1
志第二十三職官二
Treatise 23, Offices and Ranks, Part 2
2
=三師=
The Three Preceptors
3
太師、太傅、太保各一員。 謂之三師,並正一品。 後漢初,太傅置府僚。 至周、隋,三師不置府僚,初拜於尚書省上。 隋煬帝廢三師之官。 武德復置,一如隋制。 三師,訓導之官,天子所師法,大抵無所統職,然非道德崇重,則不居其位。 無其人,則闕之。
There was one post each for the Grand Preceptor, the Grand Tutor, and the Grand Protector. These were called the Three Preceptors, all of the senior first rank. In early Later Han, the Grand Tutor was assigned a staff for his office. Under the Zhou and Sui, the Three Preceptors had no office staff; new appointees received their investiture at the Department of State Affairs. Emperor Yang of Sui abolished the offices of the Three Preceptors. They were restored in the Wude era, following the Sui arrangement. The Three Preceptors were mentors whom the emperor was to emulate; they generally held no executive authority, and only those of exceptional moral stature were appointed. When no one qualified, the posts were left unfilled.
4
=三公=
The Three Dukes
5
太尉、司徒、司空各一員。 謂之三公,並正一品。 魏、晉至北齊,三公置府僚。 隋初亦置府僚,尋省府僚,初拜於尚書省上,唐因之。 武德初,太宗為之,其後親王拜三公,皆不視事,祭祀則攝者行也。 三公,論道之官也。 蓋以佐天子理陰陽,平邦國,無所不統,故不以一職名其官。 大祭祀,則太尉亞獻,司徒奉俎,司空掃除。
There was one post each for the Grand Commandant, the Minister of Education, and the Minister of Works. These were called the Three Dukes, all of the senior first rank. From the Wei and Jin through Northern Qi, each of the Three Dukes maintained an office staff. Early Sui likewise provided office staff, but the staff was soon abolished; new appointees were invested at the Department of State Affairs, and the Tang continued the practice. In early Wude, Prince Qin (the future Emperor Taizong) held one of these offices; thereafter when imperial princes were named to the Three Dukes they did not manage affairs, and at sacrifices a stand-in performed the ritual duties. The Three Dukes were counsellors charged with deliberating on state policy. They were to assist the emperor in harmonizing cosmic order and governing the state; their charge was so broad that no single functional title could name the office. At major sacrifices the Grand Commandant served as secondary offerer, the Minister of Education presented the meat tray, and the Minister of Works performed the sweeping and purification.
6
=尚書省=
The Department of State Affairs
7
尚書都省龍朔二年,改為中台,光宅元年,改為文昌台,神龍初復。
The central secretariat of the Department of State Affairs was renamed the Central Terrace in 662, the Wenchang Terrace in 689, and restored to its former name at the beginning of the Shenlong restoration (705).
8
尚書省領二十四司。 六尚書,各分領四司。 尚書令尚書令一員。 正二品。 武德中,太宗為之,自是闕而不置。 令總領百官,儀刑端揆。 其屬有六尚書:一曰吏部,二曰戶部,三曰禮部,四曰兵部,五曰刑部,六曰工部。 凡庶務,皆會而決之。 尚書左右僕射左右僕射各一員,從二品。 龍朔二年,改為左右匡,光宅元年,改為文昌左右相,開元元年,改為左右丞相,天寶元年,復為左右僕射。 掌統理六官,綱紀庶務,以貳令之職。 自不置令,僕射總判省事。 御史糾劾不當,兼得彈之。 尚書左右丞左右丞各一員。 左丞,正四品上。 右丞,正四品下。 龍朔改為左右肅機,咸亨復,永昌元年,升為從三品也,如意元年,復四品也。 左丞掌管轄諸司,糾正省內,勾吏部、戶部、禮部十二司,通判都省事。 若右丞闕,則並行之。 右丞管兵部、刑部、工部十二司。 若左闕,右丞兼知其事。 御史有糾劾不當,兼得彈之。 左右司郎中左右司郎中各一員。 並從五品上。 隋置,武德初省。 貞觀初,復置。 龍朔二年,改為左右丞務,咸亨復也。 左司郎中,副左丞所管諸司事,省署鈔目,勘稽失,知省內宿直之事。 若右司郎中闕,則並行之。 左右司員外郎各一員。 天后永昌元年,置左右司員外郎各一人。 神龍初省,後復置。 左右司郎中、員外郎各掌副十有二司之事,以舉正稽違,省署符目焉。
The Department of State Affairs oversaw twenty-four bureaus. The six ministers each directed four bureaus. Director of the Department of State Affairs: one post. Senior second rank. During the Wude era Prince Qin held the post; thereafter it was left permanently vacant. The Director was to oversee all officials and set the court's moral standard. Under him were six ministers: Personnel, Revenue, Rites, War, Justice, and Works. All routine business was brought together for collective decision. Left and Right Vice Directors of the Department: one post each, junior second rank. In 662 they became the Left and Right Rectifiers; in 689 the Wenchang Left and Right Chancellors; in 713 the Left and Right Chief Ministers; in 742 the titles reverted to Left and Right Vice Directors. They supervised the six ministers, maintained administrative discipline, and served as the Director's deputies. With no Director appointed, the Vice Directors in practice presided over the secretariat. When the censors found impropriety they could also impeach the Vice Directors. Left and Right Assistant Directors: one post each. The Left Assistant Director held senior fourth rank, upper grade. The Right Assistant Director held senior fourth rank, lower grade. Under the Longshuo reform they became the Left and Right Overseers of Protocol; the original titles returned in 670; in 689 they were raised to junior third rank; in 692 they reverted to fourth rank. The Left Assistant Director oversaw the various bureaus, supervised internal discipline, audited the twelve bureaus of Personnel, Revenue, and Rites, and shared adjudication of central secretariat business. If the Right Assistant Director's post was vacant, he handled both portfolios. The Right Assistant Director oversaw the twelve bureaus under War, Justice, and Works. If the Left Assistant Director's post was vacant, the Right Assistant Director handled both sides. When the censors found impropriety they could also impeach the Assistant Directors. Left and Right Bureau Directors: one post each. Both held junior fifth rank, upper grade. Established under the Sui; abolished in early Wude. Restored at the beginning of the Zhenguan era (627). In 662 they were renamed Left and Right Assistant Duties; the original title returned in 670. The Left Bureau Director assisted the Left Assistant Director, maintained the secretariat document registers, investigated discrepancies, and managed overnight duty rotations. If the Right Bureau Director's post was vacant, he handled both sides. Left and Right Bureau Assistant Directors: one post each. In 689 the Empress established one Left and one Right Bureau Assistant Director. Abolished at the beginning of the Shenlong restoration; later reinstated. The Bureau Directors and Assistant Directors each assisted the twelve bureaus, enforced compliance, audited violations, and maintained the secretariat's document tallies.
9
凡都省掌舉諸司之綱紀與百僚之程式,以正邦理,以宣邦教。 凡上之所以迨下,其制有六,曰制、敕、冊、令、教、符。 天子曰制,曰敕,曰冊。 皇太子曰令。 親王、公主曰教。 尚書省下於州,州下縣,縣下鄉,皆曰符也。 凡下之所以達上,其制亦有六,曰表、狀、箋、啟、辭、牒。 表上于天子。 其近臣亦為狀。 箋、啟上皇太子,然于其長亦為之,非公文所施。 有品已上公文,皆曰牒。 庶人言曰辭也。 諸司自相質問,其義有三:關、刺、移。 關,謂關通其事; 刺,謂刺舉之; 移,謂移其事于他司。 移則通判之官皆連署也。 凡內外百司所受之事,皆印其發日,為之程限。 凡尚書省施行制敕,案成則給程以鈔之。 若急速者,不出其日。 若諸州計奏達于京師,量事之大小與多少,以為之節。 凡京師諸司,有符、移、關、牒下諸州者,必由於都省以遣之。 凡文案既成,勾司行硃施訖,皆書其上端,記年月日,納諸庫。 凡施行公文應印者,監印之官考其事目無差,然後印之,必書於曆。 每月終納諸庫。 凡尚書省官,每日一人宿直。 都司報廢直簿,轉以為次。 凡內外百僚,日出而視事,既午而退,有事則直官省之。 其務繁,不在此例。 凡天下制敕計奏之數。 省符宣告之節,率以歲終為斷。 京師諸司,皆以四月一日納於都省。 其天下諸州,則本司推校,以授勾官。 勾官審之。 連署封印,附計帳,使納於都省。 常以六月一日,都事集諸司令史對覆。 若有隱漏不同,皆附於考課焉。 主事主事六人,從九品上。 令史十八人,書令史三十六人,亭長六人,掌固十四人。 凡令史掌案文簿,亭長、掌固檢校省門戶倉庫廳事陳設之事也。 吏部吏部尚書吏部尚書一員,正三品。 龍朔二年,改為司列太常伯,光宅元年,改為天官尚書,神龍復為吏部尚書也。 侍郎二員。 正四品上。 隋煬帝大業三年,尚書六曹,各置侍郎一人,以貳尚書之職,並正四品。 國家定令,諸曹侍郎降為正四品下,唯吏部侍郎為正四品上。 龍朔改為司列少常伯,咸亨復。 總章元年,吏部、兵部各增置侍郎一員也。 尚書、侍郎之職,掌天下官吏選授、勳封、考課之政令。 其屬有四:一曰吏部,二曰司封,三曰司勳,四曰考功。 總其職務,而行其制命。 凡中外百司之事,由於所屬,皆質正焉。 凡選授之制,每歲集于孟冬。 去王城五百里之內以上旬,千里之內以中旬,千里之外以下旬。 尚書、侍郎,分為三銓。 尚書為尚書銓,侍郎二人分為中銓、東銓也。 凡擇人以四才,校功以三實。 四才,謂身、言、書、判。 其優長者,有可取焉。 三實,謂德行、才用、勞效,德均以才,才均以勞,勞必考其實而進退之。 較之優劣,而定其留放,所以正權衡,明與奪,抑貪冒,進賢能,然後據其官資,量其注擬。 五品已上,以名上中書門下,聽制授其官。 六品已下,量資任定。 其才職頗高,可擢為拾遣、補闕、監察御史者,亦以名送中書門下,聽敕授。 其有曆職清要,考第頗深者,得隔品授之,不然即否。 凡出身非清流者,不注清資官。 凡注官,若官資未相當,及以為非便者,聽至三注。 凡伎術之官,皆本司定,送吏部附甲。 凡同司聯事勾檢之官,皆不得注大功已上親。 凡皇親諸親及軍功,兼注員外郎。 凡注擬,必先具官階團甲,送門下以聞。 注官,階高擬卑曰「行」,階卑擬高曰「守」。 三銓注擬訖,皆當銓團甲,過左右僕射。 若中銓、東銓,則過尚書訖,乃上門下省。 給事中讀,黃門侍郎省,侍中審,然後進甲以聞,聽旨授而施行焉。 若左右僕射門下批官不當者,別改注,亦有重執而上者也。 凡大選,終於季春之月,若選人有身在軍旅,則軍中試書判,封送吏部。 亦有春中下解而後集,謂之春選。 若優勞人,有敕則有處分及即與官者,並聽非時選,一百日內注擬之。 所以定九流之品格,補萬方之闕政,官人之道備焉。 吏部郎中郎中二員,並從五品上。 龍朔為司列大夫,咸亨、光宅並隋曹改也。 員外郎二員。 並從六品上。 令史三十人,書令史六十人,亭長八人,掌固十二人。 郎中一人,掌考天下文吏之班秩階品。 凡敘階二十有九,品在都序,自一品至九品,品有上下,凡散官四品已下,九品已上,並於吏部當番上下。 其應當番四十五日。 若都省須人送符,諸司須人者,並兵部、吏部散官上。 經兩番已上,聽簡入選。 不第者,依番名不過五六也。 凡敘階之法,有以封爵,有以親戚,有以勳庸,有以資廕,有以秀孝,有以勞考,有除免而復敘者,皆循法以申之,無或枉冒。 凡應入三品五品者,皆待別制而進之,不然則否。 凡文武百僚之班序,官同者先爵,爵同者先齒。 凡京司有常參官、謂五品以上職事官、八品已上供奉官、員外郎、監察御史、太常博士。 供奉官、兩省自侍中、中書令已下,盡名供奉官。 諸司長官、清望官、四品已下八品已上清官。 每日以六品已上清官兩人,待制於衙。 供奉官、宿衛官不在此例。 凡授四品已下清望官,才職相當,不應進讓。 凡職事官應覲省及移疾,不得過程。 年七十已上應致仕,若齒力未衰,亦聽厘務。 凡官人身及同居大功已上親,自執工商,家專其業,及風疾、使酒,皆不得入仕。 凡內外官有清白著聞,應以名薦,則中書門下改授,五品已上,量加升進,六品已下,有付吏部即量等第遷轉。 若第二第三等人,五品已上,改日稍優之。 六品已下,秩滿聽選,不在放限。 其嶺南、黔中,三年一置選補使,號為南選。 凡天下官吏,各有常員。 凡諸司置直,皆有定數。 諸司諸色有品直官。 內外官吏,則有假寧之節,行李之命。 簿書景跡,功賞殿最,具員皆與員外郎分掌之。 郎中一人掌小銓,亦分為九品,通謂之行署。 以其在九流之外,故謂之流外銓,亦謂之小選。 其校試銓注,與流內銓略同。 其吏部、兵部、禮部、考功、都省、御史台、中書、門下,謂之前八司,其餘則曰後行。 凡擇流外,取工書、計,兼頗曉時務。 三事中,有一優長,則在敘限。 每經三考轉選,量其才能而進之,不則從舊任。 小銓,舊委郎中專知。 開元二十五年,又敕銓試訖留放,皆尚書侍郎定之也。 員外郎一人掌判南曹。 曹在選曹之南,故謂之南曹。 每歲選人,有解狀、簿書、資歷、考課,必由之以核其實,乃上三銓。 其三銓進甲則署焉。 員外郎一人裳判曹務。 凡預太廟齋郎帖試,如貢舉之制。 司封郎中司封郎中一員,從五品上。 隋曰主爵郎,武德因之。 龍朔二年改為司封大夫,光宅改司封郎中也。 司封員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史四人,書令史九人,掌固四人。 司封郎中、員外郎之職,掌國之封爵,凡有九等。 一曰王,正一品,食邑一萬戶。 二曰郡王,從一品,食邑五千戶。 三曰國公,從一品,食邑三千戶。 四曰郡公,正二品,食邑二千戶。 五曰縣公,從二品,食邑一千五百戶。 六曰縣侯,從三品,食邑一千戶。 七曰縣伯,正四品,食邑七進戶。 八曰縣子,正五品,食邑五百戶。 九曰縣男,從五品,食邑三百戶。 凡名山大川,及畿內諸縣,皆不以封。 至郡公有餘爵,聽回授子孫。 其國公皆特封。 凡天下觀有定數。 每觀立三綱,以道德高者充。 凡三元諸齋日,修金錄、明真等齋。 凡道士、女道士簿籍,三年一造。 凡外命婦之制,皇之姑,封大長公主,皇姊妹,封長公主,皇女,封公主,皆視正一品。 皇太子之女,封郡主,視從一品。 王之女,封縣主,視正二品。 王母妻,為妃。 一品及國公母妻,為國夫人。 三品已上母妻,為郡夫人。 四品母妻,為郡君。 五品若勳官,三品有封,母妻為縣君。 散官並同職事。 勳官四品有封,母妻為鄉君。 其母邑號,皆加「太」字,各視其夫、子之品。 若兩有官爵者,從其高。 若內命婦,一品之母,為正四品郡君; 二品之母,為從四品郡君; 三品四品之母,並為正五品縣君。 凡婦人,不因夫及子而別加邑號,夫人雲某品夫人,郡君為某品郡君,縣君、鄉君亦然。 凡庶子,有五品已上官,皆封嫡母。 無嫡母,封所生母。 凡二王后夫人,職事五品已上,散官三品已上,王及國公母妻,朝參各視其夫及子之禮。 凡親王,孺人二人,視正五品,媵十人,視正六品。 嗣王、郡王及一品,媵十人,視從六品。 二品,媵八人,視正七品。 三品及國公,媵六人,視從七品。 四品,媵四人,視正八品。 五品,媵三人,視從八品。 降此外皆為妾。 凡皇家五等親,及諸親三等,存亡升降,皆立簿書籍,每三年一造。 除附之制,並載于宗正寺。 司勳郎中司勳郎中一員,從五品上。 隋曰司勳郎,武德初乃加「中」字。 龍朔改為司勳大夫,咸亨復也。 司勳員外郎二員,從六品上。 主事四人,從九品上。 令史三十三人,書令史六十人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌邦國官人之勳級。 凡勳,十有二轉為上柱國,比正二品。 十一轉為柱國,比從二品。 十轉為上護軍,比正三品。 九轉為護軍,比從三品。 八轉為上輕車都尉,比正四品。 七轉為輕車都尉,比從四品。 六轉為上騎都尉,比正五品。 五轉為騎都尉,比從五品。 四轉為驍騎尉,比正六品。 三轉為飛騎尉,比從六品。 二轉為雲騎尉,比正七品。 一轉為武騎尉,比從七品。 凡有功效之人,合授勳官者,皆委之覆定,然後奏擬。 考功郎中考功郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔二年改為司績大夫,咸亨初乃復。 考功員外郎一員,從六品上。 龍朔改為司績員外郎,咸亨復。 主事三人,從八品上。 令史十三人,書令史二十五人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌內外文武官吏之考課。 凡應考之官家,具錄當年功過行能,本司及本州長官對眾讀,議其優劣,定為九等考第,各于所由司准額校定,然後送省。 內外文武官,量遠近以程之有差,附朝集使送簿至省。 每年別敕定京官位望高者二人,其一人校京官考,一人校外官考。 又定給事中、中書舍人各一人,其一人監京官考,一人監外官考。 郎中判京官考,員外判外官考。 其檢覆同者,皆以功過上使。 京官則集應考之人對讀註定,外官對朝集使註定。 凡考課之法,有四善:一曰德義有聞,二曰清慎明著,三曰公平可稱,四曰恪勤匪懈。 善狀之外,有二十七最:其一曰獻可替否,拾遺補闕,為近侍之最。 其二曰銓衡人物,擢盡才良,為選司之最。 其三曰揚清激濁,褒貶必當,為考校之最。 其四曰禮制儀式,動合經典,為禮官之最。 其五曰音律克諧,不失節奏,為樂官之最。 其六曰決斷不滯,與奪合理,為判事之最。 其七曰都統有方,警守無失,為宿衛之最。 其八曰兵士調習,戎裝充備,為督領之最。 其九曰推鞫得情,處斷平允,為法官之最。 其十曰讎校精審,明為刊定,為校正之最。 其十一曰承旨敷奏,吐納明敏,為宣納之最。 其十二曰訓導有方,生徒充業,為學官之最。 其十三曰賞罰嚴明,攻戰必勝,為將帥之最。 其十四曰禮義興行,肅清所部,為政教之最。 其十五曰詳錄典正,辭理兼舉,為文史之最。 其十六曰訪察精審,彈舉必當,為糾正之最。 其十七曰明於勘覆,稽失無隱,為勾檢之最。 其十八曰職事修理,供承強濟,為監掌之最。 其十九曰功課皆充,丁匠無怨,為役使之最。 其二十曰耕耨以時,收穫成課,為屯官之最。 其二十一曰謹于蓋藏,明于出納,為倉庫之最。 其二十二曰推步盈虛,究理精密,為曆官之最。 其二十三曰占候醫卜,效驗居多,為方術之最。 其二十四曰譏察有方,行旅無壅,為關津之最。 其二十五曰市廛不擾,奸濫不作,為市司之最。 其二十六曰牧養肥碩,蕃息孳多,為牧官之最。 其二十七曰邊境肅清,城隍修理,為鎮防之最。 一最以上,有四善,為上上。 一最以上,有三善,或無最而有四善,為上中。 一最以上,有二善,或無最而有三善,為上下。 一最以上,而有一善,或無最而有二善,為中上。 一最以上,或無最而有一善,為中中。 職事粗理,善最不聞,為中下。 愛憎任情,處斷乖理,為下上。 背公向私,職務廢闕,為下中。 居官諂詐,貪濁有狀,為下下。 若於善最之外,別可加尚,及罪雖成殿,情狀可矜,雖不成殿,而情狀可責者,省校之日,皆聽考官臨時量定。 內外官從見任改為別官者,其年考從日申校,百司量其閑劇,諸州據其上下。 進考之人,皆有定限,苟無其功,不要充數。 功過於限,亦聽量進。 其流外官,本司量其行能功過,立四等考第而勉進之。 凡親勳翊衛,皆有考第。 考第之中,略有三等。 衛主帥,如三衛之考。 其監門、校尉、直長,如主帥之考。 凡諡議之法,古之通典,皆審其事,以為旌別。 戶部戶部尚書戶部尚書一員,正三品。 隋為民部尚書,貞觀二十三年改為戶部。 明慶元年改為度支,龍朔二年改為司元太常伯,光宅元年改為地官尚書,神龍復為戶部。 侍郎二員。 正四品下。 因隋已來改易名位,皆隋尚書也。 尚書、侍郎之職,掌天下田戶、均輸、錢谷之政令,其屬有四:一曰戶部,二曰度支,三曰金部,四曰倉部。 總其職務,而行其制命。 凡中外百司之事,由於所屬,皆質正焉。 戶部郎中郎中二員,從五品上。 員外郎二員,從六品上。 郎中、員外,自隋已來,隨曹改易。 主事四人,從九品上。 令史十五人,書令史三十四人,亭長六人,掌固十人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌分理戶口、井田之事。 凡天下十道,任土所出,為貢賦之差。 凡天下之州府,三百一十有五,而羈縻之州,迨八百焉。 四萬戶已上為上州,二萬戶以上為中州,不滿為下州。 凡三都之縣,在內曰京縣,城外曰畿,又望縣有八十五焉。 其餘則六千戶以上為上縣,二千戶已上為中縣,一千戶已上為中下縣,不滿一千戶皆為下縣。 凡天下之戶,八百一萬八千七百一十,口四千六百二十八萬五千一百六十一。 百戶為裏,五里為鄉。 兩京及州縣之郭內,分為坊,郊外為村。 裏及坊村皆有正,以司督察。 四家為鄰,五鄰為保。 保有長,以相禁約。 凡男女,始生為黃,四歲為小,十六為中,二十有一為丁,六十為老。 每一歲一造計帳。 三年一造戶籍。 縣以籍成於州,州成於省,戶部總而領焉。 凡天下之戶,量其資定為九等,每定戶以仲年,造籍以季年。 州縣之籍,恆留五比,省籍留九比。 凡戶之兩貫者,先從邊州為定,次從關內,次從軍府州。 若俱者,各從其先貫焉。 樂住之制:居狹鄉者,聽其從寬; 居遠者,聽其從近; 居輕役之地者,聽其從重。 辨天下之四人,使各專其業。 凡習學文武者為士,肆力耕桑者為農,巧作器用者為工,屠沽興販者為商。 工商之家,不得預於士。 食祿之人,不得奪下人之利。 凡天下之田,五尺為步,步二百有四十為畝,畝百為頃。 度其肥瘠寬狹,以居其人。 凡給田之制有差,園宅之地亦如之。 凡給口分田,皆從便近。 居城之人,本縣無田者,則隔縣給授。 凡應收授之田,皆起十月,畢十二月。 凡授田,先課後不課,先貧後富,先多後少。 凡州縣界內所部,受田悉足者,為寬鄉,不足者為狹鄉。 凡官人及勳,授永業田。 凡天下諸州有公廨田,凡諸州及都護府官人有職分田。 凡賦役之制有四:一曰租,二曰調,三曰役,四曰雜徭。 課戶每丁租粟二石。 其調,隨鄉土所產綾絹絁各二丈,布加五分之一。 輸綾絹絁者,綿三兩。 輸布者,麻三斤。 皆書印焉。 凡丁,歲役二旬,無事則收其庸,每日三尺。 有事而加役者,旬有五日免調,三旬則租調俱免。 凡庸調之物,仲秋斂之,季秋發於州。 租則准州土收穫早晚,量事而斂之。 仲冬起輸,孟春而納畢。 本州納者,季冬而畢。 凡諸國蕃胡內附者,亦定為九等。 凡嶺南諸州稅米,及天下諸州稅錢,各有准常。 凡丁戶皆有優復蠲免之制。 若孝子順孫、義夫節婦志行聞於鄉閭者,州縣申省奏聞,而表其門閭,同籍悉免課役。 有精誠致應者,則加優賞焉。 凡京司文武職事官,皆有防閣。 凡州縣官僚,皆有白直。 凡州縣官及在外監官,皆有執衣。 凡諸親王府屬,並給士力,具品數如白直。 凡有功之臣,賜實封者,皆以課戶充。 凡食封,皆傳於子孫。 凡庶人年八十及篤疾,給侍丁一人,九十,給二人,百歲,三人。 凡天下朝集使,皆以十月二十五日至京師,十一月一日戶部引見訖,於尚書省與群官禮見,然後集於考堂,應考績之事。 元日,陳其貢篚於殿廷。 凡京都諸縣令,每季一朝。 度支郎中度支郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔改為司度大夫,咸亨復。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史十六人,書令史三十三人,計史一人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌判天下租賦多少之數,物產豐約之宜,水陸道途之利。 每歲計其所出而度其所用,轉運征斂送納,皆准程而節其遲速。 凡和糴和市,皆量其貴賤,均天下之貨,以利於人。 凡金銀寶貨綾羅之屬,皆折庸調以造。 凡天下舟車水陸載運,皆具為腳直,輕重貴賤、平易險澀而為之制。 凡天下邊軍,有支度使,以計軍資糧仗之用。 每歲所費,皆申度支會計,以長行旨為准。 金部郎中金部郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司珍大夫,咸亨復。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事三人,從九品上。 令史八人,書令史二十一人,計史一人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌判天下庫藏錢帛出納之事,頒其節制,而司其簿領。 凡度,以北方秬黍中者一黍之廣為分,十分為寸,十寸為尺,一尺二寸為大尺,十尺為丈。 凡量,以秬黍中者容一千二百為龠,二龠為合,十合為升,十升為鬥,三斗為大鬥,十斗為斛。 凡權衡,以秬黍中者百黍之重為銖,二十四銖為兩,三兩為大兩,十六兩為斤。 凡積秬黍為度量權衡,調鐘律,測晷景,合湯藥,及冠冕之制用之。 內外官私,悉用大者。 凡庫藏出納,皆行文榜,季終會之。 若承命出納,則于中書、門下省覆而行之。 百司應請月俸,符牒到,所由皆遞覆而行之,乃置木契,與應出物之司相合。 凡官私互市,物數有制。 凡縑帛之類,有長短、廣狹、端疋、屯綟之差。 凡賜十段,其率絹三疋,布三端,綿三屯。 若雜彩十段,則絲布二疋,二疋,綾二疋,縵四疋。 若賜蕃客錦彩,率十段則錦一張,綾二疋,縵三疋,綿四屯。 凡遣使覆囚,則給時服。 若諸使經二年不還,亦如之。 凡時服稱一具者,全給之,一副者,減給之。 正冬之會,稱束帛有差者,皆賜絹,五品已上五疋,六品已下三疋,命婦視其夫、子。 倉部郎中倉部郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司度大夫,咸亨復也。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事三人,從九品上。 令史九人,書令史二十人,計史一人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌判天下倉儲,受納租稅,出給祿廩之事。 凡中外文武官,品秩有差,歲再給之。 乃置木契一百枚,以與出給之司合。 諸司官人及諸色人應給食者,皆給米。 凡致仕之官,五品已上及解官充侍者,各給半祿。 即遷官者,通計前祿,以充後數。 凡都已東租納含嘉倉,自含嘉轉運以實京太倉。 自洛至陝為陸運,自陝至京為水運,置使,以監充之。 凡王公已下,每歲田苗,皆有簿書。 凡義倉所以備歲不足,常平倉所以均貴賤也。 禮部禮部尚書禮部尚書一員,正三品。 隋舊。 龍朔改為司禮太常伯,光宅改為春官尚書,神龍復也。 侍郎一員。 正四品下。 名因隨曹改易也。 尚書、侍郎之職,掌天下禮儀、祭享、貢舉之政令。 其屬有四:一曰禮部,二曰祠部,三曰膳部,四曰主客。 總其職務,而行其制命。 凡中外百司之事,由於所屬,皆質正焉。 凡舉試之制,每歲仲冬,率與計偕。 其科有六:一曰秀才,試方略策五條。 此科取人稍峻,貞觀已後遂絕。 二曰明經,三曰進士,四曰明法,五曰書,六曰算。 凡此六科,求人之本,必取精究理實,而升為第。 其有博綜兼學,須加甄獎,不得限以常科。 其弘文、崇文館學生,雖同明經、進士,以其資廕全高,試取粗通文義。 其郊社齋郎簡試,如太廟齋郎。 其國子監大成十二員,取明經及第人聰明灼然者,試日誦千言,並口試,仍策所習業,十條通七,然後補充。 各授散官,依舊令于學內習業,以通四經為限。 禮部郎中郎中一員,從五品上。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 隋曰儀曹郎,武德改禮部郎中員外,龍朔為司禮大夫司禮員外,咸亨復。 主事二人,從八品上。 令史五人,書令史十一人,亭長六人,掌固八人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌貳尚書、侍郎。 舉其儀制,而辨其名數。 凡五禮之儀,一百五十有二。 一曰吉禮,其儀五十有五; 二曰賓禮,其儀有六; 三曰軍禮,其儀二十有三:四曰嘉禮,其儀五十; 五曰凶禮,其儀一十有八。 凡元日,大陳設於含元殿,服袞冕臨軒,展宮縣之樂,陳歷代寶玉輿輅,備黃麾仗,二王后及百官、朝集使、皇親,並朝服陪位。 大會之日,陳設如初。 凡冬至,大陳設如元正之儀。 其異者,無諸州表奏祥瑞貢獻。 凡元正、冬至大會之明日,百官、朝集使等皆詣東宮慶賀。 凡千秋節,禦樓設九部之樂,百官袴褶陪位。 凡京司文武職事,九品已上,每朔、望朝參。 五品已上及供奉官、員外郎、監察御史、太常博士,每日參。 凡諸蕃國來朝,皆設宮縣之樂及黃麾仗。 若蕃國使,則減黃麾之半。 凡冊皇后、太子、太子妃、諸王、諸王妃、公主,並臨軒冊命,陳設如冬、正之儀。 訖,皆拜太廟。 凡祥瑞,皆辨其名物。 有大瑞、上瑞、中瑞,皆有等差。 凡太陽虧,所司預奏,其日置五鼓五兵於太社,而不視事。 百官各素服守本司,不聽事。 過時乃罷。 月蝕,則擊鼓于所司。 若五嶽、四鎮四瀆崩竭,皆不視事三日。 凡二分之月,三公巡行山陵,則太常卿為之副。 凡百官拜禮,各有差。 致敬之士,若非連屬,應敬之官相見,或自親戚者,各從其私禮。 凡樂,有五聲、八音、六律、六呂,陳四懸之度,分二舞之節,以和人倫,以調節氣,以享鬼神,以序賓客。 凡私家不得設鐘聲。 三品已上,得備女樂。 五品女樂不得過三人。 居大功已上喪,受冊及之官,雖有鼓皆給銅印,有魚符之制。 並出於門下省。 凡服飾尚黃,旗幟尚赤。 天子、皇后、太子已下之服,事在《輿服志》也。 凡百僚冠笏、傘幌、珂珮,各有差。 常服亦如之。 凡凶服,不入公門。 凡授都督、刺史階未入五品者,並聽著緋珮魚,離任則停。 凡文武官赴朝詣府,導從各有差。 凡職事官薨卒,有賻贈、柳翣、碑碣,各有制度。 祠部郎中祠部郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司禋大夫,咸亨復。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史五人,書令史十一人,亭長六人,掌固八人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌祠祀、享祭、天文、漏刻、國忌、廟諱、卜筮、醫藥、僧尼之事。 凡祭祀之名有四:一曰祀天神,二曰祭地祇,三曰享人鬼,四曰釋奠於先聖先師。 其差有三:若昊天上帝、皇地祇、州、宗廟為大祀。 祀天地皆以祖宗配享。 日月星辰、社稷、先代帝王、嶽鎮海瀆、帝社、先蠶、孔宣父、齊太公、諸太子廟為中祀。 司中、司命、風師、雨師、眾星、山林、川澤、五龍祠等,及州縣社稷、釋奠為小祀。 大祀,皇帝親祭,則太尉為亞獻,光祿卿為終獻。 若有司攝事,則太尉為初獻,太常卿為亞獻。 凡大祀,散齋四日,致齋二日。 小祀,散齋二日,致齋一日。 皆祀前習禮、沐浴,並給明衣。 凡官爵二品已上,祠四廟。 五品已上,祠三廟。 六品已下達于庶人,祭祖禰而已。 凡國有封禪之禮,則依圓丘方澤之神位。 凡天下寺有定數,每寺立三綱,以行業高者充。 諸州寺總五千三百五十八所,三千二百三十五所僧,二千一百二十二所尼。 每寺上座一人,寺主一人,都維那一人。 凡僧簿籍,三年一造。 凡別敕設齋,應行道並官給料。 凡國忌日,兩京大寺各二,以散齋僧尼。 文武五品已上,清官七品已上皆集,行香而退。 天下州府亦然。 凡遠忌日,雖不廢務,然非軍務急切,亦不舉事。 餘如常式。 膳部郎中膳部郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司膳大夫,咸亨復也。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史四人,書令史九人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌邦之祭器、牲豆、酒膳,辨其品數,及藏冰食料之事。 主客郎中主客郎中一員,從五品上。 隋曰司蕃郎,武德改主客郎中,龍朔為司蕃大夫,咸亨復。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史四人,書令史九人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌二王后及諸蕃朝聘之事。 二王之後,酅公、介公。 凡四蕃之國。 經朝貢之後,自相誅絕,及有罪滅者,蓋三百余國。 今所存者,七十餘蕃。 其朝貢之儀,享宴之數,高下之等,往來之命,皆載於鴻臚之職焉。 兵部兵部尚書兵部尚書一員,正三品。 南朝謂之五兵尚書,隋曰兵部尚書。 龍朔改為司戎太常伯,咸亨復。 侍郎二員。 正四品下。 龍朔為司戎少常伯,咸亨復。 尚書、侍郎之職,掌天下武官選授及地圖與甲仗之政令。 其屬有四:一曰兵部,二曰職方,三曰駕部,四曰庫部。 總其職務,而行其制命。 凡中外百官之事,由於所屬,鹹質正焉。 凡選授之制,每歲集于孟冬。 去王城五百里以上旬,千里之內以中旬,千里之外以下旬。 尚書、侍郎分為三銓。 尚書為中銓,侍郎分東西。 凡試能有五,五謂長垛、馬步射、馬槍、步射、應對。 互有優長,即可取之。 較異有三。 三謂驍勇、材藝及可為統領之用也。 審其功能,而定其留放,所以錄才藝、備軍國、辨虛冒、敘勳勞也。 然後據其資勞,量為注擬。 五品已上送中書門下,六品已下量資註定。 其在軍鎮要籍,不得赴選,委節度使銓試其等第申省。 凡官階注擬團甲進甲,皆如吏部之制。 凡大選,終於季春之月,所以約資敘之淺深,審才略之優劣,軍國之用在焉。 兵部郎中郎中二員,從五品上。 龍朔為司戎大夫,咸亨復也。 員外郎二人,從六品上。 主事四人,從八品下。 令史三十人,書令史六十人,亭長八人,掌固十二人。 郎中一員掌判帳及天下武官之階品,衛府之名數。 凡敘階有二十九。 將軍之階。 具於敘目。 凡敘階之法,一如文散官之制。 凡天下之府,五百九十有四,有上中下,並載于諸衛之職。 凡應宿衛官,各從番第。 凡千牛備身左右及太子千牛備身,皆取三品已上職事官子孫,四品清官子,儀容端正,武藝可稱者充。 五考,本司隨文武簡試聽選。 四品,謂諸司侍郎、左右庶子也。 凡殿中省進馬,取左右衛三衛及高廕,簡儀容可觀者補充,簡試同千牛例。 僕寺進馬,亦如之。 五品已下、七品已上,五年,多至八年,年滿簡送吏部。 不第者,如初。 無文,聽以武選。 凡左右衛親衛、勳衛、翊衛,及左右率府親勳翊衛,及諸衛之翊衛,通謂之三衛。 擇其資廕高者,為親衛,其次者,為勳衛及率府之親衛,又次者,為翊衛及率府之勳衛,又次者,為諸衛及率府之翊衛,又次者,為親王府之執仗乘。 量遠邇以定其番第。 應補之人,周親已上有犯刑戮者,配令兵部上下。 凡諸衛及率府三衛,貫京兆、河南、蒲、同、華、岐、陝、懷、汝、鄭等州,皆令番上。 餘州皆納資。 凡左右衛之三衛,分為五仗。 凡王公已下,皆有親事帳內,限年十八已下,舉諸州率萬人以充之。 皆限十周年,則聽其簡試。 文理高者送吏部,其餘留本司,全下者退還本色。 凡兵士隸衛,各有其名。 左、右衛曰驍騎,左、右驍衛曰豹騎,左、右武衛曰熊渠,左、右威衛曰羽林,左、右領軍衛曰射聲,左、右金吾衛曰佽飛。 東宮左、右衛率府曰超乘,左、右司禦率府曰旅賁,左、右清道率府曰直蕩。 總名曰衛士。 皆取六品已下子孫,及白丁無職役者點充。 凡三年一簡點,成丁而入,六十而免。 量其遠邇,以定番第。 凡衛士,各立名簿。 其三年已來征防差遣,仍定優劣為三第。 每年正月十日送本府印記,仍錄一道送本衛府。 若有差行上番,折沖府據簿而發之。 凡差衛士征戍鎮防,亦有團伍。 其善弓馬者,為越騎團,餘為步兵團,主帥已下統領之。 火十人,有六馱馬。 若父兄子弟,不並遣之。 若祖父母老疾,家無兼丁,免征行及番上。 其居常則皆習射,唱大角歌。 番集之日,府官率而課試。 凡左、右金吾衛,有角手,諸衛有駑手,左、右羽林軍有飛騎及左右萬騎、彍騎。 天下諸軍,有健兒。 皆定其名籍,每季上中書、門下。 凡關內,有團結兵,秦、成、岷、渭、河、蘭六州,有高麗羌兵。 黎、雅、邛、翼、茂五州,有鎮防團結兵。 天下諸州差失,募取戶殷丁多,人材驍勇,選前資官勳官部分強明堪統攝者,節級擢補主帥以領之。 其義征者,別為行伍,不入募人之營。 凡軍行器物,皆於當州分給之。 如不足,以自備,貧富必以均焉。 凡諸州軍府應行兵之名簿,器物之多少,皆申兵部。 軍散之日,亦錄其存亡多少,以申而勘會之。 凡諸道回兵糧Я之物,衣資之費,皆令所在州縣分而給之。 郎中一人掌判簿,以總軍戎差遣之名數。 凡天下節度使有八,若諸州在節度內者,皆受節度焉。 其福州經略使,登平州海軍,則不在節度之內。 節度名與所管軍鎮名,並見《地理志》也。 凡親王總戎,曰元帥,文武官總統者,則曰總管。 以奉使言之,則曰節度使,有大使、副使、判官。 若大使加旌節以統軍,置木契以行。 凡將帥出行,兵滿一萬人已上,置長史、司馬、倉曹兵曹胄曹等參軍各一人。 五千人已上,減司馬。 諸軍各置使一人,五千人已上置副使一人,一萬人已上置營田副使一人。 每軍各有倉、兵、胄三參軍。 其橫海、高陽、唐興、恆陽、北平等五軍,皆本州刺史為使。 凡鎮,皆有使一人,副使一人。 萬人已上,置司馬、倉兵二曹參軍。 五千人已下,減司馬。 凡諸軍鎮,每五百人置押官一人,千人置子總官一人,五千人置總管一人。 凡諸軍鎮使、副使已上,皆四年一替; 總管已下,二年一替; 押官隨兵交替。 凡諸軍鎮大使、副使已下,皆有傔人,別奏以從之。 凡幸三京,即東都南、北衛,皆置左、右屯營,別立使以統之。 若在都,則京城亦如之。 凡大將出征,皆告廟授鉞,辭齊太公廟訖,不宿於家。 臨軍對寇,士卒不用命,並得專行其罰。 既捷,及軍未散,皆會眾而書勞與其費用,乃告太廟。 元帥凱旋之日,皆使郊勞。 有司先獻捷於太廟,又告齊太公廟。 員外郎一人掌貢舉及雜請之事。 凡貢舉,每歲孟春,亦與計偕。 有二科:一曰平射,二曰武舉。 凡科之優劣,勳獲之等級,皆審其實而受敘焉。 員外郎一人掌判南曹。 每歲選人,有解狀、簿書、資歷、考課。 必由之以核其實,乃上三銓。 進甲則署焉。 職方郎中職方郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司域大夫也。 員外郎一員,正六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史四人,書令史九人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌天下地圖及城隍、鎮戍、烽堠之數,辨其邦國都鄙之遠近,及四夷之歸化。 凡五方之區域,都邑之廢置,疆埸之爭訟者,舉而正之。 凡天下上鎮二十,中鎮九十,下鎮一百三十五。 上戍十有一,中戍八十六,下戍二百四十五。 凡烽堠所置,大率相去三十里。 其逼邊境者,築城置之。 每烽置帥一人,副一人。 凡州縣城門及倉庫門,須有備守。 駕部郎中駕部郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司輿大夫也。 員外郎一人,從六品上。 主事三人,從九品上。 令史十人,書令史二十人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌邦國輿輦、車乘、傳驛、廄牧、官私馬牛雜畜簿籍,辨其出入,司其名數。 凡三十里一驛,天下驛凡一千六百三十九,而監牧六十有五,皆分使統之。 若畜養之宜,孳生之數,皆載於太僕之職。 凡諸衛有承直之馬,凡諸司有備運之牛,皆審其制,以定數焉。 庫部郎中庫部郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司庫大夫也。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史七人,書令史十五人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌邦國軍州戎器、儀仗。 凡元正、冬至陳設,並祠祭喪葬所貢之物,皆辨其出入之數,量其繕造之功,以分給焉。 刑部刑部尚書刑部尚書一員,正三品。 隋初改都官尚書,又改為刑部。 龍朔改為司刑太常伯,光宅改為秋官尚書,神龍復也。 侍郎一員。 正四品下。 龍朔為司刑少常伯。 尚書、侍郎之職,掌天下刑法及徒隸、勾覆、關禁之政令。 其屬有四:一曰刑部,二曰都官,三曰比部,四曰司門。 總其職務,而行其制命。 凡中外百司之事,由於所屬,鹹質正焉。 刑部郎中郎中二員,從五品上。 隋曰憲部郎,武德為刑部郎中,龍朔改為司刑大夫。 員外郎二員,從六品上。 主事四人,從九品上。 令史十九人,書令史三十八人,亭長六人,掌固十人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌貳尚書、侍郎,舉其典憲,而辨其輕重。 凡文法之名有四:一曰律,二曰令,三曰格,四曰式。 凡律,十有二章:一名例,二禁衛,三職制,四戶婚,五廄庫,六擅興,七賊盜,八斗訟,九詐偽,十雜律,十一捕亡,十二斷獄,而大凡五百條。 令,二十有七篇,分為三十卷。 第一至第七曰官品職員,八祠,九戶,十選舉,十一考課,十二宮衛,十三軍防,十四衣服,十五儀制,十六鹵簿,十七公式,十八田,十九賦役,二十倉庫,二十一廄牧,二十二關市,二十三醫疾,二十四獄官,二十五營繕,二十六喪葬,二十七雜令,而大凡一千五百四十六條。 凡格,二十四篇。 式,三十三篇。 以尚書、御史台、九寺、三監、諸軍為目。 凡律,以正刑定罪。 令,以設範立制。 格,以禁違正邪。 式,以軌物程事。 乃立刑名之制五焉:一笞,二杖,三徒,四流,五死。 笞刑五,杖刑五,徒刑五,流刑三,死刑二。 而斷獄之大典,有十惡、八議、五聽、六贓。 贖配之典,具在《刑法志》。 凡決死刑,皆于中書門下詳覆。 凡死罪,枷而杻。 婦人及流徒,枷而不杻。 官品及勳散之階第七已上,鎖而不枷。 在京諸司,則徒已上送大理,杖已下當司斷之。 若金吾糾獲,亦送大理。 凡決大辟罪,在京者,行決之司,皆五覆奏; 在外者,刑部三覆奏。 若犯惡逆已上,及部曲奴婢殺主者,一覆奏。 凡京城決囚之日,減膳徹樂。 每歲立春後至秋分,不得決死刑。 大祭祀及致齋、朔望、上下弦、二十四氣、雨未晴、夜未明、斷屠月日及休假,亦如之。 凡犯流罪已下,應除免官。 當未奏,身死者,免其追奪。 流移之人,皆不得棄放妻妾,及私遁還鄉。 至六載,然後聽仕。 即本犯不應流而特配流者,三載已後聽仕。 其應徒則皆配居作。 凡禁囚,五日一慮。 凡鞫獄官與被鞫人有親屬仇嫌者,皆聽更之。 凡在京諸司見禁囚,每月二十五已前,本司錄其所犯及禁時月日,以報刑部,凡國有赦宥之事,先集囚徒于闕下,命衛尉樹金雞,待宣制訖,乃釋之。 都官郎中都官郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔改司僕大夫,咸亨復。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史發人,書令史十二人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌配役隸,簿隸俘囚以給衣糧藥療,以理訴競雪冤。 凡公私良賤,必周知之。 凡反逆相坐,沒其家為官奴婢。 一免為蕃戶,再免為雜戶,三免為良民,皆因赦宥所及則免之。 年六十及廢疾,雖赦令不該,亦並免為蕃戶,七十則免為良人,任所樂處而編附之。 凡初被沒有伎藝者,各從其能,而配諸司。 婦人工巧者,入於掖庭。 其餘無能,咸隸司農。 比部郎中比部郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司計大夫。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史十四人。 書令史二十七人,計史一人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌勾諸司百僚俸料、公廨、贓贖、調斂、徒役、課程、逋懸數物,周知內外之經費,而總勾之。 凡內外官料俸,以品第高下為差。 外官以州縣府之上中下為差。 凡稅天下戶錢,以充州縣官月料,皆分公廨本錢之利。 羈縻州所補漢官,給以當土之物。 關監之官,以品第為差。 其給以年支輕貨。 鎮軍司馬,判官俸祿,同京官。 鎮戍之官,以鎮戍上中下為差。 凡京師有別借食本,每季一申省,諸州歲終而申省,比部總勾覆之。 凡倉庫、出內、營造、傭市、丁匠、功程、贓贖、賦斂、勳賞、賜與、軍資、器仗、和糴、屯牧,亦勾覆之。 司門郎中司門郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔曰司門大夫。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史六人,書令史十三人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌天下諸門及關出入往來之籍賦,而審其政。 凡關二十有六,為上中下之差。 京城四面關有驛道者,為上關。 余關有驛道及四面無驛道者,為中關。 他皆為下關。 關所以限中外,隔華夷,設險作固,閑邪正禁者也。 凡關呵而不征,司貨賄之出入,其犯禁者,舉其貨,罰其人。 凡度關者,先經本部本司請過所,在京則省給之,在外則州給之。 而雖非所部,有來文者,所在亦給。 工部工部尚書工部尚書一員,正三品。 南朝謂之起部。 有所營造,則置起部尚書,畢則省之。 隋初改置工部尚書。 龍朔為司平太常伯,光宅改為冬官尚書,神龍復舊也。 侍郎一員。 正四品下。 龍朔為司平少常伯。 尚書、侍郎之職,掌天下百工、屯田、山澤之政令。 其屬有四:一曰工部,二曰屯田,三曰虞部,四曰水部。 總其職務,而行其制命。 凡中外百司之事,由於所屬,鹹質正焉。 工部郎中郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司平大夫也。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史十二人,書令史二十一人,亭長六人,掌固八人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌經營興造之眾務。 凡城池之修浚,土木之繕葺,工匠之程式,咸經度之。 凡京師、東都有營繕,則下少府、將作,以供其事。 屯田郎中屯田郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司田大夫也。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史七人,書令史十二人,計史一人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌天下屯田之政令。 凡邊防鎮守,轉運不給,則設屯田,以益軍儲。 其水陸腴瘠,播種地宜,功庸煩省,收率等級,鹹取決焉。 諸屯田役力,各有程數。 凡天下諸軍州管屯,總九百九十有二。 大者五十頃,小者二十頃。 凡當屯之中,地有良薄,歲有豐儉,各定為三等。 凡屯皆有屯官、屯副。 凡京文武職事官,有職分田。 京兆,河南府及京縣官,亦准此。 凡在京諸司,有公廨田,皆視其品命而審其分給。 虞部郎中虞部郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司虞大夫。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史四人,書令史九人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌京城街巷種植,山澤苑囿,草木薪炭,供頓田獵之事。 凡採捕漁獵,必以其時。 凡京兆、河南二都,其近為四郊,三百里皆不得弋獵採捕。 殿中、太僕所管閑廄馬,兩都皆五百里內供其芻槁。 其關內、隴右、西使、南使諸牧監馬牛駝羊,皆貯槁及茭草。 其柴炭木橦進內及供百官蕃客,並于農隙納之。 水部郎中水部郎中一員,從五品上。 龍朔為司川大夫。 員外郎一員,從六品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史四人,書令史九人,掌固四人。 郎中、員外郎之職,掌天下川瀆陂池之政令,以導達溝洫,堰決河渠。 凡舟楫溉灌之利,鹹總而舉之。 凡天下水泉,三億二萬三千五百五十九。 其在遐荒絕域,迨不可得而知矣。 其江、河,自西極達於東溟,中國之大川者也。 其餘百三十五水,是為中川。 其又千二百五十二水,斯為小川也。 若渭、洛、汾、濟、漳、淇、淮、漢,皆互達方域,通濟舳艫,從有之無,利於生人者也。 凡天下造舟之梁四,河則蒲津、大陽、河陽,洛則孝義也。 石柱之梁四,洛則天津、永濟、中橋,灞則灞橋。 木柱之梁三,皆渭川,便橋、中渭橋、東渭橋也。 巨梁十有一,皆國工修之。 其餘皆所管州縣隨時營葺。 其大津無梁,皆給船人,量其大小難易,以定其差。
In general the central secretariat upheld the regulations governing all bureaus and the protocols for officials, to maintain sound governance and disseminate state policy. Communications from superior to subordinate took six forms: ordinances, edicts, investiture documents, orders, instructions, and dispatches. The emperor issued ordinances, edicts, and investiture documents. The crown prince issued orders. Imperial princes and princesses issued instructions. Communications from the Department to prefectures, prefectures to counties, and counties to townships were all called dispatches. Subordinate communications upward also took six forms: memorials, reports, formal letters, personal communications, commoners' petitions, and official documents. Memorials were addressed to the emperor. Close ministers could also submit reports. Formal letters and personal communications were directed to the crown prince, though they could also be used toward one's seniors; they were not standard administrative forms. Official paperwork by all ranked officials was called a dispatch document. Commoners submitted petitions. Inter-bureau inquiries took three forms: notifications, impeachment reports, and transfers. A notification meant communicating a matter for coordination; an impeachment report meant exposing misconduct; and a transfer meant shifting a matter to another bureau. Transfers required co-signature by all officials with joint jurisdiction. Every matter received by capital and provincial bureaus was date-stamped at issuance and assigned a deadline. When the Department implemented imperial ordinances and edicts, a processing deadline was set and recorded once the dossier was complete. Urgent matters had to be completed the same day. Deadlines for prefectural statistical reports reaching the capital varied with the scope and volume of the business. When capital bureaus sent dispatches, transfers, notifications, or documents to the prefectures, transmission had to go through the central secretariat. Completed documents were sealed in vermilion by the auditing office, inscribed at the top with the date, and filed in the archive. For documents requiring official seals, the seal officer verified that the contents matched before sealing, and every use was logged. At month's end the records were deposited in the archive. One Department official each day held overnight duty. The central office updated the duty roster and rotated assignments. Officials throughout the empire reported at dawn and withdrew at noon; after hours the duty officer handled affairs. Offices with heavy workloads were exempt from this rule. The volume of imperial ordinances, edicts, and statistical reports nationwide. Deadlines for secretariat dispatches and proclamations typically ran to year-end. Capital bureaus submitted their returns to the central secretariat on the first day of the fourth month. For prefectures, the supervising bureau verified the figures and forwarded them to the auditing officer. The auditing officer reviewed them. After joint signature and sealing, they were attached to the statistical ledger and forwarded to the central secretariat. On the first day of the sixth month the central registrar convened all bureau clerks for cross-verification. Concealment, omission, or discrepancy was recorded in merit evaluations. Chief clerks: six posts, junior ninth rank, upper grade. There were eighteen document clerks, thirty-six writing clerks, six ward captains, and fourteen custodians. Document clerks maintained dossiers and registers; ward captains and custodians inspected the gates, storehouses, halls, and furnishings. Ministry of Personnel. Minister of Personnel: one post, senior third rank. In 662 the title became Director of Appointments and Grand Master of Splendor; in 689 Heavenly Offices Minister; after the Shenlong restoration (705) it reverted to Minister of Personnel. Vice Ministers: two posts. Senior fourth rank, upper grade. In 607 Emperor Yang assigned one Vice Minister to each of the six ministries to assist the minister, all at senior fourth rank. Under the Tang code, Vice Ministers of all ministries were set at senior fourth rank, lower grade, except the Vice Minister of Personnel, who remained at senior fourth rank, upper grade. Under the Longshuo reform the title became Junior Director of Appointments and Vice Grand Master of Splendor; it was restored in 670. In 668 one additional Vice Minister was added to both Personnel and War. The Minister and Vice Ministers administered policies for appointing officials, granting enfeoffments, and conducting merit evaluations empire-wide. They supervised four bureaus: Personnel, Enfeoffments, Meritorious Service, and Merit Evaluation. They coordinated bureau duties and implemented issued regulations. All capital and provincial bureau business under their jurisdiction was verified for correctness. The annual selection and appointment cycle convened in the first month of winter. Candidates within five hundred li reported in the first ten-day period; within a thousand li, the middle period; beyond a thousand li, the last period. The Minister and Vice Ministers divided selection into three boards. The Minister chaired the Minister's Board; the two Vice Ministers headed the Central Board and Eastern Board. Candidates were assessed by four talents and three measures of actual achievement. The four talents were physique, speech, calligraphy, and judgment. Those who excelled in any of these had merit to draw upon. The three realities were virtue and conduct, talent and employment, and labor and effect; virtue was weighed against talent, talent against labor, and labor had to be verified before promotion or demotion. Comparing candidates' merits determined retention or dismissal, set the balance of appointments, curbed corruption, advanced the capable, and then matched qualifications to proposed posts. Fifth rank and above: names went to the Chancellery and Secretariat for imperial appointment. Sixth rank and below: appointments were fixed by qualifications and duties. Those of notable talent eligible for remonstrator, supplementation censor, or investigating censor also had names sent to the Chancellery and Secretariat for edict appointment. Those with distinguished service records and high evaluation grades could receive cross-rank appointments; otherwise not. Candidates not of pure-stream origin could not be assigned to pure-stream offices. If qualifications did not match a post or the assignment was unsuitable, up to three alternative assignments were permitted. Technical officials were designated by their home bureau and registered with Personnel. Officials in the same bureau who jointly audited matters could not be assigned relatives within the greater mourning circle. Imperial kin, related kin, and military merit holders could also be assigned as bureau assistant directors. Proposed appointments required rank registers and selection rosters sent to the Secretariat first. When rank exceeded the proposed post the assignment was marked 'acting'; when rank fell short it was marked 'holding'. When the three boards finished, each board's roster passed the Left and Right Vice Directors. Central and Eastern Board rosters passed the Minister before going to the Secretariat. The supervising secretary read, the vice chamberlain reviewed, the attendant-in-chief examined, then the roster was submitted; upon imperial approval appointments were issued. If the Vice Directors or Secretariat rejected an appointment, it was reassigned; some cases were resubmitted after rejection. The great selection ended in late spring; candidates in military service took calligraphy and judgment tests in the army, sealed and sent to Personnel. Some submitted credentials in spring and assembled later, called the spring selection. Those of outstanding merit with edicts for immediate appointment could be selected off-cycle within one hundred days. Thus the nine streams of rank were fixed and administrative gaps remedied — the system for managing officials was complete. Personnel Bureau Directors: two posts, junior fifth rank, upper grade. Under Longshuo, Director of Appointments Grandee; Xianheng and Guangzhai followed Sui titles. Bureau Assistant Directors: two posts. Both junior sixth rank, upper grade. Thirty document clerks, sixty writing clerks, eight ward captains, and twelve custodians. One Director managed the ranks and grades of all civil officials empire-wide. Rank sequence comprised twenty-nine grades from senior first through ninth, each with upper and lower subdivisions; honorary officials from fourth rank down and ninth rank up rotated duty at Personnel. Rotation duty lasted forty-five days. When the central secretariat or bureaus needed personnel, honorary officials from War and Personnel were assigned. After two or more rotations they could enter selection. Failures were listed by rotation, not exceeding five or six cycles. Rank sequence could derive from enfeoffment, imperial kinship, merit, inherited privilege, filial piety recommendations, labor evaluations, or restoration after dismissal — all per statute, with no false claims. Advancement to third or fifth rank required special edict; otherwise not. When office was equal, enfeoffment took precedence; when enfeoffment was equal, age did. Capital regular attendees included fifth-rank functional officials and above, eighth-rank attendance officials and above, bureau assistant directors, investigating censors, and Court of Imperial Sacrifices academicians. Attendance officials: from the two departments, from Attendant-in-Chief and Secretariat Director downward, all were attendance officials. Bureau chiefs, clear-expectation officials, and clear officials from fourth rank down through eighth rank up. Daily, two sixth-rank clear officials waited on duty at court. Attendance and guard officials were exempt. Clear-expectation appointments of fourth rank and below required matching talent and office; improper advancement was not permitted. Functional officials on court attendance or sick leave could not exceed permitted periods. At seventy officials should retire; if still vigorous they could handle limited duties. Officials or co-resident relatives within the greater mourning circle engaged in crafts or commerce, or those with chronic illness or alcohol abuse, could not enter office. Officials of clear repute were recommended by name; fifth rank and above received measured promotion through the Chancellery; sixth rank and below Personnel graded for transfer. Second- and third-grade recommendees of fifth rank and above received slightly preferential appointment dates. Sixth rank and below could enter selection when terms expired, without dismissal limits. Lingnan and Qianzhong held a southern selection every three years via a supplement commissioner. All officials empire-wide had fixed establishment quotas. All bureaus had fixed rotation duty numbers. All bureaus had ranked rotation officials. Inside and outside officials had leave regulations and travel orders. Registers, records, merit rewards, and evaluation grades were divided among bureau assistant directors. One Director managed minor selection, also nine grades, called the acting office. Outside the nine streams, this was the outside-stream selection, also called minor selection. Examination and appointment procedures broadly matched inside-stream selection. Personnel, War, Rites, Merit Evaluation, central secretariat, Censorate, Secretariat, and Chancellery were the front eight bureaus; the rest were rear acting offices. Outside-stream candidates required writing and calculation skills plus familiarity with current affairs. Excellence in one of three areas placed them within the promotion period. Every three evaluations triggered transfer selection by ability; otherwise the former post was retained. Minor selection was formerly managed solely by the Director. In 737 an edict ordered that after examination, retention and dismissal were decided by the Minister and Vice Ministers. One Bureau Assistant Director adjudicated the Southern Bureau. The bureau lay south of the selection bureau, hence the Southern Bureau. Annual candidates' credentials, registers, qualifications, and evaluations passed through it for verification before the three boards. The three boards' rosters were signed there. One Bureau Assistant Director handled bureau affairs. Imperial Temple Acolyte credential tests followed the metropolitan examination system. Enfeoffments Bureau Director: one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade. Under the Sui, Master of Enfeoffments Director; Wude followed. Longshuo renamed it Enfeoffments Grandee; Guangzhai changed to Enfeoffments Director. Enfeoffments Bureau Assistant Director: one post, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Chief clerks: two, junior ninth rank, upper grade. Four document clerks, nine writing clerks, four custodians. The Enfeoffments Director and Assistant Director administered state enfeoffments, of which there were nine grades. First, King: senior first rank, fief of ten thousand households. Second, Commandery Prince: junior first rank, fief of five thousand households. Third, State Duke: junior first rank, fief of three thousand households. Fourth, Commandery Duke: senior second rank, fief of two thousand households. Fifth, County Duke: junior second rank, fief of fifteen hundred households. Sixth, County Marquis: junior third rank, fief of one thousand households. Seventh, County Earl: senior fourth rank, fief of seven hundred households. Eighth, County Viscount: senior fifth rank, fief of five hundred households. Ninth, County Baron: junior fifth rank, fief of three hundred households. Famous mountains, great rivers, and capital-region counties could not be enfeoffed. Commandery dukes with surplus enfeoffments could transfer them to descendants. All state dukes received special enfeoffment. All Daoist shrines empire-wide had fixed establishment quotas. Each shrine appointed three directors, filled by those of highest moral virtue. On three-principle yuan fast days, Golden Register, Bright Truth, and similar rites were performed. Daoist priest and priestess registers were compiled every three years. External titled ladies: the emperor's paternal aunts as Grand Senior Princesses, sisters as Senior Princesses, daughters as Princesses — all senior first rank. The crown prince's daughters were Commandery Princesses, junior first rank. Kings' daughters were County Princesses, senior second rank. A king's consort was styled Consort. Senior first rank and state dukes' mothers and wives were Ladies of the State. Third rank and above mothers and wives were Ladies of the Commandery. Fourth rank mothers and wives were Commandery Ladies. Fifth rank or merit officials with third-rank enfeoffment — mothers and wives were County Ladies. Honorary officials followed functional officials. Fourth-rank merit officials with enfeoffment — mothers and wives were Township Ladies. Mothers' fief titles added 'Grand'; each followed husband or son's rank. If holding both office and enfeoffment, the higher rank applied. Internal titled ladies: a senior first rank's mother was a senior fourth rank Commandery Lady; a senior second rank's mother was a junior fourth rank Commandery Lady; senior third and fourth rank mothers were senior fifth rank County Ladies. Women did not receive separate fief titles apart from husband or son; titles followed the same pattern for Lady, Commandery Lady, County Lady, and Township Lady. Secondary sons holding fifth rank or above enfeoffed the primary mother. Without a primary mother, the birth mother was enfeoffed. Consorts of former dynasties, fifth-rank functional officials and above, third-rank honorary officials and above, and kings' and state dukes' mothers and wives attended court per husband and son's ritual. Imperial princes: two Consorts at senior fifth rank; ten Subsidiary Consorts at senior sixth rank. Heir princes, commandery princes, and senior first rank: ten Subsidiary Consorts at junior sixth rank. Senior second rank: eight Subsidiary Consorts at senior seventh rank. Senior third rank and state dukes: six Subsidiary Consorts at junior seventh rank. Fourth rank: four Subsidiary Consorts at senior eighth rank. Fifth rank: three Subsidiary Consorts at junior eighth rank. Below this rank all were concubines. Imperial five degrees of kin and three degrees of related kin — survival, death, promotion, and demotion — had registers compiled every three years. Removal and attachment regulations were recorded in the Imperial Clan Court. Meritorious Service Bureau Director: one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade. Under the Sui, Meritorious Service Director; early Wude added 'central'. Longshuo renamed it Meritorious Service Grandee; restored in 670. Meritorious Service Bureau Assistant Directors: two posts, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Chief clerks: four, junior ninth rank, upper grade. Thirty-three document clerks, sixty writing clerks, four custodians. The Director and Assistant Directors administered merit grades for state officials. Twelve merit rotations reached Senior Pillar of the State, equivalent to senior second rank. Eleven rotations: Pillar of the State, junior second rank. Ten rotations: Senior Protector General, senior third rank. Nine rotations: Protector General, junior third rank. Eight rotations: Senior Light Chariot Commandant, senior fourth rank. Seven rotations: Light Chariot Commandant, junior fourth rank. Six rotations: Senior Cavalry Commandant, senior fifth rank. Five rotations: Cavalry Commandant, junior fifth rank. Four rotations: Valiant Cavalry Commandant, senior sixth rank. Three rotations: Flying Cavalry Commandant, junior sixth rank. Two rotations: Cloud Cavalry Commandant, senior seventh rank. One rotation: Martial Cavalry Commandant, junior seventh rank. Those with achievements eligible for merit offices were reviewed and confirmed, then memorialized for appointment. Merit Evaluation Bureau Director: one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade. Longshuo renamed it Director of Records Grandee; restored at the beginning of 670. Merit Evaluation Bureau Assistant Director: one post, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Longshuo renamed it Records Bureau Assistant Director; restored in 670. Chief clerks: three, junior eighth rank, upper grade. Thirteen document clerks, twenty-five writing clerks, four custodians. The Director and Assistant Directors administered merit evaluation for all civil and military officials. Evaluated officials compiled annual achievements, faults, conduct, and ability; home bureau and prefectural chiefs read before assembly, fixed nine-grade evaluations, bureaus verified by quota, then sent to Personnel. Civil and military officials sent registers via capital assembly envoys, with deadlines varying by distance. Annual edict appointed two high-standing capital officials: one evaluated capital officials, one outside officials. One supervising secretary and one secretariat drafter supervised capital and outside evaluations respectively. The Director adjudicated capital evaluation; the Assistant Director outside evaluation. When inspection confirmed, achievements and faults were reported to the emperor. Capital officials gathered for public reading and annotation; outside officials annotated via assembly envoys. Evaluation used four excellences: widely known virtue, manifest purity and prudence, praiseworthy fairness, and diligent industry. Beyond excellences, twenty-seven 'bests': first, remedying omissions and filling gaps — best for close attendants. Second, weighing talent and elevating the capable — best for selection bureaus. Third, promoting the worthy and repelling the corrupt with appropriate praise and censure — best for evaluators. Fourth, ritual forms conforming to classics — best for rites officers. Fifth, harmonious music without missed rhythm — best for music officers. Sixth, prompt decisions with reasonable grant and denial — best for adjudicators. Seventh, effective command with alert guard — best for palace guards. Eighth, drilled soldiers with complete equipment — best for supervisors. Ninth, investigation finding facts with fair judgment — best for judges. Tenth, precise proofreading and clear editing — best for correctors. Eleventh, clear and keen memorializing — best for announcement officers. Twelfth, effective instruction with students completing studies — best for academy officers. Thirteenth, strict rewards and punishments with battle victory — best for generals. Fourteenth, flourishing rites with purified jurisdiction — best for civil administrators. Fifteenth, detailed canonical records with rhetoric and principle — best for literary historians. Sixteenth, precise investigation with appropriate impeachment — best for censors. Seventeenth, clear audit with no concealed errors — best for auditors. Eighteenth, maintained duties with sufficient supply — best for supply supervisors. Nineteenth, fulfilled labor with no craftsman complaints — best for corvée officers. Twentieth, timely farming with completed harvest — best for garrison officers. Twenty-first, careful storage and clear disbursement — best for storehouse officers. Twenty-second, precise calendrical calculation — best for calendar officers. Twenty-third, observation, medicine, and divination with verified results — best for technical specialists. Twenty-fourth, effective inspection with unimpeded travel — best for pass officers. Twenty-fifth, undisturbed markets without fraud — best for market officers. Twenty-sixth, fat herds with prolific breeding — best for pasture officers. Twenty-seventh, quiet borders with repaired defenses — best for frontier defense. One or more 'bests' with four excellences: highest upper grade. One or more 'bests' with three excellences, or four excellences without a 'best': upper middle. One or more 'bests' with two excellences, or three excellences without a 'best': upper lower. One or more 'bests' with one excellence, or two excellences without a 'best': middle upper. One or more 'bests', or one excellence without a 'best': middle middle. Duties roughly managed, no excellence or 'best' noted: middle lower. Following personal bias with unreasonable judgment: lower upper. Neglecting public duty for private gain: lower middle. Flattery, deceit, and proven corruption in office: lower lower. Beyond standard grades, special merit, pitiable guilt, or blameworthy conduct without formal demerit — evaluators could decide provisionally at review. Transferred officials' annual evaluation dated from transfer; bureaus weighed workload, prefectures upper or lower status. Evaluation advancement had fixed limits; without achievement, quotas were not filled. Achievement exceeding limits permitted measured advancement. Outside-stream officials received four-grade evaluations by home bureau measuring conduct and achievement. Imperial kin, merit guards, and assist guards all received evaluation grades. Evaluation grades broadly had three levels. Guard commanders followed three-guards evaluation. Gatekeepers, commandants, and duty chiefs followed commanders' evaluation. Posthumous title deliberation was an ancient universal statute examining conduct for distinction. Minister of Revenue: one post, senior third rank. Under the Sui, Minister of the People; renamed Revenue in 649. Renamed Expenditure in 656, Director of Origins in 662, Earthly Offices Minister in 689; restored as Revenue after Shenlong. Vice Ministers: two posts. Senior fourth rank, lower grade. Name changes from Sui onward followed Sui ministry titles. The Minister and Vice Ministers administered land, household, transport, and fiscal policy via four bureaus: Revenue, Expenditure, Metals, and Granaries. They coordinated bureau duties and implemented regulations. All bureau business under their jurisdiction was verified. Revenue Bureau Directors: two posts, junior fifth rank, upper grade. Bureau Assistant Directors: two posts, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Director and Assistant Director titles changed with the bureau from Sui onward. Chief clerks: four, junior ninth rank, upper grade. Fifteen document clerks, thirty-four writing clerks, six ward captains, ten custodians. The Director and Assistant Director administered household registers and land allocation. The ten circuits' tribute and tax varied by local production. The realm had 315 prefectures; tributary prefectures reached 800. Forty thousand households or more: upper prefecture; twenty thousand or more: middle; below: lower. Three capitals' counties: capital counties within walls, outskirts counties outside; plus 85 prominent counties. Six thousand or more: upper county; two thousand or more: middle; one thousand or more: lower-middle; below one thousand: lower. Households: 8,187,710; population: 46,285,161. One hundred households formed a li; five li formed a township. Capitals and cities divided into wards; outskirts into villages. Each li, ward, and village had a head for supervision. Four households formed a neighbor group; five groups formed a mutual-security unit. Mutual-security chiefs enforced mutual restraint. Life stages: yellow at birth, small at four, middle at sixteen, ding at twenty-one, old at sixty. Statistical accounts compiled annually. Household registers compiled every three years. Counties reported to prefectures, prefectures to the ministry; Revenue oversaw totals. Households graded into nine asset classes; fixing in mid-year, registers in last quarter. Prefectures kept five register cycles; the ministry nine. Dual-registration households: border prefectures first, then interior, then military prefectures. If equal, whichever registered first applied. Residence rules: cramped districts could move to spacious ones; distant places to nearer ones; light-corvée districts to heavier ones. Four classes specialized in their occupations. Scholars studied civil and military arts; farmers farmed; artisans made implements; merchants traded. Artisan and merchant families could not enter scholar ranks. Salary recipients could not seize subordinates' profit. Fields: five chi per bu, 240 bu per mu, 100 mu per qing. Land was allocated by fertility and size to settle the people. Land grants and residential plots followed graded rules. Per-capita grants followed proximity. City dwellers without home-county land received grants from neighboring counties. Land receipt and return ran from the tenth through twelfth month. Grants prioritized taxed before untaxed, poor before rich, many before few. Fully allocated districts were spacious; insufficient ones cramped. Officials and merit holders received permanent estate land. Prefectures had public office land; officials had duty land. Tax and corvée had four types: rent, allocation, labor, and miscellaneous corvée. Each ding paid two shi grain rent. Allocation: local silk or cloth two zhang; cloth added one-fifth. Silk submitters added three liang cotton. Cloth submitters added three jin hemp. All were officially stamped. Each ding: two ten-day labor periods yearly; otherwise three chi cloth per day substitution. Added labor: fifteen days exempted allocation; thirty days exempted rent and allocation. Substitution and allocation collected mid-autumn, sent to prefectures last autumn. Rent collection followed local harvest timing. Collection mid-winter through first month of spring. Home prefecture delivery completed by last winter month. Submitted foreign and inner tribes also graded in nine classes. Lingnan grain tax and prefectural money tax had fixed rates. Ding households had preferential exemptions. Filial and chaste conduct reported to ministry brought gate tablets and household tax exemption. Sincere devotion with responsive efficacy received added rewards. Capital civil and military officials had guard attendants. Prefectural and county officials had white-attendants. Prefectural officials and outside supervisors had uniform-bearers. Imperial prince households received laborers per white-attendant quotas. Substantive enfeoffment used tax households. Food-enfeoffment passed to descendants. Commoners: one attendant at eighty, two at ninety, three at one hundred. Assembly envoys arrived 25th of tenth month; Revenue presented them 1st of eleventh; merit evaluation followed. New Year's Day tribute presented at court. Capital county magistrates attended court quarterly. Expenditure Bureau Director: one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade. Longshuo renamed Director of Measures Grandee; restored in 670. Bureau Assistant Director: one post, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Chief clerks: two, junior ninth rank, upper grade. Sixteen document clerks, thirty-three writing clerks, one accounting clerk, four custodians. They adjudicated rent, tax, production, and transport routes. Annual output and expenditure calculated; transport and delivery followed schedules. Harmonized and market purchases balanced goods for public benefit. Gold, silver, treasures, and silk were procured via substitution and allocation. For all freight moved by land and water across the empire, porter charges were set in full, with rules tailored to load, value, and route conditions. Every frontier army had a supply commissioner who calculated needs for provisions, grain, and arms. Annual costs were reported to the Expenditure Bureau for audit according to standing orders. Metals Bureau Director: one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade. In 662 the title became Grand Master of Treasures; restored in 670. One Bureau Assistant Director, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Three chief clerks, junior ninth rank, upper grade. Eight document clerks, twenty-one writing clerks, one accounting clerk, four custodians. They oversaw treasury receipts and payments empire-wide, issued regulations, and maintained account books. Length: one grain-width of standard millet as one fen; ten fen one cun, ten cun one chi, one chi two cun a large chi, ten chi one zhang. Capacity: twelve hundred grains as one yue; two yue one he, ten he one sheng, ten sheng one dou, three dou a large dou, ten dou one hu. Weight: one hundred grains one zhu; twenty-four zhu one liang, three liang a large liang, sixteen liang one jin. Millet-based standards tuned bells and pipes, measured the sundial, prepared medicines, and regulated caps and robes. Public and private, palace and beyond, all used the larger measures. Treasury movements were posted in notices and tallied quarterly. Imperial-order disbursements were reviewed by the Secretariat and Chancellery first. Monthly salary authorizations passed up for review; wooden tallies matched disbursing offices. Government-private trade had fixed quantity limits. Silks and cloths differed by length, width, bolts, and cotton bundles. Ten-section grants: three silk pieces, three cloth bolts, three cotton bundles. Ten sections mixed colors: two silk cloth, two pieces, two gauze, four plain silk. Foreign guests: per ten sections, one brocade, two gauze, three plain silk, four cotton bundles. Envoys inspecting prisoners received seasonal court dress. The same applied after two years abroad. Full sets issued complete; partial sets at reduced rate. Midwinter court: fifth rank and above five silk pieces, sixth and below three; ennobled wives per husband or son. Granaries Bureau Director: one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade. In 662 Grand Master of Measures; restored in 670. One Bureau Assistant Director, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Three chief clerks, junior ninth rank, upper grade. Nine document clerks, twenty writing clerks, one accounting clerk, four custodians. They managed granaries, collected rent and taxes, and issued salary grain. Civil and military officials received grain rations twice yearly by rank. One hundred wooden tallies coordinated disbursing offices. All entitled officials and categories received rice. Retired fifth rank and above and court attendants received half pay. Immediate transfers counted prior salary toward the new allotment. Grain rent east of the capital went to Hanjia Granary, then to the capital Great Granary. Luoyang-Shanzhou by land, Shanzhou-capital by water; overseers served as commissioners. From princes down, annual crop records were registered. Charity granaries guarded against shortage; Ever-Normal Granaries stabilized prices. Minister of Rites: one post, senior third rank. The office dated from the Sui. Longshuo: Grand Constant Master of Rites; Guangzhai: Spring Office Minister; Shenlong restored the title. One Vice Minister. Senior fourth rank, lower grade. The title changed with bureau reorganizations. They governed ceremony, sacrifice, and examination policy. Four departments: Rites, Sacrifices, Provisions, Hosts and Guests. They coordinated departments and carried out orders. All jurisdiction business was reviewed there. Examinations convened mid-winter with the annual accounting envoys. Six tracks: Xiucai, five policy essays. That demanding track ended after Zhenguan. Then Mingjing, Jinshi, Mingfa, Calligraphy, Mathematics. All six required true mastery before passing. Exceptional breadth earned special recognition outside ordinary tracks. Academy students sat the same exams but needed only basic textual grasp. Suburban fast-officer tests matched Grand Temple rules. Twelve Directorate Great Completion students: brilliant Mingjing graduates, thousand-character recitation, oral exam, seven of ten essays. Each received nominal rank and remained until four classics were mastered. Rites Bureau Director: one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade. One Bureau Assistant Director, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Sui Ceremonial Affairs; Wude Rites bureau; Longshuo grand masters; Xianheng restored. Two chief clerks, junior eighth rank, upper grade. Five document clerks, eleven writing clerks, six ward captains, eight custodians. They assisted the Minister and Vice Minister. They drafted ritual codes and kept ceremony names straight. Five ritual categories comprised 152 ceremonies. First, auspicious rites: fifty-five; second, guest rites: six; third, military: twenty-three; fourth, felicitous: fifty; fifth, inauspicious: eighteen. New Year's Day at Hanyuan Hall: emperor in full regalia, palace music, imperial chariots displayed, yellow guard drawn up; dowagers, officials, envoys, and kin in court dress. The great gathering used the same arrangements. Winter Solstice followed New Year's format. Provinces did not report omens or bring tribute. The day after, officials and envoys congratulated the crown prince. On the emperor's birthday, nine-section music played; officials in informal dress. Capital officials of ninth rank and above attended on the first and fifteenth. Fifth rank and above, attendants, vice directors, censors, and doctors attended daily. Foreign courts received palace music and the yellow guard. Envoys alone received half the yellow guard. Investitures used the same display as New Year and Winter Solstice. Each rite ended with homage at the Grand Temple. Every omen was identified by name and form. Omens ranked great, upper, and middle. Before eclipse, advance notice; five drums and weapons at the Grand Earth Altar; court suspended business. Officials wore plain dress and conducted no business. Restrictions ended when the period passed. Lunar eclipses: drums at the responsible office. Ruined mountains or dried rivers: three days without business. At the equinoxes the Three Dukes inspected tombs with the Minister of Grand Harmony. Bows differed by rank and occasion. Outside hierarchy or among kin, private ritual applied. Music used five tones, eight instruments, twelve pipes, four ensembles, two dances — harmonizing society, seasons, spirits, and guests. Private households could not keep bells or chimes. Third rank and above could keep female musicians. Fifth rank: no more than three musicians. Close mourning and invested officials received bronze seals; fish tally rules applied. All of this was issued through the Chancellery. Yellow was the preferred color for dress; red, for banners. Regalia for the emperor, empress, crown prince, and those beneath them is set out in the Treatise on Carriages and Robes. Officials' caps, court tablets, parasols, curtains, and jade ornaments all differed by rank. Everyday dress was graded the same way. Mourning dress was not permitted inside government gates. Regional commanders and prefects below fifth rank might wear scarlet sash and fish tally while in office, but not after they left. Civil and military officials attending court or visiting offices were each assigned escorts according to rank. When a functional official died, funeral gifts, willow fans, and steles were allotted by regulation. Sacrifices Bureau Director: one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade. Longshuo renamed the post Grand Master of Sacrificial Rites; Xianheng restored the old title. One Assistant Director, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Two chief clerks, junior ninth rank, upper grade. Five document clerks, eleven writing clerks, six ward captains, and eight custodians. The Director and Assistant Director oversaw sacrifice, astronomy, clepsydra timekeeping, national mourning days, temple taboos, divination, medicine, and Buddhist and Daoist clergy. Sacrifice fell into four categories: to Heaven, to Earth, to human spirits, and the libation offering to the sages and teachers of antiquity. There were three grades: August Heaven, August Earth, the realm's sovereign altars, and the Ancestral Temple ranked as great sacrifices. Heaven-and-Earth sacrifices always included the imperial ancestors as associated spirits. Medium sacrifices included the sun, moon, and stars; soil and grain; former emperors; sacred peaks, guardian mountains, and river-lords; the imperial soil altar and First Silkworm; Confucius and Duke Tai of Qi; and temples of former crown princes. Minor sacrifices included the Director of the Center, Director of Fate, Masters of Wind and Rain, the host of stars, mountains, forests, rivers, and marshes, the Five Dragons Shrine, prefectural and county altars of soil and grain, and libation offerings. When the emperor personally sacrificed at a great rite, the Grand Commandant was secondary offerer and the Minister of Imperial Entertainments final offerer. When officials performed the rite by proxy, the Grand Commandant was first offerer and the Minister of Grand Harmony secondary offerer. Great sacrifices required four days of dispersed fasting and two days of strict fasting. Minor sacrifices required two days of dispersed fasting and one day of strict fasting. Before each sacrifice participants rehearsed the rite, bathed, and received bright garments. Second rank and above maintained four ancestral temples. Fifth rank and above maintained three ancestral temples. Sixth rank and below, down to commoners, sacrificed only to the founder and immediate forebear. When the state performed feng and shan, the spirit seats followed those of the Round Mound and Square Pond. Monasteries nationwide had fixed quotas; each appointed three administrators from among its most accomplished clergy. Prefectural monasteries numbered 5,358 in all—3,235 for monks and 2,122 for nuns. Each monastery had one abbot, one prior, and one chief disciplinarian. Monastic registers were compiled every three years. For edict-mandated feasts, participating clergy received government provisions. On national mourning days, two great monasteries in each capital held dispersed fasting for monks and nuns. Civil and military officials fifth rank and above, and pure offices seventh rank and above, assembled, offered incense, and withdrew. The same rule applied in prefectures and districts throughout the realm. On distant mourning anniversaries, routine work continued, but unless military affairs were urgent, no new business was begun. Otherwise the usual forms applied. Provisions Bureau Director: one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade. Longshuo renamed the post Grand Master of Provisions; Xianheng restored the old title. One Assistant Director, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Two chief clerks, junior ninth rank, upper grade. Four document clerks, nine writing clerks, and four custodians. They managed sacrificial vessels, meat trays, wine and food offerings, graded their quantities, and oversaw ice storage and food supplies. Hosts and Guests Bureau Director: one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade. Sui: Director of Foreign Affairs; Wude: Hosts and Guests Bureau Director; Longshuo: Grand Master of Foreign Affairs; Xianheng restored the old title. One Assistant Director, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Two chief clerks, junior ninth rank, upper grade. Four document clerks, nine writing clerks, and four custodians. They managed the two former royal houses and foreign tribute and embassies. The two royal houses were represented by the Duke of Xi and the Duke of Jie. In all there were the states on the four sides. Since the age of tribute, through mutual destruction and punitive extinction, more than three hundred states had disappeared. Only a little more than seventy foreign states remained. Tribute protocol, banquet numbers, precedence, and travel credentials were all set out in the duties of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. Minister of War: one post, senior third rank. The Southern Dynasties called it Minister of the Five Armies; the Sui called it Minister of War. Longshuo renamed it Grand Constant Master of Arms; Xianheng restored the old title. Two Vice Ministers. Senior fourth rank, lower grade. Longshuo renamed it Vice Grand Constant Master of Arms; Xianheng restored the old title. They governed military appointments nationwide and regulations on maps, armor, and weapons. Four departments answered to them: War, Posts, Chariot, and Arsenal. They coordinated the departments and executed regulatory orders. All business under their jurisdiction, civil and military, was reviewed there. Military selection convened each year in early winter. Candidates within five hundred li of the capital reported in the first ten-day period; within a thousand li, the middle period; beyond a thousand li, the last period. The Minister and Vice Ministers divided selection into three boards. The Minister chaired the Central Board; the Vice Ministers headed the Eastern and Western Boards. Five abilities were tested: long-butt shooting, mounted and foot archery, mounted lance, foot archery, and interview. Candidates who excelled in any one could pass. Three comparative distinctions were applied. They were fierce bravery, skill and talent, and suitability for command. By assessing ability they decided who stayed or went, recorded talent, strengthened army and state, exposed fraud, and ranked merit. Then, by seniority and service, proposed appointments were matched. Fifth rank and above went to the Secretariat and Chancellery; sixth rank and below were assigned by qualification. Officers on critical garrison registers could not attend central selection; the military commissioner tested them and reported their grades. Proposed appointments, board rosters, and submitted rosters followed Ministry of Personnel rules. The great selection ended in late spring, weighing seniority, talent, and strategy for the needs of army and state. War Bureau Director: two posts, junior fifth rank, upper grade. Longshuo renamed the post Grand Master of Arms; Xianheng restored the old title. Two Assistant Directors, junior sixth rank, upper grade. Four chief clerks, junior eighth rank, lower grade. Thirty document clerks, sixty writing clerks, eight ward captains, and twelve custodians. One Director managed registers, military ranks nationwide, and guard-office quotas. Rank ordering comprised twenty-nine grades. They were the grades of generals. Details appear in the roster of ranks. Rank ordering followed the same rules as honorary civil offices. Guard headquarters nationwide numbered 594, graded upper, middle, and lower, as recorded in the guard regulations. Palace-guard officers each followed the rotation schedule. Thousand-Ox Bodyguards and the crown prince's Thousand-Ox Bodyguards were drawn from descendants of third-rank functional officials and sons of fourth-rank pure offices with upright bearing and proven martial skill. After five reviews, their home office tested them by civil or military standards and allowed them to enter selection. Fourth rank meant bureau vice ministers and the Left and Right Subscribers of the Heir Apparent. The Palace Affairs Office selected presentable candidates from the Left and Right Guard Three Guards and high noble lineage, testing them as with the Thousand-Ox Bodyguards. The Palace Service followed the same rule for presenting horses. Officers from seventh rank up to below fifth rank served five years, often up to eight; when the term ended they were screened and sent to the Ministry of Personnel. Those who failed returned to their original status. Without literary qualification, they could enter through military selection. The intimate, merit, and auxiliary guards of the Left and Right Guards and Rate Offices, together with auxiliary guards attached to other guards, were all classed as the Three Guards. Appointment followed hereditary rank: highest became intimate guards, then merit guards and Rate Office intimates, then auxiliary and Rate Office merit guards, then other guards' auxiliaries, and finally princely household arms-bearers and grooms. Rotating shifts were ordered according to how far men had to travel. Candidates whose close kin within five degrees had been executed were referred to the Ministry of War for placement above or below the usual grade. Three Guards from guards and Rate Offices in Jingzhao, Henan, Pu, Tong, Hua, Qi, Shan, Huai, Ru, Zheng, and neighboring prefectures all performed capital rotation duty. Other prefectures commuted rotation with a cash payment. The Left and Right Guards' Three Guards were organized into five armed units. Princes and nobles down the scale maintained intimate staff and household retainers under eighteen, levied at ten thousand men per contributing prefecture. After ten years of service they could sit for selective review. Men of strong literary and administrative talent went to the Ministry of Personnel; others stayed in their bureau; complete failures reverted to civilian status. Every guardsman under a guard corps bore a distinct service name. Service names ran: Left and Right Guards as Valiant Cavalry; Valiant Guards as Leopard Cavalry; Martial Guards as Bear Brigade; Awesomeness Guards as Forest of Feathers; Army-leading Guards as Sound of Archery; Golden Crow Guards as Flying Dagger. The crown prince's Guard Rate Offices used the names Superlative Charioteers, Traveler's Retinue, and Straight Sweep for transport and clear-way units. Together they were known as guard soldiers. They were drawn from sons and grandsons of officials of sixth rank or lower and from unregistered commoners exempt from labor service. Every three years rolls were reviewed; men entered at adulthood and retired at sixty. Rotating duty again followed distance from the capital. Each guardsman was entered on a personal roster. Service on campaign, garrison, or special assignment within three years was ranked in three grades of merit. Each year on the tenth of the first month they forwarded their prefecture's seal impression and a duplicate record to their guard headquarters. When guardsmen were detailed for rotation, the militia prefecture mobilized them from the roster. Campaign, garrison, and frontier details likewise formed unit blocks. Expert archers and riders formed Cross-Cavalry units; others formed infantry, all under a chain of command. Each squad of ten had six pack animals. Father–son or brother pairs were not deployed on the same mission. Households with elderly or sick grandparents and no spare laborer were excused from campaign and rotation. In peacetime they drilled in archery and sang the Great Horn chant. When rotation cohorts mustered, prefectural officers supervised examination. Golden Crow Guards fielded horn players; other guards crossbowmen; the Forest of Feathers Army flying cavalry and ten-thousand-rider units. Every circuit maintained registered stalwart troops. Registers were updated quarterly for the Secretariat and Chancellery. Inside the frontier passes stood mustered militia; six western prefectures also kept Goguryeo and Qiang auxiliaries. Five southwestern prefectures maintained garrison militia. Shortfalls were filled by levying sturdy men from wealthy households and appointing experienced officers of proven leadership in graded ranks. Volunteers for righteous expeditions formed separate units outside recruitment camps. Field gear was issued by the operating prefecture. Shortfalls were self-supplied, with equal obligation on rich and poor. Prefectures and army offices reported mobilization rolls and equipment counts to the Ministry of War. When troops demobilized, surviving and lost men and materiel were reconciled with the ministry. Grain, transport supplies, and clothing costs for homeward columns were apportioned by local counties and prefectures. One bureau director audited registers and summed all troop movements. Eight frontier commissioners ruled their circuits; interior prefectures within those circuits obeyed them. Fuzhou's frontier command and Dengping's navy lay outside those circuits. Names of commissioners and their garrisons appear in the Geographic Treatise. Princes at the head of armies bore the title marshal; joint civil–military commanders were overall commanders. As imperial envoys they were military commissioners, with chief, vice, and adjutant. A chief commissioner bearing imperial staff carried a wooden tally to mobilize troops. Generals leading ten thousand or more men received a full staff of secretaries and granary, military, and education aides. At five thousand the marshal post was omitted. Each army had a commissioner; five thousand added a vice; ten thousand added a garrison-colony vice. Every army included granary, military, and education aides. Transocean, Gaoyang, Tangxing, Hengyang, and Pingbei armies were headed by their prefects. Each garrison post had a commissioner and vice commissioner. Garrisons of ten thousand added a marshal and granary and military staff. Below five thousand the marshal was omitted. Garrisons placed an escort officer per five hundred men, a company chief per thousand, and an overall commander per five thousand. Chief and vice commissioners of garrisons served four-year terms. Officers below overall commander rotated every two years. Escort officers turned over with their units. Garrison commissioners down the ranks traveled with personal attendants authorized by separate memorial. Imperial visits to the three capitals required Left and Right Encampments for Luoyang's southern and northern guards under their own commissioners. The same arrangement applied in the primary capital when the court was there. Generals departing for war announced at the ancestral shrine, received the battle-axe, bid Lord Tai's temple farewell, and did not sleep at home that night. Commanders in battle could punish disobedient soldiers summarily. After victory, before demobilization, commanders mustered the army, recorded rewards and costs, and reported to the Grand Temple. Triumphant marshals were welcomed with suburban rites. Victory was reported first to the Grand Temple and again at Lord Tai's shrine. One vice director oversaw military examinations and miscellaneous petitions. Military examinations each early spring accompanied the annual personnel review. Two examination tracks existed: level archery and the military examination. Examination grades and merit ranks were verified before conferral of office. One vice director managed the southern personnel ledger. Annual selections relied on resignation certificates, dossiers, seniority, and evaluation records. Only after verification here did cases go to the Three Boards. Candidates promoted to first grade received endorsement. Bureau of Appointments director: one position, fifth rank, upper grade. During Longshuo the title was Grand Master of Domains. One vice director, sixth rank, upper grade. Two section chiefs, ninth rank, upper grade. Four clerks, nine recording clerks, and four custodians. Directors maintained maps, walls, garrisons, and beacon chains, measured distances among capitals and frontiers, and tracked barbarian submission. They adjudicated regional boundaries, changes to administrative seats, and frontier disputes. The empire counted twenty upper, ninety middle, and one hundred thirty-five lower garrisons. Garrison outposts totaled eleven upper, eighty-six middle, and two hundred forty-five lower. Beacon towers stood about thirty li apart on average. Along tight frontiers they were set in fortified towns. Each beacon station had a commander and assistant. City and warehouse gates required defensive guards. Bureau of Carriages director: one position, fifth rank, upper grade. During Longshuo the title was Grand Master of Chariots. One vice director, sixth rank, upper grade. Three section chiefs, ninth rank, upper grade. Ten clerks, twenty recording clerks, and four custodians. They oversaw chariots, relays, pastures, and livestock registers for all public and private animals. Thirty li per relay post; one thousand six hundred thirty-nine relays and sixty-five pastures under regional supervisors. Breeding suitability and foal counts belonged to the Court of the Imperial Stud. Guards kept escort horses and offices transport oxen according to fixed quotas. Bureau of Stores director: one position, fifth rank, upper grade. During Longshuo the title was Grand Master of Stores. One vice director, sixth rank, upper grade. Two section chiefs, ninth rank, upper grade. Seven clerks, fifteen recording clerks, and four custodians. Directors controlled arms and ceremonial equipment for the state, armies, and prefectures. They tracked issue and return of gear for seasonal displays, rites, and funerals, weighing repair costs before distribution. Ministry of Justice. Minister of Justice: one position, third rank, upper grade. Early Sui used Minister of the Capital Office, later Minister of Justice. Longshuo renamed it Grand Constant Minister of Punishments; Guangzhai the Autumn Office Minister; Shenlong restored the old title. One vice minister. Fourth rank, lower grade. Under Longshuo, Vice Grand Constant Minister of Punishments. The minister and vice governed national penal law, convict labor, case review, and frontier passes. Four subordinate bureaus: Punishments, Capital Office, Accounts, and Gateways. It coordinated their work and enforced their rules. All business of central and local offices was authenticated through the proper chain of command. Two directors of the Bureau of Punishments, fifth rank, upper grade. Sui used Discipline Bureau directors; Tang Wude restored Punishments directors; Longshuo renamed them Grand Masters of Punishments. Two vice directors, sixth rank, upper grade. Four section chiefs, ninth rank, upper grade. Nineteen clerks, thirty-eight recording clerks, six station chiefs, and ten custodians. Directors assisted the ministers, applied the code, and weighed harsh and mild penalties. Written law comprised four forms: statutes, orders, regulations, and formulas. The penal code held twelve chapters from General Principles through Trial and Sentencing, five hundred articles total. Administrative orders ran twenty-seven sections in thirty scrolls. Twenty-seven order scrolls listed ranks, rites, taxes, granaries, passes, prisons, construction, funerals, and more — one thousand five hundred forty-six articles. Twenty-four sections of supplementary regulations. Thirty-three sections of procedural formulas. Headings followed ministries, the Censorate, courts, directorates, and armies. Statutes defined crimes and fixed punishment. Orders established institutions and administrative scope. Regulations barred violations and corrected abuse. Formulas standardized materials and measured work. Five punishments stood: beating, flogging, penal servitude, exile, and death. Each beating and flogging grade had five levels; exile three; death two methods. Sentencing also invoked the Ten Abominations, Eight Privileges, Five Hearings, and Six Corruptions. Redemption and commutation rules appear in the Treatise on Penal Law. Capital sentences required joint review by the Secretariat and Chancellery. Capital convicts wore cangue and fetters. Women and exiles or convict laborers wore cangue only. Officials of seventh rank or higher, and merit holders, were chained without cangue. Capital offices sent servitude cases upward to the Court of Judicial Review; lesser punishments they decided themselves. Cases apprehended by the Golden Crow Guard likewise went to judicial review. Capital executions in the capital required five rounds of review memorials. In the provinces the Ministry of Justice filed three review memorials. Rebellion, great sedition, or a dependent or slave killing a master required only one review. Execution days in the capital mandated frugal meals and silenced music. Capital punishment was forbidden from after Beginning of Spring through the autumn equinox. The same ban applied on sacrifice days, fasts, moons, seasonal nodes, rain, darkness, abstention days, and holidays. Exile and lesser crimes could also bring dismissal from office. If the offender died before memorial, posthumous stripping of rank was waived. Exiles could not desert spouses or slip home secretly. After six years they might enter office again. Special exiles for lesser original crimes allowed office after three years. Penal servitude meant assigned labor where convicts resided. Prisoners were inspected every five days. Interrogators related to or feuding with defendants could recuse themselves. Monthly capital prison reports went to the Ministry of Justice; amnesties gathered prisoners at the palace gate beneath the golden rooster before release. Capital Office director: one position, fifth rank, upper grade. Longshuo renamed it Grand Master of Servants; Xianheng restored the old title. One vice director, sixth rank, upper grade. Two section chiefs, ninth rank, upper grade. Six clerks, twelve recording clerks, and four custodians. They assigned penal labor, provisioned prisoners, and resolved petitions of wrongdoing. They tracked free and bonded status across public and private registers. Rebellion and treason implicated the household, confiscated as palace slaves. Amnesties could step slaves to frontier households, then miscellaneous households, then commoners. Sixty-year-olds and the disabled became frontier households even outside amnesty scope; at seventy they became free commoners where they chose. Skilled confiscated persons were assigned to offices matching their talents. Craftswomen entered the Inner Palace. Unskilled remainder went to the Ministry of Revenue. Accounts Bureau director: one position, fifth rank, upper grade. Under Longshuo, Grand Master of Accounts. One vice director, sixth rank, upper grade. Two section chiefs, ninth rank, upper grade. Fourteen clerks. Twenty-seven recording clerks, one accounting clerk, and four custodians. They audited salaries, fines, levies, labor, taxes, and arrears for every agency. Inner and outer officials received salaries graded by rank. Local officials' pay followed prefectural and county grade. Household taxes funded local officials' monthly pay from interest on office capital funds. Han officials in loose-rein prefectures were paid in native goods. Pass and market officers were paid by rank grade. They received lightweight annual goods as salary. Army marshals and adjutants on campaign matched capital pay scales. Frontier garrison pay followed garrison grade. The capital borrowed grain capital quarterly to the ministry; prefectures reported yearly for Accounts Bureau audit. Granaries, construction, corvée, fines, taxes, rewards, military stores, and pastures fell under the same audit. Gateways Bureau director: one position, fifth rank, upper grade. Under Longshuo, Grand Master of Gateways. One vice director, sixth rank, upper grade. Two section chiefs, ninth rank, upper grade. Six clerks, thirteen recording clerks, and four custodians. They kept entry–exit registers and levies for every pass and gate. Twenty-six passes ranked upper, middle, or lower. Capital passes on relay routes were upper grade. Other relay-route passes and non-relay capital passes were middle grade. All remaining passes were lower grade. Passes divided empire from frontier, Han from barbarian, secured the terrain, and enforced prohibition. Passes inspected travelers rather than levying tolls; contraband was confiscated and offenders punished. Travelers obtained transit permits from their home office — the ministry in the capital, the prefecture in the provinces. Even outside jurisdiction, local offices issued permits when formal request documents arrived. Ministry of Works. The Minister of Works: one position at the third rank, upper grade. In the Southern Dynasties the office was known as the Ministry of Construction. Whenever major building work was required, a Minister of Construction was appointed; when the project ended, the office was dissolved. In the early Sui dynasty the post was reorganized as Minister of Works. During Longshuo it bore the title Director of Works and Grand Master of Ceremonies; under Guangzhai it became Minister of Winter Offices; Shenlong restored the earlier names. There was one vice-minister. The rank was fourth grade, lower division. During Longshuo the title was Vice Director of Works and Vice Grand Master of Ceremonies. The minister and vice-minister oversaw national policy for artisans, military colony lands, and public mountains and wetlands. It had four subordinate bureaus: Works, Garrison Colonies, Parks, and Waterways. It coordinated their responsibilities and enforced their rules and directives. All business of central and local offices passed through the appropriate bureau for review and correction. Works Bureau. Director: one position, fifth rank, upper grade. During Longshuo the title was Grand Master of the Directorate of Works. There was one vice-director at the sixth rank, upper grade. Two principal clerks, ninth rank, upper grade. The staff included twelve record clerks, twenty-one document clerks, six station chiefs, and eight custodians. The director and vice-director handled the full range of engineering and building projects. They supervised moat and wall works, structural repairs, and the technical standards applied to craftsmen. Capital and Luoyang maintenance projects were assigned to the Palace Manufactories and the Directorate of Imperial Construction. Garrison Colonies Bureau. Director: one position, fifth rank, upper grade. During Longshuo the title was Grand Master of Field Administration. One vice-director, sixth rank, upper grade. Two principal clerks, ninth rank, upper grade. Seven record clerks, twelve document clerks, one accounting clerk, and four custodians. They oversaw national policy on military colony farming. When frontier posts could not rely on supply lines, garrison farms were set up to increase grain reserves. They determined suitability of wet or dry land, appropriate crops, labor requirements, and harvest quotas. Each colony's corvée labor was assigned a defined quota. Nine hundred ninety-two colonies were administered by military prefectures empire-wide. Large colonies measured fifty qing; small ones twenty qing. Each colony classified its land and annual yield into three grades. Each colony was headed by a chief officer and an assistant. Capital officials of both civil and military ranks held allotments of duty land. The same applied to officials in Jingzhao, Henan, and the capital counties. Capital agencies with communal office fields allocated plots according to rank and status. Parks Bureau. Director: one position, fifth rank, upper grade. During Longshuo the title was Grand Master of Parks. One vice-director, sixth rank, upper grade. Two principal clerks, ninth rank, upper grade. Four record clerks, nine document clerks, and four custodians. They oversaw street plantings, imperial parks and wetlands, firewood and charcoal, and lands for official travel and hunts. Harvesting, fishing, and hunting were permitted only in season. Within three hundred li of the inner and outer suburban zones of the two capitals, no hunting or foraging was allowed. Fodder for reserve horses of the palace and imperial stud was drawn from within five hundred li of both capitals. Pasture offices on the western and southern routes maintained stores of hay and grazing fodder. Fuel and timber for the court, officials, and tributary envoys were collected in the farming off-season. Waterways Bureau. Director: one position, fifth rank, upper grade. During Longshuo the title was Grand Master of Rivers. One vice-director, sixth rank, upper grade. Two principal clerks, ninth rank, upper grade. Four record clerks, nine document clerks, and four custodians. They regulated rivers, lakes, and irrigation works, opening canals and controlling embankments and breaches. They supervised every advantage gained from shipping and irrigation. The empire recorded three hundred twenty thousand three hundred fifty-nine water sources. Sources in distant borderlands lay beyond reliable survey. The Yangtze and Yellow River, running west to east, were China's principal waterways. One hundred thirty-five other rivers ranked as medium streams. One thousand two hundred fifty-two lesser waterways counted as small streams. The Wei, Luo, Fen, Ji, Zhang, Qi, Huai, and Han linked regions by water transport, moving goods where they were scarce and sustaining the people. Four pontoon bridges served ship traffic: Pujin, Dayang, and Heyang on the Yellow River, and Xiaoyi on the Luo. Four stone-pier bridges stood on the Luo (Tianjin, Yongji, Zhongqiao) and Baqiao on the Ba River. Three timber-pier bridges crossed the Wei: Bianqiao, Zhongweiqiao, and Dongweiqiao. Eleven great bridges were maintained by the national works corps. Other bridges were maintained on schedule by local prefectures and counties. Major fords without bridges were served by ferry crews, graded by the size and difficulty of the crossing.
10
=門下省=秦、漢初,置侍中,曾無台省之名。 自晉始置門下省,南、北朝皆因之。 龍朔改為東台,光宅改為鸞台,神龍復。 侍中侍中二員。 隋曰納言,又名侍內。 武德為納言,又改為侍中。 龍朔改東台左相,光宅元年改為納言,神龍復為侍中。 開元元年改為黃門監,五年復為侍中。 天寶二年改為左相。 至德二年復改為侍中。 武德定令,侍中正三品,大曆二年十一月九日,升為正二品。 舊制,宰相常于門下省議事,謂之政事堂。 永淳二年七月,中書令裴炎以中書執政事筆,遂移政事堂於中書省。 開元十一年,中書令張說改政事堂為中書門下,其政事印,改為中書門下之印也。 侍中之職,掌出納帝命,緝熙皇極,總典吏職,贊相禮儀,以和萬邦,以弼庶務,所謂佐天子而統大政者也。 凡軍國之務,與中書令參而總焉,坐而論之,舉而行之,此其大較也。 凡下之通上,其制有六:一曰奏抄,二曰奏彈,三曰露布,四曰議,五曰表,六曰狀; 皆審署申覆而施行焉。 凡法駕行幸,則負寶而從。 大朝會、大祭祀,則板奏中嚴外辦,以為出入之節。 輿駕還宮,則請解嚴,所以告禮成也。 凡大祭祀,皇帝致齋,既朝,則請就齋室。 將奠,則奉玉及幣以進。 盥手,則取匜以沃。 洗爵,則酌罍水以奉。 及贊酌泛齊,進福酒以成其禮焉。 若享宗廟,則進瓚而贊酌鬱酒以稞。 既稞,則贊酌醴齊。 其餘如饗神祇之禮。 藉田,則奉耒以贊事。 凡諸侯王及四夷之君長朝見,則承詔而勞問之。 臨軒命使,冊後及太子,則承詔以命之。 凡制敕慰問外方之臣及徵召者,則監其封題。 若發驛遣使,則給其傳符,以通天下之信。 凡官爵廢置,刑政損益,皆授之於記事之官。 既書於策,則監其記注焉。 凡文武職事六品已下,所司進擬,則量其階資,校其才用,以審定之。 若擬職不當,隨其優屈,退而量焉。 門下侍郎門下侍郎二員。 隋曰黃門侍郎。 龍朔為東台侍郎,咸亨改為黃門侍郎,垂拱改為鸞台侍郎,天寶二年改為門下侍郎,乾元元年改為黃門侍郎,大曆二年四月復為門下侍郎。 武德定令,中書門下侍郎,同尚書侍郎,正四品上。 大曆二年九月敕升為正三品也。 門下侍郎掌貳侍中之職。 凡政之弛張,事之與奪,皆參議焉。 若大祭祀,則從升壇以陪禮。 皇帝盥手,則奉巾以進。 既帨,則奠巾於篚,奉瓠爵以贊獻。 凡元正、冬至天子視朝,則以天下祥瑞奏聞。 給事中給事中四員。 正五品上。 隋曰給事郎,置四員,位次門下侍郎。 武德定令,曰給事中。 龍朔改為東台舍人,咸亨復。 給事中掌陪侍左右,分判省事。 凡百司奏抄,侍中審定,則先讀而署之,以駁正違失。 凡制敕宣行,大事則稱揚德澤,褒美功業,覆奏而請施行; 小事則署而頒之。 凡國之大獄,三司詳決,若刑名不當,輕重或失,則援法例退而裁之。 凡發驛遣使,則審其事宜,與黃門侍郎給之; 其緩者給傳,即不應給,罷之。 凡文武六品已下授職官,所司奏擬,則校其仕曆淺深,功狀殿最,訪其德行,量其才藝; 若官非其人,理失其事,則白侍中而退量焉。 若弘文館圖書之繕寫、讎校,亦課而察之。 凡天下冤滯未申及官吏刻害者,必聽其訟,與御史、中書舍人同計其事宜,而申理之。 錄事錄事四人,從七品上。 主事四人,從八品下。 令史十一人,書令史二十二人,甲庫令史七人,傳制八人,亭長六人,掌固十人,修補制敕匠五人。 左散騎常侍左散騎常侍二人。 從三品。 魏、晉置散騎常侍、侍郎,與侍中、黃門侍郎共平尚書奏事。 其後用人或雜,江左不重此官,或省或置。 隋初省散騎侍郎,置常侍四人,從三品,掌陪從朝直。 煬帝又省之。 武德初,以為加官。 貞觀初,置常侍二人,隸門下省。 明慶二年,又置二員,隸中書省,始有左右之號,並金蟬珥貂。 左常侍與侍中左貂,右常侍與中書令右貂,謂之八貂。 龍朔為左侍極,咸亨復。 廣德二年五月,升為正三品,加置四員。 興元元年正月,左右各加一員。 貞元四年正月敕,依舊四員也。 常侍掌侍奉規諷,備顧問應對。 寶應二年敕,左右散騎常侍各置參官兩人,令自揀擇聞奏,參典亦置兩人,後省。 諫議大夫諫議大夫四員。 秦、漢曰諫大夫,光武加議字。 隋于門下省置諫議大夫七員,從四品下。 武德四年敕置四員,正五品上。 龍朔改為正諫大夫,神龍復。 大曆四年敕只四員,正五品上。 龍朔七年三月敕,其諫議四員,內供奉不得為正員。 至貞元四年五月十五日敕,諫議分為左右,加置八員,四員隸門下為左,會昌二年十一月中書奏:隋于門下省置諫議大夫七員,從四品下。 今正五品上。 自大曆二年門下中書侍郎升為正三品,兩省遂闕四品官。 其諫議大夫望升為正四品下,分為左右,以備兩省四品之闕。 向後與丞郎出入迭用,以重其選。 敕可之。 諫議大夫掌侍從贊相,規諫諷諭。 凡諫有五:一曰諷諫,二曰順諫,三曰規諫,四曰致諫,五曰直諫。 起居郎起居郎二員,從六品上。 古無其名,隋始置起居舍人二員。 貞觀二年省起居舍人,移其職于門下,置起居郎二員。 明慶中又置起居舍人,始與起居郎分在左右。 龍朔二年改為左史,咸亨復。 天授元年又改為左史,神龍復也。 楷書手三人。 起居郎掌起居注,錄天子之言動法度,以修記事之史。 凡記事之制,以事系日,以日系月,以月系時,以時系年。 必書其朔日甲乙,以紀歷數,典禮文物,以考制度,遷拜旌賞以勸善,誅伐黜免以懲惡。 季終則授之國史焉。 自漢獻帝后,歷代帝王有起居注,著作編之,每季為卷,送史館也。 左補闕、左拾遣左補闕二員,從七品上。 左拾遣二員。 從八品上。 古無此官名。 天后垂拱元年二月二十九日敕:「記言書事,每切於旁求; 補闕拾遣,未弘於注選。 瞻言共理,必藉眾才,寄以登賢,期之進善。 宜置左右補闕各二員,從七品上,左右拾遣各二員,從八品上,掌供奉諷諫,行立次左右史之下。 仍附於令。」 天授二年二月,加置三員,通前五員。 大曆四年,補闕、拾遣,各置內供奉兩員。 七年五月十一日敕,補闕、拾遣,宜各置兩員也。 補闕、拾遣之職,掌供奉訥諫,扈從乘輿。 凡發令舉事,有不便於時,不合於道,大則廷議,小則上封。 若賢良之遺滯于下,忠孝之不聞於上,則條其事狀而薦言之。 典儀典儀二員。 從九品。 南齊有典儀錄事一員,梁有典儀之官,後省。 皇朝又置典儀二人,隸門下省。 初用人皆輕,貞觀末,李義府為之,自是用士人為之。 贊者十二人。 隋太常、鴻臚二寺,皆有贊者,皇朝因置之,隸門下省,掌贊唱,為行事之節。 分番上下,謂之番官。 典儀掌殿上贊唱之節,及殿廷版位之次。 凡國有大禮,侍中行事,及進中嚴外辦之版,皆贊相焉。 城門郎城門郎四員。 從六品上。 漢有城門校尉,掌京城諸門啟閉之節。 隋改校尉為城門郎,置四員,從六品,皇朝因之也。 令史一人,書令史二人,門僕八百人。 門僕,晉代有之。 皇朝隸城門局,分番上下,掌送管鑰。 城門郎掌京城皇城宮殿諸門啟閉之節,奉出納管鑰。 開則先外而後內,合則先內而後外,所以重中禁,尊皇居也。 候其晨昏擊鼓之節而啟閉之。 凡皇城宮城合門之鑰,先酉而出,後戌而入; 開門之鑰,後醜而出,夜盡而入。 京城合門之鑰,後申而出,先子而入; 開門之鑰,後子而出,先卯而入。 若非其時而有命啟閉,則詣閣覆奏。 符寶郎符寶郎四員。 從六品上。 周有典瑞之職,秦有符璽令,漢曰符璽郎。 兩漢得秦六璽及傳國璽,後代傳之。 隋置符璽郎二員,從六品。 天后惡璽字,改為寶。 其受命傳國等八璽文。 並改雕寶字。 神龍初,復為符璽郎。 開元初,又改為符寶,從璽文也。 令史二人,書令史三人,主寶六人,主符三十人,主節十八人。 符寶郎掌天子八寶及國之符節,辨其所用。 有事則請於內,既事則奉而藏之。 八寶:一曰神寶,所以承百王,鎮萬國。 二曰受命寶,所以修封禪,禮神祇。 三曰皇帝行寶,答疏于王公則用之; 四曰皇帝之寶,勞來勳賢則用之。 五曰皇帝信寶,徵召臣下則用之。 六曰天子行寶,答四夷書則用之。 七曰天子之寶,慰撫蠻夷則用之; 八曰天子信寶,發番國兵則用之。 凡大朝會,則捧寶以進於御座。 車駕行幸,則奉寶以從于黃鉞之內。 凡國有大事,則出納符節,辨其左右之異,藏其左而班其右,以合中外之契焉。 一曰銅魚符,所以起軍旅,易守長。 二曰傳符,所以給郵驛,通制命。 三曰隨身魚符,所以明貴賤,應徵召。 四曰木契,所以重鎮守,慎出納。 五曰旌節,所以委良能,假賞罰。 魚符之制,王畿之內,左三右一; 王畿之外,左五右一。 左者在內,右者在外。 行用之日,從第一為首,後事須用,以次發之,周而復始。 大事兼敕書,小事但降符,函封遣使,合而行之。 傳符之制,太子監國曰雙龍之符,左右各十。 京都留守曰麟符,左二十,其右一十有九。 東方曰青龍之符,西方曰騶虞之符,南方曰硃雀之符,北方曰玄武之符,左四右三。 左者進內,右者付外。 隨身魚符之制,左二右一,太子以玉,親王以金,庶官以銅,佩以為飾。 刻姓名者,去官而納焉; 不刻者,傳而佩之。 木契之制,太子監國,則王畿之內,左右各三; 王畿之外,左右各五; 庶官鎮守,則左右各十。 旌節之制,命大將帥及遣使于四方,則請而佩之。 旌以專賞,節以專殺。 《周禮》之制,山國用虎節,土國用人節,澤國用龍節,皆金也。 又雲,道路用旌節,即漢使所持者是也。 弘文館弘文館:後漢有東觀,魏有崇文館,宋有玄、史二館,南齊有總明館,梁有士林館,北齊有文林館,後周有崇文館,皆著撰文史,鳩聚學徒之所也。 武德初置修文館,後改為弘文館。 後避太子諱,改曰昭文館。 開元七年,復為弘文館,隸門下省。
= Chancellery = In Qin and early Han the attendant-inside was appointed, before the institution had the name of a department or 'terrace.' The Chancellery was first established in Jin; the southern and northern courts kept the institution. Longshuo renamed it the Eastern Terrace; Guangzhai the Luan Terrace; Shenlong restored the earlier title. There were two attendants-inside. Under Sui the title was Remonstrating Speaker; they were also called attendants within. In the Wude era they were Remonstrating Speakers, then renamed attendants-inside. Longshuo made them Left Ministers of the Eastern Terrace; Guangzhai year one restored Remonstrating Speaker; Shenlong returned the title attendant-inside. Kaiyuan year one renamed them Supervisors of the Yellow Gate; year five restored attendant-inside. Tianbao year two renamed the office Left Minister. Zhide year two returned the title to attendant-inside. Wude regulations ranked attendants-inside at third rank, upper grade; Dali 2/11/9 elevated them to second rank, upper grade. Formerly the chief ministers met in the Chancellery at what was called the Hall of Administration. Yongchun 2/7: Secretariat chief Pei Yan, who wielded the administrative brush, moved the Hall of Administration into the Secretariat. Kaiyuan 11: Zhang Yue renamed the Hall of Administration the Secretariat-Chancellery and changed its administrative seal accordingly. Attendants-inside transmitted imperial orders, upheld the royal standard, oversaw the bureaucracy, aided ritual, harmonized the realm, and advised on governance — second only to the emperor in grand policy. Military and civil affairs were decided jointly with the Secretariat chief: discussed in council, then enacted — that was the broad rule. Six formats carried business upward: memorial copies, impeachments, open reports, deliberations, formal petitions, and statements; each document was reviewed, endorsed, reported, and only then executed. On imperial progress they carried the seals and accompanied the procession. At major audiences and sacrifices they sounded the board to mark inner vigil and outer readiness, regulating movement in and out. When the emperor returned, they proclaimed the end of vigil to mark completion of the rite. During great sacrifices, after the court session they escorted the abstinent emperor to the fasting chamber. At the moment of offering they advanced jade and ritual silks. For the ritual hand-washing they held the ewer and poured water. To rinse the wine vessel they drew water from the urn and offered it. They assisted in pouring the preliminary libation and presented the auspicious wine to finish the ceremony. At the ancestral temple they bore the libation cup and helped pour the spiced wine for the initial offering. Following the first libation they assisted with the refined wine libation. Other steps followed the standard rites for entertaining the deities. At the ceremonial plowing they held the plow to assist the emperor. When princes and foreign rulers attended court, they bore the imperial message and offered formal greetings. For investitures and envoys announced from the throne, they received the edict and conveyed the appointment. They oversaw sealing when imperial messages comforted distant officials or summoned them to court. When couriers or envoys were sent out, they provided relay credentials to secure communication across the empire. Changes to offices, ranks, and penal policy were assigned to the record keepers. After entries were written on the chronicle, they supervised the annotations. For appointments below sixth rank, they weighed seniority and merit against the nominee's ability before confirming the post. If a nomination misfit the candidate, they sent it back for reassessment according to relative qualifications. There were two vice-ministers of the Chancellery. Under Sui the title was Vice-minister of the Yellow Gate. Titles shifted from Eastern Terrace vice-minister to Yellow Gate, Luan Terrace, and Chancellery vice-minister through Longshuo, Xianheng, Chuigong, Tianbao, Qianyuan, and back under Dali 2. Wude law ranked Secretariat and Chancellery vice-ministers with ministry vice-ministers at fourth rank, upper grade. Dali 2/9 elevated them to third rank, upper grade. They deputized for the attendants-inside. They joined in deciding every loosening or tightening of policy and every approval or rejection of business. During major sacrifices they accompanied the emperor onto the altar. At the ritual hand-washing they offered the towel. They set the used towel in the basket and bore the gourd goblet for the libation. At New Year and winter solstice audiences they announced favorable portents from across the empire. There were four gentlemen-in-attendance for review. The rank was fifth grade, upper division. Sui titled them Attendants for Review — four posts, junior to Chancellery vice-ministers. Wude regulations used the title gentlemen-in-attendance for review. Longshuo renamed them Eastern Terrace secretaries; Xianheng restored the original name. They served beside the throne and adjudicated matters for their assigned sections. They read and countersigned memorials after the attendant-inside approved them, correcting mistakes. Major edicts were read aloud with praise for virtue and merit, then resubmitted for approval before execution; minor ones they simply endorsed and issued. In major trials, if sentencing was improper they invoked precedent and sent the case back for reconsideration. They vetted courier missions and, with the Yellow Gate vice-minister, issued travel documents; routine travel received relay passes; unjustified requests were denied. Below sixth rank they verified service records, merit scores, character, and ability when offices nominated candidates; misfits were reported to the attendant-inside and sent back for review. They supervised transcription and proofreading in the Hongwen Library. They heard unresolved wrongs and abusive officials jointly with censors and Secretariat secretaries and rectified the cases. Four recording clerks, seventh rank, upper grade. Four principal clerks, eighth rank, lower grade. Staff included eleven record clerks, twenty-two document clerks, seven arsenal clerks, eight message clerks, six station chiefs, ten custodians, and five edict-repair artisans. Two left regularly attendant cavaliers. Third rank, lower grade. Wei and Jin created these posts to review Secretariat memorials alongside attendants-inside and Yellow Gate vice-ministers. Later the post was often filled irregularly; southern courts sometimes omitted or revived it. Early Sui eliminated vice-attendants and appointed four regular cavaliers at third rank, lower grade, for court attendance. Emperor Yang of Sui abolished the posts again. In early Tang they served as honorary additions. Zhenguan restored two regular cavaliers under the Chancellery. Mingqing 2 added two under the Secretariat, creating distinct Left and Right posts with golden cicada and marten insignia. Left cavalier paired with the attendant-inside's left marten and right cavalier with the Secretariat chief's right marten — the 'Eight Martens.' Longshuo renamed the left post Attendant Ultimate; Xianheng restored the old title. Guangde 2/5 promoted them to third rank, upper grade, and added four posts. Xingyuan 1/1 added one cavalier to each flank. Zhenyuan 4/1 returned the establishment to four posts. They served the throne, offering remonstrance and counsel on demand. Baoying 2 allowed each side two handpicked aides reported to the throne; the aide posts were later abolished. Four remonstrating grand masters. Qin and Han used Remonstrating Grand Master; Emperor Guangwu added 'deliberation' to the title. Sui appointed seven remonstrators in the Chancellery at fourth rank, lower grade. Wude 4 fixed four posts at fifth rank, upper grade. Longshuo renamed them Regular Remonstrators; Shenlong restored the earlier title. Dali 4 reaffirmed four posts at fifth rank, upper grade. Longshuo 7/3 barred inner attendants from holding regular remonstrator slots. Zhenyuan 4/5/15 split remonstrators into left and right with eight new posts; Huichang 2/11 noted Sui's seven fourth-rank remonstrators in the Chancellery. They now held fifth rank, upper grade. After Dali 2 promoted vice-ministers to third rank, neither department retained a fourth-rank office. The memorial proposed elevating remonstrators to fourth rank, lower grade, in left and right wings to restore fourth-rank posts. They would rotate with bureau directors and vice-directors to raise the prestige of the appointment. The emperor assented. Remonstrators attended the court, assisted in ceremony, and offered corrective counsel. Five modes of remonstrance were defined: indirect, compliant, normative, earnest, and direct. Two diary officers, sixth rank, upper grade. The title was new; Sui first appointed two diary secretaries. Zhenguan 2 abolished diary secretaries and assigned their work to two Chancellery diary officers. Mingqing restored diary secretaries, splitting duties between left and right officers and secretaries. Longshuo 2 renamed them Left Historians; Xianheng restored the former title. Tianshou 1 again used Left Historian; Shenlong returned to Diary Officer. Three clerks in regular script. They maintained the imperial diary, logging the emperor's speech, conduct, and protocol for the official chronicle. Entries linked events to days, days to months, months to seasons, and seasons to years. They noted calendrical days, rites and regalia, honors and promotions, and punishments and removals. Each quarter the record passed to the official historians. Since Han Xian, each reign kept a diary; compilers edited quarterly volumes for the History Office. Left omission fillers and petition receivers: two omission fillers, seventh rank, upper grade. Two left petition receivers. Eighth rank, upper grade. No such office existed in antiquity. Empress Wu's Chuigong 1/2/29 edict read: 'To record the emperor's words we must seek talent close at hand; yet omission fillers and receivers have not been fully integrated into regular appointment; good government requires many able men; this office is meant to elevate the worthy and improve policy. Establish two left and two right omission fillers at seventh rank and two petition receivers per side at eighth rank, to remonstrate and rank below the historians. The posts were added to the legal code. Tianshou 2/2 increased the quota by three, for five total. Dali 4 added two inner-attendant slots for each title. Dali 7/5/11 fixed two regular posts for each office. They served at court, offered remonstrance, and accompanied the emperor on travel. Policies harmful to the times or contrary to principle were challenged in court debate or by sealed memorial. They memorialized when talent was overlooked or loyal service went unheard at court. Two masters of ceremony. Ninth rank, lower grade. Southern Qi kept one ceremony recorder; Liang had ceremony officers; later the posts were dropped. The Tang restored two masters of ceremony under the Chancellery. Early holders were low status; after Li Yifu in late Zhenguan, educated gentlemen filled the role. Twelve announcers. Sui's ritual and reception offices employed announcers; Tang placed twelve under the Chancellery to chant procedural cues. They served in rotating shifts, known as shift officers. The Master of Protocol directs the rhythm of hall acclamation and the sequence of rank placards in the imperial court. Whenever the state observes a major rite, the Vice Grand Counselor conducts the ceremony and, when the boards for inner vigil and outer readiness are submitted, assists throughout. Gate Commandants: four officers. Upper subordinate sixth rank. Under the Han there was the Colonel of the Gates, charged with the timing of opening and closing the capital's gates. The Sui replaced the colonel with the Gate Commandant, appointing four officers at the subordinate sixth rank; the Tang kept the arrangement. One chief clerk, two writing clerks, and eight hundred gate servants. Gate servants date back to the Jin dynasty. Under the Tang they belong to the Gate Bureau, serve in rotating shifts, and deliver the gate keys. The Gate Commandants regulate opening and closing the capital, imperial city, and palace gates and oversee the issue and return of keys. Opening proceeds from outside to inside; closing from inside to outside—so the inner precinct is weighted most heavily and the sovereign's dwelling is honored. They open and close the gates according to the morning and evening drum signals. Keys for locking the imperial city and palace gates leave first at the you hour and return after the xu hour; Keys for opening leave after the chou hour and return when night is complete. Keys for locking the capital leave after the shen hour and return before the zi hour; Keys for opening leave after the zi hour and return before the mao hour. If the gates must be opened or closed at an improper hour by imperial order, the officer goes to the pavilion to report and await confirmation. Seal and Credential Officers: four officers. Upper subordinate sixth rank. The Zhou had keepers of regalia; the Qin had a seal commander; the Han styled them seal and credential officers. Han received the six Qin seals and the seal of transmission of the realm, which later dynasties preserved. The Sui set two seal and credential officers at the subordinate sixth rank. Empress Wu disliked the word for seal and substituted treasure in its place. This covered the Ordered-by-Heaven seal, the seal transmitting the realm, and six others—eight inscriptions in all. All were recut to read with the character for treasure. In the Shenlong era the office again became Seal and Credential Officer. At the opening of Kaiyuan the name became Seal and Credential once more, matching the seal texts. Two chief clerks, three writing clerks, six keepers of the treasures, thirty keepers of tallies, and eighteen keepers of credentials. They guard the emperor's eight treasures and the state's tallies and credentials and determine which is used for each purpose. When needed they requisition them from the inner quarters; when the affair is done they return them to storage. First, the Spirit Treasure, used to receive homage from all rulers and to steady the myriad realms. Second, the Ordered-by-Heaven Treasure, used when performing the feng and shan sacrifices and honoring the gods. Third, the Emperor's Travel Treasure, for written replies to kings and dukes; Fourth, the Emperor's Treasure, for encouraging and rewarding the meritorious; Fifth, the Emperor's Trust Treasure, for summoning subordinate officials. Sixth, the Son of Heaven's Travel Treasure, for answering correspondence from the four quarters. Seventh, the Son of Heaven's Treasure, for comforting frontier peoples; Eighth, the Son of Heaven's Trust Treasure, for mobilizing the armies of subject border states. At major court gatherings they carry the treasures before the throne. When the emperor travels, they carry the treasures within the escort of the yellow battle-axe. For great affairs of state they issue tallies and credentials, distinguish left from right, keep the left half in store and dispatch the right, so inner and outer halves match. First, the bronze fish tally, for raising troops and replacing garrison commanders and local chiefs. Second, the transmission tally, for the courier relay and transmission of orders. Third, the personal fish tally, marking rank and answering imperial summons. Fourth, the wooden tally, to secure frontier garrisons and strictly control issuance. Fifth, the banner and credential, for entrusting able men and delegating authority to reward and punish. For fish tallies, within the metropolitan region there are three left halves and one right; Outside the region, five left and one right. The left half is held within; the right half without. When used, the series begins with the first tally; later needs draw the next in order, and the cycle repeats. Major business combines an edict with the tally; minor business sends the tally alone, sealed and sent by courier, and both parts must align. For transmission tallies, when the heir apparent regents the state he uses the Double Dragon tally—ten on each side. The eastern capital regent uses the Unicorn tally: twenty left and nineteen right. East, west, south, and north use the Azure Dragon, Zouyu, Vermilion Bird, and Dark Warrior tallies respectively—four left, three right. The left half is brought inward; the right is issued outward. Personal fish tallies are two left, one right; the heir uses jade, princes gold, other officers bronze, worn on the belt as insignia. Tallies engraved with the bearer's name are returned on leaving office; Those without names are handed down and worn in succession. For wooden tallies, when the heir regents within the domain there are three on each side; Outside the domain, five on each side; For ordinary officers on frontier duty, ten on each side. For banners and credentials, when commissioning great commanders or sending envoys abroad, the officer requests and carries them. The banner confers sole authority to reward; the credential, sole authority to punish by death. Under the Rites of Zhou, mountain domains used tiger credentials, plain domains human credentials, and wetland domains dragon credentials—all of gold. The text also states that on the highways one used banner and credential—the type Han envoys bore. The Hongwen Academy: the Later Han had the Eastern Pavilion, Wei the Cultivation of Letters Hall, Liu-Song the Mystery and History halls, Southern Qi the General Illumination Hall, Liang the Forest of Letters, Northern Qi the Forest of Literature, and Later Zhou again the Cultivation of Letters Hall—each a site for compiling texts and gathering students. In early Wude the Cultivation of Letters Hall was founded; it was later renamed the Hongwen Academy. Later, to avoid the heir apparent's personal name, it became the Illumination of Letters Hall. In Kaiyuan 7 it was restored as the Hongwen Academy under the Chancellery.
11
學士。 學士無員數,自武德已來,皆妙簡賢良為學士。 故事,五品已上稱學士,六品已下為直學士,又有文學直館學士,不定員數。 館中有四部書及圖籍,自垂拱已後,皆宰相兼領,號為館主,常令給事中一人判館事。 學生三十人,校書郎二人,從九品上。 令史二人,楷書手三十人,典書二人,拓書手三人,筆匠三人,熟紙裝潢匠九人,亭長二人,掌固四人。 弘文館學士掌詳正圖籍,教授生徒。 凡朝廷有制度沿革,禮儀輕重,得參議焉。 校書郎掌校理典籍,刊正錯謬。 其學生教授考試,如國子學之制焉。
Academicians. There was no fixed number of academicians; since Wude the posts had been filled by careful selection of the worthy. By custom, officials of fifth rank or higher were styled academicians and those of sixth rank or lower direct academicians; literary direct academy academicians also existed without a set quota. The academy housed the four library divisions and maps; from Chuigong a chief minister usually doubled as director, while a supervising secretary routinely handled day-to-day business. Thirty students; two collators at upper subordinate ninth rank. Two chief clerks, thirty copyists, two archivists, three rub-copy scribes, three brush makers, nine paper-mounting artisans, two station chiefs, and four guards. Academicians of the Hongwen Academy verify bibliographic records and teach the students. They may participate when the court revises regulations or adjudicates ritual questions. The collators proof the canon and emend mistakes. Student instruction and examinations follow the National University's rules.
12
=中書省=
The Secretariat
13
中書省秦始置中書謁者,漢元帝去「謁者」二字。 歷代但雲中書。 後周謂之內史省,隋因為內史省,置內史監、令各一員。 煬帝改為內書省。 武德復為內史省,三年改為中書省。 龍朔改為西台,光宅改為鳳閣,神龍復為中書省。 開元元年改為紫微省,五年復舊。 中書令中書令二員。 漢、魏品卑而付重。 魏置監、令各一員,曆南朝不改。 隋省監,置令二人,正三品。 隋文帝廢三公府僚,令中書令與侍中知政事,遂為宰相之職。 隋曰內書令。 武德日內史令,尋改為中書令。 龍朔為西台右相,咸亨復為中書令。 光宅為鳳閣令。 開元元年改為紫微令,五年復為中書令。 天寶改為右相,至德二年復為中書令。 本正三品,大曆二年十一月九日,與侍中同升正二品,自後不改也。 中書令之職,掌軍國之政令,緝熙帝載,統和天人。 入則告之,出則奉之,以厘萬邦,以度百揆,蓋佐天子而執大政也。 凡王言之制有七:一曰冊書,二曰制書,三曰慰勞制書,四曰發敕,五曰敕旨,六曰論事敕書,七曰敕牒,皆宣署申覆而施行之。 凡大祭祀群神,則從升壇以相禮。 享宗廟,則從升阼階。 親征篡嚴,戒敕百僚,冊命親賢,臨軒則使讀冊。 若命之於朝,則宣而授之。 凡冊太子,則授璽。 凡制詔宣傳,文章獻納,皆授之於記事之官。 武德、貞觀故事,以尚書省左右僕射各一人及侍中、中書令各二人,為知政事官。 其時以他官預議國政者,雲與宰相參議朝政,或云平章國計,或云專典機密,或參議政事。 貞觀十七年,李勣為太子詹事,特詔同知政事,始謂同中書門下三品。 自是,僕射常帶此稱。 自余非兩省長官預知政事者,亦皆以此為名。 永淳中,始詔郭正一、郭待舉、魏玄同等,與中書門下同承受進旨平章事。 自天后已後,兩省長官及同中書門下三品並平章事,為宰相。 其僕射不帶同中書門下三品者,但厘尚書省而已。 總章二年,東台侍郎張文瓘,西台侍郎戴至德等,始以同中書門下三品著之入銜。 自是相承至今。 永淳二年,黃門侍郎劉齊賢知政事,稱同中書門下平章事,自後兩省長官,及他官執政未至侍中書令者,皆稱同中書門下平章事也。 中書侍郎中書侍郎二員。 漢置中書,掌密詔,有令、僕、丞、郎四官。 魏曰中書郎,晉加「侍」字。 隋置內書省,改為內書侍郎,正四品。 武德初為內史侍郎,三年改為中書侍郎。 龍朔、光宅、開元,隨曹易號。 至德復為中書侍郎。 武德定令,與尚書侍郎俱第四品。 大曆二年九月,與門下侍郎共升為正三品也。 中書侍郎掌貳令之職。 凡邦國之庶務,朝廷之大政,皆參議焉。 凡臨軒冊命大臣,令為之使,則持冊書以授之。 凡四夷來朝,監軒則受其表疏,升於西階而奏。 若獻贄幣,則受之以授于所司。 中書舍人中書舍人六員。 正五品上。 曹魏於中書置通事一人,掌呈奏按章。 高貴鄉公於通事下加「舍人」二字。 晉於中書置舍人、通事各一人。 自魏、晉、齊、梁,詔誥皆出於中書令、中書侍郎,中書通事舍人但掌呈奏而已。 或通事有文字者,別敕知詔誥。 至梁武,制誥專令舍人掌之,兼去「通事」二字,但雲中書舍人。 隋曰內史舍人,置八員,掌制誥,品第六。 尋升五品上。 煬帝改內書舍人,置四員。 武德初為內史舍人,三年,改為中書舍人。 龍朔、光宅、開元,隨曹改易。
Qin first created secretariat attendants; Han Emperor Yuan dropped the word attendant from the title. Later ages knew the office simply as the Secretariat. Later Zhou named it the Inner Scribe Department; the Sui kept that name and appointed one director and one chief. Emperor Yang renamed it the Inner Documents Department. In Wude it was again the Inner Scribe Department; in Wude 3 it became the Secretariat. Under Longshuo it was the Western Terrace, under Guangzai the Phoenix Pavilion, and under Shenlong again the Secretariat. Kaiyuan 1 made it the Purple Micro Department; in Kaiyuan 5 the former name was restored. Secretariat Chiefs: two officers. In Han and Wei the post was modest in rank yet heavy in responsibility. Wei appointed one director and one chief; the southern dynasties kept the arrangement. Sui removed the director and placed two chiefs at the third rank. When Sui Wendi abolished the Three Dukes' offices, he charged the secretariat chief and vice grand counselor with government, making them de facto chancellors. Under the Sui the title was Inner Documents Chief. In Wude the title was Inner Scribe Chief, soon changed to Secretariat Chief. Longshuo styled it Chief of the Western Terrace and Right Chancellor; Xianheng restored Secretariat Chief. Under Guangzai it was Phoenix Pavilion Chief. Kaiyuan 1 made it Purple Micro Chief; in Kaiyuan 5 it again became Secretariat Chief. Tianbao renamed it Right Chancellor; Zhide 2 restored Secretariat Chief. Originally third rank; on Dali 2, month 11, day 9, it was promoted with the Vice Grand Counselor to second rank and remained there thereafter. The Secretariat Chief holds military and civil policy, brightens the sovereign's mandate, and harmonizes Heaven and humanity. He enters to inform the sovereign and goes forth to execute his will, ordering the myriad realms and sizing up every branch of administration—assistant to the Son of Heaven in the great affairs of state. Imperial pronouncements fall into seven forms: book edicts, formal edicts, consolation edicts, issued commands, command rescripts, deliberative edicts, and command slips—each is drafted, countersigned, reported, and executed. At major sacrifices to the gods he accompanies the emperor onto the altar to assist the ceremony. At the imperial temple he follows the sovereign up the eastern steps. When the emperor leads an expedition in person, assembles the army, warns the bureaucracy, and enfeoffs the worthy by written mandate, he has the text read at the imperial window. If the investiture takes place at court, the edict is announced and the appointee receives it. When investing the heir apparent, the seal is handed over. Promulgation of edicts and memorials submitted or returned is entrusted to the recorders. Under Wude and Zhenguan precedent, the left and right vice directors of the Department of State Affairs and two vice grand counselors and two secretariat chiefs served as the officials in charge of policy. When other officials were drawn into policy, they might be said to deliberate with the chancellor, to harmonize national planning, to handle confidential matters, or simply to join in government deliberation. In Zhenguan 17 Li Ji, as grand mentor to the heir, received an edict to share in managing affairs—the origin of the title 'Same as Third Rank of the Secretariat and Chancellery.' Thereafter vice directors commonly carried that designation. Other officials not heads of the two departments but sharing in policy likewise took the name. In Yongchun an edict first named Guo Zhengyi, Guo Daiju, Wei Xuantong, and others to join the secretariat and chancellery in receiving imperial instructions as Harmonizers of Affairs. After Empress Wu, heads of the two departments plus holders of Same Third Rank with Harmonizer of Affairs were counted as chancellors. Vice directors without the Same Third Rank title merely ran the Department of State Affairs. In Zongzhang 2 Eastern Terrace vice director Zhang Wenguan and Western Terrace vice director Dai Zhide were the first to have Same Third Rank inscribed in their appointment titles. That usage has continued ever since. In Yongchun 2 Liu Qixian as yellow gate vice director governed as Harmonizer of Affairs Same as the Secretariat and Chancellery; thereafter chiefs of the two departments and acting ministers below vice grand counselor or secretariat chief used that fuller title. Secretariat Vice Directors: two officers. Han created the secretariat for confidential edicts with chief, steward, aide, and officer. Wei styled them secretariat officers; Jin prefixed attending. Sui's Inner Documents Department used Inner Documents Vice Director at the fourth rank. Early Wude called them Inner Scribe Vice Directors; in Wude 3 they became Secretariat Vice Directors. Under Longshuo, Guangzai, and Kaiyuan the title shifted with the department's name. Zhide restored the title Secretariat Vice Director. The Wude statutes ranked them with department vice directors at fourth rank. In Dali 2, month 9, they were promoted with chancellery vice directors to third rank. The vice director assists the secretariat chief. He deliberates on routine business of the state and major court policy. When great ministers are enfeoffed at the imperial window and the chief appoints him envoy, he carries the book edict and invests the recipient. When foreign envoys attend court he receives their petitions at the imperial window and mounts the western steps to present them. If tribute is offered, he accepts it and hands it to the appropriate agency. Secretariat Drafters: six officers. Upper fifth rank. Cao Wei placed one communications officer at the secretariat to handle memorials and document review. The Duke of Gaogu added the word drafter to the communications officer's title. Jin appointed one drafter and one communications officer at the secretariat. From Wei through Liang, edicts issued from the chief and vice director while the communications drafter merely forwarded memorials. Occasionally a literate communications officer received a special commission to draft edicts. Emperor Wu of Liang entrusted edicts solely to drafters, dropped communications from the title, and called them secretariat drafters. The Sui styled them inner scribe drafters—eight posts at sixth rank, charged with drafting edicts. They were soon promoted to upper fifth rank. Emperor Yang made them inner documents drafters, four in number. Early Wude they were inner scribe drafters; in Wude 3 secretariat drafters. Longshuo, Guangzai, and Kaiyuan renamed them with the department.
14
舍人掌侍奉進奏,參議表章。 凡詔旨敕制,及璽書冊命,皆按典故起草進畫; 既下,則署而行之。 其禁有四:一曰漏泄,二曰稽緩,三曰違失,四曰忘誤; 所以重王命也。 制敕既行,有誤則奏而正之。 凡大朝會,諸方起居,則受其表狀而奏之。 國有大事,若大克捷及大祥瑞,百僚表賀,亦如之。 凡冊命大臣于朝,則使持節讀冊命之。 凡將帥有功及有大賓客,皆使勞問之。 凡察天下冤滯,與給事中及御史三司鞫其事。 凡百司奏議,文武考課,皆預裁焉。 主書主書四人,從七品上。 主事四人,從八品下。 令史二十五人,書令史五十人,傳制十人,亭長十八人,修補敕匠五十人。 右散騎常侍、右補闕、右拾遣、起居舍人右散騎常侍二員,從三品。 右補闕二員,從七品上。 右拾遣二員,從八品上。 起居舍人二員。 從六品上。 右常侍、補闕、拾遣。 掌事同左省。 起居舍人,掌修記言之史,錄天子之制誥德音,如記事之制,以記時政損益。 季終,則授之於國史。 通事舍人通事舍人十六人。 從六品上。 通事舍人,奏謁者之官也。 掌賓贊、贊受事,隸光祿勳。 晉置舍人、通事各一人,隸中書。 東晉曰通事舍人。 隋因晉制,置十六人,從六品上,又為通事謁者。 武德初,廢謁者台,改通事謁者為通事舍人,隸四方館,屬中書省也。 通事舍人掌朝見引納及辭謝者,於殿廷通奏。 凡近臣入侍,文武就列,引以進退,而告其拜起出入之節。 凡四方通表,華夷納貢,皆受而進之。 凡軍旅之出,則命受慰勞而遣之。 既行,則每月存問將士之家,以視其疾苦。 凱旋,則郊迓之,皆復命。 凡致仕之臣,與邦之耋老,時巡問亦如之。
Drafters attend court, forward memorials, and deliberate on petitions. Edicts, commands, rescripts, sealed letters, and book investitures are drafted by precedent and submitted for imperial approval; After promulgation they countersign and carry them out. Four offenses are forbidden: disclosure, tardiness, breach, and careless error— —so the weight of imperial words is upheld. If a promulgated edict or command is wrong, they memorialized to rectify it. At major assemblies they receive regional status reports and present them to the throne. The same applies when officials submit felicitations for great victories or extraordinary omens. Court investitures of great ministers are read by envoys bearing the credential. Meritorious generals and eminent guests receive imperial inquiries dispatched through the drafters. They join supervising secretaries and censors as a triad to examine grievances and backlog cases throughout the realm. They preliminary review memorials from every agency and civil and military merit evaluations. Document supervisors: four officers at upper subordinate seventh rank. Principal clerks: four at lower subordinate eighth rank. Twenty-five chief clerks, fifty writing clerks, ten edict couriers, eighteen station chiefs, and fifty edict-binding artisans. Right palace attendant, right remonstrance officer, right admonisher, court diarist: two right palace attendants at subordinate third rank. Two right remonstrance officers at upper subordinate seventh rank. Two right admonishers at upper subordinate eighth rank. Two court diarists. Upper subordinate sixth rank. Right attendants, remonstrance officers, and admonishers. Their responsibilities match those of the left department. Court diarists keep the verbal record, noting the emperor's edicts and benevolent pronouncements as recorders do, to track changes in policy. Each quarter they deliver their notes to the official historians. Communications drafters: sixteen officers. Upper subordinate sixth rank. Communications drafters belong to the corps of petition presenters. They handle guest etiquette and receipt of business under the Director of Ceremonial. Jin appointed one drafter and one communications officer under the secretariat. Eastern Jin styled them communications drafters. Sui copied Jin with sixteen officers at upper subordinate sixth rank, also termed communications presenters. Early Wude abolished the presenters' office, renamed communications presenters communications drafters, placed them in the Four Directions Hall under the secretariat. They introduce visitors at court audiences, handle farewells, and relay petitions in the palace hall. When intimate ministers attend and civil and military officials form ranks, they guide movement and announce when to bow, rise, enter, or withdraw. Petitions from all quarters and tribute from both empire and frontier are received and passed upward. When troops march out they receive imperial consolation and are sent off. After departure they monthly inquire at soldiers' homes to learn their distress. On victorious return they greet the army at the suburban rites and all file mission reports. Retired ministers and the realm's elderly receive the same periodic visits.
15
令史十人,亭長十八人,掌固二十四人。
Ten chief clerks, eighteen station chiefs, and twenty-four guards.
16
=集賢殿書院=
Hall of Assembled Worthies Academy
17
集賢殿書院:開元十三年置。 漢、魏已來,職在秘書。 梁于文德殿內藏聚群書。 北齊有文林館學士,後周有麟趾殿學士,皆掌著述。 隋平陳之後,寫群書正副二本,藏于宮中,其餘以實秘書外閣。 煬帝于東都觀文殿東西廂貯書。 自漢延熹至隋,皆秘書掌國籍,而禁中之書,時或有焉。 及太宗在籓府時,有秦府學士十八人。 其後弘文、崇文二館皆有。 玄宗即位,大校群書。 開元五年,於乾元殿東廊下寫四部書,以充內庫,置校定官四人。 七年,駕在東都,於麗正殿置修書使。 十二年,駕在東都,十三年與學士張說等宴於集仙殿,因改名集賢,改修書使為集賢書院學士。 其大明宮所置書院,本命婦院,屋宇宏敞。 永泰元年三月,詔僕射裴冕等十三人,每日於集賢書院待詔。 集賢學士。 初定制以五品已上官為學士,六品已下為直學士。 每宰相為學士者,為知院事。 常侍一人,為副知院事。 學士知院事一人,開元初,以褚無量、馬懷素、元行沖相次知乾元殿寫書,及在麗正,乃有使名。 張說代元行沖,改院為集賢,以說為大學士,知院事,說懇讓大字,詔許之。 自是,每以宰相一人知院事。 副知院事一人,初,宰相張說知院事,以左常侍徐堅為副知院事,因為故事。 判院一人,初在乾元殿,刊正官一人判事,其後因之。 押院中使一人。 自乾元殿寫書,則置掌出入,宣進奏,兼頌中官,監守院門,掌同宮禁。 侍講學士,開元初,褚無量、馬懷素侍講禁中,名為侍讀。 其後康子元為侍講學士。 修撰官,校理官,並無常員,以官人兼之。 待制官,古之待詔金馬門是。 留院官,檢討官。 皆以學士別敕留之。 孔目官一人,專知御書典四人,並開元五年置。 知書官八人,開元五年置,掌分四庫書。 書直、寫御書一百人,拓書六人,書直八人,裝書直十四人,造筆直四人。 並開元六年置。 集賢學士之職,掌刊緝古今之經籍,以辨明邦國之大典。 凡天下圖書之遺逸,賢才之隱滯,則承旨而徵求焉。 其有籌策之可施于時,著述之可行於代者,較其才藝而考其學術,而申表之。 凡承旨撰集文章,校理經籍,月終則進課於內,歲終則考最於外。
The Hall of Assembled Worthies Academy was founded in Kaiyuan 13. Since Han and Wei the work had belonged to the Archive. Liang housed its book collections inside the Cultivation of Virtue Hall. Northern Qi maintained Forest of Literature academicians and Later Zhou Unicorn Hall academicians, all charged with writing and editing. After conquering Chen the Sui copied the imperial library in master and duplicate sets for the palace and shelved the rest in the archive's outer wing. Emperor Yang kept books in the east and west annexes of the Viewing Culture Hall at the eastern capital. From Han Yanxi through Sui the archive held the national bibliographic registers, though palace collections were sometimes kept separately. While Taizong held the Qin princely fief he gathered eighteen mansion academicians. Later both the Hongwen and Chongwen halls were maintained. At Xuanzong's accession he undertook a major collation of the imperial library. Kaiyuan 5 copied the four library divisions along the east corridor of Qianyuan Hall for the inner repository and appointed four collation officers. In Kaiyuan 7, while at the eastern capital, he established a book-revision commissioner at Lizheng Hall. In Kaiyuan 12 the court was at Luoyang; in Kaiyuan 13 Xuanzong feasted with Academician Zhang Yue and others in the Hall of Assembled Immortals, renamed it Hall of Assembled Worthies, and retitled the book-revision commissioner academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies Academy. The academy in Daming Palace had begun as the women's inner quarters; its buildings were grand and capacious. Yongtai 1, third month: an edict assigned Vice Director Pei Mian and twelve colleagues to daily attendance at the Hall of Assembled Worthies awaiting imperial commission. Academicians of the Hall of Assembled Worthies. Originally fifth-rank officials and above served as academicians; sixth rank and below as direct academicians. When a chancellor held the post of academician, he was called director of academy affairs. A regular attendant served as deputy director. The post of academician director of affairs began in early Kaiyuan when Chu Wuliang, Ma Huaisu, and Yuan Xingchong in turn supervised copying at Qianyuan Hall; after the academy moved to Lizheng Hall the office received a formal commissioner title. Zhang Yue succeeded Yuan Xingchong, renamed the institution Hall of Assembled Worthies, and became director of affairs as grand academician—though he begged off the word "grand," and the throne agreed. Thereafter one chancellor customarily directed the academy. The deputy directorship began when Chancellor Zhang Yue headed the academy and Left Regular Attendant Xu Jian served as his deputy—a pattern that stuck. A chief judge post began at Qianyuan Hall with one collation officer adjudicating business; later incumbents kept the arrangement. One eunuch commissioner supervised the academy. During Qianyuan Hall copying an eunuch managed access, forwarded memorials, supervised inner staff, and guarded the gate with palace security powers. Early Kaiyuan lecturing academicians Chu Wuliang and Ma Huaisu taught inside the palace and were styled readers-in-waiting. Kang Ziyuan later held the lecturing academician post. Compilation and collation posts had no standing headcount; regular officials held them in addition to other duties. Awaiting-edict officers descended from the Han custom of awaiting edicts at Golden Horse Gate. Retained academy officers and examination officers. Academicians kept them at the hall by special edict. One registry clerk and four curators of imperial books were added in Kaiyuan 5. Eight book officers, created in Kaiyuan 5, apportioned labor across the four repository divisions. The staff included one hundred imperial copyists, six rubbers, eight book clerks, fourteen binders, and four brush makers. All these posts dated from Kaiyuan 6. Assembled Worthies academicians edited classical and contemporary texts to clarify the state's fundamental institutions. On imperial order they hunted lost books empire-wide and sought out neglected talent. When policy proposals or writings suited the times, they assessed ability and scholarship and memorialized the throne with recommendations. Commissioned compilations and collations were reported monthly within the palace and graded annually in the outer administration.
18
=史館=
History Bureau
19
史館:歷代史官,隸秘書省著作局,皆著作郎掌修國史。 武德因隋舊制。 貞觀三年閏十二月,始移史館於禁中,在門下省北,宰相監修國史,自是著作郎始罷史職。 及大明宮初成,置史館于門下省之南。 館門下東西有棗樹七十四株,無雜樹。 開元二十五年三月,右相李林甫以中書地切樞密,記事者官宜附近,史官尹愔奏移史館於中書省北,以舊尚藥院充館也。 史官。 古者天子諸侯,皆有史官,以紀言動、歷數之事。 到後漢明帝,如當時名士入東觀,撰《光武紀》,而史官因以他官兼之。 魏明帝始置著作郎,專掌國史,隸中書。 晉改隸秘書省,因而不改。 貞觀年修《五代史》,移史館於禁中。 史官無常員,如有修撰大事,則用他官兼之,事畢日停。 監修國史。 貞觀已後,多以宰相監修國史,遂成故事也。 修撰直館。 天寶已後,他官兼領史職者,謂之史館修撰,初入為直館也。 元和六年,宰相裴垍奏:「登朝官領史職者,並為修撰,未登朝官入館者,並為直館。 修撰中以一人官高者判館事,其餘名目,並請不置。」 從之。 楷書手二十五人,典書四人,亭長二人,掌固六人,裝滿直一人,熟紙匠六人。 史官掌修國史,不虛美,不隱惡,直書其事。 凡天地日月之祥,山川封域之分,昭穆繼代之序,禮樂師旅之事,誅賞廢興之政,皆本於起居注、時政記,以為實錄,然後立編年之體,為褒貶焉。 既終藏之於府。
The History Bureau: dynastic historians under the Archive's Compilation Bureau were compilation officers charged with the national chronicle. Under Wude the Tang kept Sui practice. Zhenguan 3, intercalary twelfth month: the bureau moved inside the palace north of the Chancellery with the chancellor supervising the national history—whereupon compilation officers gave up direct historiography. When Daming Palace was finished the bureau was installed south of the Chancellery. Seventy-four jujube trees stood east and west of the gate—no other trees among them. Kaiyuan 25, third month: Li Linfu argued that historians should sit near the Secretariat's secrets; Yin Yin moved the bureau north of the Secretariat into the former Imperial Pharmacy. History officers. Ancient rulers and feudal lords kept historians to record speech, action, and the calendar. Under Later Han Ming, eminent scholars entered the Eastern Pavilion to write the Annals of Guangwu; thereafter historians were other officials serving in addition. Wei Ming established dedicated compilation officers for the national history under the Secretariat. Jin transferred the office to the Archive and left the arrangement unchanged. While Zhenguan historians revised the Five Dynasties History, the bureau returned inside the palace. There was no standing corps of historians—major projects drew concurrent appointees who left when the work finished. Supervisor of the national history. After Zhenguan a chancellor usually supervised the national history—a fixed custom. Compiler and direct curator of the bureau. Post-Tianbao concurrent historians were styled History Bureau compilers; newcomers began as direct curators. Yuanhe 6: Chancellor Pei Ji proposed that court-ranked historians be styled compilers and pre-court entrants direct curators. Among compilers the senior officer should adjudicate bureau business; abolish the other titles. The emperor assented. Staff included twenty-five copyists, four custodians, two hall chiefs, six guards, one binder, and six paper preparers. Historians wrote the national chronicle without false praise or concealed fault—recording events plainly. Heavenly portents, geography, succession, ritual, music, armies, and the rise and fall of policies all drew on Daily Records and Current Policy Records as factual base before taking annalistic shape for moral judgment. Completed histories were deposited in the archive.
20
=知匭使=
Commissioner of the Petition Boxes
21
知匭使。 天后垂拱二年,置匭以達冤滯。 其制,一房四面,各以方色,東曰延恩,西曰申冤,南曰招諫,北曰通玄。 所以申天下之冤滯,達萬人之情狀。 蓋古善旌、誹謗木之意也。 天寶九年,改匭為獻納。 乾元元年,復名曰匭。 垂拱已來,常以諫議大夫及補闕、拾遣一人充使,受納訴狀。 每日暮進內,而晨出之也。
The petition-box commissioner. Chuigong 2: Empress Wu installed petition boxes to reach grievances trapped in the bureaucracy. Four-sided cabinets in directional colors: east Extending Grace, west Declaring Wrong, south Inviting Remonstrance, north Penetrating Mystery. They gave voice to empire-wide injustice and the plight of common people. The idea echoed Han commendation banners and criticism posts. Tianbao 9 renamed them Submission and Reception. Qianyuan 1 restored the name petition boxes. Since Chuigong a remonstrance official or rectifier typically served as commissioner and received petitions. Petitions went in each evening and came out each morning.
22
=翰林院=
Hanlin Academy
23
翰林院。 天子在大明宮,其院在右銀台門內。 在興慶宮,院在金明門內。 若在西內,院在顯福門。 若在東都、華清宮,皆有待詔之所。 其待詔者,有詞學、經術、合煉、僧道、卜祝、術藝、書奕,各別院以稟之,日晚而退。 其所重者詞學。 武德、貞觀時,有溫大雅、魏徵、李百藥、岑文本、許敬宗、褚遂良。 永徽後,有許敬宗、上官儀,皆召入禁中驅使,未有名目。 乾封中,劉懿之劉禕之兄弟、周思茂、元萬頃、範履冰,皆以文詞召入待詔,常於北門候進止,時號北門學士。 天后時,蘇味道、韋承慶,皆待詔禁中。 中宗時,上官昭容獨當書詔之任。 睿宗時、薛稷、賈膺福、崔湜,又代其任。 玄宗即位,張說,陸堅、張九齡、徐安貞、張垍等,召入禁中,謂之翰林待詔。 王者尊極,一日萬機,四方進奏、中外表疏批答,或詔從中出。 宸翰所揮,亦資其檢討,謂之視草,故嘗簡當代士人,以備顧問。 至德已後,天下用兵,軍國多務,深謀密詔,皆從中出。 尤擇名士,翰林學士得充選者,文士為榮。 亦如中書舍人例置學士六人,內擇年深德重者一人為承旨,所以獨承密命故也。 德宗好文,尤難其選。 貞元已後,為學士承旨者,多至宰相焉。
The Hanlin Academy. At Daming Palace the academy stood inside Right Yintai Gate. At Xingqing Palace it lay inside Jinming Gate. In the western inner palace it was at Xianfu Gate. Luoyang and Huaqing Palace likewise maintained awaiting-edict quarters. Awaiting-edict scholars covered belles lettres, classics, alchemy, clergy, divination, arts, calligraphy, and chess—each group in its own hall, dismissed at nightfall. Literary talent weighed most heavily. Wude and Zhenguan drew Wen Daya, Wei Zheng, Li Baiyao, Cen Wenben, Xu Jingzong, and Chu Suiliang. After Yonghui Xu Jingzong and Shangguan Yi served inside the palace without fixed designations. Under Qianfeng Liu Yizhi and Liu Yizhi, Zhou Simao, Yuan Wanqing, and Fan Lübing awaited edicts at the north gate for lack of formal titles—the "North Gate academicians." Under Empress Wu, Su Weidao and Wei Chengqing served as palace awaiting-edict scholars. Under Zhongzong, Shangguan Zhaorong alone drafted imperial prose. Ruizong's reign saw Xue Ji, Jia Yingfu, and Cui Shi succeed her. At Xuanzong's accession Zhang Yue, Lu Jian, Zhang Jiuling, Xu Anzhen, and Zhang Ya entered the palace as Hanlin awaiting-edict scholars. The sovereign's exalted station meant ten thousand matters daily—memorials from every direction, rescripts on inner and outer papers, edicts flowing from the inner court. Imperial drafts passed through their review—"viewing the grass"—so contemporary literati were chosen as counselors at hand. After Zhide warfare engulfed the realm; secret strategy and confidential edicts issued from the inner court alone. Selection as Hanlin academician became the summit of literary honor. Following secretariat drafters, six Hanlin posts were fixed; the senior and most respected became bearer of the order, sole recipient of confidential commissions. Dezong, a lover of letters, made admission fiercely selective. After Zhenyuan many bearers of the Hanlin order ascended to the chancellorship.
24
=內教坊=
Inner Music Office
25
內教坊。 武德已來,置於禁中,以按習雅樂,以中官人充使。 則天改為雲韶府,神龍復為教坊。
The Inner Music Office. Since Wude it rehearsed court music inside the palace under eunuch directors. Empress Wu renamed it Cloud Harmony Office; Shenlong restored Music Office.
26
=習藝館=
Practice Arts Hall
27
習藝館。 本名內文學館,選宮人有儒學者一人為學士,教習宮人。 則天改為習藝館,又改為翰林內教坊,以事在禁中故也。
The Practice Arts Hall. Originally the Inner Literary Academy, it chose one literate palace woman as academician to instruct the inner quarters. Empress Wu renamed it Practice Arts Hall, then Hanlin Inner Music Office, reflecting its palace location.
28
=秘書省=秘書省。 隸中書之下。 漢代藏書之所,有延閣、廣內、石渠之藏。 又御史中丞,在殿內,掌蘭台秘書圖籍。 後漢桓帝延熹二年,始置秘書監,屬太常寺,掌禁中圖書秘文,後併入中書。 至晉惠帝,別置秘書寺,掌中外二閣圖書。 梁武改寺為省。 龍朔改為蘭台,光宅改為麟台,神龍復為秘書省。 秘書監秘書監一員,從三品。 監之名,後漢桓帝置,魏、晉不改。 後周謂之外史下大夫。 隋復為秘書監,從第三品。 煬帝改為秘書令,武德復為監。 龍朔改為蘭台太史,天授改為麟台監,神龍復為秘書監也。 少監二員,從四品上。 少監,隋煬帝置。 龍朔改為蘭台侍郎,天授為麟台少監,神龍復為秘書少監。 比置一員,太極初增置一員也。 丞一員。 從五品上。 魏武帝置,丞二人。 隋置一人,正第五品也。 秘書監之職,掌邦國經籍圖書之事。 有二局:一曰著作,二曰太史,皆率其屬而修其職。 少監為之貳,丞掌判省事。 秘書郎秘書郎四員。 從六品上。 校書郎八人,正九品上。 正字四人,正九品下。 主事一人,從九品上。 令史四人,書令史九人,典書八人,楷書手八十人,亭長六人。 掌固八人。 秘書郎掌甲乙丙丁四部之圖籍,謂之四庫。 經庫類十,史庫類十三,子庫類十四,集庫類三。 事在《經籍志》。
Archive It stood under the Secretariat. Han book repositories included Extended Pavilion, Broad Inner, and Stone Channel. The censor-in-chief also kept Orchid Terrace archives within the palace. Later Han Yanxi 2: Emperor Huan created the Archive Director under the Grand Music Master for palace books and secret texts; later the office merged into the Secretariat. Jin Emperor Hui split off an Archive Office for both inner and outer pavilion libraries. Liang Wudi converted the office into a directorate. Longshuo renamed it Orchid Terrace, Guangzhai Unicorn Terrace, Shenlong the Archive again. Archive Director: one officer, third rank. The directorship dated to Later Han Emperor Huan; Wei and Jin kept the title. Northern Zhou styled it Outer Historian Lower Grandee. Sui restored the Archive Director at third rank. Yang of Sui renamed it Archive Chief; Wude restored Director. Longshuo made it Orchid Terrace Grand Astrologer, Tianshou Unicorn Terrace Director, Shenlong Archive Director again. Two vice directors, upper fourth rank. The vice directorship began under Sui Yang. Longshuo: Orchid Terrace Vice Director; Tian shou: Unicorn Vice Director; Shenlong: Archive Vice Director. Originally one post; Taichi added a second. One aide. Upper fifth rank. Wei Wu created the post with two aides. Sui fixed one aide at proper fifth rank. The Archive Director oversaw the empire's texts, libraries, and catalogues. Two bureaus served under him—Compilation and Grand Astrologer—each commanding its staff. The vice director was deputy; the aide adjudicated daily business. Archive Secretaries: four posts. Upper sixth rank. Eight collation officers, upper ninth rank. Four proofreaders, lower ninth rank. One principal clerk, upper ninth rank. Four clerks, nine document clerks, eight custodians, eighty copyists, six hall chiefs. Eight watchmen. Archive secretaries oversaw the A, B, C, and D divisions—the four repositories. The classics held ten categories, history thirteen, masters fourteen, collected writings three. Particulars appear in the Bibliographic Treatise.
29
=著作局=
Compilation Bureau
30
著作局:龍朔為司文局。 著作郎二人,從五品上。 龍朔為司文郎中,咸亨復也。 佐郎四人,從六品上。 校書郎二人,正九品上。 正字二人,正九品下。 楷書手五人,掌固四人。 著作郎、佐郎掌修撰碑誌、祝文、祭文,與佐郎分判局事也。
Compilation Bureau: under Longshuo, the Documents Bureau. Two compilation officers, upper fifth rank. Longshuo styled them Documents Bureau directors; Xianheng restored compilation officer. Four assistant officers, upper sixth rank. Two collation officers, upper ninth rank. Two proofreaders, lower ninth rank. Five copyists, four watchmen. Compilation and assistant officers drafted steles, prayers, and sacrificial texts and split bureau duties among themselves.
31
=司天臺=
Directorate of Astronomy
32
司天臺:舊太史局,隸秘書監。 龍朔二年改為秘閣局,久視元年改為渾儀監。 景雲元年改為太史監,復為太史局,隸秘書。 乾元元年三月十九日敕,改太史監為司天臺,改置官屬,舊置於子城內秘書省西,今在永甯坊東南角也。 監一人,從三品。 本太史局令,從五品下。 乾元元年改為監,升從三品,一如殿中秘書品秩也。 少監二人。 本曰太史丞,從七品下。 乾元升為少監,與諸司少監卿同品也。 太史令掌觀察天文,稽定歷數。 凡日月星辰之變,風雲氣色之異,率其屬而占候之。 其屬有司曆二人,掌造曆。 保章正一人,掌教。 曆生四十一人。 監候五人,掌候天文。 觀生九十人,掌晝夜司候天文氣色。 靈台郎二人,掌教習天文氣色。 天文生六十人。 挈壺正二人。 掌知漏刻。 司辰七十人,漏刻典事二十二人,漏刻博士九人,漏刻生三百六十人,典鐘一百一十二人,典鼓八十八人,楷書手二人,亭長、掌固各四人。 自乾元元年別置司天臺。 改置官吏,不同太史局舊數,今據司天職掌書之也。 凡玄象器物、天文圖書,苟非其任,不得預焉。 每季錄所見災祥,送門下中書省,入起居注。 歲終總錄,封送史館。 每年預造來年曆,頒於天下。 五官正五員,正五品。 乾元元年置五官,有春、夏、秋、冬、中五官之名。 丞二員,正七品。 主簿二員,正七品。 定額直五人,五官靈台郎五員,正七品。 舊靈台郎,正八品下,掌觀天文之變而占候之。 凡二十八宿,分為十二次,事具《天文志》也。 五官保章正五員,正七品。 五官司曆五員,正八品。 舊司曆二人,從九品上,掌國之曆法,造曆以頒四方。 其曆有《戊寅曆》、《麟德曆》、《神龍曆》、《大衍曆》。 天下之測量之處,分至表准,其詳可載,故參考星度,稽驗晷影,各有典章。 五官監候五員,正八品。 五官挈壺正五員,正九品。 五官司辰十五員。 正九品。 舊挈壺正二員,從八品下。 司辰十七人,正九品下。 皆掌知漏刻。 孔壺為漏,浮箭為刻,以告中星昏明之候也。 五官禮生十五人,五官楷書手五人,令史五人,漏刻博士二十人,漏刻之法,孔壺為漏,浮箭為刻。 其箭四十有八,晝夜共百刻。 冬夏之間,有長短。 冬至之日,晝漏四十刻,夜漏六十刻。 夏至,晝漏六十刻夜漏四十刻。 春分秋分之時,晝夜各五十刻。 秋分之後,減晝益夜,凡九日加一刻。 春分已後,減夜益晝,九日減一刻。 二至前後,加減遲,用日多。 二分之間,加減速,用日少。 候夜以為更點之節。 每夜分為五更,每更分為五點。 更以擊鼓為節,點以擊鐘為節也。 典鐘、典鼓三百五十人,天文觀生九十人,天文生五十人,曆生五十五人,漏生四十人,視品十人。 已上官吏,皆乾元元年隨監司新置也。
Directorate of Astronomy: formerly the Grand Astrologer Bureau under the Archive Director. Longshuo 2 renamed it Secret Repository Bureau; Jiushi 1 the Armillary Sphere Directorate. Jingyun 1 made it Grand Astrologer Directorate, then again Grand Astrologer Bureau under the Archive. Qianyuan 1, third month, day 19: Grand Astrologer Directorate became Directorate of Astronomy with new staff; it moved from west of the Archive inside the inner city to Yongning Ward's southeast corner. One director, third rank. Formerly the bureau chief at lower fifth rank. Qianyuan 1 elevated the chief to director at third rank, matching Palace Administration and Archive. Two vice directors. Formerly Grand Astrologer aides, lower seventh rank. Qianyuan promoted them to vice directors equal to other agencies. The chief observed the sky and fixed the calendar. He led staff in watching solar, lunar, and stellar changes and anomalies of wind, cloud, and sky color. Two calendar officers made the almanac. One Keeper of the Bureau Seal supervised training. Forty-one calendar students. Five observer-inspectors watched the sky. Ninety observation students tracked heaven day and night. Two Spirit Platform officers taught sky observation. Sixty astronomy students. Two clepsydra chiefs. They managed the water clock and its graduations. Staff included seventy timekeepers, twenty-two clepsydra clerks, nine doctors, three hundred sixty students, one hundred twelve bell keepers, eighty-eight drum keepers, two copyists, and four hall chiefs and watchmen each. Qianyuan 1 split off the Directorate of Astronomy. New staffing diverged from the old bureau; the following follows directorate responsibilities. Celestial instruments and astronomical texts were off limits except to assigned personnel. Each quarter they logged portents to the Chancellery and Secretariat for the Daily Records. Year-end summaries were sealed and sent to the History Bureau. They issued the coming year's calendar empire-wide every year. Five chiefs of the five seasonal offices, fifth rank. Qianyuan 1 created Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Central office chiefs. Two aides, seventh rank. Two registrars, seventh rank. Five quota clerks and five Spirit Platform officers of the Five Offices, seventh rank. Former Spirit Platform officers, lower eighth rank, watched celestial change and divined meaning. The twenty-eight lodges fell into twelve celestial stations, detailed in the Astronomical Treatise. Five Chart-Registrar Chiefs for the Five Offices, seventh rank. Five calendar officers of the Five Offices, eighth rank. Formerly two calendar officers, upper ninth rank, maintained state calendrics and issued almanacs to the regions. Calendars in use included Wuyin, Linde, Shenlong, and Dayan. Empire-wide observatories with solstice and equinox standards had codified methods for checking star positions and sundial shadows. Five observer-inspectors of the Five Offices, eighth rank. Five clepsydra chiefs of the Five Offices, ninth rank. Fifteen timekeepers of the Five Offices. Ninth rank. Formerly two clepsydra chiefs, lower eighth rank. Seventeen timekeepers, lower ninth rank. All managed clepsydra graduations. A bronze jar leaked water; floating arrows marked graduations to signal midnight stars and the moments of dawn and dusk. Fifteen ritual attendants, five copyists, five clerks, and twenty clepsydra doctors of the Five Offices—all using jar-and-arrow timing. Forty-eight arrows marked one hundred day-and-night graduations. Day and night lengths shifted between winter and summer. Winter solstice: forty day-graduations, sixty at night. Summer solstice: sixty by day, forty by night. Spring and autumn equinoxes split day and night evenly at fifty graduations each. After autumn equinox days shortened and nights lengthened—one graduation added every nine days. After spring equinox nights shortened and days lengthened—one graduation removed every nine days. Near the solstices adjustment slowed and required more days. Between equinoxes adjustment was faster over fewer days. Night observation set the rhythm for watches and bell strokes. Each night had five watches; each watch five strokes. Drums marked watches; bells marked strokes. Staff totaled three hundred fifty bell and drum keepers, ninety observation students, fifty astronomy students, fifty-five calendar students, forty clepsydra students, and ten tenth-rank viewers. All listed posts were created with the Qianyuan 1 reorganization of the directorate.