards shall keep their new names." In the seventh month of the first year of Yongchun (682), prefectural vice directors were established.

光宅元年九月，改尚書省為文昌台，左、右僕射為文昌左、右相。吏部為天官，戶部為地官，禮部為春官，兵部為夏官，刑部為秋官，工部為冬官。門下省為鸞台，中書省為鳳閣，侍中為納言，中書令為內史。太常為司禮，鴻臚為司賓，宗正為司屬，光祿為司膳，太府為司府，太僕為司僕，衛尉為司衛，大理為司刑。司農依舊。左、右驍衛為左右威衛，左、右武衛為左、右鷹揚衛，左、右威衛為左右豹衛，左、右領軍衛為左右玉鈴衛。左、右金吾衛依舊。御史台改為左肅政台，專知京百官及監諸軍旅，並承詔出使。更置右肅政台，專知諸州案察。

In the ninth month of the first year of Guangzai (688), the Department of State Affairs became the Wenchang Terrace, and the left and right vice directors became the Wenchang Left and Right Chancellors. Personnel became the Heavenly Office, Household the Earthly Office, Rites the Spring Office, War the Summer Office, Punishments the Autumn Office, and Works the Winter Office. The Chancellery became the Phoenix Terrace, the Secretariat the Phoenix Pavilion, the Palace Attendant the Supplicator, and the Secretariat Director the Inner Scribe. Ceremonies became Bureau of Rites, Guests Bureau of Guests, the Imperial Clan Bureau of Dependents, Banquets Bureau of Provisions, the Treasury Bureau of Treasury, the Stud Bureau of Servants, the Guard Bureau of Guard, and Justice Bureau of Punishments. Agriculture kept its old name. The Left and Right Valiant Cavalry became Left and Right Majestic Guards; the Martial Guards became Soaring Hawk Guards; the former Majestic Guards became Leopard Guards; and the Army Inspector Guards became Jade Bell Guards. The Left and Right Golden Crow Guards kept their old names. The Censorate became the Left Rectification Terrace, charged exclusively with oversight of capital officials and military forces and with carrying out missions by imperial edict. A Right Rectification Terrace was also established, charged exclusively with investigating the prefectures.

垂拱元年二月，改黃門侍郎為鸞台侍郎，文昌都省為都台，主爵為司封，秘書省為麟台，內侍省為司宮台，少府監為尚方監。其左、右尚方兩署除「方」字。將作監為營繕監，國子監為成均監，都水監為水衡監。其詹事府為宮尹府，詹事為太尹，少詹事為少尹。左、右內率府為左右奉裕率府，千牛為左右奉裕，左、右監門率府為左右控鶴禁率府，諸衛鎧曹改為胄曹，司膳寺肴藏署改為珍羞署。十月，增置天官侍郎二員。又置左、右補闕、拾遣各二員。三年，加秋官侍郎一員。

In the second month of the first year of Chuigong (685), the Yellow Gate Vice Minister became Phoenix Terrace Vice Minister; the Wenchang Chief Department became the Chief Terrace; Fiefs became the Bureau of Enfeoffments; the Archive Secretariat became the Unicorn Terrace; the Palace Domestic Service became the Palace Affairs Terrace; and the Palace Workshops Directorate became the Imperial Works Directorate. The Left and Right Imperial Works offices dropped the character for "works" from their titles. The Works Directorate became Construction and Repair; the Directorate of the Sons of the State became the Academy of Equilibrium; and the Directorate of Waterways became the Water Balance Directorate. The Household Administration of the Heir Apparent became the Palace Rectifier Office; its administrator became Grand Rectifier and the junior administrator Junior Rectifier. The Left and Right Inner Commandant Offices became Left and Right Offering Abundance Commandant Offices; the Thousand-Ox Guards became Left and Right Offering Abundance; the Gate Commandant Offices became Left and Right Crane-Control Forbidden Commandant Offices; guard armor bureaus were renamed helmet bureaus; and the Provisions Directorate's dish storehouse became the Delicacies Office. In the tenth month, two vice ministers of the Heavenly Office were added. Left and Right Supplementation Omission and Left and Right Memorial Retrieval were also created, two posts on each side. In the third year, one vice minister of the Autumn Office was added.

永昌元年，置左、右司員外郎各一員。

In the first year of Yongchang (689), one extra director each was added to the left and right bureaus.

天授二年，增置左、右補闕、拾遺各三員，通滿五員。

In the second year of Tianshou (691), three more posts each were added to the Left and Right Supplementation Omission and Memorial Retrieval offices, bringing each side to five incumbents in all.

長壽二年，增夏官侍郎三員。

In the second year of Changshou (693), three vice ministers of the Summer Office were added.

大足元年，加營繕少匠一員，左右羽林衛各增置將軍一員。洛、雍、並、荊、揚、益六州，置左、右司馬各一員。

In the first year of Dazu (701), one junior artisan was added to Construction and Repair, and each of the Left and Right Feathered Forest Guards gained an additional general. For the six prefectures of Luo, Yong, Bing, Jing, Yang, and Yi, one left and one right administrative aide each were established.

長安三年，增置司勳員外郎一員，地官依舊置侍郎一員，洛、並及三大都督府司馬宜依舊置一員。

In the third year of Chang'an (703), one extra director of the Bureau of Merit was added; the Earthly Office again had one vice minister; and Luo, Bing, and the three great area-command headquarters each again had one administrative aide as before.

神龍元年二月，台閣官名，並依永淳已前故事。廢左、右司員外郎。左右千牛衛各置大將軍一員。東都置太廟官吏，增置太常、大理少卿各一員。二年，又置員外官凡二千餘人。超授閹官七品已上員外者，又千餘人。十二月，復置左右司員外郎各一員。

In the second month of the first year of Shenlong (705), the names of terrace and pavilion offices all reverted to the practice in force before Yongchun. The left and right bureau extra directors were abolished. Each of the Left and Right Thousand-Ox Guards was given one grand general. Officials for the ancestral temple were established at the Eastern Capital, and one vice director each was added to Ceremonies and Justice. In the second year, more than two thousand extra-status officials were also appointed. More than a thousand eunuchs were also promoted beyond their proper grade to seventh rank and above as extra-status officials. In the twelfth month, the left and right bureau extra directors were restored, one on each side.

景雲二年，復置太子左、右諭德、太子左、右贊善大夫各兩員。雍、洛及大都督府長史加為三品階，別駕致敬，依前。

In the second year of Jingyun (711), the heir's left and right moral instructors and left and right assistants-in-goodness were restored, two posts on each side. The chief aides of Yong, Luo, and the great area-command headquarters were raised to the third rank, while vice directors' ceremonial salutations remained as before.

太極元年，光祿、大理、鴻臚、太府、衛尉、宗正，各增置少卿一員。秘書少監、國子司業、少府少監、將作少匠、左右台中丞，各增置一員。雍、洛二州及益、並、荊、揚四大都督府，各增置司馬一員，分為左、右司馬。

In the first year of Taiji (712), Banquets, Justice, Guests, the Treasury, the Guard, and the Imperial Clan each gained an additional vice director. One additional post each was created for the archive vice director, national university vice rector, palace workshops vice director, works junior artisan, and the left and right terrace attendant censors-in-chief. For the two prefectures of Yong and Luo and the four great area commands of Yi, Bing, Jing, and Yang, one additional administrative aide was added on each side, divided into left and right aides.

開元元年十二月，改尚書左右僕射為左右丞相，中書省為紫微省，門下省為黃門省，侍中為監。雍州為京兆府，洛州為河南府。長史為尹，司馬為少尹，錄事參軍為司錄參軍，余司改司為曹。

In the twelfth month of the first year of Kaiyuan (713), the left and right vice directors became left and right chancellors; the Secretariat became the Purple Forbidden Department; the Chancellery became the Yellow Gate Department; and the Palace Attendant became Supervisor. Yong Prefecture became the Capital District Prefecture and Luo Prefecture the Henan Prefecture. The chief aide became intendant, the administrative aide junior intendant, and the recording adjutant bureau recording adjutant; the remaining offices changed the word for "office" to "bureau."

五年九月，紫微省依舊為中書省，黃門省為門下省，黃門監為侍中。

In the ninth month of the fifth year (717), the Purple Forbidden Department again became the Secretariat, the Yellow Gate Department the Chancellery, and the Yellow Gate Supervisor the Palace Attendant.

二十四年九月，改主爵為司封。

In the ninth month of the twenty-fourth year (736), Fiefs was renamed the Bureau of Enfeoffments.

天寶元年二月，侍中改為左相，中書令改為右相，左、右丞相依舊為僕射，黃門侍郎為門下侍郎。改州為郡，刺史為太守。

In the second month of the first year of Tianbao (742), the Palace Attendant became Left Chancellor and the Secretariat Director Right Chancellor; the left and right assistants again became vice directors; and the Yellow Gate Vice Minister became Chancellery Vice Minister. Prefectures were renamed commanderies and regional inspectors grand administrators.

十一載正月，改吏部為文部，兵部為武部，刑部為憲部。其行內諸司有部者並改。改駕部為司駕，改庫部為司庫，金部為司金，倉部為司儲，比部為司計，祠部為司禋，膳部為司膳，虞部為司虞，水部為司水。將作大匠為監，少匠為少監。

In the first month of the eleventh year (752), the Ministry of Personnel became the Literary Department, War the Martial Department, and Punishments the Law Department. Within the ministries, all subordinate offices bearing the word for "department" were likewise renamed. Transport became the Bureau of Carriages, Stores the Bureau of Stores, Coinage the Bureau of Coinage, Granaries the Bureau of Granaries, Audit the Bureau of Accounts, Sacrifices the Bureau of Sacrifices, Provisions the Bureau of Provisions, Forestry the Bureau of Parks, and Waterways the Bureau of Water. The works chief artisan became director and the junior artisan vice director.

至德二載十二月敕：「近日所改百司額及郡名並官名，一切依故事。」於是侍中、中書令、兵、吏部等並仍舊。罷郡為州，復以太守為刺史。

An edict of the twelfth month of the second year of Zhide (757) declared: "The recent changes to the titles of the hundred offices, commandery names, and office names shall all revert to precedent." Thereupon the Palace Attendant, Secretariat Director, War, Personnel, and the rest all reverted to their former names. Commanderies were abolished in favor of prefectures, and grand administrators again became regional inspectors.

正第一品太師、太傅、太保、太尉、司徒、司空已上職事官、王爵。《武德令》有天策上將，九年省。從第一品開府儀同三司文散官。開府儀同三司及特進不帶職事官者，朝參祿俸並同職事，仍隸吏部也、太子太師、太子太傅、太子太保已上職事官、驃騎大將軍武散官、嗣王、郡王、國公爵正第二品特進文散官、輔國大將軍武散官、開國郡公爵。《武德令》唯有公、侯、伯、子、男，貞觀十一年加開國之稱也、上柱國勳官。《武德令》有尚書令，龍朔二年省。自是正第二品無職事官。從第二品尚書左右僕射、太子少師、太子少傅、太子少保、京兆、河南、太原等七府牧、大都督揚、幽、潞、陝、靈、大都護單于、安西。已上職事官、光祿大夫文散官、鎮軍大將軍武散官、開國縣公爵、柱國勳官正第三品侍中、中書令、吏部尚書舊班在左相上，《開元令》移在下、門下侍郎、中書侍郎舊班正四品上，大曆二年升、左右衛、左右驍衛、左右武衛、左右威衛、左右領軍衛、左右金吾衛、左右監門衛、左右羽林軍、左右龍武、左右英武六軍大將軍、左右千牛衛大將軍自左右衛已下，並為武職事官、戶部、禮部、兵部、刑部、工部尚書《武德令》，禮部次吏部，兵部次之，民部次之。貞觀年改以民部次禮部，兵部次之。則天初又改以戶部次吏部，禮部次之，兵部次之、太子賓客舊兼職，無品，《開元前令》定入官品也、太常卿、宗正卿天寶初升入正三品也、太子詹事、左右散騎常侍舊班從三品，廣德年升、內侍監唐初舊制，內侍省無三品官，內侍四員，秩四品。天寶十三年十二月，玄宗以中官高力士、袁思藝承恩遇，特置內侍監兩員，秩三品，以授之、中都督、上都護已上除八大將軍，並為文職事官、金紫光祿大夫文散官、冠軍大將軍武散官、懷化大將軍顯慶三年置，以授初附首領，仍隸諸衛也、上護軍勳官從第三品御史大夫舊班在秘書監九卿下，《開元令》移在上、秘書監、光祿、衛尉、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府卿、國子祭酒、殿中監、少府監、將作監、諸衛羽林〔入正三品〕千牛龍武將軍、下都督、上州刺史、京兆、河南、太原等七尹舊雍、洛長史從四品上，景雲二年加秩為從三品也、五大都督府長史舊從四品上，景雲二年加秩為從三品、大都護府副都護舊正四品上，《開元令》加入從三品、親王傅巳上並職事官。諸衛羽林、千牛龍武將軍為武，余並為文、銀青光祿大夫文散官、開國侯爵、雲麾將軍武散官、歸德將軍顯慶三年置，以授初附首領，仍隸諸衛也、護軍勳官。《武德令》有天策上將府長史、司馬，九年省也。正第四品上階門下侍郎、中書侍郎舊正四品下階，《開元令》加入上階也、尚書左丞永昌元年進為正三品，如意元年復舊、吏部侍郎武德七年省諸司侍郎，吏部郎中為正四品上。貞觀三年復置侍郎，其吏部郎中復舊為五品下、太常少卿、太子左庶子、太子少詹事、太子左右衛、左右司禦、左右清道、左右內率、左右監門率府率、中州刺史、軍器監武德初為正三品，七年省，八年復置，九年又省，十年復置北都軍器監、上都護府副都護、上府折沖都尉《武德令》統軍正四品下，後改為折沖都尉。《垂拱令》始分為上中下府，改定官品。自此已上職事官。率及折沖為武，余並為文也、正議大夫文散官也、開國伯爵、忠武將軍武散官、上輕車都尉勳官正第四品下階尚書右丞永昌元年進為從三品，如意元年復舊、諸司侍郎、太子右庶子、左右諭德、左右千牛衛、左右監門衛中郎將、親勳翊衛羽林中郎將、下州刺史《武德令》，中州刺史，正四品，下州刺史，從四品上。《貞觀令》，一切為下州，加入正四品下。自此已上職事官。中郎將為武，余並為文也、通議大夫文散官、壯武將軍武散官從第四品上階秘書少監、八寺少卿、殿中少監、太子左右衛、司禦、清道、內率、監門副率、太子親勳翊衛中郎將、太子家令、太子率更令、太子僕、內侍、大都護親王府長史已上職事官。府率、中郎將為武，余並為文、太中大夫文散官、宣威將軍武散官、輕車都尉勳官從第四品下階國子司業、少府少監、將作少匠、京兆、河南、太原府少尹、大都督府、大都護府、親王府司馬、上州別駕已上職事文官。《武德令》，上州別駕正五品上。二十三年為長史，前上元年，復置別駕，定入從四品也、中府折沖都尉武職事官、中大夫文散官、明威將軍武散官。《武德令》有天策上將府從事中郎，九年省。正第五品上階諫議大夫、御史中丞《武德令》，從五品上。《貞觀令》，加入正五品上，五年又加入四品。如意元年復舊也、國子博士、給事中、中書舍人、太子中允、太子左右贊善大夫、都水使者、萬年、長安、河南、洛陽、太原、晉陽、奉先、會昌縣令武德元年敕：萬年、長安令為正五上。七年定令，改為從五品。貞觀初復舊也、親勳翊衛羽林郎將、中都督府、上都護府長史、親王府諮議參軍事《武德令》，正五品下也、軍器少監、太史少監、親王府典軍已上職事官。郎將、典軍為武，余並為文。《永徽令》，親王典軍從四品下。《垂拱令》改入五品也。、中散大夫文散官、開國子爵、定遠將軍武散官、上騎都尉勳官正第五品下階太子中舍人、尚食、尚藥、奉禦、太子親勳翊衛郎將、內常侍、中都督、上都護府司馬、中州別駕、下府折沖都尉已上職事官。郎將、折沖為武，余並為文也、朝議大夫文散官、寧遠將軍武散官。《武德令》有天策上將軍諮祭酒，九年省。從第五品上階尚書左右諸司郎中《武德令》，吏部郎中正四品上，諸司郎中正五品上。貞觀二年，並改為從五品上也、秘書丞《武德令》，正五品上。《永徽令》改也、著作郎、太子洗馬、殿中丞、尚衣、尚舍、尚乘、尚輦、奉禦、獻陵昭陵恭陵橋陵八陵令《武德》，諸陵令從七品下，永徽二年加獻、昭二陵令，為從五品。已後諸陵並相承依獻、昭二陵也、親王府副典軍、下都督府、上州長史、下州別駕已上職事官。典軍為武，余並為文也。、朝請大夫文散官、開國男爵、遊擊將軍武散官、騎都尉勳官。舊有太公廟令，武德年七品下，永徽二年加從五品上，開元二十四年省也。從第五品下階大理正、太常丞、太史令、內給事太子典內舊正六品上，《開元令》改、下都督府、上州司馬《武德令》，上州治中正五品下。貞觀初改、親王友《武德令》，正五品下也、宮苑總監、上牧監、上府果毅都尉已上職事官。果毅為武散，余並為文、駙馬都尉、奉車都尉並武散官。駙馬自近代已來，唯尚公主者授之。奉車，有唐已來無其人、朝散大夫文散官、遊擊將軍武散官。《武德令》有天策上將府主簿、記室、參軍，九年省。《神龍令》有庫谷、斜穀監也。正第六品上階太學博士《武德令》，從六品上，貞觀年改、太子詹事府丞、太子司議郎、太子舍人、中郡長史《武德令》，中州別駕從五品上，貞觀年改也、太子典膳藥藏郎、京兆、河南、太原府諸縣令武德元年敕，雍州諸縣令階從五品上，七年定令改、親王府掾屬《武德令》，從五品下也、武庫中尚署令《武德令》依上署令，從七品下，太極年改武庫令階，開元年改中尚令階、諸衛左右司階、中府果毅都尉、鎮軍兵滿二萬人已上司馬已上職事官。司階、果毅為武，余並為文也、親勳翊衛校衛衛官、朝議郎文散官、昭武校尉武散官、驍騎尉勳官正第六品下階千牛備身左右衛官已上、王公已下高品子孫起家為之、太子文學、下州長史武德中，下州別駕，正六品，貞觀二十三年，改為長史丞。永淳元年，諸州置別駕官。天寶八載停別駕，下郡置長史。後上元二年，諸州置別駕，不廢下府長史也、中州司馬《武德令》，中州治中，從五品下，《貞觀令》改、內謁者監、中牧監、上牧副監已上文職事官、上鎮將武職事官。《武德令》，從四品下也、承議郎文散官、昭武副尉武散官。《武德令》有天策上將府諸曹參軍事，九年省也。從第六品上階起居郎、起居舍人、尚書諸司員外郎《武德令》，吏部員外郎正六品上，諸司員外郎正六品下。貞觀二年改、八寺丞、大理司直、國子助教《武德令》，從七品上、城門符寶郎、通事舍人、秘書郎《武德令》，正七品上、著作佐郎《武德令》，正七品上、侍御醫《武德》、《乾封令》，正七品上。《神龍令》，從六品下。開元改、諸衛羽林長史、兩京市署令武德四年進為從五品上，七年定令，復舊也、下州司馬《武德令》，中下州治中，正六品下、親王文學、主簿、記室、錄事參軍《武德令》，親王府文學已上，並正六品下也、諸州上縣令已上文職事官、諸率府左右司階武職事官、鎮軍兵不滿二萬人司馬文職事官、左右監門校尉、親勳翊衛旅帥衛官、奉議郎文散官、振威校尉武散官、飛騎尉勳官從第六品下階侍御史舊從七品上，《垂拱令改》、少府、將作、國子監丞、太子內直典設宮門郎、太公廟令、司農寺諸園苑監、沙苑監、下牧監、宮苑總監副、互市監、中牧副監已上文職事官、下府果毅都尉武職事官、親王府校尉衛官、通直郎文散官、振威副尉武散官正第七品上階四門博士、詹事司直、左右千牛衛長史、尚食尚藥直長、太子左右衛司禦清道率府長史、軍器監丞、諸州中縣令、京兆河南太原府司錄參軍事、大都督大都護府錄事參軍事、親王府諸曹參軍已上文職事官。《武德令》，親王府功曹、倉曹、戶曹、兵曹參軍事，從五品下；騎曹、鎧曹、田曹、士曹、水曹參軍事等，七品下也、中鎮將武職事官。《武德令》，從五品下、太子千牛、親勳翊衛隊正副隊正已上衛官、朝請郎文散官、致果校尉武散官、雲騎尉勳官正第七品下階尚衣尚舍尚乘尚輦直長、太子通事舍人、內寺伯、京兆河南太原府大都督大都護府諸曹參軍、中都督上都護府錄事參軍事、諸倉諸冶司竹溫湯監、諸衛左右中候、上府別將《武德令》，別將正五品上，後改為果毅。聖曆三年復置別將、上府長史《武德令》，統軍長史正八品下也、上鎮副《武德令》，從五品下、下鎮將《武德令》，正六品下、下牧副監已上職事官。中候、別將、鎮副、鎮將為武，余並為文也、宣德郎文散官、致果副尉武散官。《武德令》又有天策上將府參軍事，九年省。又有鹽池鹽井監、諸王百司問事謁者。從第七品上階殿中侍御史《武德》至《乾封令》，並正八品上，垂拱年改、左右補闕、太常博士、太學助教《武德令》，從八品下也、門下錄事、中書主書、尚書都事、九寺主簿、太子詹事主簿、太子左右內率監門率府長史、太子侍醫、太子三寺丞、都水監丞、諸州中下縣令、親王府東西閣祭酒《武德令》，正六品下、京縣丞萬年、長安、河南、洛陽、奉先、會昌、太原、晉陽、下都督府上州錄事參軍、中都督上都護府諸曹參軍事、中府別將長史、中鎮副《武德令》，正六品下。已上職事官。別將、鎮副為武，余並為文、左右監門直長勳衛、太子親衛已上衛官、朝散郎文散官、翊麾校尉武散官、武騎尉勳官從第七品下階太史丞監局同、御史台少府將作國子監主簿御史台、國子監主簿、舊正八品，《垂拱令》改、掖庭令、宮闈令、上署令郊社、太樂、鼓吹、太醫、太官、左藏令、乘黃、典客、上林、太倉、平准、常平、左尚、右尚、典牧。《武德令》有太廟、諸陵、典農、中尚、都水、常平。其左尚、典牧本中署，右尚本下署，開元初改之也、諸州下縣令天寶五載，一切為中下縣、諸陵署丞永徽二年加秩。舊有太廟署丞，武德為九品，永徽二年加秩，從七品上，開元年省也、司農寺諸園苑副監《神龍令》有諸冶副監、宮苑總監丞，下都督府諸曹參軍，太子內坊丞舊正八品上，開元初改、親王國令舊規，流內正九品，太極年改、公主家令舊規，流內正八品，太極年改、上州諸參軍事、下府別將長史、下鎮副《武德令》，從六品下、諸屯監《武德令》有芳醖監，《神龍令》有漆園監、諸率府左右中候、鎮軍滿二萬人以上諸曹判司已上職事官。別將、鎮副、中候為武，余並為文也、太子左右監門直長、親王府旅帥、諸折沖府校尉已上衛官。《武德令》，諸府校尉，正六品下也、宣議郎文散官、翊麾副尉武散官正第八品上階監察御史舊從八品上，《垂拱令》改、協律郎、諸衛羽林龍武軍錄事參軍事、中署令鉤盾、右藏、職染、掌治，《武德令》有衣冠署令、中州錄事參軍事、太醫博士、太子典膳藥藏丞、軍器監主簿、武庫署丞舊從八品下，開元初改、兩京市署丞、上牧監丞《武德令》，從八品下，《神龍令》有庫谷、斜谷、太陰、伊陽監丞、鎮軍不滿二萬人以上諸曹判司已上文職事官、翊衛、太子勳衛、親王府執仗執乘親事已上衛官、給事郎文散官、宣節校尉武散官。《武德令》有天策上將府典簽，九年省。正第八品下階奚官內僕內府局令、下署令太卜、廩犧、珍羞、良醖、掌醢、守宮、武器、車府、司儀、崇玄、導官、中右校、左校、甄官、河渠、弩坊、甲坊。《神龍令》又有幹、楫二署令也、諸衛羽林龍武諸曹參軍事、中州諸司參軍事、親王府京兆河南太原府大都督大都護府參軍事《武德令》，親王府參軍，從七品下，雍州行參軍，正八品上、尚藥局司醫、京兆河南太原府諸縣丞、太子內直宮門丞、太公廟丞、諸宮農圃監、互市監丞、司竹副監、司農寺諸園苑監丞、靈台郎已上文職事官、諸衛左右司戈、上戍主已上武職事官。《武德令》有中鎮長史、備身衛官、征事郎文散官、宣節副尉武散官從第八品上階左右拾遣、太醫署針博士、四門助教《武德令》，從九品上、左右千牛衛錄事參軍、下州錄事參軍《武德令》有中下州諸司參軍事、諸州上縣丞、中牧監丞《武德令》，正八品上、京縣主簿、太子左右衛司禦清道率府錄事參軍、中都督府上都護府參軍、親王府行參軍《武德令》，正八品上、京兆河南太原大都督府博士《武德令》，雍州博士，從八品下、諸倉諸冶司竹溫湯監丞《武德令》有鹽池、鹽井監丞，《神龍令》有太和監丞、保章正已上文職事官、太子翊衛諸府旅帥已上衛官。《武德》、《乾封令》，諸府旅帥，正七品下、承奉郎文散官、禦侮校尉武散官從第八品下階大理評事、律學博士、太醫署丞、醫監、太子左右春坊錄事、左右千牛衛諸曹參軍、內謁者、太子左右衛司禦清道率府諸曹參軍事、太子諸署令、掖庭宮圍局丞、太史都水監主簿太史為局則省主簿、中書門下尚書都省兵吏部考功禮部主事舊從九品上，開元二十四年改七司入八品，其省內諸司依舊、上署丞《武德令》有芳醖監丞、下都督府上州參軍事、中都督府上州博士、諸州中縣丞、諸王府典簽《武德令》，正八品下、京縣尉、親王國大司農舊規，流內正第七品，開元初改、公主家丞舊規，流內正第九品，開元初改、諸屯監丞、上關令、上府兵曹、上鎮倉曹兵曹參軍事《武德令》有下鎮長史、挈壺正已上文職事官、中戍主、上戌副、率府左右司戈已上武職事官、太子備身、親王府隊正已上衛官、承務郎文散官、禦侮副尉武散官正第九品上階校書郎《永徽令》加入從八品下，《垂拱令》復舊、太祝、太子左右內率監門府錄事參軍、太子內方典直、中署丞、典客署掌客、親勳翊衛府羽林兵曹參軍事、嶽瀆令、諸津令、下牧監丞《武德令》，正八品下。《神龍令》有漆園丞，《開元前令》有沙苑丞、諸州中下丞、中郡博士《武德令》，正九品下、京兆河南太原府諸縣主簿、武庫署監事已上並文職事官。《武德令》有天策上將府錄事。其武庫監事，從九品下，太極年改也、儒林郎文散官、仁勇校尉武散官正第九品下階正字《永徽令》改入上階，《垂拱令》復舊、太子校書《永徽令》改入上階、《垂拱令》復舊、奚官內僕內府局丞、下署丞、尚食局食醫、尚藥局醫佐、尚乘局奉乘司庫司廩、太史局司辰、典廄署主乘、太子左右內率監門率府諸曹參軍事、太子三寺主簿、詹事府錄事龍朔年置桂坊錄事，咸亨年省、太子親勳翊府兵曹參軍事、諸州下縣丞、諸州上縣中縣主簿、中州參軍事《武德令》，正九品上、下州博士《武德令》，中下州博士，從九品上，下州博士，從九品下、京兆河南太原府諸縣尉、上牧主簿、諸宮農圃監丞、中關令、中府兵曹、親王國尉舊規，流內正八品，開元初改。《武德令》有親王府鎮事及司閣、上關丞《武德令》有上津尉、諸衛左右執戟、中鎮兵曹參軍、下戍主已上職事官。執戟、戍主為武，余並為文、諸折沖府隊正衛官、登仕郎文散官、仁勇副尉武散官從第九品上階尚書諸司御史台秘書省殿中省主事、奉禮郎、律學助教、太子正字、弘文館校書、太史司曆、太醫署醫助教、京兆河南太原府九寺少府將作監錄事、都督都護府上州錄事市令、宮匹總監主簿、中牧監主簿《永徽令》有監漕、諸州中下縣主簿、上縣中縣尉、下府兵曹已上並職事文官、文林郎文散官、陪戎校尉武散官從第九品下階內侍省主事、國子監親王府錄事、太子左右春坊主事、崇文館校書、書學博士、算學博士、門下典儀、太醫署按摩咒禁博士、太卜署博士、太醫署針助教、太醫署醫正、太卜署卜正、太史局監候、親王國丞舊規，流內正第九品，開元初改從正流內、掖庭局宮教博士、太子諸署丞、太子典食署丞、太子廄牧署典乘、諸監作諸監事計官、太官署監膳、太樂鼓吹署樂正、大理寺獄丞、下州參軍事《武德令》，中下州行參軍，正九品，下州參軍，從九品上、中州下州醫博士、諸州中縣下縣尉、京縣錄事、下牧監主簿、下關令、中關丞、諸衛羽林長上、公主邑司錄事、諸津丞、下鎮兵曹參軍《武德令》有諸橋諸堰丞、諸率府左右執戟已上職事官。長上、執戟為武，余並為文、親王府隊副、諸折沖府隊副已上衛官、將仕郎文散官、陪戎副尉武散官流內九品三十階之內，又有視流內起居，五品至從九品。

Senior first rank Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, Grand Protector, Grand Commandant, Minister of Education, and Minister of Works — all executive offices. King — a noble rank. The Wude Code provided for a Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief; the post was abolished in the ninth year. Junior first rank Honored Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes — a civil honorary rank. Honored Companions and Extraordinary Promoters without executive posts received court attendance and salary equal to executive officers and remained registered with Personnel. Heir Apparent's Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Protector — all executive offices. Swift-Cavalry Grand General — a military honorary rank. Heir to a kingship, Commandery King, and State Duke — noble ranks. Senior second rank Extraordinary Promoter — a civil honorary rank. Auxiliary-to-the-State Grand General — a military honorary rank. Founding Commandery Duke — a noble rank. Under the Wude Code there were only Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, and Baron; in the eleventh year of Zhenguan the epithet "Founding" was added. Supreme Pillar of the State — a merit rank. The Wude Code provided for a Director of the Department of State Affairs; the post was abolished in the second year of Longshuo. From this point there was no executive office at senior second rank. Junior second rank — left and right vice directors of the Department of State Affairs; the heir's junior preceptor, junior tutor, and junior protector; the prefects of the seven great prefectures including the Capital District, Henan, and Taiyuan; the great area commanders of Yang, You, Lu, Shan, and Ling; and the great protector-generals of Chanyu and Anxi. All of the above are executive offices. Grand Master for Splendid Happiness — a civil honorary rank; Pacifier of the Army Grand General — a military honorary rank. Founding County Duke — a noble rank. Pillar of the State — a merit rank. Senior third rank Palace Attendant, Secretariat Director, and Minister of Personnel — formerly ranked above the Left Chancellor; under the Kaiyuan Code they were placed below. Chancellery Vice Minister and Secretariat Vice Minister — formerly senior fourth rank, upper grade; promoted in the second year of Dali. The grand generals of the Left and Right Guards, Brave Guards, Martial Guards, Majestic Guards, Victorious Army Guards, Golden Crow Guards, Gate Guards, Forest of Feathers Army, Dragon Martial, Heroic Martial Six Armies, and Thousand-Ox Guards — from the Left and Right Guards downward, all were military executive offices. Ministers of the Household, Rites, War, Punishments, and Works — under the Wude Code, Rites followed Personnel, then War, then the People. In the Zhenguan era the order was changed so the People followed Rites, then War. At the beginning of Empress Wu's reign the order was changed again: Household after Personnel, then Rites, then War. Heir Apparent's Guest — formerly a concurrent post without formal rank; the pre-Kaiyuan code assigned it a place in the rank tables. Director of Ceremonies and Director of the Imperial Clan were raised to senior third rank at the beginning of the Tianbao era. Household of the Heir Apparent and the Left and Right Regular Attendants-in-Ordinary — formerly junior third rank; promoted in the Guangde era. Palace Domestic Directorate — under early Tang usage the Palace Domestic Service had no third-rank post; four palace domestics held fourth rank. In the twelfth month of the thirteenth year of Tianbao, because the eunuchs Gao Lishi and Yuan Siyi enjoyed the emperor's favor, Xuanzong specially created two third-rank Palace Domestic Director posts and conferred them on the two men. Middle Protector and Superior Protector — apart from the eight great generals, all of the above are civil executive offices. Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with Gold Seal and Purple Ribbon — a civil honorary rank. Grand Champion General — a military honorary rank. Grand General for Cherishing Transformation — created in the third year of Xianqing to honor newly submitted tribal leaders; they remained attached to the various guard commands. Supreme Protector of the Army. A merit rank. Junior third rank Censor-in-Chief — formerly ranked below the Palace Secretariat and the Nine Directors; under the Kaiyuan Code it was placed above them. Director of the Palace Secretariat; directors of Imperial Entertainments, Guards, Imperial Stud, Judicial Review, Diplomatic Reception, Agriculture, and the Imperial Treasury; Chancellor of the National University; directors of the Palace Directorate, Palace Workshops, and Construction; and the various guards and Forest of Feathers Army — all entered senior third rank. Thousand-Ox and Dragon Martial generals; lower protector; superior-grade prefects; and intendants of the seven prefectures including the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan — formerly chief administrators of Yong and Luo at junior fourth rank, upper grade; all raised to junior third rank in the second year of Jingyun. Chief administrators of the five great protectorates — formerly junior fourth rank, upper grade; raised to junior third rank in the second year of Jingyun. Deputy Protector-General of the Great Protectorate — formerly senior fourth rank, upper grade; the Kaiyuan Code placed it at junior third rank. Tutor to an Imperial Prince — all of the above are executive offices. The various guard commands, Forest of Feathers, Thousand-Ox, and Dragon Martial generals are military offices; the rest are civil. Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with Silver Seal and Blue Ribbon — a civil honorary rank. Founding Marquis — a noble rank. Cloud-Banner General — a military honorary rank. General for Returning Virtue — created in the third year of Xianqing to honor newly submitted tribal leaders; they remained attached to the various guard commands. Protector of the Army. A merit rank. The Wude Code provided for a Chief Administrator and Vice Administrator of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; both posts were abolished in the ninth year. Senior fourth rank, upper grade — Chancellery Vice Minister and Secretariat Vice Minister were formerly senior fourth rank, lower grade; the Kaiyuan Code placed them in the upper grade. Left Assistant Director of the Department of State Affairs was promoted to senior third rank in the first year of Yongchang (689) and restored in the first year of Ruyi (692). Minister of Personnel: in the seventh year of Wude (624) the various bureau vice ministers were abolished and the Personnel Bureau Director ranked senior fourth rank, upper grade. In the third year of Zhenguan (629) the vice ministers were restored and the Personnel Bureau Director reverted to fifth rank, lower grade — Vice Director of Ceremonies; Heir Apparent Left and Right Subprefects; Junior Household of the Heir Apparent; Heir Apparent Left and Right Guards; Left and Right Imperial Escort, Clear Way, Inner Rate, and Gate Rate commanders; prefect of a middle-grade prefecture; and Armory Directorate: in early Wude senior third rank, abolished in the seventh year, restored in the eighth, abolished again in the ninth, and restored in the tenth as Northern Capital Armory Directorate; Deputy Protector-General of the Superior Protectorate; and Army-Suppressing Commandant of an upper-grade prefecture — under the Wude Code the army commander ranked senior fourth rank, lower grade, later redesignated army-suppressing commandant. The Chuigong Code first divided prefectures into upper, middle, and lower grades and revised the official rank tables. All of the above are executive offices. Rate commanders and army-suppressing commandants are military offices; the rest are civil — Grand Master of Direct Counsel, a civil honorary rank; Founding Earl, a noble rank; Loyal Martial General, a military honorary rank; and Supreme Commandant of Light Chariots, a merit rank. Senior fourth rank, lower grade — Right Assistant Director of the Department of State Affairs was promoted to junior third rank in the first year of Yongchang and restored in the first year of Ruyi; vice ministers of the various bureaus; Heir Apparent Right Subprefect; Left and Right Moral Guides; Left and Right Thousand-Ox and Gate Guard Middle Commandants; Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guard Middle Commandants of the Forest of Feathers; and prefect of a lower-grade prefecture — under the Wude Code a middle-grade prefect ranked senior fourth rank and a lower-grade prefect junior fourth rank, upper grade. The Zhenguan Code treated all as lower-grade prefectures and placed them at senior fourth rank, lower grade. All of the above are executive offices. Middle commandants are military offices; the rest are civil — Master of Free Counsel, a civil honorary rank; Robust Martial General, a military honorary rank. Junior fourth rank, upper grade — Vice Director of the Palace Secretariat; vice directors of the Eight Directorates; Vice Director of the Palace Directorate; the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Guards; Imperial Escort, Clear Way, Inner Rate, and Gate Vice Rate commanders; Heir Apparent Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guard Middle Commandants; the Heir Apparent's Household, Timing, and Stable Directors; Palace Attendant; and Chief Administrator of Princely Establishments under Great Protectorates — all executive offices. Rate commanders and middle commandants are military offices; the rest are civil — Grand Master of Palace Counsel, a civil honorary rank; Proclaimer of Might General, a military honorary rank; and Commandant of Light Chariots, a merit rank. Junior fourth rank, lower grade — Vice Chancellor of the National University; Vice Director of the Palace Workshops; Junior Artisan of Construction; Vice Intendants of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures; Marshals of Princely Establishments under Great Area Commands and Great Protectorates; and Vice Prefect of a superior-grade prefecture — all civil executive offices. Under the Wude Code, the Vice Prefect of a superior-grade prefecture ranked senior fifth rank, upper grade. In the twenty-third year the post became chief administrator; before the first year of Shangyuan the vice prefect was restored and fixed at junior fourth rank. Army-Suppressing Commandant of a middle-grade prefecture — a military executive office. Palace Counselor — a civil honorary rank. Bringer of Might General. A military honorary rank. The Wude Code provided for an Attending Gentleman of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; the post was abolished in the ninth year. Senior fifth rank, upper grade — Remonstrance Official and Censor-in-Chief ranked junior fifth rank, upper grade under the Wude Code. The Zhenguan Code placed them at senior fifth rank, upper grade; in the fifth year they were again raised to fourth rank. Restored in the first year of Ruyi (692) — Erudite of the National University; Drafting Officer; Secretariat Drafting Officer; Heir Apparent Middle Attendant; Heir Apparent Left and Right Moral Guides; Waterways Commissioner; and magistrates of Wannian, Chang'an, Henan, Luoyang, Taiyuan, Jinyang, Fengxian, and Huichang — a Wude first-year edict made the Wannian and Chang'an magistrates senior fifth rank, upper grade. The code promulgated in the seventh year reassigned them to junior fifth rank. Restored at the beginning of the Zhenguan era — Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guard Commanders of the Forest of Feathers; chief administrator of a middle protectorate; chief administrator of a superior protectorate; and advisory military aide of a princely establishment ranked senior fifth rank, lower grade under the Wude Code; Vice Director of the Armory; Vice Director of the Astrological Service; and military aide of a princely establishment — all executive offices. Commanders and military aides were military offices; the rest were civil. Under the Yonghui Code the military aide of an imperial prince ranked junior fourth rank, lower grade. The Chuigong Code reassigned it to fifth rank. Master of Palace Attendance, a civil honorary rank; Founding Viscount, a noble rank; General for Settling the Distant, a military honorary rank; and Supreme Commandant of Cavalry, a merit rank. Senior fifth rank, lower grade — Heir Apparent Drafting Officer; Providers of Food and Medicine; Heir Apparent Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guard Commanders; Regular Palace Attendant; middle protector; marshal of a superior protectorate; Vice Prefect of a middle-grade prefecture; and Army-Suppressing Commandant of a lower-grade prefecture — all executive offices. Commanders and army-suppressing commandants are military offices; the rest are civil — Court Consultant, a civil honorary rank; and General for Pacifying the Distant, a military honorary rank. The Wude Code provided for an Army Staff Sacrificer of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief; the post was abolished in the ninth year. Junior fifth rank, upper grade. Bureau Directors of the left and right bureaus of the Department of State Affairs — under the Wude Code, the Personnel Bureau Director ranked senior fourth rank, upper grade, and the other bureau directors ranked senior fifth rank, upper grade. In the second year of Zhenguan, all were reassigned to junior fifth rank, upper grade. Deputy Director of the Palace Secretariat — under the Wude Code, senior fifth rank, upper grade. It was changed under the Yonghui Code. Compiler; Heir Apparent Reader; Vice Director of the Palace Directorate; Providers of Robes, Lodgings, Transport, and Palanquins; and Directors of the eight imperial tombs including Xian, Zhao, Gong, and Qiao — under the Wude Code, tomb directors ranked junior seventh rank, lower grade; in the second year of Yonghui the Xian and Zhao tomb directors were added at junior fifth rank. Thereafter all tomb offices followed the precedent set by the Xian and Zhao mausoleums. Deputy Martial Director of Princely Establishments; Chief Administrator of lower protectorates and superior prefectures; and Vice Prefect of an inferior-grade prefecture — all executive offices. Martial directors are military offices; the rest are civil. Gentleman Invited to Court — a civil honorary rank. Founding Baron — a noble rank. Roaming Strike General — a military honorary rank. Commandant of Cavalry. A merit rank. Formerly there was a Director of the Grand Duke's Temple; in the Wude era it ranked junior seventh rank, lower grade; in the second year of Yonghui it was raised to junior fifth rank, upper grade; and it was abolished in the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan. Junior fifth rank, lower grade — Directing Investigator of Judicial Review; Vice Director of Ceremonies; Director of the Astrological Service; and Inner Provider and Heir Apparent Palace Storehouse Attendant, formerly senior sixth rank, upper grade and changed under the Kaiyuan Code; chief administrator of a lower protectorate; and Vice Marshal of a superior-grade prefecture — under the Wude Code the superior-grade administrative aide ranked senior fifth rank, lower grade. It was changed at the beginning of Zhenguan. Friend to an Imperial Prince — under the Wude Code, senior fifth rank, lower grade. Chief Director of Palace Parks; Superior Stud Director; and Resolute Army Commandant of a superior-grade prefecture — all executive offices. Resolute Army commandants are military honorary ranks; the rest are civil. Commandant of Cavalry Attendant and Commandant for Attending Carriages — both military honorary ranks. Since recent times, the Commandant of Cavalry Attendant has been conferred only on men who marry imperial princesses. As for the Commandant for Attending Carriages, since the Tang dynasty there has been no appointee. Gentleman for Court Service — a civil honorary rank. Roaming Strike General — a military honorary rank. The Wude Code provided for a Registrar, Recorder, and Adjutant of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; all were abolished in the ninth year. The Shenlong Code also provided for Superintendents of the Kugu and Xiegu passes. Senior sixth rank, upper grade — Erudite of the Imperial Academy ranked junior sixth rank, upper grade under the Wude Code and was changed in the Zhenguan era — Assistant of the Household of the Heir Apparent; Heir Apparent Discussion Gentleman; Heir Apparent Attendant; and chief administrator of a middle-grade commandery — under the Wude Code the Vice Prefect of a middle-grade prefecture ranked junior fifth rank, upper grade and was changed in the Zhenguan era — Heir Apparent Provision and Pharmacy Storehouse Attendant; magistrates of the various counties of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures — a Wude first-year edict made Yong prefecture county magistrates junior fifth rank, upper grade, later changed by the seventh-year code — staff member of a princely establishment ranked junior fifth rank, lower grade under the Wude Code — Armory Central Storehouse Director followed the upper storehouse director at junior seventh rank, lower grade under the Wude Code; the armory director rank was changed in the Taizi era and the central storehouse director rank in the Kaiyuan era — left and right rank officers of the various guards; Army Boldness Commandant of a middle-grade prefecture; and marshal of a garrison with twenty thousand troops or more — all executive offices. Rank officers and army-boldness commandants are military offices; the rest are civil — Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guard Company Commanders and guard officers; Gentleman for Court Discussion, a civil honorary rank; Martial Proclaimer Company Commander, a military honorary rank; and Valiant Cavalry Commandant, a merit rank. Senior sixth rank, lower grade — Thousand-Ox Bodyguards and above of the Left and Right Guards, posts entered by high-ranking descendants of princes and dukes downward — Heir Apparent Literary Instructor; and chief administrator of a lower-grade prefecture: in Wude the Vice Prefect of a lower-grade prefecture ranked senior sixth rank; in the twenty-third year of Zhenguan (649) the post became chief administrator. In the first year of Yongchun (682), vice-prefect posts were established in all prefectures. In the eighth year of Tianbao (749) vice-prefects were suspended and chief administrators were placed in lower commanderies. Later, in the second year of Shangyuan (675), vice-prefects were established in all prefectures without abolishing the chief administrators of lower prefectures — Vice Marshal of a middle-grade prefecture ranked as middle-grade administrative aide, junior fifth rank, lower grade under the Wude Code and was changed under the Zhenguan Code — Inner Usher Director; middle pasture superintendent; and deputy superintendent of a superior pasture — all civil executive offices; and garrison general of a superior garrison — a military executive office. Under the Wude Code it ranked junior fourth rank, lower grade — Gentleman for Supporting Discussion, a civil honorary rank; and Martial Proclaimer Deputy Commander, a military honorary rank. The Wude Code provided for adjutants of the various bureaus of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; the posts were abolished in the ninth year. Junior sixth rank, upper grade — Court Diarist; Court Diarist Attendant; and vice directors of the Department bureaus — under the Wude Code the Personnel Bureau Vice Director ranked senior sixth rank, upper grade and the other bureau vice directors ranked senior sixth rank, lower grade. Changed in the second year of Zhenguan (628) — Vice Directors of the Eight Directorates; Directing Investigator of Judicial Review; and Assistant Instructor of the National University ranked junior seventh rank, upper grade under the Wude Code — Gate Seal and Credential Attendant; Master of External Communications; and Secretariat Clerk ranked senior seventh rank, upper grade under the Wude Code — Compiler Assistant ranked senior seventh rank, upper grade under the Wude Code — and Attending Imperial Physician ranked senior seventh rank, upper grade under the Wude and Qianfeng codes. Under the Shenlong Code, it ranked junior sixth rank, lower grade. In the Kaiyuan era these posts were revised — chief administrators of the various guards and the Feathered Forest Army; market directors of the two capitals, raised to junior fifth rank, upper grade in the fourth year of Wude (621) and later restored by the seventh-year code; Vice Marshal of a lower-grade prefecture, which under the Wude Code had been the middle- and lower-grade administrative aide at senior sixth rank, lower grade; princely literary instructor, chief recorder, secretary, and recording adjutant, all senior sixth rank, lower grade under the Wude Code; superior-grade prefectural magistrates and the civil offices listed through deputy middle pasture superintendent; lower-grade Army Boldness Commandant; princely company commanders; Master for Direct Discussion; and Quelling Might deputy commander. At junior sixth rank, lower grade came the Attending Censor, formerly junior seventh rank, upper grade until the Chuigong Code; then the senior seventh-rank, upper-grade group from Erudite of the Four Gates through princely bureau adjutants. Under the Wude Code, the Merit, Granary, Household, and War Section Adjutants of princely establishments ranked junior fifth rank, lower grade; the Cavalry, Armor, Field, Labor, and Water Section Adjutants and the like ranked seventh rank, lower grade. Middle Garrison General — a military executive office. Under the Wude Code, it ranked junior fifth rank, lower grade. Heir Apparent Thousand-Ox Guard; Squad Leaders and Deputy Squad Leaders of the Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guards — all guard officers. Gentleman Invited to Court — a civil honorary rank. Achieving Fruit Commandant — a military honorary rank. Commandant of Cloud Cavalry. A merit rank. Senior seventh rank, lower grade. Senior Attendants of Robes, Lodgings, Transport, and Palanquins; Heir Apparent Master of External Communications; Inner Temple Majordomo; Section Adjutants of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures, Great Area Commands, and Great Protectorates; Recording Adjutants of Middle Protectorates and Superior Protectorates; Superintendents of the various granaries, smelting works, bamboo groves, and hot springs; Left and Right Middle Inspectors of the various guards; and Separate Commander of a superior-grade prefecture — under the Wude Code, separate commanders ranked senior fifth rank, upper grade; later they were redesignated Resolute Army commandants. In the third year of Shengli, separate commanders were restored. Chief Administrator of a superior-grade prefecture — under the Wude Code, the chief administrator of an army command ranked senior eighth rank, lower grade. Deputy of a superior garrison — under the Wude Code, junior fifth rank, lower grade. General of an inferior garrison — under the Wude Code, senior sixth rank, lower grade. Deputy Director of an inferior stud — all of the above are executive offices. Middle Inspectors, separate commanders, deputy garrison commanders, and garrison generals are military posts; the rest are civil. Gentleman for Promoting Virtue — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Achieving Fruit Commandant. A military honorary rank. The Wude Code also provided for a Section Adjutant of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; the post was abolished in the ninth year. There were also supervisors of salt ponds and salt wells, and ushers who handled inquiries for the various offices of imperial princes. Junior seventh rank, upper grade. Attending Palace Censor — under the Wude through Qianfeng codes, all ranked senior eighth rank, upper grade; changed in the Chuigong era. Left and Right Supplements; Erudite of the Directorate of Ceremonies; and Assistant Instructor of the National University — under the Wude Code, junior eighth rank, lower grade. Chancellery Recording Clerk; Secretariat Document Officer; Department Chief Clerk; Registrars of the Nine Courts; Registrar of the Heir Apparent's Household; Chief Administrators of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Inner Rate and Gate Rate Offices; Heir Apparent Attending Physician; Vice Directors of the Heir Apparent's Three Directorates; Vice Director of the Waterways Directorate; Magistrates of middle-inferior-grade counties; and Sacrificial Wine Masters of the East and West Pavilions of Princely Establishments — under the Wude Code, senior sixth rank, lower grade. Assistants of capital counties — Wan'nian, Chang'an, Henan, Luoyang, Fengxian, Huichang, Taiyuan, and Jinyang. Recording Adjutant of lower protectorates and superior prefectures; Section Adjutants of Middle Protectorates and Superior Protectorates; Chief Administrator of the Separate Commander of a middle-grade prefecture; and Deputy of a middle garrison — under the Wude Code, senior sixth rank, lower grade. All of the above are executive offices. Separate commanders and deputy garrison commanders are military posts; the rest are civil. Left and Right Gate Guard Senior Attendants; Merit Guards; and Heir Apparent Personal Guards — all guard officers. Gentleman for Court Service — a civil honorary rank. Assisting Banner Commandant — a military honorary rank. Commandant of Martial Cavalry. A merit rank. Junior seventh rank, lower grade. Assistant Grand Astrologer — the same as the directorate offices. Registrars of the Censorate, Palace Workshops, Construction, and National University — formerly senior eighth rank; changed under the Chuigong Code. Director of the Rear Palace; Director of the Inner Palace; and Directors of upper-grade offices — State Altars, Imperial Music, Musical Acclamation, Imperial Medicine, Imperial Kitchen, Left Treasury, Horse Breeding, Reception of Guests, Royal Park, Granary, Price Stabilization, Ever-Normal Granary, Left Atelier, Right Atelier, and Pasturage Administration. The Wude Code also provided for Imperial Ancestral Temple, Imperial Tombs, Agricultural Administration, Middle Atelier, Waterways, and Ever-Normal Granary offices. Left Atelier and Pasturage Administration had originally been middle-grade offices, and Right Atelier a lower-grade office — all were changed at the beginning of Kaiyuan. Magistrates of inferior-grade counties — in the fifth year of Tianbao, all such counties were redesignated middle-inferior. Vice Directors of imperial tomb offices — their rank was raised in the second year of Yonghui. There had formerly been a Grand Temple Agency deputy director, ninth rank in Wude, raised to junior seventh rank, upper grade in the second year of Yonghui (651) and abolished in the Kaiyuan era; deputy garden superintendents of the Directorate of Agriculture, with the Shendragon Code adding deputy smeltery superintendents; deputy garden superintendent; adjutants of lower protectorates; Heir Apparent Inner Bureau deputy director, formerly senior eighth rank, upper grade and changed at the beginning of Kaiyuan; princely state director and princess household director under older within-sequence rules later revised in the Taizi era; superior-grade prefectural adjutants; lower-grade separate commander and chief administrator; deputy garrison general at junior sixth rank, lower grade under the Wude Code; colony superintendents including wine-fermentation and lacquer-garden posts; left and right middle ushers of the rate offices; and clerical judges of garrisons with twenty thousand troops or more — all executive offices. Separate commanders, deputy garrison commanders, and middle inspectors are military posts; the rest are civil. Left and Right Gate Guard Senior Attendants of the Heir Apparent; Brigade Commander of Princely Establishments; and Captains of the various Army-Suppressing prefectures — all guard officers. Under the Wude Code, captains of the various prefectures ranked senior sixth rank, lower grade. Gentleman for Proclaiming Righteousness — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Assisting Banner Commandant. A military honorary rank. Senior eighth rank, upper grade. Investigating Censor — formerly junior eighth rank, upper grade; changed under the Chuigong Code. Pitch-Harmonizing Gentleman; Recording Adjutants of the various guards, Forest of Feathers, and Dragon Martial Army; and Directors of middle-grade offices — Arsenal Shields, Right Treasury, Dyeing, and Foundry — the Wude Code also provided for Directors of the Robes and Caps Office. Recording Adjutant of a middle-grade prefecture; Erudite of Imperial Medicine; Vice Directors of the Heir Apparent's Provisions and Medicine Storehouses; Registrar of the Armory Directorate; and Assistant of the Armory Office — formerly junior eighth rank, lower grade; all were changed at the beginning of Kaiyuan. Assistants of the market offices of the two capitals and of superior stud directorates — under the Wude Code, junior eighth rank, lower grade; the Shenlong Code also provided assistants for the Kugu, Xiegu, and Taiyin-Yiyang stud offices. Bureau Reviewers of Garrison Armies with fewer than twenty thousand troops — all of the above are civil executive offices. Assisting Guards; Heir Apparent Merit Guards; and Staff Bearers, Carriage Attendants, and Personal Attendants of Princely Establishments, (all of the above are guard officers. Gentleman Attendant — a civil honorary rank. Proclaiming Festival Commandant. A military honorary rank. The Wude Code provided for a Credential Officer of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; the post was abolished in the ninth year. Senior eighth rank, lower grade. Directors of the Palace Women, Inner Servants, and Inner Treasury Bureaus; and Directors of lower-grade offices — Grand Divination, Sacrificial Animals, Rare Delicacies, Fine Brew, Pickled Meats, Palace Maintenance, Weapons, Carriage Office, Ceremonial Conduct, Daoist Studies, Guiding Officer, Middle and Right Workshops, Left Workshop, Ceramics, River Works, Crossbow Workshop, and Armor Workshop. The Shenlong Code also provided for Directors of the Oar and Paddle offices. Section Adjutants of the various guards, Forest of Feathers, and Dragon Martial Army; Bureau Adjutants of middle-grade prefectures; and Section Adjutants of Princely Establishments and the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures, Great Area Commands, and Great Protectorates — under the Wude Code, section adjutants of princely establishments ranked junior seventh rank, lower grade, while acting adjutants of Yong Prefecture ranked senior eighth rank, upper grade. Palace Medicine Bureau Physicians; Assistants of counties in the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures; Vice Directors of the Heir Apparent's Inner Attendant and Palace Gate offices; Assistant of the Grand Duke's Temple; Directors of palace farms and gardens; Assistants of border-trade superintendents; Deputy Superintendent of bamboo groves; Assistants of garden directors under the Ministry of Agriculture; and Spirit Terrace Gentleman — all civil executive offices. Left and Right Guards-with-Halberds of the various guards and Chiefs of superior garrison posts — all military executive offices. Under the Wude Code there was a middle-garrison chief administrator; bodyguard officers; Gentleman for Campaign Affairs, a civil honorary rank; and Festival Proclaimer deputy commander, a military honorary rank. At junior eighth rank, upper grade were the Left and Right Reminders, acupuncture erudites of the Medical Service, and Assistant Instructors of the Four Gates, which under the Wude Code ranked junior ninth rank, upper grade; recording adjutants of the Left and Right Thousand-Ox Guards and of lower-grade prefectures; adjutants of the various bureaus of middle- and lower-grade prefectures; magistrates of superior-grade prefectural counties; deputy directors of middle pasture superintendencies, senior eighth rank, upper grade under the Wude Code; chief clerks of capital counties; recording adjutants of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Guards, Imperial Escort, Clear Way, and Rate offices; adjutants of middle area commands and superior protectorates; princely traveling adjutants; erudites of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan great area commands, for which the Wude Code listed the Yong Prefecture erudite at junior eighth rank, lower grade; deputy directors of the various granaries, smelteries, bamboo offices, and hot-spring superintendencies, with the Wude Code listing salt-pond and salt-well supervisor deputies and the Shenlong Code listing Taihe supervisor deputies; and Court Astrologers--all civil executive offices. Brigade commanders of the Heir Apparent's Assisting Guard and of the various offices were guard officers. Under the Wude and Qianfeng codes, office brigade commanders ranked senior seventh rank, lower grade, together with Gentleman for Receiving Service and Defender Against Insult company commander. At junior eighth rank, lower grade came judicial review evaluators through princess household deputies, including the Kaiyuan-era reassignment of seven ministry section masters; then civil posts through clepsydra keeper; military posts through rate-office rank guards; guard posts through princely squad leaders; Gentleman for Receiving Duties and Defender Against Insult deputy commander; and the senior ninth-rank, upper-grade group from proofreader through lower pasture superintendent deputies. The Shenlong Code provided for Lacquer Garden Assistants, and the pre-Kaiyuan Code for Sha Plain Assistants. Assistants of middle-inferior-grade prefectures and counties and Erudites of middle commanderies — under the Wude Code, senior ninth rank, lower grade. Registrars of the counties of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures and Overseer of the Armory Office — all civil executive offices. The Wude Code provided for a Recording Clerk of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office. The Armory Office Overseer ranked junior ninth rank, lower grade — changed in the Taichi era. Gentleman of the Forest of Learning — a civil honorary rank. Humane Courage Commandant. A military honorary rank. Senior ninth rank, lower grade. Orthography Gentleman — under the Yonghui Code, moved to the upper grade; under the Chuigong Code, restored to former status. Heir Apparent Collator — under the Yonghui Code, moved to the upper grade; under the Chuigong Code, restored to former status. Assistants of the Palace Women, Inner Servants, and Inner Treasury Bureaus; Assistants of lower-grade offices; Dietary Physician of the Food Bureau; Medical Assistant of the Medicine Bureau; Offering Carriage Attendant and Stores and Granary Clerks of the Transport Bureau; Timekeeper of the Grand Astrologer's Office; Chief Carriage Attendant of the Stud Office; Section Adjutants of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Inner Rate and Gate Rate Offices; Registrars of the Heir Apparent's Three Directorates; Recording Clerk of the Household Administration; and Recording Clerk of the Cassia Ward, established in the Longshuo era and abolished in the Xianheng era. War Section Adjutant of the Heir Apparent's Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guard Office; Assistants of lower-grade counties; Registrars of upper- and middle-grade counties; and Section Adjutants of middle-grade prefectures — under the Wude Code, senior ninth rank, upper grade. Erudites of lower-grade prefectures — under the Wude Code, erudites of middle-inferior-grade prefectures ranked junior ninth rank, upper grade, and erudites of lower-grade prefectures ranked junior ninth rank, lower grade. Wardens of the counties of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures; Registrars of superior studs; Assistants of palace farm and garden directorates; Directors of middle passes; War Section Adjutants of middle-grade prefectures; and Marshals of princely fiefs — formerly outside the regular ranks at senior eighth rank; all were changed at the beginning of Kaiyuan. The Wude Code provided for Keepers of Princely Establishments and Gate Attendants. Assistants of major passes — the Wude Code also provided for Wardens of major fords. Left and Right Guards-with-Halberds of the various guards; War Section Adjutant of a middle garrison; and Chief of an inferior garrison post — all executive offices. Guards-with-Halberds and garrison chiefs are military posts; the rest are civil. Squad Leaders of the various Army-Suppressing prefectures — guard officers. Gentleman for Entering Office — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Humane Courage Commandant. A military honorary rank. Junior ninth rank, upper grade. Section Masters of the Department bureaus, Censorate, Palace Secretariat, and Palace Administration; Ceremonial Attendants; Assistant Erudite of the Law Academy; Heir Apparent Orthography Gentleman; Collators of the Hongwen Pavilion; Calendar Officer of the Grand Astrologer; Assistant Erudite of Imperial Medicine; Recording Clerks of the Nine Courts, Palace Workshops, and Construction Directorate in the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures; Recording Clerks and Market Directors of area commands, protectorates, and superior prefectures; Registrar of the Palace Textiles Chief Directorate; and Registrar of a middle stud directorate — the Yonghui Code also provided for superintendents of grain transport. Registrars of middle-inferior-grade counties; Wardens of upper- and middle-grade counties; and War Section Adjutants of lower-grade prefectures — all civil executive offices. Gentleman of Literary Elegance — a civil honorary rank. Escorting Arms Commandant. A military honorary rank. Junior ninth rank, lower grade. Section Master of the Inner Palace Service; Recording Clerk of the National University and Princely Establishments; Section Masters of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Spring Pavilions; Collators of the Chongwen Pavilion; Erudites of the Calligraphy and Mathematics Academies; Ceremonial Officer of the Chancellery; Erudites of Massage, Spell-Charming Prohibition, Divination, and Acupuncture in the Imperial Medicine and Grand Divination Offices; Chief Physician and Divination Master; Observer of the Grand Astrologer's Office; and Assistant of princely fiefs — formerly outside the regular ranks at senior ninth rank; at the beginning of Kaiyuan all were placed within the regular senior ranks. Erudite Instructor of the Rear Palace; Vice Directors of the Heir Apparent's various offices; Vice Director of the Heir Apparent's Provisions Office; Chief Carriage Attendant of the Heir Apparent's Stud and Pasturage Office; Planning Officers of the various Construction and Oversight Offices; Superintendent of Provisions of the Imperial Kitchen; Music Master of the Musical Acclamation Office; Prison Assistant of the Court of Judicial Review; and Section Adjutants of lower-grade prefectures — under the Wude Code, acting section adjutants of middle-inferior-grade prefectures ranked senior ninth rank, and section adjutants of lower-grade prefectures ranked junior ninth rank, upper grade. Erudites of Medicine of middle- and lower-grade prefectures; Wardens of middle- and lower-grade counties; Recording Clerks of capital counties; Registrars of inferior stud directorates; Directors of inferior passes; Assistants of middle passes; Senior Attendants of the various guards and Forest of Feathers; Recording Clerks of princess estate administrations; Assistants of fords; and War Section Adjutants of inferior garrisons — the Wude Code also provided for assistants of various bridges and weirs. Left and Right Guards-with-Halberds of the various rate offices — all executive offices. Senior Attendants and Guards-with-Halberds are military posts; the rest are civil. Deputy Squad Leaders of Princely Establishments and Deputy Squad Leaders of the various Army-Suppressing prefectures — all guard officers. Gentleman Awaiting Office — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Escorting Arms Commandant. A military honorary rank. Within the thirty grades of the nine ranks in the regular sequence, there were also quasi-regular Court Diary attendants, ranging from the fifth rank down to the junior ninth.

初以薩寶府、親王國官及三師、三公、開府、嗣郡王、上柱國已下護軍勳官帶職事者府官等品。開元初，一切罷之。今唯有薩寶、祅正二官而已。又有流外自勳品以至九品，以為諸司令史、贊者、典謁、亭長、掌固等品。視流外亦自勳品至九品，開元初唯留薩寶、祅祝及府史，餘亦罷之。

At first these grades applied to the Sogdian treasury office, prince fief officials, and the ranks of the three preceptors, three dukes, open-the-feudal-office holders, heir-apparent and commandery kings, merit officers from upper pillar of the state down through protector of the army, and the mansion officials of men who held substantive posts. At the beginning of the Kaiyuan era, all of these were abolished. Today only the two offices of Sogdian Chief and Zoroastrian Rectifier remain. There were also outside-the-flow ranks from merit grade through the ninth rank, assigned to the various offices' clerks, ushers, reception attendants, station chiefs, and gatekeepers. Quasi-outside-the-flow ranks likewise ran from merit grade to the ninth rank; at the beginning of Kaiyuan only the Sogdian chief, zoroastrian sacrificer, and mansion clerks were kept, and the rest were abolished as well.

職事者，諸統領曹事，供命王命，上下相攝，以持庶績。近代已來，又分為文武二職，分曹置員，各理所掌。五品已上，舊制吏部尚書進用。自隋已後，則中書門下知政事官訪擇聞奏，然後下制授之。三品已上，德高委重者，亦有臨軒冊授。自神龍之後，冊禮廢而不用，朝遷命官，制敕而已。六品已上，吏部選擬錄奏，書旨授之。

Substantive officers were those who directed bureau affairs, carried out the sovereign's commands, and coordinated superiors and subordinates to sustain the work of government. In recent times the offices were further divided into civil and military tracks, with separate bureaus and posts, each administering its own sphere. Under the old system, appointments from the fifth rank upward were advanced by the Minister of Personnel. From the Sui dynasty onward, secretariat and chancellery officials in charge of state affairs would investigate candidates, report their selection, and only then issue an edict of appointment. For the third rank and above, when a man's virtue and the trust placed in him were especially great, investiture could also be performed before the throne. After the Shenlong era, the investiture ceremony fell out of use; court transfers and appointments were made by edict alone. For the sixth rank and above, the Ministry of Personnel selected nominees, submitted a record for approval, and appointments were conveyed by written decree.

有唐已來，出身入仕者，著令有秀才、明經、進士、明法、書算。其次以流外入流。若以門資入仕，則先授親勳翊衛六番，隨文武簡入。選例又有齋郎、品子、勳官及五等封爵、屯官之屬，亦有番第，許同揀選。天寶三載，又置崇玄學，習《道德》等經，同明經例。自余或臨時聽敕，不可盡載。其秀才，有唐已來無其人。

Since the Tang dynasty, the statutes defined five examination routes into office: cultivated talent, classics, presented scholar, law, calligraphy, and mathematics. Next came promotion from outside-the-flow status into the regular official sequence. Those entering office through hereditary privilege were first assigned six rotations in the personal, merit, and wing guards, and then selected into the civil or military track as appropriate. Selection rules also covered fast-day officers, ranked sons, merit officers, holders of the five grades of enfeoffment, and garrison officers; all had rotation orders and were permitted to compete in the selection process. In the third year of Tianbao (744), the Revering the Mystic Academy was also established for the study of the Classic of the Way and Virtue and related texts, following the same rules as the classics examination. Other routes were sometimes granted by temporary imperial order and cannot all be recorded here. As for the cultivated talent examination, no one has passed it since the Tang dynasty began.

職事官資，則清濁區分，以次補授。又以三品已下官，及門下、中書侍郎、尚書左右丞、諸司侍郎、太常少卿、太子少詹事、左右庶子、秘書少監、國子司業為清望官。太子左右諭德、左右衛左右千牛衛中郎將、太子左右率府左右內率府率及副、太子左右衛率府中朗將、諫議大夫、御史中丞、給事中、中書舍人、太子中允、中舍人、左右贊善大夫、洗馬、國子博士、尚書諸司郎中、秘書丞、著作郎、太常丞、左右衛郎將、左右衛率府郎將、起居郎、起居舍人、太子司議郎、尚書諸司員外郎、太子舍人、侍御史、秘書郎、著作佐郎、太學博士、詹事丞、太子文學、國子助教、左右補闕、殿中侍御史、太常博士、四門博士、詹事司直、太學助教、左右拾遺、監察御史、四門助教為清官。自外各以資次遷授。開元中，裴光庭為吏部尚書，始用循資格以注擬六品已下選人。其後每年雖小有移改，然相承至今用之。

Substantive offices were classified as clear or murky in rank, and appointments were made in that order. Officials from the third rank downward—including chancellery and secretariat vice ministers, the left and right assistants of the Department of State Affairs, vice ministers of the ministries, the ceremonies vice director, the heir's junior household administrator, the left and right junior preceptors, the archive vice director, and the national university vice rector—were classified as clear-prestige offices. Clear offices included the heir's left and right moral instructors; left and right guard and thousand-ox central commanders; commandants and deputies of the heir's left and right commandant offices and inner commandant offices; central commanders in the heir's guard commandant offices; remonstrance masters; the attendant censor-in-chief; attendants of affairs; secretariat drafters; the heir's central approvers and drafters; left and right assistants-in-goodness; grooms; national university erudites; bureau directors in the Department of State Affairs; archive assistants; compilation gentlemen; ceremonies assistants; commandants of the left and right guards and of the left and right guard commandant offices; court diary gentlemen; the heir's discussion gentlemen; extra directors in the Department of State Affairs; the heir's drafters; attending censors; archive gentlemen; assistant compilation gentlemen; university erudites; household administration assistants; the heir's literary officers; national university assistant erudites; left and right supplementation officials; palace attending censors; ceremonies erudites; Four Gates erudites; household direct examiners; university assistant erudites; left and right memorial retrieval officials; investigating censors; and Four Gates assistant erudites. All other offices were filled by transfer and appointment according to qualification and seniority. During the Kaiyuan era, when Pei Guangting served as Minister of Personnel, he first applied the seniority regulations to nominate candidates of the sixth rank and below. Thereafter, though small adjustments were made from year to year, the system has been handed down and remains in use to the present day.

武散官，舊謂之散位，不理職務，加官而已。後魏及梁，皆以散號將軍記其本階。自隋改用開府儀同三司已下。貞觀年，又分文武，入仕者皆帶散位，謂之本品。

Military prestige offices were formerly called scattered ranks; they carried no duties and served only as honorary titles. In Later Wei and Liang, prestige-title generals were used to record one's basic grade. From the Sui dynasty onward, the system used Open-the-Feudal-Office Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes and the ranks below it. In the Zhenguan era, civil and military tracks were again distinguished; everyone who entered office carried a prestige rank, which was called the basic rank.

以門資出身者，諸嗣王、郡王出身從四品下，親王諸子封郡公者從五品上，國公正六品上，郡公正六品下，縣公從六品上，侯正七品上，伯正七品下，子從七品上，男從七品下。皇帝緦麻以上親、皇太后周親出身六品上。皇太后大功親、皇后周親從六品上。皇帝袒免親、皇太后小功緦麻親、皇后大功親正七品上。皇后小功緦麻親、皇太子妃周親從七品上。其外戚各依服屬降宗親二階敘。諸娶郡主者出身六品上，娶縣主者正七品上，郡主子出身從七品上。縣主子從八品上。一品子正七品上，二品子正七品下，三品子從七品上，從三品子從七品下，正四品子正八品上，從四品子正八品下，正五品子從八品上，從五品及國公子從八品下。三品以上廕曾孫，五品以上廕孫。孫降子一等，曾孫降孫一等。

Those entering through hereditary privilege began at secondary fourth rank, lower grade for heir-apparent and commandery kings; secondary fifth rank, upper grade for princes' sons enfeoffed as commandery dukes; primary sixth rank, upper or lower grade for state and commandery dukes; secondary sixth rank, upper grade for county dukes; and the seventh-rank grades for marquis, earl, viscount, and baron in descending order. The emperor's relatives within the fine-hemp mourning circle and the empress dowager's relatives within five degrees of mourning entered at primary sixth rank, upper grade. The empress dowager's relatives in the major mourning grade and the empress's relatives within five degrees of mourning entered at secondary sixth rank, upper grade. The emperor's bared-shoulder relatives, the empress dowager's minor- and fine-hemp relatives, and the empress's major-mourning relatives entered at primary seventh rank, upper grade. The empress's minor- and fine-hemp relatives and the crown princess's relatives within five degrees of mourning entered at secondary seventh rank, upper grade. Affinal kin were ranked two grades lower than the corresponding imperial relative, according to their mourning obligations. Men who married commandery princesses entered at primary sixth rank, upper grade; those who married county princesses at primary seventh rank, upper grade; and sons of commandery princesses at secondary seventh rank, upper grade. Sons of county princesses entered at secondary eighth rank, upper grade. Sons were ranked by their fathers' grade: first-rank fathers' sons at primary seventh rank, upper grade; second-rank at primary seventh, lower; third-rank at secondary seventh, upper; secondary third-rank at secondary seventh, lower; primary fourth-rank at primary eighth, upper; secondary fourth-rank at primary eighth, lower; primary fifth-rank at secondary eighth, upper; and secondary fifth-rank sons and state dukes' sons at secondary eighth, lower grade. Officials of the third rank and above could extend privilege to great-grandsons; those of the fifth rank and above, to grandsons. Grandsons were ranked one grade lower than sons, and great-grandsons one grade lower than grandsons.

諸秀才出身，上上第，正八品上；上中第，正八品下；上下第，從九品上。明經出身，上上第，從八品下；上中第，從九品上。進士、明法出身，甲第，從九品上；乙第，從九品下。若通二經已外，每一經加一等。

Cultivated talent entrants of the highest of the highest grade entered at primary eighth rank, upper grade; the highest of the middle grade at primary eighth rank, lower grade; and the highest of the lower grade at secondary ninth rank, upper grade. Classics entrants of the highest of the highest grade entered at secondary eighth rank, lower grade; the highest of the middle grade at secondary ninth rank, upper grade. Presented scholar and law entrants of the first class entered at secondary ninth rank, upper grade; and those of the second class at secondary ninth rank, lower grade. If a candidate mastered more than two classics, each additional classic raised his entry grade by one level.

勳官預文武選者，上柱國正六品上敘，以下遞降一階。凡入仕之後，遷代則以四考為限。四考中中，進年勞一階敘。每一考中上，進一階；一考上下，進二階。五品已上非恩制所加，更無進之令。

Merit officers competing in the civil or military selection began at primary sixth rank, upper grade for upper pillar of the state, with each lower merit title one grade below. After entering office, promotions and transfers were assessed in cycles of four merit reviews. If all four reviews were rated middle-middle, one grade was advanced for years of service. Each review rated middle-upper advanced one grade; and one review rated upper-lower advanced two grades. For the fifth rank and above, unless promotion came through a grace edict, no further advancement rule applied.

自武德至乾封，未有泛階之恩。應入三品者，皆以恩舊特拜，入五品者多依選敘，計階至朝散大夫已上，奏取進止，每年量多少進敘。餘並依本品授官。若滿三計至，即一切聽入。至乾封元年，文武普加二階。永淳元年二月敕：「文武官累積勞效，計至五品。一計至者，多未甄擢。再計至者，隨例必升，賢愚一貫。自今已後，一計至已上，有在官清慎，狀跡灼然，材堪應務者，所司具狀錄奏，當與進階。若公正無聞，循默自守，及未經任州縣官者，雖頻經計至，不在加階之限。即為恆例。」弘道元年，又普加一階。乃有九品職事及三衛階高者，併入五品。則天朝，泛階漸多，始令仕經八考，職事六品者許入。萬歲通天元年敕：「自今已後，文武官加階應入五品者，並取出身，已曆十二考已上，進階之時，見居六品官。其應入三品人，出身已二十五考以上，進階見居三品官。」無幾，入五品又加至十六考。神功元年制「勳官、品子、流外國官出身，不得任清資要官。應入三品，不得進階」。開元已來，伎術者經二十考，三省都事及主事、錄事十八考，亦聽敘。吏部檢歷任階考，判成錄奏。每制之日，應入三品五品者，皆令人參趁。或是遠方牧宰、諸司閒職，齎持金帛贈遣主典，知加階令史，乃有受納萬數者。台省要職，以加位為榮，亦有遣主典錢帛者。

From the Wude era through Qianfeng, there was no general grace promotion for all officials. Those due to enter the third rank were specially appointed by grace for long service; entry into the fifth rank mostly followed selection and seniority. When an official's grade reached court disbursement master or above, a memorial was submitted for imperial approval, and each year a measured number were advanced. All others received substantive offices according to their basic rank. If an official completed three full review cycles, he was permitted to advance in all cases. In the first year of Qianfeng (666), all civil and military officials universally received a two-grade promotion. An edict of the second month of the first year of Yongchun (682) declared: "When civil and military officials accumulate merit and reach the fifth rank, those who reach it in one review cycle are mostly not selected and promoted. Those who reach it in two cycles are promoted by rule without exception, whether capable or not. From now on, for those who reach the fifth rank in one cycle or more, if they prove pure and cautious in office, their conduct clearly excellent, and their talent fit for duty, the responsible office shall submit a detailed report and they shall receive advancement. If fair conduct is unheard of, they merely follow routine in silence, or have never served as prefectural or county officials, then even if they frequently reach the threshold, they are not eligible for grade advancement. This shall be the standing rule." In the first year of Hongdao (683), one grade was again added for all officials. As a result, ninth-rank substantive officers and high-grade members of the Three Guards were swept up into the fifth rank. During Wu Zetian's reign, general promotions became increasingly common; it was first ordered that after eight merit reviews, holders of sixth-rank substantive posts were permitted to advance. An edict of the first year of Wansui Tongtian (696) declared: "From now on, civil and military officials whose grade advancement should bring them into the fifth rank must meet origin requirements, have completed twelve or more merit reviews, and at the time of advancement hold a sixth-rank substantive post. Those due to enter the third rank must have completed twenty-five or more merit reviews from their origin grade, and at advancement must hold a third-rank substantive post." Before long, the requirement for entry into the fifth rank was further raised to sixteen reviews. A regulation of the first year of Shengong (698) stated: "Those entering from merit officer, ranked son, or outside-the-flow foreign-office origins may not hold clear-qualification key offices. And those due to enter the third rank may not advance in grade." Since the Kaiyuan era, technical specialists after twenty reviews, and the chief clerks, clerks, and recorders of the Three Departments after eighteen reviews, were also permitted to advance. The Ministry of Personnel examined past grades and reviews, rendered its judgment, recorded the results, and submitted a memorial. On each day an edict was issued, candidates due to enter the third or fifth rank all sent representatives to press their cases. Some were distant regional governors or holders of idle offices who brought gold and silk as gifts to the chief clerks and the clerks who handled grade advancement, and some accepted sums in the tens of thousands. Key posts in the censorate and secretariat regarded grade advancement as an honor, and some also sent money and silk to the chief clerks.

舊例，開府及特進，雖不職事，皆給俸祿，預朝會，行立在於本品之次。光祿大夫已下，朝散大夫已上，衣服依本品，無祿俸，不預朝會。朝議郎已下，黃衣執笏，於吏部分番上下承使及親驅使，甚為猥賤。每當上之時，至有為主事令史守扃鑰執鞭帽者。兩番已上，則隨番許簡，通時務者始令參選。一登職事已後，雖官有代滿，即不復番上。

By old precedent, holders of open-the-feudal-office and special advancement, though they held no substantive duties, all received salary, attended court assemblies, and stood in procession immediately below their basic rank. From master of splendid happiness down through court disbursement master, dress followed the basic rank, but there was no salary and no attendance at court assemblies. From court discussion gentleman downward, officials wore yellow robes and held tablets, rotating shifts at the Ministry of Personnel to run errands and personal commissions — a most base and demeaning duty. When they reported for duty, some even guarded keys for the chief clerks or carried their whips and hats. After two rotations or more, they became eligible for selection with their cohort; only those versed in current affairs were then permitted to compete in the selection process. Once they gained a substantive post, they no longer reported for rotation duty, even when their term in office expired.

勳官者，出於周、齊交戰之際。本以酬戰士，其後漸及朝流。階爵之外，更為節級。周置上開府儀同三司、開府儀同三司、上儀同三司、儀同三司等十一號。隋文帝因周之舊，更增損之。有上柱國、柱國、上大將軍、大將軍、上開府儀同三司、開府儀同三司，上儀同三司、儀同三司，大都督、帥都督、都督，起正二品至七品，總十一等，用賞勳勞。煬帝又改為左光祿大夫、右光祿大夫、金紫光祿大夫、銀青光祿大夫、正議大夫、朝請大夫、朝散大夫、建節奮武尉、宣惠尉十一等，以代都督已上。又增置綏德、懷仁、守義、奉誠、立信等五尉，以至從九品。武德初，雜用隋制，至七年頒令，定用上柱國、柱國、上大將軍、大將軍、上輕車都尉、輕車都尉、上騎都尉、騎都尉、驍騎尉、飛騎尉、雲騎尉、武騎尉，凡十二等，起正二品，至從七品。貞觀十一年，改上大將軍為上護軍，大將軍為護軍，自外不改，行之至今。

Merit officers originated in the era when Northern Zhou and Northern Qi were at war. They were originally meant to reward warriors, but later gradually extended to court officials as well. Beyond grades and enfeoffments, they became an additional tier of honors. Northern Zhou established eleven titles including Superior and ordinary Open-the-Feudal-Office Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes and Superior and ordinary Equal in Ceremony with the Three Dukes. Emperor Wen of Sui followed Zhou precedent and further revised the system. The titles were upper and ordinary pillar of the state, superior and grand general, superior and ordinary open-the-feudal-office and equal-in-ceremony-with-the-three-dukes ranks, and great, leading, and ordinary commander — from primary second rank through seventh rank, eleven grades in all, used to reward merit and service. Emperor Yang further replaced them with eleven grades from left and right master of splendid happiness through court disbursement master, plus establishment-of-festival valiant martial commandant and proclaimer of favor commandant, in place of commander and the ranks above it. He also added five commandants—Pacifying Virtue, Cherishing Benevolence, Keeping Righteousness, Offering Sincerity, and Establishing Trust—extending down to the secondary ninth rank. At the beginning of Wude the Sui system was used in mixed fashion; in the seventh year a code fixed twelve merit grades from upper pillar of the state through commandants of valiant, flying, cloud, and martial cavalry, ranging from primary second rank to secondary seventh rank. In the eleventh year of Zhenguan (637), superior grand general became superior protector of the army and grand general became protector of the army; the rest were unchanged, and this system remains in use to the present day.

永微已後，以國初勳名與散官名同，年月既久，漸相錯亂。咸亨五年三月，更下詔申明，各以類相比。武德初光祿大夫比今日上柱國，左光祿大夫比柱國，右光祿大夫及上大將軍比上護軍，金紫光祿大夫及將軍比護軍，銀青光祿大夫及上開府比上輕車都尉，正議大夫及開府比輕車都尉，通議大夫及上儀同三司比上騎都尉，朝請大夫及儀同比騎都尉。授勳者動盈萬計，每年納課，亦分番於兵部及本郡當上省司。又分支諸曹，身應役使，有類僮僕，據令乃與公卿齊班，論實在於胥吏之下。蓋以其猥多，又出自兵卒，所以然也。

After the Yonghui era, because early Tang merit titles shared names with prestige offices, the two categories gradually became confused over the years. In the third month of the fifth year of Xianheng (674), an edict was again issued clarifying how each category should be matched. At the beginning of Wude, master of splendid happiness corresponded to today's upper pillar of the state; the left master of splendid happiness to pillar of the state; the right master of splendid happiness and superior grand general to superior protector of the army; the gold-seal master of splendid happiness and general to protector of the army; the silver-seal master and superior open-the-feudal-office to superior commandant of light chariots; regular counsel master and open-the-feudal-office to commandant of light chariots; communication counsel master and superior equal in ceremony with the three dukes to superior commandant of cavalry; and court invitation master and equal in ceremony with the three dukes to commandant of cavalry. Those granted merit titles often numbered in the tens of thousands; each year they paid dues and also rotated through duty at the Ministry of War and their home commandery, reporting to the provincial offices. They were also assigned to various bureaus and personally performed corvée service like household servants; by regulation they stood in procession with dukes and ministers, but in reality they ranked below the clerks. This was because they were so numerous and low in status, and because they came from the ranks of common soldiers.

武德初，以諸道軍務事繁，分置行台尚書省。其陝東道大行台尚書省，令一人正第二品，掌管內軍人，總判省事。僕射一人從第二品，三品任置，掌貳令事。左丞一人正第四品下，右丞一人正第四品下，掌分司糾正省內。都事一人從第七品上，主事四人從第九品上，諸司主事並同，並掌同京省。兵部尚書一人正第四品，諸尚書並同，兼掌吏部事。司勳郎中一人正第五品上，諸郎中並同。主事一人。考功郎中一人，主事一人。兵部郎中一人，主事二人。駕部郎中一人，主事二人。民部尚書一人，兼掌禮部事。禮部郎中一人，主事一人。膳部郎中一人，主事一人。度支郎中一人，主事二人。倉部郎中一人，主事二人。工部郎中一人，主事一人。屯田郎中一人，主事一人。每郎中兼京省二司各有令史、書令史及掌固，並流外。食貨監一人正第八品下，諸監同，掌膳羞、財物、賓客、鋪設、音樂、醫藥事，丞二人正第九品下，諸監丞同。農圃監一人，掌倉廩、園圃、柴炭、芻槁、運漕之事，丞四人。武器監一人，掌兵仗、廄牧之事，丞二人。百工監一人，掌舟車及營造雜作之事，丞四人各有錄事及府史、典事、掌固等，並流外。諸道行台尚書省益州道、襄州道、東南道、河東道、河北道令一人從第二品，掌同陝東道大行台。僕射一人正第三品，左右任置，丞一人左右任置。左丞從四品上，右丞從四品下，都事二人正第八品上，主事二人。兵部尚書一人從第三品，諸尚書同，兼掌吏部、禮部事。考功郎中一人從第五品上，諸郎中並同。主事二人從第九品下，諸主事同。膳部郎中一人，主事二人。兵部郎中二人，主事二人。民部尚書一人，兼掌刑部、工部。倉部郎中二人，主事二人。刑部郎中一人，主事二人。屯田郎中一人，主事二人每郎中兼掌京省三司，各有令史、書令史、掌固，並流外也。食貨監一人從八品上，武器監同，兼掌農圃監事，丞一人。兼掌百工監事，丞二人。

At the beginning of Wude, because military affairs in the various circuits were numerous and complex, mobile departments of state affairs were established in the field. The Grand Mobile Department of State Affairs for the Shandong East Circuit had one Director General, senior second rank. He supervised internal military personnel and had overall charge of directorate business. Vice Director, one post, junior second rank; third-rank officials could be appointed. He assisted the Director General in managing affairs. Left Assistant Director, one post, senior fourth rank, lower grade. Right Assistant Director, one post, senior fourth rank, lower grade. They oversaw branch duties and corrected matters within the directorate. Chief Clerk, one post, junior seventh rank, upper grade. Section Masters, four posts, junior ninth rank, upper grade — the same for Section Masters in all bureaus. All had the same duties as the capital directorate. Minister of War, one post, senior fourth rank — the same for all ministers. He concurrently oversaw Personnel affairs. Bureau Director of Records, one post, senior fifth rank, upper grade — the same for all bureau directors. One clerk. One director of merit review and one clerk. One war bureau director and two clerks. One transport bureau director and two clerks. One Minister of the People, who also oversaw rites affairs. One rites bureau director and one clerk. One provisions bureau director and one clerk. One revenue bureau director and two clerks. One granaries bureau director and two clerks. One works bureau director and one clerk. One colonies bureau director and one clerk. Each bureau director concurrently oversaw two bureaus in the capital directorate. Each had clerks, document clerks, and gatekeepers — all outside the regular sequence. Commissary Supervisor, one post, senior eighth rank, lower grade — the same for all supervisors. Oversaw food delicacies, property, guests, furnishings, music, and medicine. Deputy Directors, two posts. Senior ninth rank, lower grade — the same for all supervisor deputies. One farms and gardens directorate oversaw granaries, gardens, fuel, fodder, and tribute grain transport, with four assistants. One weapons directorate oversaw arms and stables and pasturage, with two assistants. Hundred Crafts Supervisor, one post; oversaw boats, chariots, and various construction work. Deputy Directors, four posts. Each had Recording Clerks, mansion clerks, reception attendants, gatekeepers, and the like — all outside the regular sequence. Mobile Departments of State Affairs were established for the Yizhou, Xiangzhou, Southeast, Hedong, and Hebei circuits. Director General, one post, junior second rank. Duties were the same as the Grand Mobile Department for the Shandong East Circuit. Vice Director, one post, senior third rank; could be appointed on the left or right. Assistant Director, one post; could be appointed on the left or right. The left assistant director ranked junior fourth rank, upper grade; the right assistant director, junior fourth rank, lower grade; there were two chief clerks at senior eighth rank, upper grade; and two section masters. Minister of War, one post, junior third rank — the same for all ministers. Concurrently oversaw Personnel and Rites affairs. Merit Review Bureau Director, one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade — the same for all bureau directors. Section Masters, two posts, junior ninth rank, lower grade — the same for all Section Masters. One provisions bureau director and two clerks. Two war bureau directors and two clerks. One Minister of the People, who also oversaw punishments and works. Two granaries bureau directors and two clerks. One punishments bureau director and two clerks. The staff included one Colonies Bureau Director and two Section Masters. Each bureau director also supervised three capital bureaus and was provided with clerks, document clerks, and gatekeepers, all of whom ranked outside the regular sequence. There was one Commissary Supervisor at junior eighth rank, upper grade, matching the Weapons Supervisor in rank. He also supervised the Agriculture and Garden Supervisor, with one Deputy Director beneath him. It also oversaw hundred crafts affairs, with two assistants.

兩監各有錄事、府史、典事、掌固等，並流外時秦王、齊王府官之外，又各置左右六護軍府及左右親事帳內府。其左一右一護軍府護軍各一人正第四品下，掌率統軍已下侍衛陪從。副護軍各二人從四品下。長史各一人從七品下。錄事參軍各一人從八品，有錄事及府史，並流外。倉曹參軍事各一人，兵曹參軍事各一人，鎧曹參軍事各一人並正九品下，各有府史，並流外。統軍各五人，別將各十人，分掌領親勳衛及外軍。左二右二護軍府、左三右三護軍府，各減統軍三人，別將六人。余職員同左一右一府。其左右親事府統軍各一人正四品下，掌率左右別將、侍衛陪從。長史一人正八品下。錄事參軍事各一人正九品上，有錄事及府史，並流外。兵曹參軍事各一人，鎧曹參軍事各一人並正九品下，各有府史，並流外。左別將各一人，右別將各一人正五品下。掌率親事以上侍衛陪從。其帳內府職員品秩，與統軍府同。又有庫直及驅咥直庫直隸親事府，驅咥直隸帳內府。各於左右內選才堪者，量事置之。

Each of the two supervisors was staffed with recording clerks, mansion clerks, reception attendants, gatekeepers, and similar posts, all outside the regular sequence. At that time, beyond the regular staff of the Princes of Qin and Qi, each prince also set up six left and right Protector-General Offices and separate left and right Personal Attendant and Within-the-Pavilion Offices. The left-one and right-one Protector-General Offices each had one Protector General at senior fourth rank, lower grade. They commanded army commanders and their subordinates in palace guard and escort service. Each office also had two Deputy Protector Generals at junior fourth rank, lower grade. Each had one Chief Administrator at junior seventh rank, lower grade. Each had one Recording Adjutant at junior eighth rank, supported by recording clerks and mansion clerks who ranked outside the regular sequence. Each office also had one Granary Section Adjutant, one War Section Adjutant, and one Armor Section Adjutant. These adjutants all held senior ninth rank, lower grade, and each was supported by mansion clerks outside the regular sequence. Each office had five army commanders and ten separate commanders, who divided command of the personal, merit, and wing guards and the external armies. The left-second, right-second, left-third, and right-third protector-of-the-army offices each had three fewer army commanders and six fewer separate commanders. The remaining staff matched those of the left-first and right-first offices. The left and right Personal Attendant Offices each had one army commander at senior fourth rank, lower grade. They commanded the left and right separate commanders in palace guard and escort service. There was one Chief Administrator at senior eighth rank, lower grade. Each had one Recording Adjutant at senior ninth rank, upper grade, with recording clerks and mansion clerks who ranked outside the regular sequence. Each also had one War Section Adjutant and one Armor Section Adjutant. These adjutants all held senior ninth rank, lower grade, and each was supported by mansion clerks outside the regular sequence. Each side had one separate commander at senior fifth rank, lower grade. They commanded personal attendants and above in guard attendance and escort. The staff grades and ranks of the inner-account offices were the same as those of the army commander offices. There were also storehouse attendants under the Personal Attendant Office and drive attendants under the Within-the-Pavilion Office. Talented men were selected from the left and right staffs and assigned according to the needs of each task.

武德四年，太宗平洛陽之後，又置天策上將府官員。天策上將一人，掌國之征討，總判府事。長史、司馬各一人，從事中郎二人，並掌通判府事。軍諮祭酒二人，謀軍事，贊相禮儀，宴接賓客。典簽四人，掌宣傳導引之事。主簿二人，掌省復教命。錄事二人，記室參軍事二人，掌書疏表啟，宣行教命。功曹參軍事二人，掌官員假使、儀式、醫藥、選舉、考課、祿恤、鋪設等事。倉曹參軍二人，掌糧廩、公廨、田園、廚膳、過所等事。兵曹參軍事二人，掌兵士簿帳、差點等事。騎曹參軍事二人，掌馬驢雜畜簿帳及牧養支料草粟等事。鎧曹參軍事二人，掌戎仗之事。士曹參軍事二人，掌營造及罪罰之事六曹並有令史、書令史。參軍事六人，掌出使及雜檢校之事。其陝東道大行台尚書令及天策上將，太宗在籓為之。及升儲，並省之。山東道行台，武德五年省。餘道九年省。

In the fourth year of Wude (621), after Emperor Taizong pacified Luoyang, staff for the Heavenly Stratagem General-in-Chief Office was also established. One Heavenly Stratagem General-in-Chief directed the state's military campaigns and had chief authority over all office affairs. One chief aide, one administrative aide, and two attendant gentlemen all shared general authority over office affairs. Two military counsel libationers planned military affairs, assisted in ritual etiquette, and received guests at banquets. Four protocol secretaries handled proclamation, transmission, and guidance. Two registrars reviewed and returned edicts and orders. Two recorders and two secretariat adjutants managed documents, memorials, and reports, and proclaimed and executed orders. Two merit bureau adjutants managed temporary official assignments, ceremonies, medicine, selection, merit review, salary and condolence payments, and furnishings. Two granary bureau adjutants managed grain stores, government offices, gardens, kitchens, and travel permits. Two military bureau adjutants managed soldiers' registers and assignments. Two cavalry bureau adjutants managed registers of horses, donkeys, and other livestock, along with pasturage, fodder, and grain supplies. Two armor bureau adjutants managed military equipment. Two Labor Section Adjutants supervised construction projects and punishments. Each of the six sections also employed clerks. There were also document clerks. Six adjutants managed missions abroad and miscellaneous inspections. The Shandong East great mobile terrace director and Heavenly Stratagem General-in-Chief were held by Taizong while he was still a prince. When he was elevated as heir apparent, both offices were abolished. The Shandong Circuit mobile terrace was abolished in the fifth year of Wude (622). The remaining circuit mobile terraces were abolished in the ninth year (626).

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