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志第二十四職官三御史臺御史臺秦、漢曰御史府,後漢改為憲臺,魏、晉、宋改為蘭臺,梁、陳、北朝咸曰御史臺。 武德因之。 龍朔二年改名憲臺。 咸亨復。 光宅元年分臺為左右,號曰左右肅政臺。 左臺專知京百司,右臺按察諸州。 神龍復為左右御史臺。 延和年廢右臺,先天二年復置,十月又廢也。 御史大夫大夫一員,正三品。 秦、漢之制,御史大夫、副丞相為三公之官。 魏、晉之後,多不置大夫,以中丞為臺主。 隋諱中,復大夫,降為正四品。 《武德令》改為從三品。 龍朔改為大司憲,咸亨復為大夫。 光宅分臺為左、右,置左、右臺大夫。 及廢右臺,去「左」「右」字。 本從三品,會昌二年十二月敕:「大夫,秦為正卿,漢為副相,漢末改為大司空,與丞相俱為三公。 掌邦國刑憲,肅正朝廷。 其任既重,品秩宜峻。 准六尚書例,升為正三品,著之於令。」 中丞二員。 正四品下。 漢御史臺有二丞,掌殿內秘書,謂之中丞。 漢末改為御史長史,後漢復為中丞。 後魏改為中尉正,北齊復曰中丞。 後周曰司憲中大夫。 隋諱中,改為持書御史,為從五品。 武德因之。 貞觀末,避高宗名,改持書御史為中丞,置二員。 龍朔改為司憲大夫,咸亨復為中丞。 本正五品上,會昌二年十二月敕:「中丞為大夫之貳,緣大夫秩崇,官不常置,中丞為憲臺長。 今九寺少卿及諸少監、國子司業、京兆少尹,並府寺省監之貳,皆為四品,唯中丞官重,品秩未崇,可升為正四品下,與丞郎出入迭用,著之於令。」 大夫、中丞之職,掌持邦國刑憲典章,以肅正朝廷。 中丞為之貳。 凡天下之人,有稱冤而無告者,與三司訊之。 凡中外百僚之事,應彈劾者,御史言于大夫。 大事則方幅奏彈之,小事則署名而已。 若有制使覆囚徒,則與刑部尚書參擇之。 凡國有大禮,則乘輅車以為之導。 侍御史侍御史四員。 從六品下。 御史之名,《周官》有之,亦名柱下史。 秦改為侍御史。 後周曰司憲中士,隋為侍御史,品第七。 武德品第六也。 掌糾舉百僚,推鞫獄訟。 侍御史年深者一人判臺事,知公廨雜事,次一人知西推,一人知東推也。 凡有別付推者,則按其實狀以奏。 若尋常之獄,推訖斷於大理。 凡事非大夫、中丞所劾,而合彈奏者,則具其事為狀,大夫、中丞押奏。 大事則冠法冠,衣硃衣纁裳,白紗中單以彈之。 小事常服而已。 凡三司理事,則與給事中、中書舍人更直,直於朝堂受表。 若三司所按而非其長官,則與刑部郎中員外、大理司直評事往訊之。 主簿、錄事主簿一人,從七品下。 錄事二人,從九品下。 主簿掌印及受事發辰,勾檢稽失。 兼知官廚及黃卷。 主事二人,令史十七人,書令史二十三人。 殿中侍御史殿中侍御史六人,從七品下。 令史八人,書令史十八人。 殿中侍御史掌殿廷供奉之儀式。 凡冬至、元正大朝會,則具服升殿。 若郊祀、巡幸,則於鹵簿中糾察非違,具服從於旌門,視文物有所虧闕,則糾之。 凡兩京城內,則分知左右巡,各察其所巡之內有不法之事。 監察御史監察御史十員,正八品上。 貞觀初,馬周以布衣進用,大宗令于監察御史裏行。 自此因置裏行之名。 龍朔元年,以王本立為監察裏行也。 監察掌分察巡按郡縣、屯田、鑄錢、嶺南選補、知太府、司農出納,監決囚徒。 監祭祀則閱牲牢,省器服,不敬則劾祭官。 尚書省有會議,亦監其過謬。 凡百官宴會、習射,亦如之。 殿中省殿中省魏初置殿中監,隋初改為殿中局,煬帝改為殿內省,武德改為殿中省。 龍朔改為中御府,咸亨復為殿中省。
Treatise 24, Offices and Ranks, Part 3 — the Censorate. In Qin and Han times the office was known as the Bureau of Censors; Later Han renamed it the Chancellery of Censors; Wei, Jin, and Song called it the Orchid Terrace; Liang, Chen, and the Northern dynasties all used the name Censorate. Under Wude the same arrangement was kept. In Longshuo year 2 it was renamed the Chancellery of Censors. The Xianheng era restored the former name. In Guangzhai year 1 the bureau was split into left and right sections, called the Left and Right Offices of Rectifying Government. The left bureau supervised all capital ministries; the right bureau conducted inspections in the provinces. In the Shenlong period they were again styled the Left and Right Censorates. The right Censorate was abolished in the Yanhe period; it was restored in Xiantian year 2 and abolished again in the tenth month. Censor-in-Chief — one position, upper third rank. In Qin and Han practice the Censor-in-Chief served as the Chancellor's deputy and ranked among the Three Excellencies. After Wei and Jin the chief post was often left vacant, and the Vice Censor served as head of the bureau. To avoid the taboo character zhong, Sui restored the Chief but lowered the rank to upper fourth grade. The Wude Statutes set the rank at lower third grade. Under Longshuo it became Grand Director of Censors; Xianheng restored the title Censor-in-Chief. In the Guangzhai period the bureau was split into left and right, each with its own Chief. After the right bureau was abolished, the designations "left" and "right" were removed. The post had been lower third rank. A Huichang year 2, twelfth-month edict stated: "The Censor-in-Chief: in Qin he ranked as a chief minister; in Han as deputy chancellor; at the end of Han the title became Grand Minister of Works, sharing with the Chancellor the status of the Three Excellencies. He oversaw the state's penal code and kept the court in order. Because the duties are weighty, the rank should be correspondingly high. Following the precedent of the six Ministers, the rank is raised to upper third grade and recorded in the statutes." Vice Censors — two posts. Lower upper fourth rank. Han had two vice directors on the Censorate who handled palace documents and were known as Vice Censors. Late Han renamed the post Chief Secretary of the Censors; Later Han restored the title Vice Censor. Later Wei styled it Director of the Inner Guard; Northern Qi again used Vice Censor. Later Zhou titled it Director of Censors, middle grandee. Sui, avoiding the taboo, renamed the post Censor Holding Documents at lower fifth rank. Under Wude the same title and rank were kept. Late in Zhenguan, to avoid Emperor Gaozong's taboo name, the title reverted to Vice Censor and two posts were created. Longshuo renamed it Director of Censors; Xianheng restored Vice Censor. The rank had been upper fifth grade. A Huichang year 2, twelfth-month edict read: "The Vice Censor is deputy to the Chief; because the Chief's rank is lofty the post is not always occupied, and the Vice Censor serves as head of the Censorate. Today the vice directors of the nine directorates, various vice superintendents, the vice chancellor of the Directorate of Education, the vice governor of Jingzhao, and other second-rank posts in ministries and offices are all fourth grade; only the Vice Censor's duties are weighty while his rank remains low — let it be raised to lower upper fourth grade, used interchangeably with directors and gentlemen, and entered in the statutes." The Chief and Vice Censor uphold the state's penal code and regulations to keep the court in order. The Vice Censor serves as his deputy. Anyone in the realm who claims injustice but has no recourse is examined jointly with the Three Offices. Whenever an inner or outer official should be impeached, the censor reports to the Chief. Major cases are submitted as formal impeachments; minor ones need only a signature. When an imperial commissioner reviews prisoners, he does so together with the Minister of Justice. At major state ceremonies he rides the ceremonial carriage as escort. Attending Censor — four posts. Lower sixth rank. The title censor appears in the Offices of Zhou and was also known as Secretary under the Pillar. Qin renamed the post Attending Censor. Later Zhou styled it Director of Censors, middle gentleman; under Sui it was Attending Censor, seventh grade. Under Wude it was sixth grade. He impeaches officials and investigates lawsuits. The senior Attending Censor adjudicates bureau affairs and handles routine office business; another oversees the western docket and another the eastern docket. Cases specially assigned for investigation are reported on the basis of the facts. Ordinary cases, once investigated, are decided by the Court of Judicial Review. Matters requiring impeachment that were not raised by the Chief or Vice Censor are memorialized in full and submitted under their countersignatures. For major impeachments he dons the law cap, vermilion coat, brown skirt, and white gauze undershirt. Minor cases require only ordinary dress. When the Three Offices hear cases, he alternates duty with the Attendant within the Gates and the Secretariat drafter, receiving petitions in the court hall. If the Three Offices investigate someone below their own chief, he joins the Ministry of Justice directors and the Court of Judicial Review clerks on the inquiry. Registrar and Recorder — one Registrar, lower seventh rank. Two Recorders, lower ninth rank. The Registrar keeps the seal, receives documents, timestamps them, and audits for lapses. He also supervises the office kitchen and the yellow-bound archives. Two clerks, seventeen record clerks, and twenty-three document clerks. Palace Attending Censor — six posts, lower seventh rank. Eight record clerks and eighteen document clerks. Palace Attending Censors supervise ceremonial attendance in the palace hall. At the winter solstice and New Year grand audiences they wear full court dress and enter the hall. On suburban sacrifices or imperial tours they inspect the guard of honor for breaches, follow in full dress at the banner gate, and correct any deficiency in regalia. In the two capitals they split left and right patrols, each investigating illegal conduct in his sector. Investigating Censor — ten posts, upper eighth rank. Early in Zhenguan Ma Zhou, though still a commoner, was promoted at Taizong's order to serve as acting Investigating Censor. From this the designation "acting" was introduced. In Longshuo year 1 Wang Benli was appointed acting Investigating Censor. Investigating Censors inspect prefectures and counties, garrison farms, mints, and Lingnan appointments; oversee the Grand Storehouse and Directorate of Agriculture accounts; and supervise sentencing of prisoners. At sacrifices they inspect livestock, examine vessels and robes, and impeach sacrificial officers for irreverence. They also monitor Department of State Affairs conferences for errors. The same applies to official banquets and archery drills. The Palace Department. Wei first created the Palace Superintendent; early Sui renamed it the Palace Bureau; Emperor Yang made it the Inner Palace Department; Wude restored the name Palace Department. Longshuo renamed it the Central Imperial Household Office; Xianheng restored the Palace Department.
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監一員,從三品。 魏初置,品第二。 梁品第三。 隋品第四。 武德品第三也。 少監二員,從四品上。 丞二人,從五品上。 主事二人,從九品上。 令史四人,書令史十二人,亭長、掌固各八人。 殿中監掌天子服御,總領尚食、尚藥、尚衣、尚舍、尚舍、尚輦六局之官屬,備其禮物,供其職事。 少監為之貳。 凡聽朝,則率其屬執傘扇以列於左右。 凡大祭祀,則進大珪、鎮珪於壝門之外。 既事,受而藏之。 凡行幸,則侍奉於仗內,驂乘以從。 若元正、冬至大朝會,則有進爵之禮。 丞掌副監事,兼勾檢稽失,省署抄目。 主事掌印及知受事發辰。 尚食局尚食局:奉御二人,正五品下。 隋初為典御,又改為奉御。 直長五人,正七品上。 食醫八人。 正九品下。 奉御掌謹其儲供,辨名數。 直長為之貳。 若進御,必辨其時禁。 春肝,夏心,秋肺,冬腎,四季之月脾王,皆不可食。 當進,必先嘗。 正、至大朝會饗宴,與光祿大夫視其品秩之差。 其賜王公賓客,亦如之。 諸陵月享,則視膳而獻之。 食醫掌率主食王膳,以供其職。 尚藥局尚藥局:奉御二人,正五品下。 直長四人,正七品上。 書吏四人。 侍御醫四人,從六品上。 主藥十二人,藥童三十人。 司醫四人,正八品下。 醫佐八人,正八品下。 按摩師四人,咒禁師四人,合口脂匠四人,掌固四人。 奉御掌合和御藥及診候方脈之事。 直長為之貳。 凡藥有上、中、下三品,上藥為君,中藥為臣,下藥為佐。 合造之法,一君三臣九佐,別入五藏,分其五味。 有湯丸膏散之用。 診脈有寸、關、尺之三部,醫之大經。 凡合和與監視其分劑,藥成嘗而進焉。 侍御醫,掌診候調和。 主藥、藥童,主刮削搗簁。 尚衣局尚衣局:奉御二人,從五品上。 直長四人,正七品下。 書令史三人,書吏四人,主衣十六人,掌固四人。 奉御掌衣服,詳其制度,辨其名數。 直長為之貳。 凡天子之服冕十有三; 一,大裘冕,二袞冕,一鷩冕,四毳冕,五黻冕,六玄冕,七通天冠,八武弁,九弁服,十介幘,十一白紗帽,十二平巾幘,十三翼善冠。 事具《輿服志》。 凡天子之大珪,曰珽,長三尺。 鎮珪,長尺有二寸。 若有事於郊丘社稷,則出之於內。 將享,至於中壝門,則奉鎮珪於監而進之。 既事,受而藏之。 凡大朝會,則設案,服畢而徹之。 尚舍局尚舍局:奉御二人,從五品上。 直工六人,正七品下。 書令史三人,書吏七人,掌固十人,幕士八十人。 奉御掌殿廷張設、湯沐、燈燭、灑掃之事。 直長為之貳。 凡行幸,預設三部帳幕,有古帳、大帳、次帳、小次帳、小帳,凡五等之帳為三部。 其外置排城以為蔽扞。 排城,連板為之,板上畫辟邪獸,表裏皆漆之。 凡大祭祀,有事於郊壇,則先設行宮于壇之東南向,隨地之宜,將祀三日,則設大次於外壝東門之外道北,南向而設坐。 若有事於明堂太廟,則設大次於東門,如郊壇之制。 凡致齋則設幄於正殿西序及室內,俱東向,張於楹下。 凡元正、冬至大朝會,則設斧扆於正殿。 施蹋席薰爐。 朔望受朝,則施幄於正殿,帳裙頂帶,方闊一丈四尺也。 尚乘局尚乘局:奉御二人,從五品上。 直長一人,正七品下。 奉乘十八人,正九品下。 習馭五十人,掌閑五十人,獸醫七十人。 進馬六人,七品下。 司庫一人,正九品下。 司廩二人,正九品下。 書令史一人,書吏十四人。 奉御掌內外閑廄之馬,辨其粗良,而率其習馭。 直長為之貳。 一曰左右飛黃閑,二曰左右吉良閑,三曰左右龍媒閑,四曰左右抃駼閑,五曰左右駃騠閑,六曰左右天苑閑。 開元時仗內六閑,曰飛龍、祥麟、鳳苑、鵷鶵、吉良、六群等,號六廄馬。 凡秣馬給料,以時為差。 凡外牧進良馬,印以三花飛風之字而為志。 奉乘掌率習馭、掌閑、駕士及秣飼之法。 司庫掌鞍轡乘具。 司廩掌槁秸出納。 獸醫掌療馬病。 初尚乘局掌六閑馬,後置內外閑廄使,專掌御馬。 開元初,以尚乘局隸閑廄使,乃省尚乘,其左右六閑及局官,並隸閑廄使領之也。 進馬舊儀,每日尚乘以廄馬八匹,分為左右廂,立于正殿側宮門外,候仗下即散。 若大陳設,即馬在樂懸之北,與大象相次。 進馬二人,戎服執鞭,侍立于馬之左,隨馬進退。 雖名管殿中,其實武職,用資廕簡擇,一如千牛備身。 天寶八載,李林甫用事,罷立仗馬,亦省進馬官。 十二載,楊國忠當政,復立仗馬及進馬官,乾元復省,上元復置也。 尚輦局尚輦局:奉御二人,從五品上。 直長四人,正七品下。 尚輦二人,正九品下。 書令史二人,書吏四人,掌扇六人,掌翰二十四人,主輦三十二人,奉輿十二人,掌固四人。 奉御掌輿輦,分其次序而辨其名數。 直長為之貳。 凡大朝會則陳於廷,大祭祀則陳於廟。 凡大朝會,則傘二翰一,陳之於廷。 孔雀扇一百五十有六,分居左右。 舊翟尾扇,開元年初改為繡孔雀。 若常聽朝,皆去扇,左右各留其三,以備常儀。 內官妃三人。 正一品。 《周官》三夫人之位也。 隋依周制,立三夫人。 武德立四妃:一貴妃,二淑妃,三德妃,四賢妃,位次後之下。 玄宗以為后妃四星,其一正後,不宜更有四妃,乃改定三妃之位:惠妃一,麗妃二,華妃三,下有六儀、美人、才人四等,共二十人以備內官之位也。 三妃佐後,坐而論婦禮者也。 其於內,則無所不統,故不以一務名焉。 六儀六人,正二品,《周官》九嬪之位也。 掌教九御四德,率其屬以贊導後之禮儀。 美人四人,正三品,《周官》二十七世婦之位也。 掌率女官,修祭祀賓客之事。 才人七人,正四品,《周官》八十一御女之位。 掌敘宴寢,理絲枲,以獻歲功。
Superintendent — one post, lower third rank. Created early in Wei at second grade. Under Liang, third grade. Under Sui, fourth grade. Under Wude, third grade. Two Vice Superintendents, upper lower fourth rank. Two Directors, upper lower fifth rank. Two clerks, upper lower ninth rank. Four record clerks, twelve document clerks, and eight station chiefs and eight custodians. The Palace Superintendent oversees the emperor's apparel and equipage and directs the six bureaus — Food, Medicine, Garments, Lodging, and Carriages — providing their ritual goods and supplies. The Vice Superintendent serves as his deputy. At court audiences he leads subordinates bearing umbrellas and fans to stand left and right. At major sacrifices he presents the great and stabilizing jade tablets outside the spirit gate. After the rite he receives and stores them. On imperial tours he attends within the guard and follows in the outrider carriage. At New Year and winter solstice grand audiences they perform the ceremony of presenting the wine cup. The Director assists the Vice Superintendent, audits for lapses, and reviews office registers. The clerk keeps the seal and timestamps incoming documents. Food Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, lower upper fifth rank. Early Sui titled them Directors of the Imperial Kitchen; later they became Imperial Attendants. Five Chief Stewards, upper seventh rank. Eight dietary physicians. Lower upper ninth rank. Imperial Attendants carefully manage stored provisions and keep accounts of names and quantities. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. When food is presented to the emperor, seasonal dietary prohibitions must be observed. In spring liver is forbidden, in summer heart, in autumn lung, and in winter kidney; in the intercalary months of the four seasons, when the spleen dominates, all of these are forbidden. Before presentation, it must first be tasted. At New Year and winter solstice grand audiences and banquets, they work with the Masters of the Bright Capital to allocate provisions according to rank. The same applies to provisions granted to princes, nobles, and guests. For monthly offerings at the imperial tombs, they inspect the ritual food and present it. Dietary physicians lead those who prepare the imperial meals in fulfillment of their duties. Pharmaceutical Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, lower upper fifth rank. Four Chief Stewards, upper seventh rank. Four clerical officers. Four Attending Imperial Physicians, upper subordinate sixth rank. Twelve chief pharmacists and thirty pharmacy apprentices. Four Bureau Physicians, lower upper eighth rank. Eight medical assistants, lower upper eighth rank. Four masseurs, four incantation specialists, four lip-balm compounders, and four storeroom keepers. Imperial Attendants manage compounding imperial medicines and pulse diagnosis according to prescriptions. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. Medicines are divided into upper, middle, and lower grades: upper medicines serve as the sovereign drug, middle medicines as ministers, and lower medicines as adjutants. The compounding formula calls for one sovereign drug, three minister drugs, and nine adjutant drugs, each assigned to the five viscera and distributed among the five flavors. They are prepared as decoctions, pills, ointments, and powders. Pulse diagnosis employs the three positions of cun, guan, and chi — the fundamental canon of medicine. They compound medicines, supervise dosages, taste each preparation when finished, and then present it. Attending Imperial Physicians manage diagnosis and prescription harmonization. Chief pharmacists and pharmacy apprentices scrape, pound, and sift the ingredients. Garment Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, upper subordinate fifth rank. Four Chief Stewards, lower upper seventh rank. Three chief clerks, four clerical officers, sixteen garment stewards, and four storeroom keepers. Imperial Attendants manage imperial garments, specify their regulations, and keep accounts of names and quantities. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. The Son of Heaven's ritual caps and robes number thirteen in all. First, the Grand Fur Cap and Robe; second, the Emblem Cap and Robe; third, the Pheasant Cap and Robe; fourth, the Feather Cap and Robe; fifth, the Brocade Cap and Robe; sixth, the Dark Cap and Robe; seventh, the Heaven-Penetrating Cap; eighth, the Martial Cap; ninth, the Cap and Robe; tenth, the Bound Headcloth; eleventh, the White Gauze Cap; twelfth, the Level Headcloth; and thirteenth, the Good-Wings Cap. Full particulars are given in the 《Treatise on Carriages and Vestments》. The Son of Heaven's great jade tablet, called ting, measures three feet in length. The stabilizing jade tablet is one foot and two inches long. When rites are performed at the suburban altars and the altars of soil and grain, the tablet is taken from the inner treasury. When the sacrifice is about to begin, upon reaching the middle enclosure gate, they present the stabilizing jade tablet on a ceremonial tray and advance it. When the rite is finished, they receive the tablet and store it away. At grand audiences, a display stand is set out for the robes and removed once dressing is complete. Lodging Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, upper subordinate fifth rank. Six Chief Artisans, lower upper seventh rank. Three chief clerks, seven clerical officers, ten storeroom keepers, and eighty tent bearers. Imperial Attendants manage palace hall arrangements, bathing supplies, lamps and candles, and cleaning. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. On imperial tours, three sets of tent curtains are prepared in advance, comprising five grades — ancient tent, great tent, secondary tent, small secondary tent, and small tent — arranged as three sections. Outside the tents, palisade walls are erected as protective barriers. Palisade walls are built of joined boards painted with beasts warding off evil and lacquered on both sides. At major sacrifices performed at the suburban altar, a traveling palace is first erected southeast of the altar as terrain permits; three days before the rite, the great tent is set up north of the road outside the outer enclosure's east gate, facing south with seats in place. When rites are performed at the Bright Hall and Imperial Ancestral Temple, the great tent is set up at the east gate according to the same regulations used at the suburban altar. During fasting purification, curtains are hung beneath the pillars in the west wing of the main hall and in the inner chambers, all facing east. At New Year and winter solstice grand audiences, an axe-back screen is installed in the main hall. Treading mats and censers are placed in position. At new- and full-moon audiences, curtains are hung in the main hall, with skirt and top band measuring one zhang and four chi square. Horse Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, upper subordinate fifth rank. One Chief Steward, lower upper seventh rank. Eighteen Imperial Carriage Attendants, lower upper ninth rank. Fifty horse trainers, fifty stable keepers, and seventy veterinarians. Six Presenting-Horse officers, lower seventh rank. One Storehouse Keeper, lower upper ninth rank. Two Granary Keepers, lower upper ninth rank. One chief clerk and fourteen clerical officers. Imperial Attendants manage the horses of the inner and outer imperial stables, distinguish quality grades, and supervise the horse trainers. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. First, the Left and Right Flying Yellow studs; second, the Left and Right Auspicious Fine studs; third, the Left and Right Dragon Matchmaker studs; fourth, the Left and Right Biantu studs; fifth, the Left and Right Swift Hybrid studs; and sixth, the Left and Right Heavenly Park studs. In the Kaiyuan era the six inner guard studs were named Flying Dragon, Auspicious Unicorn, Phoenix Park, Yuanchu, Auspicious Fine, and Six Herds — known as the Six Stable horses. Feed and fodder allotments for horses vary according to the season. Fine horses presented from outer pastures are branded with the "three flowers flying wind" mark for identification. Imperial Carriage Attendants supervise horse trainers, stable keepers, and charioteers, and regulate feeding practices. The Storehouse Keeper manages saddles, bridles, and riding equipment. The Granary Keeper manages the issue and receipt of straw and fodder. Veterinarians treat horse diseases. Initially the Horse Bureau managed the six imperial studs; later Inner and Outer Leisure Stable Commissioners were appointed to oversee imperial horses exclusively. Early in the Kaiyuan era the Horse Bureau was placed under the Leisure Stable Commissioner and then abolished; the left and right six studs and all bureau officials were placed under the commissioner's authority. Under the old Presenting-Horse ritual, the Horse Bureau daily deployed eight stable horses in left and right wings outside the palace gate beside the main hall; they dispersed once the guard formation withdrew. At grand ceremonial formations, the horses were stationed north of the musical bells, arrayed in alternation with the elephants. Two Presenting-Horse officers in military dress stood to the left of the horses holding whips, advancing and retreating with them. Although nominally a palace post, it was in fact a military appointment used as a channel for yin privilege selection, much like the Thousand-Ox Bodyguards. In the eighth year of Tianbao, with Li Linfu in power, the standing guard horses were abolished and the Presenting-Horse officers were eliminated. In the twelfth year, under Yang Guozhong, the standing guard horses and Presenting-Horse officers were restored; they were abolished again in Qianyuan and reinstated in Shangyuan. Palanquin Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, upper subordinate fifth rank. Four Chief Stewards, lower upper seventh rank. Two Chief Palanquin Stewards, lower upper ninth rank. Two chief clerks, four clerical officers, six fan bearers, twenty-four feather-canopy bearers, thirty-two palanquin stewards, twelve carriage attendants, and four storeroom keepers. Imperial Attendants manage palanquins and carriages, set their order of precedence, and keep accounts of names and quantities. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. At grand audiences they are displayed in the court; at grand sacrifices they are displayed in the temple. At grand audiences, two umbrellas and one feather canopy are displayed in the court. One hundred fifty-six peacock fans are distributed to the left and right. They were formerly pheasant-tail fans; early in the Kaiyuan era they were replaced with embroidered peacocks. At regular court audiences all fans are removed except three on each side, retained for the ordinary ceremony. Inner court consorts: three posts. Upper first rank. These are the positions of the Three Consorts in the 《Offices of Zhou》. Sui followed the Zhou system and established three consorts. In Wude four consorts were established: Noble Consort first, Kind Consort second, Virtuous Consort third, and Worthy Consort fourth, all ranked below the Empress. Emperor Xuanzong held that among the four stars of empress and consort, one is the proper empress and four consorts were inappropriate; he therefore redefined three consort ranks — Gracious Consort first, Beautiful Consort second, Splendid Consort third — with Six Prescriptions, Beauties, and Talents below in four grades, twenty posts in all to staff the inner court. The three consorts assist the Empress, sitting in council on women's ritual propriety. Within the inner palace they oversee all affairs, and so are not titled for any single duty. Six Prescriptions, six posts, upper second rank — the positions of the Nine Concubines in the 《Offices of Zhou》. They teach the Nine Imperial Consorts the Four Virtues and lead their subordinates in assisting and guiding the Empress in ritual propriety. Beauties, four posts, upper third rank — the positions of the Twenty-seven Worldly Wives in the 《Offices of Zhou》. They lead female officials and oversee sacrificial rites and the reception of guests. Talents, seven posts, upper fourth rank — the positions of the Eighty-one Imperial Women in the 《Offices of Zhou》. They arrange feasts and bedchamber attendance, manage silk and hemp production, and present the year's woven tribute.
3
宮官六尚,如六尚書之職掌。
Six palace Directors, with duties parallel to those of the Six Ministers.
4
尚宮二人,正五品。 司記二人,正六品。 典記二人,正七品。 掌記二人,正八品。 女史六人。 司言二人,正七品。 典言二人,正八品。 掌言二人,正八品。 女史四人。 司簿二人,正六品。 典簿二人,正七品。 掌簿二人,正八品。 女史六人。 司闈六人,正六品。 典闈六人,正七品。 掌闈六人,正八品。 女史四人。 尚宮職,掌導引中宮,總司記、司言、司簿、司闈四司之官屬。 凡六尚書物出納文簿,皆印署之。 司記掌印,凡宮內諸司簿書出入目錄,審而付行焉。 典記佐之,女史掌執文書。 司言掌宣傳啟奏。 司簿掌宮人名簿廩賜。 司闈掌宮闈管籥。
Two Directors of the Palace, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Records, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Records, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Records, upper eighth rank. Six Female Scribes. Two Directors of Announcements, upper seventh rank. Two Archivists of Announcements, upper eighth rank. Two Clerks of Announcements, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Registers, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Registers, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Registers, upper eighth rank. Six Female Scribes. Six Directors of Inner Gates, upper sixth rank. Six Archivists of Inner Gates, upper seventh rank. Six Clerks of Inner Gates, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. The Director of the Palace guides the inner court and supervises the staffs of the four bureaus — Records, Announcements, Registers, and Inner Gates. All ledgers recording the receipt and issue of goods among the Six Directors are sealed and signed by them. The Director of Records holds the seal, reviewing and authorizing all ledgers and inventories of incoming and outgoing documents from palace bureaus. The Archivist of Records assists; Female Scribes keep and handle the documents. The Director of Announcements proclaims edicts, transmits messages, and presents memorials. The Director of Registers maintains registers of palace women and their grain stipends. The Director of Inner Gates manages the inner palace gates and their keys.
5
尚儀二人,正五品。 司籍二人,正六品。 典籍二人,正七品。 掌籍二人,正八品。 女史十人,司樂四人,正六品。 典樂四人,正七品。 掌樂二人,正八品。 女史二人。 司賓二人,正六品。 典賓二人,正七品,掌賓二人。 正八品。 司贊二人,正六品。 典贊二人,正六品。 掌贊二人,正六品。 女史二人。 尚儀之職,掌禮儀起居,總司籍、司樂、司賓、司贊四司之官屬。 司籍掌四部經籍、筆劄几案。 司東掌率樂人習樂,陳懸、拊擊、進退。 司賓掌賓客朝見、宴會賞賜。 司贊掌朝見宴會贊相。
Two Directors of Ceremonial, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Archives, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Archives, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Archives, upper eighth rank. Ten Female Scribes; four Directors of Music, upper sixth rank. Four Archivists of Music, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Music, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. Two Directors of Guests, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Guests, upper seventh rank; two Clerks of Guests. Upper eighth rank. Two Directors of Presentation, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Presentation, upper sixth rank. Two Clerks of Presentation, upper sixth rank. Two Female Scribes. The Director of Ceremonial oversees ritual propriety and daily conduct, supervising the staffs of the four bureaus — Archives, Music, Guests, and Presentation. The Director of Archives maintains the classics of the Four Categories, along with writing implements and desks. The Director of Music leads musicians in rehearsal, the arrangement of suspended instruments, percussion, and ceremonial advance and withdrawal. The Director of Guests manages guest audiences, banquets, and the bestowal of rewards. The Director of Presentation assists at audiences and banquets.
6
尚服二人,正五品。 司寶二人,正六品。 典寶二人,正七品。 掌寶二人,正八品。 女史四人。 司衣二人,正六品。 典衣二人,正七品。 掌衣二人,正八品。 女史四人。 司飾二人,正六品。 典飾二人,正七品。 掌飾二人,正八品。 女史四人。 司仗二人,正六品。 典仗二人,正七品。 掌仗二人,正八品。 女史二人。 尚服之職,掌供內服用采章之數,總司寶、司衣、司飾、司仗四司之官屬。 司寶掌瑞寶、符契、圖籍。 司衣掌衣服首飾。 司飾掌膏沐巾櫛。 司仗掌羽儀仗衛。
Two Directors of Apparel, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Treasures, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Treasures, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Treasures, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Garments, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Garments, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Garments, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Adornments, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Adornments, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Adornments, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Regalia, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Regalia, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Regalia, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. The Director of Apparel supplies inner court apparel and regulates insignia, supervising the staffs of the four bureaus — Treasures, Garments, Adornments, and Regalia. The Director of Treasures keeps auspicious treasures, tally tokens, and illustrated registers. The Director of Garments manages clothing and head ornaments. The Director of Adornments manages pomades, bathing implements, towels, and combs. The Director of Regalia manages feather banners, ceremonial insignia, and guard escorts.
7
尚食二人,正五品。 司膳四人,正六品。 典膳四人,正七品。 掌膳四人,正八品。 掌醖二人,正八品。 女史四人,司醖二人,正七品。 典醖二人,正七品。 女史二人。 司藥二人,正六品。 典藥二人,正七品。 掌藥二人,正八品。 女史四人。 司饎二人,正六品。 典饎二人,正七品。 掌饎二人,正八品。 女史四人。 尚食之職,掌供膳羞品齊之數,總司膳、司醖、司藥、司饎四司之官屬。 凡進食,先嘗之。 司膳掌制烹煎和。 司醖掌酒醴枌飲。 司藥掌方藥。 司饎掌給宮人廩餼飯食、薪炭。
Two Directors of Food, upper fifth rank. Four Directors of the Kitchen, upper sixth rank. Four Archivists of the Kitchen, upper seventh rank. Four Clerks of the Kitchen, upper eighth rank. Two Clerks of Brewing, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes; two Directors of Brewing, upper seventh rank. Two Archivists of Brewing, upper seventh rank. Two Female Scribes. Two Directors of Pharmacy, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Pharmacy, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Pharmacy, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Provisions, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Provisions, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Provisions, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. The Director of Food supplies meals and delicacies in regulated portions, supervising the staffs of the four bureaus — Kitchen, Brewing, Pharmacy, and Provisions. For all food presented to the court, they taste it first. The Director of the Kitchen oversees preparation, boiling, frying, and seasoning. The Director of Brewing manages wine, sweet liquors, and fermented beverages. The Director of Pharmacy manages prescriptions and medicaments. The Director of Provisions supplies palace women with grain rations, food, and fuel.
8
尚寢二人,正五品。 司設二人,正六品。 典設二人,正七品。 掌設二人,正八品。 女史四人。 司輿二人,正六品。 典輿二人,正七品掌輿二人,正八品。 女史一人。 司苑二人,正六品。 典苑二人,正七品。 掌苑二人,正八品。 女史二人。 司燈二人,正六品。 典燈二人,正七品。 掌燈二人,正八品。 女史二人。 尚寢之職,掌燕寢進御之次序,總司設、司輿、司苑、司燈四司之官屬。 司設掌幃帳茵席、掃灑張設。 司輿掌輿輦傘扇羽儀。 司苑掌園苑種植蔬果。 司燈掌燈燭。
Two Directors of the Bedchamber, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Furnishings, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Furnishings, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Furnishings, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Carriages, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Carriages, upper seventh rank; two Clerks of Carriages, upper eighth rank. One Female Scribe. Two Directors of Gardens, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Gardens, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Gardens, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. Two Directors of Lamps, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Lamps, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Lamps, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. The Director of the Bedchamber regulates the order of attendance at the inner bedchamber and supervises the staffs of the four bureaus — Furnishings, Carriages, Gardens, and Lamps. The Director of Furnishings manages curtains, bedding, mats, sweeping, and the arrangement of furnishings. The Director of Carriages manages palanquins, carriages, umbrellas, fans, and feathered standards. The Director of Gardens oversees the planting of fruits and vegetables in the palace gardens. The Director of Lamps manages lamps and candles.
9
尚功二人,正五品。 司制二人,正六品。 典制二人,正七品。 掌制二人,正八品。 女史二人。 司珍二人,正六品。 典珍二人,正七品。 掌珍二人,正八品。 女史六人。 司彩二人,正六品。 典彩二人,正七品。 掌彩二人,正八品。 女史二人。 司計二人,正六品。 典計二人,正七品。 掌計二人,正八品。 女史二人。 尚功之職,掌女功之程課,總司制、司珍、司彩、司計四司之官屬。 司制掌衣服裁縫。 司珍掌寶貨。 司彩掌繒錦絲枲之事。 司計掌支度衣服、飲食、薪炭。
Two Directors of Works, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Manufacture, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Manufacture, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Manufacture, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. Two Directors of Treasures, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Treasures, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Treasures, upper eighth rank. Six Female Scribes. Two Directors of Dyes and Colors, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Dyes and Colors, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Dyes and Colors, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. Two Directors of Accounts, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Accounts, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Accounts, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. The Director of Works sets quotas and assesses women's craftwork, supervising the staffs of the four bureaus — Manufacture, Treasures, Dyes and Colors, and Accounts. The Director of Manufacture oversees the cutting and sewing of garments. The Director of Treasures manages precious goods. The Director of Dyes and Colors manages silk brocades, silk thread, and hemp fiber. The Director of Accounts manages allotments for clothing, food, and fuel.
10
宮正一人,正五品。 司正二人,正六品。 典正二人,正七品。 女史四人。 宮正之職,掌戒令、糾禁、謫罰之事。 司正、典正佐之。 右唐制定宮官六尚書、二十四司職事官,以備內職之數。 內侍省內侍省《星經》有宦者四星,在天市垣,帝坐之西。 《周官》有巷伯、寺人之職,皆內官也。 前漢宮官,多用士人,後漢始用宦者為宮官。 晉置大長秋卿為後宮官,以宦者為之。 隋為內侍省,煬帝改為長秋監。 武德復為內侍。 龍朔改為內侍監,光宅改為司宮臺,神龍復為內侍省也。
One Palace Rectifier, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Rectification, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Rectification, upper seventh rank. Four Female Scribes. The Palace Rectifier enforces admonitions and prohibitions and handles discipline and punishment. The Directors and Archivists of Rectification assist in these duties. The foregoing is the Tang regulation establishing six palace directors, twenty-four bureaus, and their functional offices to complete the roster of inner-court posts. The Palace Eunuch Directorate. The 《Star Classic》 places four stars associated with eunuchs within the Celestial Market Enclosure, west of the Imperial Seat. The 《Offices of Zhou》 lists the Lane Steward and Palace Attendant — both are inner-court offices. Former Han mostly filled palace offices with gentlemen; Later Han was the first to appoint eunuchs as palace officials. Jin established the Grand Director of Autumn as a rear-palace office and filled it with eunuchs. Under Sui it was the Palace Eunuch Directorate; Emperor Yang renamed it the Autumn Superintendency. The Wude era restored the name Palace Eunuchs. Longshuo renamed it the Eunuch Superintendency; Guangzhai renamed it the Palace Office Terrace; Shenlong restored the Palace Eunuch Directorate.
11
內侍四員。 從四品上。 漢、魏曰長秋卿,梁曰大長秋,北齊曰中侍中,後周曰司內上士,隋曰內侍,置二人。 煬帝曰長秋令,正四品。 武德復為中侍。 中官之貴,極於此矣。 若有殊勳懋績,則有拜大將軍者,仍兼內侍之官。 德宗置左、右神策、威遠等禁兵,命中官掌之。 每軍置中尉一人,宦者為之。 自李輔國、魚朝恩之後,京師兵柄,歸於內官,號左、右軍中尉。 將兵於外者,謂之觀軍容使。 而天下軍鎮節度使,皆內官一人監之,事具《宦者傳》也。 內常侍六人。 正五品下。 漢代謂之中常侍。 內侍之職,掌在內侍奉出入宮掖宣傳之事,總掖廷、宮闈、奚官、內僕、內府五局之官屬。 內常侍為之貳。 凡皇后祭先蠶,則相儀。 後出,則為之夾引。
Four Palace Eunuchs. Upper lower fourth rank. Han and Wei called it Director of Autumn; Liang called it Grand Director of Autumn; Northern Qi called it Palace Vice Attendant; Later Zhou called it Senior Palace Master; Sui called it Palace Eunuch and established two posts. Emperor Yang styled the office Director of Autumn, upper fourth rank. The Wude era restored the title Palace Attendant. Among inner-court officials, none outranked this post. Men of exceptional merit might be appointed General-in-Chief while still holding the palace eunuch office. Emperor Dezong established the Left and Right Divine Stratagem Armies, the Weiyuan Army, and other palace guards, placing eunuchs in command. Each army had one Army Commander, always a eunuch. After Li Fuguo and Yu Chao'en, control of the capital armies passed to eunuchs styled the Left and Right Army Commanders. Eunuchs commanding troops in the field were called Military Observers. Every military commissioner and frontier command throughout the realm had a eunuch supervisor; the details are given in the 《Biographies of Eunuchs》. Six Palace Attendants-in-Ordinary. Lower upper fifth rank. Under Han the office was called Attendant-in-Ordinary. The Palace Eunuch attends within the palace, enters and leaves the inner precincts, and conveys announcements, supervising the staffs of the five bureaus — Rear Palace, Inner Gate, Wards Office, Inner Servants, and Inner Treasury. The Palace Attendants-in-Ordinary serve as their deputies. Whenever the empress sacrifices to the Silkworm Goddess, they assist in the ceremony. When she goes out, they walk on either side to guide her.
12
內給事八人,從五品下。 主事二人,從九品下。 令史八人,書令史十六人。 內給事掌判省事。 凡元正、冬至群臣朝賀中宮,則出入宣傳。 凡宮人衣服費用,則具其品秩,計其多少,春秋二時,宣送中書。
Eight Palace Provisioners, lower lower fifth rank. Two Principal Clerks, lower lower ninth rank. Eight Recorder Clerks; sixteen Document Clerks. The Palace Provisioners supervise the handling of office business. On New Year's Day and the winter solstice, when officials attend court to congratulate the empress, they enter and leave to convey announcements. For all palace women's clothing expenses, they itemize rank, calculate quantities, and in spring and autumn transmit the accounts to the Secretariat.
13
內謁者監六人,正六品下。 內謁者十二人,從八品下。 內寺伯二人。 正七品下。 內謁者監掌內宣傳。 凡諸親命婦朝會,所司籍其人數,送內侍省。 內謁者掌諸親命婦朝集班位。 內寺伯掌糾察諸不法之事。 歲大儺,則監其出入。
Six Supervisors of Palace Ushers, lower upper sixth rank. Twelve Palace Ushers, lower lower eighth rank. Two Palace Ward Stewards. Lower upper seventh rank. The Supervisors of Palace Ushers manage inner-court announcements. For all imperial kinswomen and titled ladies attending court assemblies, the responsible office registers their numbers and forwards them to the Palace Eunuch Directorate. The Palace Ushers arrange the formation and seating of imperial kinswomen and titled ladies at court assemblies. The Palace Ward Stewards investigate all unlawful conduct. At the great year-end exorcism, they supervise who enters and leaves.
14
掖廷局:令二人,從七品下。 丞三人,從八品下。 宮教博士二人,從九品下。 監作四人,從九品下。 令史四人,計史二人,書令史八人。 掖廷令掌宮禁女工之事。 凡宮人名籍,司其除附,公桑養蠶,會其課業。 丞掌判局事。 博士掌教習宮人書算眾藝。 監作掌監當雜作。
Rear Palace Bureau: two Directors, lower lower seventh rank. Three Vice Directors, lower lower eighth rank. Two Palace Instruction Masters, lower lower ninth rank. Four Works Supervisors, lower lower ninth rank. Four Recorder Clerks; two Accounting Clerks; eight Document Clerks. The Rear Palace Director oversees women's work within the palace confines. They maintain the registry of palace women, managing appointments and dismissals, and tally quotas for mulberry fields and silkworm rearing. The Vice Directors supervise bureau business. The Masters instruct palace women in writing, reckoning, and various arts. The Works Supervisors oversee miscellaneous labor tasks.
15
宮闈局:令二人,從七品下。 丞二人,從八品下。 令史三人,書吏六人,內閽人二十人,內掌扇十六人,內給使無常員。 宮闈局令掌侍奉宮闈,出入管鑰。 凡大享太廟,帥其屬詣於室,出皇后神主置於輿而登座焉。 既事,納之。 凡宮人無官品者,稱內給使。 若有官及經解免應敘選者,得令長上,其小給使學生五十人,皆總其名籍,以給其糧廩。 丞掌判局事。 內給使掌諸門進物出納之曆。
Inner Gate Bureau: two Directors, lower lower seventh rank. Two Vice Directors, lower lower eighth rank. Three Recorder Clerks; six Document Clerks; twenty Inner Gatekeepers; sixteen Inner Fan Bearers; Inner Attendants without fixed numbers. The Inner Gate Director attends the inner gate and controls the keys for entry and exit. For all major offerings at the Grand Ancestral Temple, they lead their subordinates to the shrine room, take out the empress's spirit tablet, place it on the carriage, and mount the seat. When the rite is complete, they store it away. Palace women without official rank are styled Inner Attendants. Those who hold office, or who having passed the classics examination are exempt from candidacy for appointment, may be appointed chief attendants. The fifty junior attendant students are all entered on a consolidated register so that grain rations from the storehouse may be issued to them. The Assistant Director supervises bureau business. Inner attendants keep the accounts for goods delivered in and out through every gate.
16
奚官局:令二人,正八品下。 丞二人,正九品下。 書令史三人,書吏六人,藥童四人。 奚官令掌奚隸工役、宮官品命。 丞為之貳。 凡宮人有疾病,則供其醫藥,死亡則供其衣服,各視其品命。 仍於隨近寺觀,為之修福。 雖無品,亦如之。 凡內命婦五品已上亡,無親戚于墓側,三年內取同姓中男一人,以時主祭。 無同姓,則所司春秋以少牢祭之。
Bureau of Servant Officials — two Directors, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Three document clerks, six scribes, and four medicine boys. The Director of Servant Officials oversees bonded labor, corvée assignments, and the ranks and titles of palace offices. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When palace women fall ill, the bureau provides medicine; when they die, it provides burial garments, in each case according to rank. Merit rites are also performed for them at the nearest temple or monastery. The same provisions apply even to those without official rank. When an inner-appointed wife of fifth rank or above dies with no kin at the tomb, within three years a man of the same surname is chosen to preside over the seasonal sacrifices. If no kinsman of the same surname can be found, the responsible office performs spring and autumn sacrifices using the lesser offering.
17
內僕局:令二人,正八品下。 丞二人,正九品下。 書令史二人,書吏四人,駕士二百人。 內僕令掌中宮車乘出入導引。 丞為之貳。 凡中宮有出入則令居左,丞居右,而夾引之。 凡皇后之車有六,事在《輿服》也。
Bureau of Inner Attendants — two Directors, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Two document clerks, four scribes, and two hundred grooms. The Director of Inner Attendants oversees the empress's carriages and escorts her whenever she goes in or out. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Whenever the empress goes in or out, the Director walks on her left and the Assistant on her right, escorting her from both sides. The empress has six carriages in all; the details are set forth in the 《Rites of Carriages and Robes》.
18
內府局:令二人,正八品下。 丞二人,正九品下。 書令史二人,書吏四人。 內府令掌中藏寶貨,給納名數。 丞為之貳。 凡朝會五品已上,賜絹帛金銀器於殿廷者,並供之。 諸將有功,並蕃酋辭還,亦如之。 太常寺太常寺古曰秩宗,秦曰奉常,漢高改為太常,梁加「寺」字,後代因之。
Bureau of the Inner Treasury — two Directors, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Two document clerks and four scribes. The Director of the Inner Treasury oversees the palace's stored treasures and keeps the records of disbursements and receipts. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. At court assemblies, it supplies the silk, cloth, gold, and silver vessels granted in the hall to officials of fifth rank and above. The same applies to meritorious generals and foreign chieftains taking leave to return home. Directorate of Ritual. In antiquity the office was called Director of Ranks and Ancestors; under Qin it was the Director of Constant Offerings; Emperor Gaozu of Han renamed it Director of Ritual; the Liang added the word "Directorate," and later dynasties kept the name.
19
卿一員,正三品。 梁置十二卿,太常卿為一。 周、隋品第三。 龍朔二年改為奉常,光宅改為司禮卿,神龍復為太常卿也。 少卿二人。 正四品。 隋置少卿二人,從四品。 武德置一人,貞觀加置一員。 太常卿之職,掌邦國禮樂、郊廟、社稷之事,以八署分而理之:一曰郊社,二曰太廟,三曰諸陵,四曰太樂,五曰鼓吹,六曰太醫,七曰太卜,八曰廩犧。 總其官屬,行其政令。 少卿為之貳。 凡國有大禮,則贊相禮儀。 有司攝事,則為之亞獻。 率太樂官屬,宿設樂懸,以供其事。 宴會,亦如之。 若三公行園陵,則為之副,公服乘輅備鹵簿而奉其禮。 若大祭祀,則先省牲器。 凡太卜占國之大事及祭祀卜日,皆往蒞之于太廟南門之外。 凡仲春薦冰及四時品物甘滋新成者,皆薦焉。 凡有事於宗廟,少卿帥太祝、齋郎入薦香燈,整拂神幄,出入神主。 將享,則興良醖令實樽罍。 凡備大享之器服,有四院。 一曰天府院,二曰御衣院,三曰樂懸院,四曰神廚院。
One Minister, third rank. The Liang established twelve Ministers, of whom the Minister of Ritual was one. Under the Zhou and Sui, the rank was third. In Longshuo year 2 the title became Director of Constant Offerings; under Guangzhai it became Minister of Rites; under Shendlong it was restored to Minister of Ritual. Two Vice Ministers. Fourth rank. The Sui established two Vice Ministers of secondary fourth rank. Under Wude one was established; under Zhenguan a second post was added. The Minister of Ritual oversees the state's ritual music, suburban sacrifices, ancestral temples, and altars of soil and grain, dividing the work among eight bureaus: Suburban Sacrifices, Grand Ancestral Temple, Imperial Tombs, Grand Music, Processional Music, Imperial Physicians, Grand Divination, and Sacrificial Livestock. He supervises all subordinate officials and carries out the directorate's orders. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. Whenever the state holds a major ceremony, he assists in directing the ritual. When responsible officials officiate in the ruler's stead, he serves as secondary offerer. He leads the staff of Grand Music, who lodge overnight to set up the suspended bells and chimes for the ceremony. The same applies at banquets. When the Three Excellencies visit the imperial tombs, he serves as their deputy, wearing court robes, riding the state carriage with full guard of honor, and conducting the rite. Before a major sacrifice, he first inspects the victims and ritual vessels. Whenever Grand Divination determines the days for the state's great affairs and for sacrifices, he presides outside the south gate of the Grand Ancestral Temple. Mid-spring offerings of ice and seasonal offerings of delicacies and newly ripened produce are all presented there. When rites are performed at the ancestral temple, the Vice Minister leads the Grand Invokers and Fast Officers to present incense and lamps, prepare the spirit curtains, and carry the spirit tablets in and out. Before the offering begins, he has the Master of Good Brew fill the goblets and jars. Preparations for the great offering's vessels and robes are divided among four courtyards. They are the Heavenly Storehouse Courtyard, the Imperial Robes Courtyard, the Suspended Music Courtyard, and the Spirit Kitchen Courtyard.
20
丞二人,從五品上。 主簿二人,從七品上。 錄事二人,從九品下。 府十二人,史二十三人。 博士四人,從七品上。 謁者十人,贊引二十人。 太祝六人,正九品上。 祝史六人。 奉禮二人,從九品上。 贊者十六人。 協律郎二人,正八品上。 亭長八人,掌固十二人,太廟齋郎,京、都各一百三十人。 太廟門僕,京、都各三十人。 丞掌判寺事。 凡大饗太廟,則修七祀於太廟西門之內。 若祫享,則兼修配享功臣之禮。 主簿掌印,勾檢稽失,省署抄目。 錄事掌受事發辰。 博士掌五禮之儀式,本先王之法制,適變隨時而損益焉。 凡大祭祀及有大禮,則與卿導贊其儀。 凡公已下擬諡,皆跡其功行,為之褒貶。 無爵稱子,養德邱園,聲實明著,則諡曰先生。 大行大名,小行小名之。 古有《周書諡法》,《大戴禮諡法》,漢劉熙《諡法》一卷,晉張靖《諡法》兩卷,又有《廣諡法》一卷,梁沈約總聚古今諡法,凡有一百六十五稱也。 若大祭禮,卿省牲器,謁者為之導。 若小祀及公卿大夫有嘉禮,亦命謁者以贊之。 太祝掌出納神主于太廟之九室,而奉享禘佩給之儀。 凡國有大祭祀,凡郊廟之祝版,先進取署,乃送祠所。 將事,則跪讀祝文,以信於神; 禮成而焚之。 凡大祭祀,卿省牲而告充。 凡祭天及日月星辰之玉帛,則焚之; 祭地及社稷山嶽,則瘞之; 瀆汙,則沉之。 奉禮郎掌朝會祭祀君臣之版位。 凡樽卣之制,十有四,祭則陳之。 祭器之位,簠簋為前,㽅鈃次之,籩豆為後。 大凡祭祀朝會,在位者拜跪之節,皆贊導之,贊者承傳焉。 又設牲榜之位,以成省牲之儀。 凡春秋二仲,公卿巡陵,則主其威儀鼓吹之節而相禮焉。 協律郎掌和六呂六律,辨四時之氣,八風五音之節。 凡太樂,則監試之,為之課限。 若大祭祀饗宴奏於廷,則升堂執麾以為之節制,舉麾工鼓柷而後樂作,偃麾戛敔而後止。
Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary fifth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. Twelve clerks and twenty-three scribes. Four Erudites, upper secondary seventh rank. Ten ushers and twenty announcers and guides. Six Grand Invokers, upper ninth rank. Six invoker scribes. Two Masters of Ceremonies, upper secondary ninth rank. Sixteen announcers. Two Masters of Harmonizing Pitch, upper eighth rank. Eight ward chiefs, twelve gatekeepers, and Grand Ancestral Temple Fast Officers—one hundred thirty each in Chang'an and Luoyang. Grand Ancestral Temple gate servants—thirty each in Chang'an and Luoyang. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. At a great offering in the Grand Ancestral Temple, the seven sacrifices are performed inside the temple's west gate. At a he sacrifice, the rites for associated offerings to meritorious ministers are also performed. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal, audits for errors, and reviews copied documents. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule. The Erudites oversee the forms of the five rites, grounded in the institutions of former kings but adjusted as circumstances require. At major sacrifices and great ceremonies, they assist the Minister in directing and announcing the ritual. When posthumous titles are proposed for dukes and below, their deeds and conduct are assessed to determine praise or censure. Men without noble rank who styled themselves Master, cultivated virtue in retirement, and won clear renown receive the posthumous title Master. Great deeds earn a lofty posthumous name; lesser deeds earn a modest one. Ancient works included the 《Posthumous Title Methods of the Book of Zhou》, the 《Posthumous Title Methods of the Greater Dai Rites》, Liu Xi's Han-era 《Posthumous Title Methods》 in one scroll, Zhang Jing's Jin-era 《Posthumous Title Methods》 in two scrolls, and the 《Expanded Posthumous Title Methods》 in one scroll. Shen Yue of the Liang compiled posthumous title methods from all ages, totaling one hundred sixty-five designations. At a major sacrificial rite, the Minister inspects the victims and vessels while the ushers serve as guides. For minor sacrifices and auspicious rites involving dukes, ministers, and grand masters, ushers are also appointed to announce the proceedings. The Grand Invokers bring spirit tablets in and out of the nine chambers of the Grand Ancestral Temple and conduct the rites of offering, di sacrifice, and distribution. Whenever the state holds a major sacrifice, invocation boards for suburban and temple rites are first brought in for signature and then sent to the place of sacrifice. When the rite is about to begin, they kneel and read the invocation to assure the spirits; when the rite is complete, the text is burned. At every major sacrifice, the Minister inspects the victims and announces that they are sufficient. Jade and silk offered to Heaven, the sun, moon, and stars are burned; those offered to Earth, the altars of soil and grain, and mountains are buried in the ground; and those for rivers and marshes are sunk in the water. The Masters of Ceremonies arrange the positions of ruler and ministers at court assemblies and sacrifices. There are fourteen types of goblets and jars, which are displayed at sacrifices. Sacrificial vessels are arranged with grain trays and bowls in front, meat stands and cauldrons next, and baskets and dishes in the rear. At sacrifices and court assemblies, they announce and guide the bowing and kneeling of those in position, with announcers relaying each step. They also set out the victim placards to complete the victim-inspection rite. In spring and autumn, when dukes and ministers inspect the tombs at the two mid-season months, they manage the guard of honor and processional music and assist in the rite. The Masters of Harmonizing Pitch harmonize the six lü and six pitch pipes, distinguishing the qi of the four seasons and the measures of the eight winds and five tones. For all Grand Music performances, they supervise testing and set performance quotas. When music is performed in the hall at a major sacrifice or feast, they ascend the hall with a baton to regulate the performance: raising the baton, the musicians strike the wooden clapper and the music begins; lowering the baton and striking the wooden stopper, the music stops.
21
兩京郊社署:令各一人,從七品下。 丞一人,從八品上。 府二人,史四人,典事三人,掌固五人,門僕八人,齋郎一百一十人。 郊社令掌五郊社稷明堂之位,祠祀祈禱之禮。 丞為之貳。 凡大祭祀,則設神坐於壇上而別其位,立燎壇而先積柴。 凡有合朔之變,則置五兵於太社,以硃絲縈之以俟變,過時而罷之。
Suburban Sacrifices Bureaus of the two capitals — one Director each, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, upper secondary eighth rank. Two clerks, four scribes, three record keepers, five gatekeepers, eight gate servants, and one hundred ten Fast Officers. The Director of Suburban Sacrifices oversees the five suburban altars, the altars of soil and grain, and the Bright Hall, and conducts the rites of sacrifice and prayer. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. At a major sacrifice, spirit seats are placed on the altar mound in their proper positions, a burning mound is erected, and firewood is piled in advance. Whenever a new- or full-moon eclipse is expected, five weapons are placed at the Grand Altar of Soil and Grain and bound with cinnabar silk to await the event; they are removed once the time has passed.
22
諸陵署:令一人,從五品上。 錄事一人,府二人,史四人,主衣四人,主輦四人,主藥四人,典事三人,掌固二人。 陵戶,乾,橋、昭四百人,獻、定、恭三百人。 陵令掌先帝山陵,率戶守衛之。 丞為之貳。 凡朔望、元正、冬至,皆修享于諸陵。 凡功臣密戚陪葬者聽之,以文武分為左右列。 諸太子陵令各一人,從八品下。 丞一人。 從九品下。
Imperial Tombs Bureau — one Director, upper secondary fifth rank. One recording clerk, two clerks, four scribes, four robe keepers, four carriage keepers, four medicine keepers, three record keepers, and two gatekeepers. Tomb households numbered four hundred for the tombs of Qian, Qiao, and Zhao, and three hundred for those of Xian, Ding, and Gong. The Tomb Director oversees the mountain tombs of former emperors and leads the tomb households in guarding them. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. On the first and fifteenth of each month, New Year's Day, and the winter solstice, offerings are performed at all tombs. Meritorious ministers and close kin may be permitted burial alongside the tomb, arranged in left and right rows by civil and military status. Each crown prince's tomb has one Director of lower secondary eighth rank. One Assistant Director. Lower secondary ninth rank.
23
太樂署:令一人,從七品下。 丞一人,從八品下。 府三人,史六人。 樂正八人,從九品下。 典事八人,掌固八人,文武二舞郎一百四十人。 太樂令調合鐘律,以供邦國之祭祀享宴。 丞為之貳。 凡天子宮懸鐘磬,凡三十六虡,鎛鐘十二,編鐘二二,編磬十二,共為三十六架。 東方西方,磬虡起北,鐘虡次之。 南方北方,磬虡起西,鐘虡次之。 鎛鐘在編鐘之間,各依辰位。 四隅建鼓,左柷右敔。 又設巢、竽、笛、管、篪、塤、系於編鐘之下。 偶歌琴、瑟、箏、築,系於編磬之下。 其在殿廷前,則加鼓吹十二案,於建鼓之外,羽葆之鼓、大鼓、金鐓、歌簫、笳置於其上。 又設登歌鐘、節鼓、瑟、琴、箏、笳於堂上,笙、和、簫、篪於堂下。 太子之廷,陳軒懸,去其南面鎛鐘、編鐘編磬各三,凡九壒,設於辰、丑、申之位。 三建鼓亦如之。 凡宮懸之作,則奏文武舞,事在《音樂志》也。 凡大宴會,則設十部伎。 凡大祭祀、朝會用樂,辨其曲度章服,而分始終之次。 在事於太廟,每室酌獻各用舞。 事具《音樂志》。 凡祀昊天上帝及五方《大明》、《夜明》之樂,皆六成,祭皇地祇神州社稷之樂,皆八成,享宗廟之樂,皆九成。 其餘祭祀,三成而已。 五音有成數,觀其數而用之也。 凡習樂,立師以教。 每歲考其師之課業,為上中下三等,申禮部。 十年大校之,量優劣而黜陟焉。 凡樂人及音聲人應教習,皆著簿籍,核其名數,分番上下。
Grand Music Bureau — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Three clerks and six scribes. Eight music masters, lower secondary ninth rank. Eight record keepers, eight gatekeepers, and one hundred forty civil and military dance officers. The Director of Grand Music harmonizes bells and pitch pipes for the state's sacrifices and banquets. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. The Son of Heaven's palace music includes thirty-six suspended frames: twelve large bells, twenty-four serial bells, and twelve serial chimes, for thirty-six sets in all. On the east and west, chime frames are placed starting from the north, with bell frames next. On the south and north, chime frames are placed starting from the west, with bell frames next. Large bells are placed among the serial bells, each positioned according to its celestial station. Drums stand at the four corners, with the wooden clapper on the left and the wooden stopper on the right. Nest zithers, yu mouth organs, flutes, pipes, chi flutes, and xun ocarinas are also placed beneath the serial bells. Zithers, se lutes, zheng zithers, and zhu zithers for accompanying song are placed beneath the serial chimes. Before the hall court, twelve processional music stands are added; beyond the standing drums, feathered-canopy drums, great drums, bronze gongs, song panpipes, and horns are placed on them. Ascending-song bells, rhythm drums, se lutes, zithers, zheng zithers, and horns are placed in the upper hall; sheng mouth organs, he pipes, panpipes, and chi flutes in the lower hall. In the crown prince's court, the elevated suspension is displayed with three large bells, three serial bells, and three serial chimes removed from the south, nine sets in all placed at the chen, chou, and shen positions. Three standing drums are arranged likewise. When palace suspended music is performed, the civil and military dances are played; the details are set forth in the 《Treatise on Music》. At major banquets, the ten-section entertainments are performed. For major sacrifices and court assemblies, music is arranged by distinguishing tunes, measures, and vestments and setting the order of opening and closing. When rites are performed at the Grand Ancestral Temple, each chamber's libation offering has its own dance. Full particulars are given in the 《Treatise on Music》. Music for sacrifices to August Heaven and the five directions, 《Great Brightness》 and 《Night Brightness》, has six sections; music for sacrifices to August Earth, the Divine Land, and altars of soil and grain has eight sections; music for ancestral temple offerings has nine sections. All other sacrifices use only three sections. The five tones have fixed numerical values, and music is arranged according to those numbers. For music training, masters are appointed to teach. Each year the masters' teaching is examined and graded upper, middle, or lower, and reported to the Ministry of Rites. Every ten years a major review is held, and promotions and dismissals are made according to merit. All musicians and vocalists under instruction are entered in registers, their names and numbers verified, and assigned to rotating shifts.
24
鼓吹署:令一人,從七品下。 丞三人,從八品下。 府三人,史六人。 樂正四人,從九品下。 典事四人,掌固四人。 鼓吹令掌鼓吹施用調習之節,以備鹵簿之儀。 丞為之貳。 凡大駕行幸,鹵簿則分前後二部以統之。 法駕則三分減一,小駕則減大駕之半。 皇太后、皇后出,則如小駕之例。 皇太子之鼓吹,亦有前後二部。 親王已下各有差。 凡大駕行幸,有夜警晨嚴之制。 大駕夜警十二部,晨嚴三通。 太子諸王公卿已下,警嚴有差。 凡合朔之變,則率工人設五鼓於太社。 太儺,則帥鼓角以助侲子唱之。
Processional Music Bureau — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. Three Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Three clerks and six scribes. Four music masters, lower secondary ninth rank. Four record keepers and four gatekeepers. The Director of Processional Music oversees the deployment, use, and rehearsal of processional music for the guard of honor. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When the emperor travels on tour, the guard of honor is divided into front and rear sections. The regulated carriage uses two-thirds of the great carriage's guard; the lesser carriage uses half. When the Empress Dowager or Empress goes out, the arrangement follows that of the lesser carriage. The crown prince's processional music also has front and rear sections. Imperial princes and those below them have graduated reductions. When the emperor travels on tour, there is a system of night watch and morning salute. For the great carriage, night watch uses twelve sections and morning salute three rounds. The crown prince, princes, dukes, ministers, and those below them have graduated watch and salute arrangements. Whenever a new- or full-moon eclipse is expected, workers are led to set five drums at the Grand Altar of Soil and Grain. At the great exorcism rite, drums and horns are led to accompany the demon-quellers' chanting.
25
大醫署:令二人,從七品下。 丞二人,從八品下。 府二人,史四人,主藥八人,藥童二十四人。 醫監四人,從八品下。 醫正八人,從九品下。 藥園師二人,藥園生八人,掌固四人。 太醫令掌醫療之法。 丞為之貳。 其屬有四,曰:醫師、針師、按摩師、禁咒師。 皆有博士以教之。 其考試登用,如國子之法。 凡醫師、醫工、醫正療人疾病,以其全多少而書之以為考課。 藥園師,以時種蒔收采。
Imperial Physicians Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Two clerks, four scribes, eight medicine keepers, and twenty-four medicine boys. Four medical supervisors, lower secondary eighth rank. Eight medical masters, lower secondary ninth rank. Two herb-garden masters, eight herb-garden students, and four gatekeepers. The Director of Imperial Physicians oversees medical treatment. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. It has four branches: physicians, acupuncturists, massage therapists, and incantation specialists. Each branch has erudites who teach its students. Examination and appointment follow the methods used by the Directorate of Education. When physicians, medical workers, and medical masters treat patients, the number of cures is recorded for performance review. Herb-garden masters plant, cultivate, and harvest according to the seasons.
26
諸藥醫博士一人,正八品上。 助教一人,從九品下。 醫師二十人,醫工一百人,醫生四十人,典藥二人。 博士掌以醫術教授諸生。 醫術,謂習《本草》,《甲乙脈經》。 分而為業,一曰體療,二曰瘡腫,三曰少小,四曰耳目口齒,五曰角法也。
One Erudite of Medicine, upper eighth rank. One Assistant Instructor, lower secondary ninth rank. Twenty physicians, one hundred medical workers, forty medical students, and two medicine keepers. The Erudite teaches medical arts to the students. Medical arts means studying the 《Materia Medica》 and the 《Classic of the Pulse in A and B》. Training is divided into five specialties: general therapy, sores and swellings, pediatrics, ears, eyes, mouth, and teeth, and cupping.
27
針博士一人,從八品下。 針助教一人,從九品下。 針師十人,針工二十人,針生二十人。 針博士掌教針生以經脈孔穴,使識浮沉澀滑之候,又以九針為補瀉之法。 其針名有九,應病用之也。
One Erudite of Acupuncture, lower secondary eighth rank. One Assistant Instructor of Acupuncture, lower secondary ninth rank. Ten acupuncturists, twenty acupuncture workers, and twenty acupuncture students. The Erudite of Acupuncture teaches students the meridians and acupoints, how to read floating, sinking, rough, and smooth pulses, and the nine needles as methods of tonification and drainage. There are nine named needles, each applied according to the illness.
28
按摩博士一人,從九品下。 按摩師四人,按摩工十六人,按摩生十五人。 按摩博士掌教按摩生消息導引之法。
One Erudite of Massage, lower secondary ninth rank. Four massage therapists, sixteen massage workers, and fifteen massage students. The Erudite of Massage teaches students the methods of breathing regulation and guided movement.
29
咒禁博士一人,從九品下。 咒禁師二人,咒禁工八人,咒禁生十人。 咒禁博士掌教咒禁生以咒禁,除邪魅之為厲者。
One Erudite of Incantation, lower secondary ninth rank. Two incantation specialists, eight incantation workers, and ten incantation students. The Erudite of Incantation teaches students incantations to drive off evil spirits that cause pestilence.
30
太卜署:令一人,從八品下。 丞一人,正九品。 卜正二人,從九品下。 卜博士二人。 從九品下。 太卜令掌卜筮之法。 丞為之貳。 其法有四:一龜,二五兆,三易,四式。 皆辨其象數,通其消息,所以定吉凶焉。 凡國有祭祀,則率卜正、占者,卜日于太廟南門之外。 歲季冬之晦,帥侲子入宮中堂贈大儺。 贈,送也,堂中舞侲子,以送不祥也。
Grand Divination Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One Assistant Director, ninth rank. Two divination masters, lower secondary ninth rank. Two Erudites of Divination. Lower secondary ninth rank. The Director of Grand Divination oversees divination by tortoise shell and milfoil. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. There are four methods: tortoise-shell divination, five omens, the Changes, and the Shi method. All distinguish images and numbers, read their waxing and waning, and thereby determine fortune and misfortune. Whenever the state holds a sacrifice, divination masters and diviners are led to determine the day outside the south gate of the Grand Ancestral Temple. On the last day of late winter each year, demon-quellers are led into the palace central hall to perform the great exorcism rite. Zeng means to send away: in the hall the demon-quellers dance to drive off ill omens.
31
廩犧署:令一人,正八品下。 丞一人。 正九品。 廩犧令掌薦犧牲及粢盛之事。 丞為之貳。 凡三祀之牲牢,各有名數。 大祭祀,則與太祝以牲就榜位,太常卿省牲,則北面告腯,乃牽牲以授太官。
Sacrificial Livestock Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director. Ninth rank. The Director of Sacrificial Livestock oversees the presentation of sacrificial victims and grain offerings. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. For the three sacrificial rites, victims and pens each have prescribed names and numbers. At a major sacrifice, together with the Grand Invoker they bring the victim to the placard; when the Minister of Ritual inspects it, facing north he announces its condition, then leads the victim to the Grand Provisioner.
32
汾祠署:令一人,從七品下。 丞一人。 從八品上。 汾祠令、丞,掌神祀、享祭、灑掃之制。
Fen Shrine Bureau — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director. Upper secondary eighth rank. The Director and Assistant Director of the Fen Shrine oversee regulations for spirit worship, offerings, and maintenance.
33
兩京齊太公廟署:令各一人,從七品下。 丞各一人,從八品上。 令、丞掌開合、灑掃及春秋仲釋尊之禮。 光祿寺光祿寺秦曰郎中令,漢曰光祿勳,掌宮殿門戶。 梁置十二卿,加「寺」字,除「勳」字,曰光祿卿,掌膳食,後因之。 品第三。 龍朔改為司膳寺正卿,光宅改為司膳寺卿,神龍復為光祿寺也。
Duke of Qi Temple Bureaus of the two capitals — one Director each, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director each, upper secondary eighth rank. The Director and Assistant Director oversee opening and closing, maintenance, and the mid-spring and mid-autumn libation rites. Directorate of Imperial Entertainments. Under Qin the office was called Director of Palace Attendants; under Han it became Commissioner of Imperial Entertainments, overseeing palace gates and doorways. The Liang established twelve Ministers, added "Directorate," dropped "Commissioner," and named the office Minister of Imperial Entertainments with charge over meals; later dynasties kept the arrangement. Rank third. Under Longshuo it became Chief Minister of the Directorate of Provisions; under Guangzhai, Minister of the Directorate of Provisions; under Shendlong it was restored to the Directorate of Imperial Entertainments.
34
卿一員,從三品。 少卿二人。 從四品上。 卿之職,掌邦國酒醴、膳羞之事,總太官、珍羞、良醖、掌醢之屬,修其儲備,謹其出納。 少卿為之貳。 國有大祭祀,則省牲獲,視濯滌。 若三公攝祭,則為之終獻。 朝會宴享,則節其等差,量其豐約以供焉。
One Minister, secondary third rank. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's wine, spirits, and delicacies, supervising Grand Provisioner, Delicacies, Good Brew, and Pickled Meats, maintaining stores and carefully controlling disbursements and receipts. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. At a state major sacrifice, he inspects victims and harvest offerings and oversees washing and cleansing. When the Three Excellencies officiate in the ruler's stead, he serves as final offerer. At court assemblies and banquets, he regulates gradations of rank and supplies provisions according to abundance or restraint.
35
丞二人,從六品上。 主簿二人,從七品上。 錄事二人,從九品上。 府十二人,史二十一人,亭長六人,掌固六人。 丞掌判寺事。 主簿掌印,勾檢稽失。 錄事掌受事發辰。
Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Twelve clerks, twenty-one scribes, six ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal and audits for errors. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
36
太官署:令二人,從七品下。 丞四人,從八品下。 府四人,史人。 監膳十人,從九品下。 主膳十五人,供膳二千四百人,掌固四人。 太官令掌供膳食之事。 丞為之貳。 凡祭之日,與卿詣廚省牲鑊,取明水于陰鑒,取明火于陽燧,帥宰人以鑾刀割牲,取其毛血,實之於豆,遂烹牲焉。 又師進饌者實簠簋,設於饌幕之內。 凡朝會宴享,九品已上並供其膳食。 凡供奉祭祀致齋之官,則視其品秩為之差降。 國子監釋奠,百官觀禮,亦如之。 凡突衛當上,及命婦朝參宴會者,亦如之。
Grand Provisioner Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Four clerks and scribes. Ten meal supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. Fifteen meal masters, two thousand four hundred meal servers, and four gatekeepers. The Director of the Grand Provisioner oversees the supply of meals. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. On sacrifice day, together with the Minister he inspects victims and cauldrons in the kitchen, draws clear water from the yin mirror and bright fire from the yang fire-starter, leads butchers to cut the victim with the bell knife, collects hair and blood in vessels, and cooks the victim. The master who presents the food fills the grain trays and bowls and sets them inside the food curtain. At court assemblies and banquets, meals are supplied to all officials of ninth rank and above. For officials attending sacrifices and observing fasts, meals are graded according to rank. The same applies at the Directorate of Education's libation offering, when all officials observe the rite. The same applies to palace guards on duty and appointed wives attending court and banquets.
37
珍羞署:令一人,正八品下。 丞二人,正九品下。 府三人,史六人,典書八人,餳匠五人,掌固四人。 令掌庶羞之事,丞為之貳,以實籩豆。 陸產之品,曰榛栗脯修,水物之類,曰魚鹽菱芡。 辨其名數,會其出入,以供祭祀朝會賓客之禮也。
Delicacies Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Three clerks, six scribes, eight record keepers, five confectioners, and four gatekeepers. The Director oversees various delicacies; the Assistant Director serves as his deputy and fills the baskets and dishes. Land products include hazelnuts, chestnuts, dried meat, and cured strips; water products include fish, salt, water caltrop, and gorgon fruit. Their names and numbers are distinguished and disbursements reconciled to supply sacrifices, court assemblies, and guest receptions.
38
良醖署:令二人,正八品下。 丞二人,正九品下。 府三人,史六人。 監事二人,從九品下。 掌醖三十人,酒匠十三人,奉觶一百二十人,掌固四人。 令掌供奉邦國祭祀五齊三酒之事。 丞為之貳。 五齊三酒,義見《周官》。 郊祀之日,帥其屬以實樽罍。 若享太廟,供其鬱鬯之酒,以實六彝。 若應進者,則供春暴、秋清、酴醾、桑落等酒。
Good Brew Bureau — two Directors, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Three clerks and six scribes. Two supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. Thirty brew keepers, thirteen wine craftsmen, one hundred twenty cup bearers, and four gatekeepers. The Director oversees the supply of the five grades of brew and three types of wine for state sacrifices. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. The meaning of the five grades of brew and three types of wine is set forth in the 《Offices of Zhou》. On suburban sacrifice day, he leads his staff to fill the goblets and jars. At offerings in the Grand Ancestral Temple, he supplies the aromatic wine to fill the six ritual vessels. When tribute wines are due, he supplies spring sun-dried, autumn clarified, fermented flower, mulberry-fall, and other wines.
39
掌醢署:令一人,正八品下。 丞二人,正九品下。 府二人,史四人,主醢十人。 令掌供醯醢之屬,而辨其名物。 丞為之貳。 凡鹿、兔、羊、魚等四醢。 凡祭神祇,享宗廟,用菹醢以實豆。 宴賓客,會百官,醢醬以和羹。 衛尉寺衛尉寺秦置衛尉,掌宮門衛屯兵,屬官有公車司馬、衛士、旅賁三令。 梁置十二卿,衛尉加「寺」字,官加「卿」字。 龍朔改為司衛寺,咸亨復也。
Pickled Meats Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Two clerks, four scribes, and ten pickle keepers. The Director supplies vinegars and pickled meats and distinguishes their names and types. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. There are four types of pickled meat: deer, rabbit, sheep, and fish. For sacrifices to spirits and offerings at the ancestral temple, pickled vegetables and meats fill the dishes. When feasting guests and gathering officials, pickled meats and sauces are used to season the broth. Directorate of the Palace Guard. Qin established the Palace Guard to manage palace gate guards and garrison troops; subordinate offices included Directors of Imperial Carriages, Guards, and Rapid Tiger Guard. The Liang established twelve Ministers, adding "Directorate" to Palace Guard and "Minister" to the office title. Under Longshuo it became the Directorate of Guardians; under Xianheng the former name was restored.
40
卿一員,從三品。 少卿二人。 從四品上。 卿之職,掌邦國器械文物之事,總武庫、武器、守宮三署之官屬。 少卿為之貳。 凡天下兵器入京師者,皆籍其名數而藏之。 凡大祭祀大朝會,則供其羽儀、節鉞、金鼓、帷帟、茵席之屬。
One Minister, secondary third rank. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's implements, weapons, and ceremonial objects, supervising the Armory, Weapons, and Palace Guard bureaus. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. All weapons from throughout the realm brought into the capital are registered by name and number and stored. At major sacrifices and great court assemblies, it supplies feathered banners, ceremonial axes, bronze drums, curtains, mats, and the like.
41
丞二人,從六品上。 主簿二人,從七品上。 錄事一人,從九品上。 府六人,史十一人,亭長四人,掌固六人。 丞掌判寺事,辨器械出納之數。 主簿掌印,勾檢稽失。 錄事掌受事發辰。
Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. One Recording Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. Six clerks, eleven scribes, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business and tracks the numbers of implements disbursed and received. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal and audits for errors. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
42
武庫:令、兩京各一人,從六品下。 丞二人,從八品下。 府二人,史六人,監事一人,正九品上。 典事二人,掌固五人。 令掌藏邦國之兵仗、器械,辨其名數,以備國用。 丞為之貳。 凡親征及大田巡狩,以羝羊、猳豬、雄雞釁鼓。 若太子親征及大將出師,則用猳肫。 凡有赦,則先建金雞,兼置鼓于宮城門之右。 視大理及府縣囚徒至,則撾其鼓。
Armory — one Director each in the two capitals, lower secondary sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Two clerks, six scribes, and one supervisor of upper ninth rank. Two record keepers and five gatekeepers. The Director stores the state's weapons and implements, distinguishing their names and numbers for state use. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When the ruler campaigns in person or conducts the great field hunt, a ram, a monkey-pig, and a rooster are used to smear the drums. When the crown prince campaigns in person or a great general leads an army out, a monkey-pig is used. Whenever an amnesty is proclaimed, a golden rooster is erected first and a drum is placed to the right of the palace gate. When prisoners from the Court of Judicial Review and the prefectures and counties arrive, the drum is struck.
43
武器署:令一人,正八品下。 丞二人,從九品下。 府二人,史六人,監事一人,從九品下。 典事二人,掌固四人。 令掌在外戎器,辨其名物,會其出入。 丞為之貳。 凡大祭祀大朝會及巡幸,則納於武庫,供其鹵簿。 若王公百官婚葬之禮,應給鹵簿,亦供之。
Weapons Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary ninth rank. Two clerks, six scribes, and one supervisor of lower secondary ninth rank. Two record keepers and four gatekeepers. The Director oversees ceremonial weapons kept outside, distinguishing their names and types and reconciling disbursements and receipts. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. At major sacrifices, great court assemblies, and imperial tours, items are deposited in the Armory to supply the guard of honor. Guard of honor is also supplied when princes, dukes, and officials require it for wedding or funeral rites.
44
守宮署:令一人,正八品下。 丞二人,正九品下。 府二人,史四人,監事二人,掌設六人,幕士一千六百人。 令掌邦國供帳之屬,辨其名物,會其出入。 丞為之貳。 凡大祭祀大朝會及巡幸,則設王公百官位於正殿南門外。 宗正寺宗正寺《星經》有宗正星,在帝座之東南。 秦置宗正,掌宗屬。 梁置十二卿,宗正為一,署加「寺」字。 隋品第二。 光宅改為司屬,神龍復之也。
Palace Equipment Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Two clerks, four scribes, two supervisors, six equipment keepers, and one thousand six hundred tent attendants. The Director oversees the state's tents and furnishings, distinguishing their names and types and reconciling disbursements and receipts. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. At major sacrifices, great court assemblies, and imperial tours, positions for princes, dukes, and all officials are arranged outside the south gate of the main hall. Directorate of the Imperial Clan. The 《Classic of Stars》 records the Star of the Imperial Clan southeast of the Emperor's Seat. Qin established the Director of the Imperial Clan to manage the imperial kindred. The Liang established twelve Ministers, of whom the Director of the Imperial Clan was one; "Directorate" was added to the title. Under the Sui, the rank was second. Under Guangzhai it became Director of Kindred; under Shendlong the former name was restored.
45
卿一員,從三品上。 少卿二員。 從四品上。 丞二人,從六品上。 主簿一人,從七品上。 錄事一人,從九品上。 府五人,史九人,亭長四人,掌固四人。 卿之職,掌九族六親之屬籍,以別昭穆之序,並領崇玄署。 少卿為之貳。 九廟之子孫,繼統為宗,餘曰族。 凡大祭祀及冊命朝會之禮,皇親諸親應陪位預會者,則為之簿書,以申司封。 若皇親為三公子孫應襲封者,亦如之。 丞掌判寺事。 主簿掌印及勾檢稽失。 錄事掌受事發辰。
One Minister, upper secondary third rank. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary seventh rank. One Recording Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. Five clerks, nine scribes, four ward chiefs, and four gatekeepers. The Minister maintains registers of the nine clans and six kin to distinguish senior and junior branches, and also oversees the Bureau of High Mysteries. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. Descendants of the nine temples who succeed to the line form the clan; the rest are the kindred. For major sacrifices and investiture and court assembly rites, registers are made of imperial kin and other kin who should attend in supporting positions and submitted to the Office of Enfeoffment. The same applies when imperial kin are descendants of the Three Dukes eligible to inherit enfeoffment. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal and audits for errors. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
46
崇玄署:令一人,正八品下。 丞一人,正九品下。 府二人,史三人,典事六人,掌固二人。 令掌京都諸觀之名數、道士之帳籍,與其齋醮之事。 丞為之貳。 太僕寺太僕寺太僕,古官。 梁置十二卿,署加「寺」字,後因之。 龍朔改為司馭寺,光宅為司僕寺,神龍復也。
Bureau of High Mysteries — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. Two clerks, three scribes, six record keepers, and two gatekeepers. The Director oversees the names and numbers of Daoist temples in the capital, registers of Daoist priests, and their fasting and ritual observances. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Directorate of the Imperial Stud. Grand Provisioner for Horses was an ancient office. The Liang established twelve Ministers and added "Directorate" to the title; later dynasties kept the name. Under Longshuo it became the Directorate of Charioteers; under Guangzhai, the Directorate of Servants; under Shendlong the former name was restored.
47
卿一員。 從三品。 古有太僕正,即其名也。 後無正字,唯名太僕。 梁置為列卿,隋品第三。 龍朔為司馭正卿,光宅曰司僕卿,神龍復也。 少卿二人。 從四品上。 卿之職,掌邦國廄牧、車輿之政令,總乘黃、典車之屬。 凡監牧羊馬所通籍帳,每歲則受而會之,以上尚書駕部,以議其官吏之考課。 凡四仲之月,祭馬祖、馬步、先牧、馬社。
One Minister. Secondary third rank. In antiquity the office was called Grand Provisioner-in-Chief. Later the word "Chief" was dropped, leaving only Grand Provisioner for Horses. The Liang made it one of the ranked Ministers; under the Sui the rank was third. Under Longshuo it became Chief Minister of Charioteers; under Guangzhai, Minister of Servants; under Shendlong the former name was restored. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's stables, pastures, and carriage regulations, supervising Yellow Carriages and Carriage Records. Each year registered accounts of sheep and horses from pasture supervisors are received, reconciled, and submitted to the Carriage Section of the Ministry of Revenue for officials' performance review. In all four mid-season months, sacrifices are made to the Horse Ancestor, Horse Pace, Former Pasture, and Horse Altar.
48
丞四人,從六品上。 主簿二人,從七品上。 錄事二人,從九品上。 府十七人。 史三十四人,獸醫六百人,獸醫博士四人,學生一百人,亭長四人,掌固六人。 丞掌判寺事。 主簿掌印,勾檢稽失,省署抄目。 錄事掌受事發辰。
Four Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Seventeen clerks. Thirty-four scribes, six hundred veterinarians, four erudites of veterinary medicine, one hundred students, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal, audits for errors, and reviews copied documents. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
49
乘黃署:令一人,從七品下。 丞一人,從八品下。 府一人,史二人,典事八人,駕士一百四十人,羊車小吏十四人,掌固六人。 令掌天子車輅,辨其名數與馴馭之法。 丞為之貳。 凡乘輿五輅,事具《輿服志》也。 皆有副車,又有十二車,曰指南車、曰記裏鼓車、白鷺車、鑾旗車、辟惡車、皮軒車、耕根車、安車、四望車、羊車、黃鉞車、豹尾車,其車飾見《輿服志》也。 屬車一十有二。 古者屬車八十一乘,皇朝置十二乘也。 乘輿有大駕、法駕、小駕,車服各有名數之差。 若有大禮,則以所御之輅進內。 既事,則受而藏之。 凡將有事,先期四十日,尚乘供馬如輅色,率駕士預調習指南等十二車。
Yellow Carriages Bureau — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One clerk, two scribes, eight record keepers, one hundred forty grooms, fourteen sheep-carriage attendants, and six gatekeepers. The Director oversees the Son of Heaven's carriages, distinguishing their names, numbers, and methods of training and driving. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. The imperial carriage includes five state carriages; full particulars are given in the 《Treatise on Carriages and Vestments》. Each has an escort carriage, and there are twelve additional carriages: the south-pointing carriage, distance-recording drum carriage, white egret carriage, imperial banner carriage, evil-averting carriage, leather-canopy carriage, plowing-root carriage, secure carriage, four-view carriage, sheep carriage, yellow axe carriage, and leopard-tail carriage; their ornaments are described in the 《Treatise on Carriages and Vestments》. There are twelve follower carriages. In antiquity there were eighty-one follower carriages; the dynasty established twelve. The imperial procession has great, regulated, and lesser forms; carriages and vestments each have prescribed gradations. When a major rite is held, the carriage used is brought inside the palace. When the rite is complete, it is received and stored away. Forty days before a rite, the Yellow Carriages Bureau supplies horses matching the carriage colors and leads grooms to rehearse the twelve carriages including the south-pointing carriage.
50
典廄署:令二人,從七品下。 丞四人,從八品下。 府二人,史六人。 主乘六人,正九品下。 典事八人,執馭一百人,駕士八百人,掌固六人。 令掌系飼馬牛,給養雜畜之事。 丞為之貳。
Imperial Stud Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Two clerks and six scribes. Six carriage masters, lower ninth rank. Eight record keepers, one hundred drivers, eight hundred grooms, and six gatekeepers. The Director oversees tethering and feeding horses and oxen and supplying various livestock. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy.
51
典牧署:令二人,正八品下。 丞四人,正九品下。 府四人,史八人,監事八人,典事十六人,從九品下。 主酪五十人。 令掌牧雜畜,造酥酪脯臘給納之事。 丞為之貳。 凡群牧所送羊犢,皆受之,而供廩犧、尚食之用。 諸司合供者,亦如之。
Pasture Bureau — two Directors, lower eighth rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Four clerks, eight scribes, eight supervisors, and sixteen record keepers of lower secondary ninth rank. Fifty dairy keepers. The Director oversees pasturing various livestock and producing butter, cheese, dried meat, and cured meat for disbursement. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. All lambs and calves sent by group pastures are received and supplied to Sacrificial Livestock and the Imperial Pantry. The same applies to all offices required to supply jointly.
52
車府署:令一人,正八品下。 丞一人,正九品下。 府一人,史二人,典事四人,掌固六人。 令掌王公已下車輅,辨其名數及馴馭之法。 丞為之貳。 凡公已下,四軺車。 一象輅,二革軺,三木輅,四軺輅。 視其品秩而給之。 兼給馭士也。
Carriage Records Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. One clerk, two scribes, four record keepers, and six gatekeepers. The Director oversees the carriages of princes, dukes, and those below them, distinguishing their names, numbers, and methods of training and driving. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Dukes and below receive four light carriages. They are the ivory carriage, leather light carriage, wood carriage, and light carriage. They are supplied according to rank. Drivers are also supplied.
53
上牧監一人,從五品下。 牧監,皆皇朝置也。 副監二人,正六品下。 丞二人,正八品上。 主簿一人,正八品下。 錄事一人,府三人,史六人,典事八人,掌固四人。
One Chief Pasture Supervisor, lower secondary fifth rank. Pasture supervisors were all established by the dynasty. Two Vice Supervisors, lower sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper eighth rank. One Chief Clerk, lower eighth rank. One recording clerk, three clerks, six scribes, eight record keepers, and four gatekeepers.
54
中牧監一人,正六品下。 副監一人,從六品下。 丞一人,從八品下。 主簿一人,從九品下。 錄事一人,府二人,史四人,典事四人,掌固四人。
One Middle Pasture Supervisor, lower sixth rank. One Vice Supervisor, lower secondary sixth rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One Chief Clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk, two clerks, four scribes, four record keepers, and four gatekeepers.
55
下牧監一人,從六品下。 副監一人,正七品下。 丞一人,正九品上。 主簿一人,從九品下。 諸牧監掌群牧孳課之事。 凡馬五千匹為上監,三千匹已上為中監,一千匹已上為下監,凡馬之群,有牧長尉。 凡馬,有左、右監,以別其粗良,以數紀名,著之簿籍。 細馬稱左,粗馬稱右。 凡諸群牧,立南北東西四使以分統之,其馬皆印。 每年終,監牧使巡按孳數,以功過相除,為之考課。
One Lower Pasture Supervisor, lower secondary sixth rank. One Vice Supervisor, lower seventh rank. One Assistant Director, upper ninth rank. One Chief Clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. All pasture supervisors oversee breeding and tax affairs for group pastures. Five thousand horses qualify for an upper supervisor, three thousand or more for a middle supervisor, and one thousand or more for a lower supervisor; each horse herd has pasture chiefs and wardens. Horses have left and right supervisors to distinguish coarse from fine stock; numbers record their names and they are entered in registers. Fine horses are designated left; coarse horses are designated right. North, south, east, and west commissioners are established to oversee group pastures, and all horses are branded. At year's end, pasture commissioners inspect breeding numbers, offset merit against fault, and conduct performance reviews.
56
沙苑監一人,從六品下。 副監一人,正七品下。 丞一人,正九品下。 主簿二人,從九品下。 錄事一人,府三人,史六人,典事四人,掌固二人。 沙苑監,掌牧養隴右諸牧牛羊,以供其宴會祭祀及尚食所用。 每歲與典牧分月以供之。 丞為之貳。 若百司應供者,則四時皆供。 凡羊毛及雜畜毛皮角,皆具數申有司。 大理寺大理寺古謂掌刑為士,又曰理。 漢景帝加「大」字,取天官貴人之牢曰大理之義。 後漢後,改為廷尉,魏復為大理。 南朝又名廷尉,梁改名秋卿,北齊、隋為大理,加「寺」字。 龍朔改為詳刑寺,光宅為司刑,神龍復改。
One Sha Park Supervisor, lower secondary sixth rank. One Vice Supervisor, lower seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. Two Chief Clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk, three clerks, six scribes, four record keepers, and two gatekeepers. The Sha Park Supervisor pastures cattle and sheep from the Longyou pastures to supply banquets, sacrifices, and the Imperial Pantry. Each year, together with the Pasture Bureau, it supplies provisions by month. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When all offices are required to supply, provisions are supplied in all four seasons. All sheep wool and miscellaneous livestock hair, hides, and horns are counted and reported to the responsible offices. Court of Judicial Review. In antiquity managing punishment was called "minister," also called "adjudication." Emperor Jing of Han added "Grand," taking the meaning that the prison of the Heavenly Office's noble was called Grand Adjudication. After Later Han it became Court Commandant; Wei restored the name Grand Adjudication. The Southern dynasties again used Court Commandant; the Liang renamed it Minister of Autumn; Northern Qi and Sui used Grand Adjudication and added "Court." Under Longshuo it became the Court of Detailed Punishment; under Guangzhai, Director of Punishment; under Shendlong the former name was restored.
57
卿一員,從三品。 古或名廷尉,北齊加「寺」字。 隋品第三。 龍朔為詳刑正卿,光宅為司刑卿,神龍復為大理卿。 少卿二員。 從四品上。 卿之職,掌邦國折獄詳刑之事。 少卿為之貳。 凡犯至流死,皆詳而質之,以申刑部。 仍于中書、門下詳覆。 凡吏曹補署法官,則與刑部尚書、侍郎議其人可否,然後注擬。
One Minister, secondary third rank. In antiquity it was sometimes called Court Commandant; Northern Qi added "Court." Under the Sui, the rank was third. Under Longshuo it became Chief Minister of Detailed Punishment; under Guangzhai, Minister of Punishment; under Shendlong it was restored to Minister of Grand Adjudication. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's adjudication of cases and review of punishments. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. All offenses reaching exile or death are examined in detail and verified, then submitted to the Ministry of Justice. They are also reviewed in detail by the Secretariat and Chancellery. When the Personnel Section appoints judges, together with the Minister and Vice Minister of Justice they discuss the candidate's suitability before recording the appointment.
58
正二人,從五品下。 丞六人,從六品上。 主簿二人,從七品上。 錄事二人,從九品上。 府二十八人,史五十六人。 正掌參議刑辟,詳正科條之事。 凡六丞斷罪不當,則以法正之。 丞掌分判寺事。 主簿掌印,省署抄目,勾檢稽失。 錄事掌受事發辰。 獄丞四人,掌率獄吏,檢校囚徒,及枷杖之事。 獄史六人,亭長四人,掌固八人。 問事一百四十八人,掌決罪人。 司直六人,從六品上。 評事十二人,從八品下。 掌出使推核。 評事史十四人。 其刑法科目,已載于刑部。 鴻臚寺鴻臚寺周曰大行人,秦曰典客,漢景帝曰大行,武帝曰大鴻臚。 梁置十二卿,鴻臚為冬卿,去「大」字,署為寺。 後周曰賓部,隋曰鴻臚寺。 龍朔改為同文寺,光宅曰司賓寺,神龍復也。
Two Rectifiers, lower secondary fifth rank. Six Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Twenty-eight clerks and fifty-six scribes. The Rectifiers deliberate on punishments and examine and correct statutes. When the six Assistant Directors judge offenses incorrectly, the Rectifiers correct them according to law. The Assistant Directors divide and adjudicate court business. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal, reviews copied documents, and audits for errors. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule. Four prison Assistant Directors lead prison officers, inspect prisoners, and oversee cangues and beatings. Six prison scribes, four ward chiefs, and eight gatekeepers. One hundred forty-eight interrogators judge offenders. Six Rectifiers of Integrity, upper secondary sixth rank. Twelve Reviewing Officers, lower secondary eighth rank. They investigate and verify cases on mission. Fourteen Reviewing Officer scribes. Its penal statutes and categories are recorded in the Ministry of Justice. Directorate of State Ceremonial. Under Zhou it was Grand Master of Guests; under Qin, Director of Guests; under Emperor Jing of Han, Grand Master of Guests; under Emperor Wu, Grand Master of State Ceremonial. The Liang established twelve Ministers; State Ceremonial was the Winter Minister; "Grand" was dropped and the office became a directorate. Later Zhou called it the Guest Section; the Sui called it the Directorate of State Ceremonial. Under Longshuo it became the Directorate of Common Script; under Guangzhai, the Directorate of Guests; under Shendlong the former name was restored.
59
卿一員,從三品。 少卿二人。 從四品上。 卿之職,掌賓客及凶儀之事,領典客、司儀二署,以率其官屬,供其職務。 少卿為之貳。 凡四方夷狄君長朝見者,辨其等位,以賓待之。 凡二王后及夷狄君長之子襲官爵者,皆辨其嫡庶,詳其可否。 若諸蕃人酋渠有封禮命,則受冊而往其國。 凡天下寺觀三綱,及京都大德,皆取其道德高妙、為眾所推者補充,申尚書祠部。 皇帝太子為五服之親及大臣發哀臨沛,則贊相焉。 凡詔葬大臣,一品則卿護其喪事,二品則少卿,三品丞一人往。 皆命司儀,以示禮制。
One Minister, secondary third rank. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees guests and inauspicious rites, supervising the Guest Reception and Ceremonial Protocol bureaus to lead staff and fulfill their duties. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. When chieftains from the four directions and foreign peoples come to court, their ranks are distinguished and they are treated as guests. When sons of the Two Kings and foreign chieftains inherit office and rank, legitimacy and illegitimacy are distinguished and suitability is examined. When chieftains of foreign peoples receive enfeoffment and ritual commands, they receive the patent and proceed to their country. Temple and monastery leaders throughout the realm and great virtues in the capital are selected from those of lofty virtue esteemed by the community and submitted to the Sacrificial Affairs Section of the Ministry of Revenue. When the emperor or crown prince attends mourning for kin within the five degrees of mourning or for great ministers, he assists in directing the rites. For imperially ordered burials of ministers, the Minister escorts first-rank funerals, the Vice Minister second-rank funerals, and one Assistant Director third-rank funerals. Ceremonial Protocol is ordered to display the ritual system in each case.
60
丞二人,從六品上。 主簿一人,從七品上。 錄事二人,從九品上。 府五人,史十一人,亭長四人,掌固六人。 丞掌判寺事。 主簿掌印,勾檢稽失。 錄事掌受事發辰。
Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Five clerks, eleven scribes, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal and audits for errors. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
61
典客署:令一人,從七品下。 丞二人,從八品下。 掌客十五人,正九品上。 典客十三人,府四人,史八人,賓僕十八人,掌固二人。 典客令掌二王后之版籍及四夷歸化在蕃者之名數。 丞為之貳。 凡朝貢、宴享、送迎,皆預焉。 辨其等位,供其職事。 凡酋渠首領朝見者,皆館供之。 如疾病死喪,量事給之。 還蕃,則佐其辭謝之節。
Guest Reception Bureau — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Fifteen guest keepers, upper ninth rank. Thirteen guest reception officers, four clerks, eight scribes, eighteen guest attendants, and two gatekeepers. The Director of Guest Reception maintains registers of the Two Kings and the names and numbers of foreign peoples who have submitted and remain in their lands. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. They participate in all tribute missions, banquets, and send-offs and receptions. They distinguish ranks and supply duties. All chieftain leaders coming to court are lodged and supplied for. In cases of illness, death, or mourning, provisions are given according to circumstances. When they return to their lands, they assist in the formalities of leave-taking.
62
司儀署:令一人,正八品下。 丞一人,正九品下。 司儀六人,府二人,史四人,掌設十八人,齋郎三十三人,掌因四人,幕士六十人。 司儀令掌凶禮之儀式及喪葬之具。 丞為之貳。 凡京官職事三品已上、散官二品已上、京官四品已上,如遭喪薨卒,量品贈祭葬,皆供給之。 司農寺司農寺漢初治粟內史,景帝改為大農,武帝加「司」字。 梁置十二卿,以署為寺,以官為卿,隋為司農卿,龍朔二年改為司稼卿,咸亨復也。
Ceremonial Protocol Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. Six ceremonial protocol officers, two clerks, four scribes, eighteen equipment keepers, thirty-three fast officers, four gatekeepers, and sixty tent attendants. The Director of Ceremonial Protocol oversees the forms of inauspicious rites and funeral equipment. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When capital officials of third rank or above in office, honorary officials of second rank or above, or capital officials of fourth rank or above die, condolence offerings and burial supplies are provided according to rank. Directorate of Agriculture. Under early Han the office was Director of Grain within the Interior; Emperor Jing renamed it Grand Agriculture; Emperor Wu added "Director." The Liang established twelve Ministers, turning bureaus into directorates and offices into ministers; the Sui named it Minister of Agriculture; in Longshuo year 2 it became Minister of Crops; Xianheng restored the former name.
63
卿一員,從三品上。 少卿二員。 從四品上。 卿之職,掌邦國倉儲委積之事,總上林、太倉、鉤盾、導官四署與諸監之官屬,謹其出納。 少卿為之貳。 凡京百司官吏祿給及常料,皆仰給之。 孟春藉田祭先農,則進耒耜,季冬藏冰,仲春頒冰,皆祭司寒。
One Minister, upper secondary third rank. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's granaries, stores, and accumulated goods, supervising Imperial Park, Grand Granary, Fuel Supply, and Grain Processing and various supervisors, carefully controlling disbursements and receipts. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. Salaries and regular provisions for all capital offices and officials depend on its supply. At the early-spring plowing-field sacrifice to the Former Farmer, plows and hoes are presented; ice is stored in late winter and distributed in mid-spring—all rites for the Cold Spirit.
64
丞六人,從六品上。 主簿二人,從七品上。 錄事二人,從九品上。 府二十分人,史七十六人,計史三人,亭長九人,掌固七人。 丞掌判寺事。 凡天下租及折造轉運於京都,皆閱而納之,以供國用,以祿百官。 主簿掌印,署抄目,勾檢稽失。 凡置木契二十隻,應須出納,與署合之。 錄事掌受事發辰。
Six Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Twenty clerks, seventy-six scribes, three accounting scribes, nine ward chiefs, and seven gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. All land tax from throughout the realm and goods processed and transported to the capital are inspected and received to supply state needs and pay officials. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal, signs copied documents, and audits for errors. Twenty wooden tally slips are kept; whenever disbursement or receipt is required, they are matched against the directorate's records. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
65
上林署:令二人,從七品下。 丞四人,從八品下。 府七人,史十四人,監事十九人,典事二十四人,掌固五人。 令掌苑囿園池之事。 丞為之貳。 凡植果樹蔬,以供朝會祭祀。 其尚食所進,及諸司常料,季冬藏冰,皆主之。
Imperial Park Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Seven clerks, fourteen scribes, nineteen supervisors, twenty-four record keepers, and five gatekeepers. The Director oversees parks, enclosures, gardens, and ponds. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Fruit trees and vegetables are planted to supply court assemblies and sacrifices. It manages tribute from the Imperial Pantry, regular provisions of all offices, and storing ice in late winter.
66
太倉署:令三人,從七品下。 丞二人,從八品下。 府十人,史二十人,監事十人。 從九品下。 令掌九谷廩藏。 丞為之貳。 凡鑿窖置屋,皆銘磚為庾斛之數,與其年月日,受領粟官吏姓名。 又立牌如其銘。
Grand Granary Bureau — three Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Ten clerks, twenty scribes, and ten supervisors. Lower secondary ninth rank. The Director oversees storage of the nine grains. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When cellars and storehouses are dug and built, bricks are inscribed with the number of granary measures, the date, and the names of officials receiving the grain. Placards matching the inscriptions are also erected.
67
鉤盾署:令二人,正八品上。 丞四人,正九品上。 府七人,史十四人,監事十人,從九品下。 典事十九人,掌固五人。 令掌供邦國薪芻之事。 丞為之貳。 凡祭祀、朝會、賓客享宴,隨差降給之。
Fuel Supply Bureau — two Directors, upper eighth rank. Four Assistant Directors, upper ninth rank. Seven clerks, fourteen scribes, and ten supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Nineteen record keepers and five gatekeepers. The Director supplies the state's firewood and fodder. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. For sacrifices, court assemblies, and guest banquets, supplies are given according to rank.
68
導官署:令二人,正八品上。 丞四人,正九品上。 府八人,史十六人,監事十人。 從九品上。 令掌導擇米麥之事。 丞為之貳。 凡九穀之用,隨其精粗、差其耗損而供之。
Grain Processing Bureau — two Directors, upper eighth rank. Four Assistant Directors, upper ninth rank. Eight clerks, sixteen scribes, and ten supervisors. Upper secondary ninth rank. The Director oversees selecting and processing rice and wheat. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. The nine grains are supplied according to fineness or coarseness and with allowance for loss.
69
太原、永豐、龍門諸倉:每倉監一人,正七品下。 丞二人,從八品上。 錄事一人,典事六人,府二人,史四人,掌固四人。 倉監掌倉窖儲積之事。 丞為之貳。 凡出納帳紙,歲終上于寺司。
Taiyuan, Yongfeng, and Longmen granaries — one supervisor each, lower seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, six record keepers, two clerks, four scribes, and four gatekeepers. The Granary Supervisor oversees granary cellar storage and accumulation. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Disbursement and receipt account papers are submitted to the directorate at year's end.
70
司竹監:監一人,正七品下。 副監一人,正八品下。 丞二人,從八品上。 錄事一人,府二人,史四人,典事三十人,掌固四人。 司竹監掌植養園竹。 副監為之貳。 歲終,以竹功之多少為考課。
Bamboo Supervisor — one supervisor, lower seventh rank. One Vice Supervisor, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, two clerks, four scribes, thirty record keepers, and four gatekeepers. The Bamboo Supervisor plants and cultivates garden bamboo. The Vice Supervisor serves as his deputy. At year's end, performance review is based on the amount of bamboo produced.
71
溫泉監:泉在京兆府昭應縣之西。 監一人,正七品下。 丞二人,從八品上,錄事一人,府二人,史二人,掌固四人。 溫泉監掌湯池宮禁之事。 丞為之貳。 凡王公已下至於庶人,湯泉館有差,別其貴賤,而禁其逾越。 凡近湯之地,潤澤所及,瓜果之屬先時而毓者,必苞匭而進之,以薦陵廟。
Hot Spring Supervisor — the spring lies west of Zhaoying County in Jingzhao Prefecture. One supervisor, lower seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors of upper secondary eighth rank; one recording clerk; two clerks; two scribes; and four gatekeepers. The Hot Spring Supervisor oversees the hot pool palace and its restrictions. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Hot spring lodges are graded from princes and dukes down to commoners; rank is distinguished and transgression forbidden. Melons and fruits that ripen early in areas moistened by the spring must be wrapped and presented as offerings at the tombs and temples.
72
京、都苑總監:監各一人,從五品下。 副監一人,從六品下,丞二人,從七品下。 主簿一人,從九品上。 錄事各三人,府八人,史十六人,亭長四人,掌固六人。 苑總監掌宮苑內館園池之事。 副監為之貳。 凡禽魚果木,皆總而司之。 凡給總監及苑內官屬,人畜出入,皆為差降之數。
Capital and Eastern Capital Park Chief Supervisors — one supervisor each, lower secondary fifth rank. One Vice Supervisor of lower secondary sixth rank; two Assistant Directors of lower secondary seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. Three recording clerks each, eight clerks, sixteen scribes, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Park Chief Supervisor oversees palace park lodges, gardens, and ponds. The Vice Supervisor serves as his deputy. All birds, fish, fruits, and trees are collectively managed. Gradations are set for supplies to the chief supervisor and park staff and for people and livestock entering and leaving.
73
京、都苑四面監; 監各一人,從六品下。 副監一人,從七品下。 丞二人,正八品下。 錄事一人,府三人,史三人,典事六人,掌固四人。 四面監掌所管面苑內宮館園池,與其種植修葺之事。 副監為之貳。 丞掌判監事。
Capital and Eastern Capital Park Four-Side Supervisors: One supervisor each, lower secondary sixth rank. One Vice Supervisor, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower eighth rank. One recording clerk, three clerks, three scribes, six record keepers, and four gatekeepers. The Four-Side Supervisors manage lodges, gardens, and ponds in their park sections and oversee planting and repairs. The Vice Supervisor serves as his deputy. The Assistant Director supervises supervisor business.
74
諸屯:監一人,從七品下。 丞二人。 從八品下。 諸屯監各掌其屯稼穡。 丞為之貳。 凡每年定課有差。
Various garrison farms — one supervisor each, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors. Lower secondary eighth rank. Each garrison farm supervisor manages its crops. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Fixed annual quotas vary by farm.
75
九成宮總監:監一人,從五品下。 副監一人,從六品下,丞一人,從七品下。 主簿一人,從九品下。 錄事一人,府三人,史五人。 宮監掌檢校宮樹,供進煉餌之事。 副監為之貳。 太府寺太府寺《周官》有太府下士,掌財賦。 秦、漢已後,財賦屬司農少府。 梁始置太府卿,掌帑藏。 龍朔改為外府,光宅改為司府,神龍復為太府寺也。
Jiucheng Palace Chief Supervisor — one supervisor, lower secondary fifth rank. One Vice Supervisor of lower secondary sixth rank; one Assistant Director of lower secondary seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk, three clerks, and five scribes. The Palace Supervisor inspects palace trees and supplies refined medicines. The Vice Supervisor serves as his deputy. Directorate of the Imperial Treasury. The 《Offices of Zhou》 records Grand Treasury Lower Servants who managed wealth and taxes. After Qin and Han, wealth and taxes belonged to the Director of Agriculture and the Privy Treasury. The Liang first established the Minister of the Imperial Treasury to manage the vault and stores. Under Longshuo it became the Outer Treasury; under Guangzhai, the Directorate of Treasury; under Shendlong it was restored to the Directorate of the Imperial Treasury.
76
卿一員,從三品。 即後周太府中大夫。 少卿二員。 從四品上。 卿掌邦國財貨,總京師四市、平准、左右藏、常平八署之官屬,舉其綱目,修其職務。 少卿為之貳。 以二法平物。 一曰度量,二曰權衡。 凡四方之貢賦,百官之俸秩,謹其出納,而為之節制焉。 凡祭祀,則供其幣。
One Minister, secondary third rank. This corresponds to the Middle Grandee of the Imperial Treasury under Later Zhou. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's wealth and goods, supervising the capital's four markets, Equalization, Left and Right Treasuries, and Ever-Normal Granaries, setting forth their categories and fulfilling their duties. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. Goods are equalized by two methods. They are measures and weights and balances. Tribute and taxes from the four directions and salaries of all officials are carefully controlled and regulated. At sacrifices, ritual silks are supplied.
77
丞四人,從六品上。 主簿二人,從七品上。 錄事二人,從九品上。 府十五人,史五十人,計史四人,亭長七人,掌固七人。 丞掌判寺事。 凡正、至大朝所貢方物,應陳於殿廷者,受而進之。
Four Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Fifteen clerks, fifty scribes, four accounting scribes, seven ward chiefs, and seven gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. Regional products offered at the winter and summer solstice great court assemblies that should be displayed in the hall court are received and presented.
78
兩京都市署:京師有東西兩市,東都有南北兩市。 令一人,從六品上。 丞各二人,正八品上。 錄事一人,府三人,史七人,典事三人,掌固一人。 京、都市令掌百族交易之事。 丞為之貳。 凡建標立候,陳肆辨物,以二物平市,謂秤以格,鬥以概。 以三賈均市。 賈有上、中、下之差。
Capital Market Bureaus of the two capitals — the capital has east and west markets; the eastern capital has south and north markets. One Director, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors each, upper eighth rank. One recording clerk, three clerks, seven scribes, three record keepers, and one gatekeeper. The Capital Market Director oversees transactions of all trades. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Signs are erected and stalls arranged; the market is equalized by two instruments — scales by the steelyard and measures by the bushel. The market is balanced by three price levels. Prices have upper, middle, and lower gradations.
79
平准署:令二人,從七品下。 丞四人,從八品下。 錄事一人,府六人,史十三人,監事二人,從九品下。 典事二人,價人十人,掌固十人。 平准令掌供官市易之事。 丞為之貳。 凡百司不任用之物,則以時出貨。 其沒官物,亦如之。
Equalization Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, six clerks, thirteen scribes, and two supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Two record keepers, ten price officers, and ten gatekeepers. The Director of Equalization oversees official market exchange. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Unused goods from all offices are sold off in season. Confiscated official goods are handled likewise.
80
左藏署:左右藏令,晉始有之,後代因之。 皇家左藏,有東庫、西庫、朝堂庫。 又有東都庫。 各木契一,與太府主簿合也。 令三人,從七品下。 丞五人,從八品下。 府九人,史十八人,監事九人,從九品下。 典事一人,掌固八人。 左藏令掌邦國庫藏。 丞為之貳。 凡天下賦調,先于輸場簡其合尺度斤兩者,卿及御史監閱,然後納於庫藏,皆題以州縣年月,所以別粗良,辨新舊。 凡出給,先勘木契,然後錄其名數,請人姓名,署印送監門,乃聽出。 若外給者,以墨印印之。 凡藏院之內,禁人燃火,及無故入院者。 晝則外四面常持仗為之防守,夜則擊柝,而分更以巡警之。
Left Treasury Bureau — Left and Right Treasury Directors were first established under the Jin; later dynasties kept the arrangement. The imperial Left Treasury includes the East Storehouse, West Storehouse, and Hall Court Storehouse. There is also the Eastern Capital Storehouse. Each has one wooden tally matched against the Chief Clerk of the Imperial Treasury. Three Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Five Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Nine clerks, eighteen scribes, and nine supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. One record keeper and eight gatekeepers. The Director of the Left Treasury oversees the state's storehouses. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. All land tax and corvée from throughout the realm are screened at the delivery yard for conformity to measures, scales, and weights; the Minister and censors supervise inspection before goods enter storehouses, each labeled with prefecture, county, year, and month to distinguish coarse from fine and new from old. For disbursement, wooden tallies are checked first, then names and numbers are recorded, the requester's name is signed and sealed and sent to the Gate Supervisor, and only then release is permitted. External disbursements are stamped with an ink seal. Within storehouse courtyards, kindling fire and entering without cause are forbidden. By day armed guards on all four sides defend it; by night clappers are struck and patrol shifts rotate.
81
右藏署:令二人,正八品上。 丞三人,正九品上。 府五人,史十人,監事四人,從九品下。 典事七人,掌固十人。 右藏令掌國寶貨。 丞為之貳。 凡四方所獻金玉、珠貝、玩好之物,皆藏之。 出納禁令,如左藏。
Right Treasury Bureau — two Directors, upper eighth rank. Three Assistant Directors, upper ninth rank. Five clerks, ten scribes, and four supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Seven record keepers and ten gatekeepers. The Director of the Right Treasury oversees the state's treasures and goods. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Gold, jade, pearls, shells, and curios offered from the four directions are all stored. Disbursement and receipt rules follow those of the Left Treasury.
82
常平署:漢宣帝時,始置常平倉,以平歲之凶穰。 後漢改為常滿倉,晉曰常平,後魏曰邸閣倉。 隋于衛州置黎陽倉,洛州置河陽倉,陝州置常平倉,華州置廣運倉,轉相委輸,漕關東之粟,以給京師。 國家垂拱初,兩京置常平署,天下州府亦置之。 令一人,從七品下。 丞二人,從八品下。 府四人,史八人,監事五人,從九品下。 典事五人,掌固六人。 常平令掌倉儲之事。 丞為之貳也。 國子監國子監國子之義,見《周官》。 晉武始立國子學。 北齊曰國子寺,隋初曰學,後改為寺,大業三年改為監。 龍朔曰大司成,光宅曰成均,神龍復為國子監也。
Ever-Normal Granary Bureau — under Emperor Xuan of Han the Ever-Normal Granary was first established to balance years of famine and plenty. Later Han renamed it the Ever-Full Granary; the Jin called it Ever-Normal; Later Wei called it the Lodge Storehouse. The Sui established Liyang Granary in Weizhou, Heyang Granary in Luozhou, Ever-Normal Granary in Shazhou, and Guangyun Granary in Huazhou, relaying grain and transporting grain from east of the pass to supply the capital. At the beginning of the Chuigong era, Ever-Normal bureaus were established in the two capitals and in prefectures throughout the realm. One Director, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Four clerks, eight scribes, and five supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Five record keepers and six gatekeepers. The Director of Ever-Normal oversees granary storage. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Directorate of Education. The meaning of "imperial sons" is set forth in the 《Offices of Zhou》. Emperor Wu of the Jin first established the Imperial Sons Academy. Northern Qi called it the Imperial Sons Directorate; early Sui called it an academy, later a directorate; in Daye year 3 it became a supervisorate. Under Longshuo it became Grand Director of Completion; under Guangzhai, Completion Balance; under Shendlong it was restored to the Directorate of Education.
83
祭酒一員,從三品。 《周官》曰師氏、保氏。 漢始置祭酒博士,歷代因之。 隋祭酒,品第三。 龍朔、光宅,隨曹改易。 司業二員。 從四品下。 隋大業三年,始置司業一人,從四品。 官名隨曹改易。 祭酒、司業之職,掌邦國儒學訓導之政令,有六學。 一國子學、二太學、三四門、四律學、五書學、六算學也。 凡春秋二分之月,上丁釋奠于孔宣父,祭乙太牢,樂用登歌軒懸。 祭酒為初獻,司業為亞獻。 凡教授之經,以《周易》、《尚書》、《周禮》、《儀禮》、《禮記》、《毛詩》、《春秋左氏傳》、《公羊傳》、《穀梁傳》各為一經,《孝經》、《論語》兼習之。 每歲終,考其學官訓導功業之多少,為之殿最。
One Libationer, secondary third rank. The 《Offices of Zhou》 names the offices Master and Guardian. Han first established the Libationer Erudite; later dynasties kept the title. Under the Sui the Libationer held third rank. Under Longshuo and Guangzhai the title changed with the bureau. Two Vice Directors. Lower secondary fourth rank. In Sui Daye year 3 one Vice Director of secondary fourth rank was first established. The office title changed with the bureau. The Libationer and Vice Director oversee the state's Confucian learning and instruction; there are six academies. They are the Imperial Sons Academy, Grand Academy, Four Gates, Law Academy, Calligraphy Academy, and Mathematics Academy. In the spring and autumn equinox months, on the upper ding day a libation offering is made to Confucius with the great offering; music uses ascending song and elevated suspension. The Libationer serves as first offerer and the Vice Director as secondary offerer. The classics taught are the 《Book of Changes》, 《Book of Documents》, 《Rites of Zhou》, 《Rites of Etiquette》, 《Record of Rites》, 《Mao Version of the Odes》, 《Spring and Autumn Annals with Zuo Commentary》, 《Gongyang Commentary》, and 《Guliang Commentary》, each as one classic, with the 《Classic of Filial Piety》 and 《Analects》 studied concurrently. At year's end the teaching officials' instructional achievements are examined and ranked.
84
丞一人,從六品下。 主簿一人,從七品下。 錄事一人,從九品下。 府七人,史十三人,亭長六人,掌固八人。 丞掌判監事。 凡六學生每歲有業成上於監者,以其業與祭酒、司業試所習業,上尚書禮部。
One Assistant Director, lower secondary sixth rank. One Chief Clerk, lower secondary seventh rank. One Recording Clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. Seven clerks, thirteen scribes, six ward chiefs, and eight gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises supervisorate business. When students of the six academies complete their studies each year, their work is tested by the Libationer and Vice Director and submitted to the Ministry of Rites.
85
國子博士二人,正五品上。 助教二人,從六品上。 學生三百人,典學四人,廟幹二人,掌固四人。 博士掌教文武官三品已上、國公子孫,二品已上曾孫為生者。 生初入,置束帛一篚,酒一壺,修一案。 每歲生有能通兩經已上求出仕者,則上於監。 堪秀才進士者,亦如之。 典學掌抄錄課業。 廟幹掌灑掃學廟。
Two Erudites of the Imperial Sons Academy, upper fifth rank. Two Assistant Instructors, upper secondary sixth rank. Three hundred students, four academy clerks, two temple stewards, and four gatekeepers. The Erudites teach sons and grandsons of civil and military officials of third rank and above, and great-grandsons of second rank and above enrolled as students. When a student first enters, one basket of silk, one jar of wine, and one bundle of dried meat are presented. Each year students who master two or more classics and seek office are reported to the supervisorate. Those qualified for Xiucai or Jinshi degrees are handled likewise. The academy clerks copy and record coursework. The temple stewards sweep and maintain the academy temple.
86
太學博士三人,正六品上。 助教三人,從七品上。 學生五百人。 太學博士掌教文武五品已上及郡縣公子孫,從三品曾孫之為生者。 教法並如國子。
Three Erudites of the Grand Academy, upper sixth rank. Three Assistant Instructors, upper secondary seventh rank. Five hundred students. The Erudites of the Grand Academy teach civil and military officials of fifth rank and above, sons and grandsons of prefecture and county officials, and great-great-grandsons of secondary third rank enrolled as students. Teaching methods follow those of the Imperial Sons Academy.
87
四門博士三人,正七品上。 助教三人,從八品上。 四門博士掌教文武七品已上及侯伯子男子之為生者,若庶人子為俊士生者,教法如太學。 學生五百人。 直講四人,掌佐博士助教之職。 大成二十人。 通四經業成,上于尚書吏部,試登第者,加階放選也。
Three Erudites of the Four Gates, upper seventh rank. Three Assistant Instructors, upper secondary eighth rank. The Erudites of the Four Gates teach civil and military officials of seventh rank and above and marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons enrolled as students; commoners' sons enrolled as outstanding scholars follow Grand Academy methods. Five hundred students. Four Direct Lecturers assist the Erudites and Assistant Instructors. Twenty Great Completers. Those who complete mastery of four classics report to the Personnel Section of the Ministry of Revenue; those who pass the examination receive added rank and appointment.
88
律學博士一人,從八品下。 太宗置。 助教一人,從九品上。 學生五十人。 博士掌教文武官八品已下及庶人子為生者。 以律令為專業,格式法例亦兼習之。
One Erudite of the Law Academy, lower secondary eighth rank. Established by Emperor Taizong. One Assistant Instructor, upper secondary ninth rank. Fifty students. The Erudite teaches civil and military officials of eighth rank and below and commoners' sons enrolled as students. Statutes and orders are the specialty, with formats, laws, and precedents studied concurrently.
89
書學博士二人,從九品下。 學生三十人。 博士掌教文武八品已下及庶人之子為生者。 以《石經》、《說文》、《字林》為專業,余字書兼習之。
Two Erudites of the Calligraphy Academy, lower secondary ninth rank. Thirty students. The Erudites teach civil and military officials of eighth rank and below and commoners' sons enrolled as students. The 《Stone Classics》, 《Shuowen》, and 《Zilin》 are the specialty, with other character books studied concurrently.
90
算學博士二人,從九品下。 學生三十人。 博士掌教文武官八品已下及庶人之子為生者。 二分其經,以為之業。 習《九章》、《海島》、《孫子》、《五曹》、《張邱建》、《夏侯陽》、《周髀》十五人,習《綴術》、《緝古》十五人。 其《紀遺》、《三等數》亦兼習之。
Two Erudites of the Mathematics Academy, lower secondary ninth rank. Thirty students. The Erudites teach civil and military officials of eighth rank and below and commoners' sons enrolled as students. The classics are divided into two specialties. Fifteen students study the 《Nine Chapters》, 《Sea Island》, 《Master Sun》, 《Five Offices》, 《Zhang Qiujian》, 《Xiahou Yang》, and 《Zhou Bi》; fifteen study the 《Continued Methods》 and 《Collected Antiquity》. The 《Records of Remaining Methods》 and 《Three Grades of Numbers》 are also studied concurrently.
91
《五經》博士各一人。 五品下。 舊無《五經》學科,自貞元五年一月敕特置《三禮》《開元禮》科,長慶二年二月,始置《三傳》《三史》科,後又置《五經》博士。 檢年月,未獲也。
One Erudite for each of the Five Classics. Lower fifth rank. Formerly there was no Five Classics examination subject; a Zhenyuan year 5 edict established the Three Rites and Kaiyuan Rites subjects; in Changqing year 2 the Three Commentaries and Three Histories subjects were established; later Erudites of the Five Classics were added. The exact date has not yet been verified.
92
廣文館博士二人。 正六品上。 天寶九載置,試附監修進士業者。 置助教一人,至德後廢也。 少府監少府監秦置少府,掌山澤之稅。 漢掌內府珍貨。 梁始為卿。 歷代或置或省。 隋大業五年,始分太府置少府監。 龍朔改為內府,光宅改為尚方,神龍復為少府監。
Two Erudites of the Broad Learning Hall. Upper sixth rank. Established in Tianbao year 9 to test students attached to the supervisorate preparing for the Jinshi examination. One Assistant Instructor was established; the post was abolished after the Zhide era. Directorate of the Privy Treasury. Qin established the Privy Treasury to manage taxes on mountains and marshes. Under Han it managed precious goods of the inner treasury. The Liang first made it a Ministerial office. Through the ages it was sometimes established and sometimes abolished. In Sui Daye year 5 it was separated from the Imperial Treasury and established as the Directorate of the Privy Treasury. Under Longshuo it became the Inner Treasury; under Guangzhai, the Imperial Workshop; under Shendlong it was restored to the Directorate of the Privy Treasury.
93
監一員,從三品。 秦、漢有少府,梁始為卿,隋改為監,從三品,少監,從四品。 煬帝改為令,武德復為監,龍朔、光宅,隨曹改易之。 少監二員。 從四品下。 監之職,掌供百工伎巧之事,總中尚、左尚、右尚、織染、掌冶五署之官屬,庀其工徒,謹其繕作。 少監為之貳。 凡天子之服御,百官之儀制,展采備物,皆率其屬以供之。
One Superintendent, secondary third rank. Qin and Han had the Privy Treasury; the Liang made it a Minister; the Sui renamed it Superintendent of secondary third rank, with a Vice Superintendent of secondary fourth rank. Emperor Yang renamed it Director; Wude restored Superintendent; under Longshuo and Guangzhai the title changed with the bureau. Two Vice Superintendents. Lower secondary fourth rank. The Superintendent supplies the work of all craftsmen and artisans, supervising Inner Works, Left Works, Right Works, Dyeing and Weaving, and Metalworking, organizing workers and carefully controlling manufacture. The Vice Superintendent serves as his deputy. The Son of Heaven's robes and accoutrements, officials' ceremonial regalia, and displayed colors and prepared objects are all supplied by leading subordinates.
94
丞四人,從六品下。 主簿二人,從七品下。 錄事二人,從九品上。 府二十七人,史十七人,計史三人,亭長八人,掌固四人。 丞掌判監事。 凡五署所修之物,則申尚書省,下所司,以供給焉。
Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Twenty-seven clerks, seventeen scribes, three accounting scribes, eight ward chiefs, and four gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises supervisorate business. Objects manufactured by the five bureaus are reported to the Department of State Affairs and sent to the responsible offices for supply.
95
中尚署:令一人,從六品下。 丞四人,從八品下。 府九人,史十八人,監作四人,典事四人,掌固四人。 中尚令,掌供郊祀之圭璧、器玩之物。 中宮服飾,雕文錯彩之制,皆供之。 丞為之貳。 其所用金玉齒革毛羽之屬,任土以時,而供送之。
Inner Works Bureau — one Director, lower secondary sixth rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Nine clerks, eighteen scribes, four production supervisors, four record keepers, and four gatekeepers. The Director of Inner Works supplies jade scepters and disks, vessels, and curios for suburban sacrifices. Empress palace robes and ornaments with carved patterns and mixed colors are all supplied. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Gold, jade, ivory, leather, fur, and feather materials are supplied according to local products and season.
96
左尚署:令一人,正七品下。 丞五人,從七品下。 監作六人,從九品下。 典事十八人,掌固四人。 左尚令掌供天子之五輅、五副、七輦、三輿、十有二車、大小方圓華蓋一百五十有六,諸翟尾扇及小傘翰,辨其名數,而頒其制度。 丞為之貳。
Left Works Bureau — one Director, lower seventh rank. Five Assistant Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Six production supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. Eighteen record keepers and four gatekeepers. The Director of Left Works supplies the Son of Heaven's five state carriages, five escorts, seven palanquins, three litters, twelve carriages, one hundred fifty-six canopy umbrellas, pheasant-tail fans and small parasols, distinguishing their names and numbers and issuing regulations. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy.
97
右尚署:令一人,正七品下。 丞四人,從八品下。 監作六人,從九品下。 典事十三人,掌固十人。 右尚署令供天子十有二閑馬之鞍轡及五品三部之帳,備其材革,而修其制度。 丞為之貳。 凡刀劍、斧鉞、甲胄、紙筆、茵席、履舄之物,靡不畢供。 具用綾絹、金玉、毛革等,所出方土,以時支送。
Right Works Bureau — one Director, lower seventh rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Six production supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. Thirteen record keepers and ten gatekeepers. The Director of Right Works supplies saddles and bridles for the Son of Heaven's twelve stable horses and fifth-rank departmental tents, preparing leather materials and maintaining regulations. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Swords, axes, halberds, armor, paper, brushes, mats, shoes, and slippers are all supplied. Silks, gauzes, gold, jade, fur, and leather are dispatched in season from their regions of origin.
98
織染署:令一人,正八品上。 丞二人,正九品上。 監作六人,從九品下。 典事十一人,掌固五人。 織染令掌供天子太子群臣之冠冕,辨其制度,而供其職。 丞為之貳。
Dyeing and Weaving Bureau — one Director, upper eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper ninth rank. Six production supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. Eleven record keepers and five gatekeepers. The Director of Dyeing and Weaving supplies caps and robes for the Son of Heaven, crown prince, and all ministers, distinguishing regulations and fulfilling their needs. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy.
99
掌冶署:令一人,正八品上。 丞一人,正九品上。 監作四人,從九品下。 掌冶令掌熔鑄銅鐵器物。 丞為之貳。 凡天下出銅鐵州府,聽人私采,官收其稅。 若白鑞,則官市之。 其西北諸州,禁人無置鐵冶及采鐵。 若器用所須,具名移於所由官供之。
Metalworking Bureau — one Director, upper eighth rank. One Assistant Director, upper ninth rank. Four production supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. The Director of Metalworking smelts and casts copper and iron objects. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. In prefectures producing copper and iron throughout the realm, private mining is permitted and the government collects tax. White tin is purchased by the government. In northwestern prefectures, establishing iron smelters or mining iron is forbidden. When utensils are needed, a full list is sent to the responsible office for supply.
100
諸冶:監一人,正七品下。 丞二人,從八品下。 錄事一人,府一人,史二人,監作四人,從九品下。 典事二人,掌固四人。 諸冶監掌鑄銅鐵之事。
Various smelteries — one supervisor each, lower seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, one clerk, two scribes, and four production supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Two record keepers and four gatekeepers. Smeltery supervisors oversee casting copper and iron.
101
北都軍器監一人,正四品上。 少監一人,正五品上。 丞二人,正七品上。 主簿一人,正八品上。 錄事一人,從九品上。 府十人,史十八人,典事四人,亭長二人,掌固四人。 軍器監掌繕造甲弩,以時納於武庫。
Northern Capital Armaments Supervisor — one supervisor, upper fourth rank. One Vice Supervisor, upper fifth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, upper eighth rank. One Recording Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. Ten clerks, eighteen scribes, four record keepers, two ward chiefs, and four gatekeepers. The Armaments Supervisor manufactures armor and crossbows and delivers them to the Armory on schedule.
102
甲坊署:令一人,正八品下。 丞一人,正九品下。 府二人,史五人,監作二人,從九品下。 典事二人。
Armor Workshop Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. Two clerks, five scribes, and two production supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Two record keepers.
103
弩坊署:令一人,正八品下。 丞一人,正九品下。 府二人,史五人,監作二人,從九品下。 典事二人。
Crossbow Workshop Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. Two clerks, five scribes, and two production supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Two record keepers.
104
諸鑄錢監:絳州三十爐,揚、宣、鄂、蔚四州各十爐,益鄧、郴三州各五爐,洋州三爐,定州一爐也。 諸鑄錢監以所在州府都督刺史判之。 副監一人,上佐判之。 丞一人,判司判之。 監事一人,或參軍或縣尉知之。 錄事、府、史,士人為之。
Various coin-casting supervisors: Jiangzhou had thirty furnaces; Yang, Xuan, E, and Yu prefectures ten each; Yi, Deng, and Chen prefectures five each; Yangzhou three; and Dingzhou one. All coin-casting supervisors are overseen by the area commander or prefectural governor of their prefecture. One Vice Supervisor, overseen by the senior aide. One Assistant Director, overseen by the adjudication section. One supervisor, held by either a staff officer or county captain. Recording clerks, clerks, and scribes are filled by literati.
105
諸互市:監各一人,從六品下。 丞一人。 正八品下。 諸互市監掌諸蕃交易馬駝驢牛之事。 將作監將作監秦置將作,掌營繕宮室,歷代不改。 隋為將作寺,龍朔改為繕工監,光宅改為營繕監,神龍復為將作監也。
Various frontier markets — one supervisor each, lower secondary sixth rank. One Assistant Director. Lower eighth rank. Frontier market supervisors oversee trade in horses, camels, donkeys, and cattle with foreign peoples. Directorate of Palace Construction. Qin established the Director of Construction to manage construction and repair of palace buildings; later dynasties kept the arrangement. The Sui named it the Directorate of Construction; under Longshuo it became the Construction Works Supervisorate; under Guangzhai, the Building and Repair Supervisorate; under Shendlong it was restored to the Directorate of Palace Construction.
106
大匠一員,從三品。 大匠之名,漢景帝置。 梁置十二卿,將作為一卿。 後周曰匠師中大夫。 隋初為將作寺,置大匠一人,又改為監,以大匠為監。 煬帝改為令,武德改為大匠。 龍朔、光宅,隨曹改易也。 少匠二員。 從四品下。 大匠掌供邦國修建土木工匠之政令,總四署、三監、百工之官屬,以供其職事。 凡兩京宮殿、宗廟、城郭、諸臺省監寺廨宇樓臺橋道,謂之內外作,皆委焉。
One Chief Artisan, secondary third rank. The title Chief Artisan was established by Emperor Jing of Han. The Liang established twelve Ministers, of whom the Director of Construction was one. Later Zhou called it Middle Grandee of Master Artisans. Early Sui made it the Directorate of Construction with one Chief Artisan; later it became a supervisorate headed by the Chief Artisan. Emperor Yang renamed it Director; Wude restored Chief Artisan. Under Longshuo and Guangzhai the title changed with the bureau. Two Vice Artisans. Lower secondary fourth rank. The Chief Artisan oversees the state's construction and civil engineering artisan orders, supervising four bureaus, three supervisors, and various craftsmen to fulfill their duties. Palace buildings, ancestral temples, city walls, bureau and directorate offices, halls, towers, bridges, and roads of the two capitals — called inner and outer works — are all entrusted to it.
107
丞四人,從六品下。 主簿二人,從七品下。 錄事二人,從九品下。 府十四人,史二十八人,計史三人,亭長四人,掌固六人。
Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. Fourteen clerks, twenty-eight scribes, three accounting scribes, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers.
108
左校署:令二人,從八品下。 丞四人,正九品下。 府六人,史十二人,監作十人。 從九品下。 左校令掌供營構梓匠。 凡宮室樂懸簨弶,兵仗器械,喪葬所須,皆供之。
Left Workshop Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Six clerks, twelve scribes, and ten production supervisors. Lower secondary ninth rank. The Director of the Left Workshop supplies construction carpenters. Palace rooms, suspended music, banner poles, weapons and implements, and funeral needs are all supplied.
109
右校署:令二人,從八品下。 丞三人,正九品下。 府五人,史十人,監作十人,從九品下。 典事十四人。 右校令掌供版築、塗泥、丹頠之事。
Right Workshop Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Three Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Five clerks, ten scribes, and ten production supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Fourteen record keepers. The Director of the Right Workshop supplies rammed earth, plastering, and cinnabar forehead marking.
110
中校署:令一人,從八品下。 丞三人,正九品下。 府三人,史六人,監事四人,從九品下。 典事八人,掌固二人。 中校令掌供舟車兵仗、廄牧雜作器用之事。 凡行幸陳設供三梁竿柱,閑廄供銼碓行槽,祭祀供葛竹塹等。
Middle Workshop Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Three Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Three clerks, six scribes, and four supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Eight record keepers and two gatekeepers. The Director of the Middle Workshop supplies boats, carriages, weapons, and stable and pasture manufactures and utensils. For imperial tours it supplies three-beam poles; for idle stables, grinding mills and traveling troughs; for sacrifices, bamboo fences and the like.
111
甄官署:令一人,從八品下。 丞二人,正九品下。 府五人,史十人,監作四人,從九品下。 典事十八人。 甄官令掌供琢石陶土之事。 凡石磬碑碣、石人獸馬、碾磑磚瓦、瓶缶之器、喪葬明器,皆供之。
Stone and Pottery Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Five clerks, ten scribes, and four production supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Eighteen record keepers. The Director of Stone and Pottery supplies stone carving and pottery work. Stone chimes, steles, stone figures of men, beasts, and horses, millstones, bricks and tiles, jars and pots, and funeral mingqi are all supplied.
112
百工、就谷、庫谷、斜谷、太陰、伊陽等監:百工監在陳倉,就谷監在王屋,庫穀監在鄠縣,太陰監在陸渾,伊陽監在伊陽,皆在出材之所。 監各一人,從七品下。 丞一人,正八品下。 府各一人,史三人,典事各二十一人,錄事各一人,監事四人。 從九品下。 百工等監掌採伐材木。 都水監都水監:使者二人,正五品上。 漢官有都水長,屬主爵,掌諸池沼,後改為使者,後漢改為河堤謁者。 晉復置都水臺,立使者一人,掌舟楫之事。 梁改為太舟卿,北齊亦曰都水臺。 隋改為都水監,大業復為使者,尋又為監,復改監為令,品第三。 武德復為監,貞觀改為使者,從六品。 龍朔改為司津監,光宅為水衛都尉,神龍復為使者,正五品上,仍隸將作監。 丞二人,從七品上。 主簿二人,從八品下。 錄事一人,府五人,史十人,掌固三人。 使者掌川澤津梁之政令,總舟楫、河渠二署之官屬,凡虞衡之採捕,渠堰陂池之壞決,水田斗門灌溉,皆行其政令。
Various Craft, Jiugu, Kugu, Xiegu, Taiyin, and Yiyang supervisors: the Craft Supervisor at Chencang, Jiugu at Wangwu, Kugu at Huxian, Taiyin at Luhun, and Yiyang at Yiyang — all at timber-producing sites. One supervisor each, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower eighth rank. One clerk each, three scribes each, twenty-one record keepers each, one recording clerk each, and four supervisors. Lower secondary ninth rank. Craft and other supervisors oversee felling timber. Directorate of Waterways — two Commissioners, upper fifth rank. Han offices had a Director of Waterways under the Director of Nobility, managing ponds and marshes; later the title became Commissioner; Later Han renamed it River Embankment Usher. The Jin restored the Waterways Terrace with one Commissioner to manage boats and shipping. The Liang renamed it Minister of Great Boats; Northern Qi also called it the Waterways Terrace. The Sui renamed it the Directorate of Waterways; Daye restored Commissioner; it soon became a supervisorate again, then Director, rank third. Wude restored the supervisorate; Zhenguan renamed it Commissioner of secondary sixth rank. Under Longshuo it became the Ferry Supervisorate; under Guangzhai, Water Guard Commandant; under Shendlong Commissioner of upper fifth rank was restored, still subordinate to the Directorate of Palace Construction. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Chief Clerks, lower secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, five clerks, ten scribes, and three gatekeepers. The Commissioners oversee orders for rivers, marshes, ferries, and bridges, supervising the Boats and River Channels bureaus; forestry and fishing, breaches of canals, dikes, and ponds, and paddy-field irrigation all follow their orders.
113
舟楫署:令一人,正八品下。 丞二人。 正九品下。 舟楫署令掌公私舟船運漕之事。
Boats Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors. Lower ninth rank. The Director of the Boats Bureau oversees public and private boat transport and grain transport.
114
河渠署:令一人,正八品下。 丞一人,正九品上。 府三人,史六人。 河堤謁者六人,掌修補堤堰漁釣之事。 典事三人,掌固四人,長上漁師十人,短番漁師一百二十人,明資漁師一百二十人。 河渠令掌供川澤魚醢之事。 祭祀則供魚醢。 諸司供給魚及冬藏者,每歲支錢二十萬,送都水,命河渠以時價市供之。
River Channels Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, upper ninth rank. Three clerks and six scribes. Six River Embankment Ushers repair dikes and dams and oversee fishing. Three record keepers, four gatekeepers, ten senior fishing masters, one hundred twenty short-shift fishing masters, and one hundred twenty salaried fishing masters. The Director of River Channels supplies fish and pickled fish from rivers and marshes. At sacrifices, pickled fish is supplied. For offices supplying fish and winter storage, two hundred thousand cash is disbursed each year to the Directorate of Waterways, which orders River Channels to purchase and supply at seasonal prices.
115
諸津:令一人,正九品上。 丞一人。 從九品下。 津令各掌其津濟渡舟梁之事。 武官左、右衛周制:軍萬二千五百人。 天子六軍,大國三軍,次國二軍,小國一軍。 軍將皆命卿。 至秦、漢,始置衛將軍,後漢、魏因之。 晉武帝始置左、右、中三衛將軍。 至隋始置左右衛、左右武衛、左右候、左右領軍、左右率府。 各有大將軍一人,謂十二衛大將軍也。 國家因之。
Various ferries — one Director each, upper ninth rank. One Assistant Director. Lower secondary ninth rank. Ferry Directors each manage their ferry crossings, boats, and bridges. Military offices — Left and Right Guard. Under the Zhou system, an army numbered twelve thousand five hundred. The Son of Heaven had six armies; a great state three; a secondary state two; a small state one. Army commanders were all appointed ministers. Qin and Han first established Guard Generals; Later Han and Wei kept the title. Emperor Wu of the Jin first established Left, Right, and Central Guard Generals. The Sui first established the Left and Right Guard, Left and Right Martial Guard, Left and Right Patrol, Left and Right Army Command, and Left and Right Commandant offices. Each had one Grand General; these were known as the Twelve Guard Grand Generals. Our dynasty kept the arrangement.
116
大將軍各一員,正三品。 將軍各二員。 從三品。 左右衛將軍之職,掌統領宮廷警衛之法,以督其屬之隊仗,而總諸曹之職務。 凡親勳翊五中郎將府及折沖府所隸,皆總制之。 凡宿衛,內廊閣門外,分為五仗,一供奉仗、二親仗、三勳仗、四翊仗、五散手仗也。 皆坐於東西廊下。 若御坐正殿,則為黃旗仗,分立於兩階之次,在正門之內,以挾門隊坐於東西廂。 皆大將軍守之。
One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. The Left and Right Guard Generals oversee palace security regulations, supervise their subordinates' formations and arms, and coordinate the duties of all staff sections. They exercise overall control over the five Intimate, Meritorious, and Support Central Commandant offices and their subordinate Strike-and-Smash offices. Night guard duty outside the inner corridor gates is divided into five formations: Imperial Service, Intimate, Meritorious, Support, and Unarmed. All are stationed beneath the east and west corridors. When the emperor sits in the main hall, the Yellow Banner formation stands at the foot of the two staircases inside the main gate, with gate-flanking companies seated in the east and west wings. The Grand Generals command them all.
117
長史各一人,從六品上。 錄事參軍事各一人,正八品上。 倉曹、兵曹參軍各二人,正八品下。 騎曹、胄曹參軍各一人,正六品下。 司階二人,正六品上。 中候三人,正七品下。 司戈五人,正八品下。 執戟五人,正九品下。 奉車都尉五人。 從五品下。 長史掌判諸曹、親勳翊五府及武安、武成等五十府之事。 諸曹參軍皆掌本曹勾檢之事。 隨曹各有府史。
One Chief Administrator each, upper secondary sixth rank. One Recording Staff Officer each, upper eighth rank. Two Granary and Military Staff Officers each, lower eighth rank. One Cavalry and Armor Staff Officer each, lower sixth rank. Two Stairway Masters, upper sixth rank. Three Central Guards, lower seventh rank. Five Halberd Masters, lower eighth rank. Five Halberd Bearers, lower ninth rank. Five Commandants of Imperial Carriages. Lower secondary fifth rank. The Chief Administrator adjudicates matters for all staff sections, the five Intimate, Meritorious, and Support offices, and fifty offices including Martial Peace and Martial Success. Each section staff officer audits and inspects affairs within his own section. Each section has its own clerks and scribes.
118
親府、勳一府、勳二府、翊一府、翊二府等五府每府中郎一人、中郎將一人,皆四品下。 左右郎各一人,正五品上。 錄事一人,兵曹參軍事一人,正九品上。 校尉五人,旅帥十人,隊正二十人,副隊正二十人。 中郎將領本府之屬以宿衛。 左右郎將貳之。 若大朝會、巡幸,以鹵簿之法以領其儀仗。 左、右驍衛古曰驍騎,隋改左、右備身為左右驍衛,所領名豹騎,國家去「騎」字曰驍衛府,龍朔去「府」字,改為左、右武威,神龍復為驍衛。
The Intimate, Meritorious First, Meritorious Second, Support First, and Support Second offices each have one Central Gentleman and one Central Commandant, all lower fourth rank. One Left and one Right Gentleman each, upper fifth rank. One recording clerk and one military staff officer, upper ninth rank. Five company captains, ten platoon leaders, twenty squad leaders, and twenty deputy squad leaders. The Central Commandant leads his office's subordinates on night guard duty. The Left and Right Commandants serve as his deputies. At great court assemblies and imperial tours, they lead the ceremonial guard according to imperial procession regulations. The Left and Right Valiant Guard were anciently called Valiant Cavalry. The Sui renamed the Left and Right Bodyguard as the Left and Right Valiant Guard, whose troops were called Leopard Cavalry. Our dynasty dropped "Cavalry" and called it the Valiant Guard Office; under Longshuo the word "Office" was dropped and the name became Left and Right Martial Prestige; under Shendlong it was restored to Valiant Guard.
119
大將軍各一員,正三品。 將軍各二員。 從三品。 驍衛將軍之職,掌如左、右衛。 大朝會在正殿之前,則以黃旗隊及胡祿隊坐於東西廊下。 若御坐正殿,則以其隊仗次立左、右衛下。
One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. The Valiant Guard Generals' duties match those of the Left and Right Guard. At great court assemblies before the main hall, the Yellow Banner and Barbarian Horn companies are stationed beneath the east and west corridors. When the emperor sits in the main hall, their formations stand in rank below the Left and Right Guard.
120
長史、錄事參軍、倉兵騎胄四曹參軍、員數、品秩如左右衛。 司階、中候、司戈、執戟等,四色人數、品秩如左、右衛也。 校尉、旅帥、隊正、副隊、(人數如左右衛。 翊府中郎、中郎將、左右中郎將、左、右郎將。 職掌如左右衛。 左、右武衛魏武為丞相,有武衛營。 隋采其名,置左右武衛府,有大將軍。 光宅改為左右鷹揚衛,神龍復也。
Chief Administrators, recording staff officers, and Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Armor staff officers — numbers and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard. Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, Halberd Bearers, and the like — numbers by category and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard. Company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders — numbers as for the Left and Right Guard. Support office Central Gentlemen, Central Commandants, Left and Right Central Commandants, and Left and Right Commandants. Their duties match those of the Left and Right Guard. The Left and Right Martial Guard: when Cao Cao of Wei was Chancellor, he maintained a Martial Guard camp. The Sui adopted the name and established Left and Right Martial Guard offices headed by Grand Generals. Under Guangzhai they became the Left and Right Eagle-Soaring Guard; under Shendlong the former name was restored.
121
大將軍各一員,正三品。 將軍各二員。 從三品。 其職掌如左、右衛。 大朝會,被白鎧甲,執器盾及旗等,蹕稱長唱。 警持鈒隊,應蹕為左、右廂儀仗。 在正殿前,則以諸隊次立于驍衛之下。
One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. Their duties match those of the Left and Right Guard. At great court assemblies they wear white armor, bear weapons, shields, and banners, and call out long announcements at the imperial progress. Alert halberd companies respond to the imperial progress as left- and right-wing ceremonial guards. Before the main hall, their companies stand in rank below the Valiant Guard.
122
長史、錄事參軍、倉兵騎胄四曹參軍、司階、中候、司戈、執戟、人數、品秩皆如左、右衛也。 翊府中郎將、左右郎將、錄事、兵曹。 人數、品秩如左、右衛。 左、右威衛隋為左、右屯衛,龍朔改為威衛,光宅改為左、右豹韜衛,神龍復為威衛也。
Chief Administrators, recording staff officers, Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Armor staff officers, Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, and Halberd Bearers — numbers and ranks all as for the Left and Right Guard. Support office Central Commandants, Left and Right Commandants, recording clerks, and military section. Numbers and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard. The Left and Right Awesome Guard: the Sui called them Left and Right Garrison Guard; under Longshuo they became Awesome Guard; under Guangzhai, Left and Right Leopard-Banner Guard; under Shendlong they were restored to Awesome Guard.
123
大將軍各一員,正三品。 將軍各二員。 從三品。 其職掌,大朝會則被黑甲鎧,弓箭刀盾旗等,分為左、右廂隊,次武衛之下。
One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. At great court assemblies they wear black armor, bear bows, arrows, swords, shields, and banners, and are divided into left- and right-wing companies standing below the Martial Guard.
124
長史、錄事參軍、倉兵騎胄四曹參軍、職掌、人數、品秩皆如左、右衛也。 司階、中候、司戈、執戟、人數、品秩如左右衛。 翊府中郎將、左右郎將、錄事、兵曹、校尉、旅帥、隊正、副隊正。 人數、品秩皆如左右衛之親府。 左、右領軍衛漢建安中,魏武為丞相,始置中領軍,後因之。 北齊置領軍府,後因之。 煬帝改為屯衛,國家改為領軍衛。 龍朔改為戎衛,光宅改為玉鈐衛,神龍後為領軍衛。
Chief Administrators, recording staff officers, and Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Armor staff officers — duties, numbers, and ranks all as for the Left and Right Guard. Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, and Halberd Bearers — numbers and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard. Support office Central Commandants, Left and Right Commandants, recording clerks, military section, company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Numbers and ranks all as for the Intimate office of the Left and Right Guard. The Left and Right Army Command Guard: in the Jian'an era of Han, when Cao Cao of Wei was Chancellor, the Central Army Commander was first established; later dynasties kept the title. Northern Qi established the Army Command office; later dynasties kept it. Emperor Yang renamed it Garrison Guard; our dynasty renamed it Army Command Guard. Under Longshuo it became Military Guard; under Guangzhai, Jade Seal Guard; after Shendlong it was restored to Army Command Guard.
125
大將軍各一員。 正三品。 將軍各二員。 從三品。 其職掌,大朝會則被青甲鎧,弓箭刀盾旗等,分為左右廂儀仗,次立威衛之下。
One Grand General each. Third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. At great court assemblies they wear green armor, bear bows, arrows, swords, shields, and banners, and are divided into left- and right-wing ceremonial guards standing below the Awesome Guard.
126
長史、錄事參軍、倉兵騎胄四曹參軍、司階、中候、司戈、執戟、人數、品秩如左右衛。 翊府中郎將、左右郎將、錄事、兵曹、校尉、旅帥、隊正、副隊正。 人數、品秩、掌如左右衛也。 左、右金吾衛秦曰中尉,掌徼巡,武帝改名執金吾,魏復為中尉。 南朝不置。 隋曰候衛。 龍朔二年改為左、右金吾衛,采古名也。
Chief Administrators, recording staff officers, Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Armor staff officers, Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, and Halberd Bearers — numbers and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard. Support office Central Commandants, Left and Right Commandants, recording clerks, military section, company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Numbers, ranks, and duties as for the Left and Right Guard. The Left and Right Golden Guard: under Qin called Commandant of the Center, managing patrol; Emperor Wu renamed it Bearer of the Golden Mace; Wei restored Commandant of the Center. The Southern dynasties did not maintain the office. The Sui called it Patrol Guard. In the second year of Longshuo it was renamed Left and Right Golden Guard, adopting the ancient name.
127
大將軍各一員,正三品。 將軍各二員。 從三品。 左右金吾衛之職,掌宮中及京城晝夜巡警之法,以執御非違。 凡翊府及同軌等五十府皆屬之。 凡車駕出入,則率其屬以清遊隊,建白澤硃雀等旗隊先驅,如鹵簿之法。 從巡狩畋獵,則執其左、右營衛之禁。 凡翊衛、翊府、同軌、寶圖等五十府彍騎衛士應番上者,各領所職焉。
One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. The Left and Right Golden Guard oversee day-and-night patrol in the palace and capital and apprehend violations. All Support offices and fifty offices including Same Track are subordinate to them. When the imperial carriage enters or exits, they lead their subordinates in the Clearing Procession, with White Marsh and Vermilion Bird banner companies as vanguard, according to imperial procession regulations. On imperial hunts and excursions they enforce left- and right-camp guard prohibitions. For the fifty offices including Support Guard, Support office, Same Track, and Precious Chart, whose crossbow cavalry guardsmen rotate for duty, each officer leads his assigned duties.
128
長史、錄事參軍、倉兵騎胄四曹參軍、司階、中候、司戈、執戟、人數、品秩、職掌如左右衛也。 翊府中郎將、左右郎將、兵曹、校尉、旅帥、隊正、副隊正。 品秩、人數、職掌如左右衛也。 左、右監門衛漢、魏曰城門校尉,始置左右監門府,省將軍、郎將等官,國家因之。 龍朔二年,去府字為衛。
Chief Administrators, recording staff officers, Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Armor staff officers, Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, and Halberd Bearers — numbers, ranks, and duties as for the Left and Right Guard. Support office Central Commandants, Left and Right Commandants, military section, company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Ranks, numbers, and duties as for the Left and Right Guard. The Left and Right Gate Guard: Han and Wei called them Commandants of the City Gates. Left and Right Gate Guard offices were first established, eliminating Generals, Commandants, and other posts; our dynasty kept the arrangement. In the second year of Longshuo the word "Office" was dropped and the name became Guard.
129
大將軍各一員,正三品。 將軍各二員,從三品。 中郎將四人。 正四品下。 監門將軍之職,掌宮禁門籍之法。 凡京司應入宮殿門者,皆有籍。 左將軍判入,右將軍判出。 若大駕行幸,即依鹵簿法,率其屬於牙門之下,以為監守。 中郎將,掌監諸門,檢校出入。
One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each, secondary third rank. Four Central Commandants. Lower fourth rank. The Gate Guard Generals oversee palace gate registration regulations. All capital officials authorized to enter palace gates must be registered. The Left General authorizes entry; the Right General authorizes exit. When the imperial carriage travels, they follow imperial procession regulations and lead their subordinates beneath the encampment gate as guards. Central Commandants supervise all gates and inspect those entering and leaving.
130
長史、錄事參軍、兵曹胄曹二曹參軍。 品秩如諸衛。
Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, and Military and Armor staff officers. Ranks as for the various guards.
131
監門校尉,各三百二十人,立長各六百八十人,長人長上二十人,立長長上各二十人。 左、右千牛衛宋謝綽《拾遣》有千牛刀,即人主防身刀也。 後魏有千牛備身,取《莊子》庖刀解牛之義,後代因之。 隋置左右千牛備身二十人,掌供御弓箭,備身六十人,掌宿衛侍從。 煬帝置備身府,皇家改為千牛府。 龍朔為左右奉宸衛,神龍復為千牛衛。
Gate Guard company captains, three hundred twenty each; squad leaders, six hundred eighty each; twenty senior squad leaders; and twenty senior squad-leader seniors each. The Left and Right Thousand-Ox Guard: in Song times, Xie Chuo's 《Collected Remains》 mentions the Thousand-Ox Blade, the sovereign's personal defense sword. Later Wei established Thousand-Ox Bodyguards, taking the butcher's knife dismembering an ox from the 《Zhuangzi》; later dynasties kept the name. The Sui established twenty Left and Right Thousand-Ox Bodyguards to supply imperial bows and arrows, and sixty bodyguards for night guard and attendance. Emperor Yang established the Bodyguard Office; our dynasty renamed it the Thousand-Ox Office. Under Longshuo it became the Left and Right Imperial Attendant Guard; under Shendlong it was restored to Thousand-Ox Guard.
132
大將軍各一員,正三品。 將軍各二員,從三品。 中郎將各二人。 正四品下。 千牛將軍之職,掌宮殿侍衛及供御之儀仗,而統其曹務。 凡千牛備身左右,執弓箭以宿衛,主仗守戎服器物。 凡受朝之日,則領備身左右升殿,而侍列於御坐之左右。 凡親射于射宮,則將軍率其屬以從。 凡千牛備身之考課、賜會及祿秩之升降,同京職事官之制。 中郎將升殿侍奉。 凡侍奉,禁橫過座前者,禁對語及傾身與階下人語者,禁搖頭舉手以相招召者。 若有口敕,通事舍人承受傳聲階下而不聞者,中郎將宣之。
One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each, secondary third rank. Two Central Commandants each. Lower fourth rank. The Thousand-Ox Generals oversee palace attendance and ceremonial guard for imperial supply and coordinate their staff sections. Thousand-Ox Bodyguards Left and Right bear bows and arrows on night guard duty and manage arms, military garments, and implements. On court audience days they lead the Bodyguards Left and Right up the hall and stand in attendance to the left and right of the imperial seat. When the emperor shoots personally at the archery hall, the Generals lead their subordinates in attendance. Performance review, grant assemblies, and salary promotions and demotions for Thousand-Ox Bodyguards follow the same regulations as capital office officials. Central Commandants ascend the hall to attend the emperor. During attendance, crossing in front of the imperial seat is forbidden, as is conversing face to face, leaning to speak with people below the steps, and shaking the head or raising the hand to summon others. If there is an oral edict, the Interpreter Attendant receives and transmits it below the steps; if it is not heard, the Central Commandant announces it.
133
長史、錄事參軍、兵胄二曹參軍、人數、品秩同諸衛。 司階各二人,正六品上。 中候各三人,司戈各五人,執戟各五人,品秩同諸衛。 千牛備身十二人,備身左右各二人。 左、右羽林軍漢置南北軍,掌衛京師。 南軍,若今諸衛也; 北軍,若今羽林軍也。 漢武置羽林,名曰建章營騎,屬光祿勳,後更名羽林騎,取六郡良家子,及死事之孤為之。 後漢置左右羽林監,南朝因之,後魏、周曰羽林率,隨左右屯衛,所領兵名曰羽林。 龍朔二年,置左右羽林軍。
Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, and Military and Armor staff officers — numbers and ranks as for the various guards. Two Stairway Masters each, upper sixth rank. Three Central Guards each, five Halberd Masters each, five Halberd Bearers each — ranks as for the various guards. Twelve Thousand-Ox Bodyguards and two Bodyguards Left and Right each. The Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers Guard: Han established Northern and Southern Armies to defend the capital. The Southern Army corresponded to today's various guards; the Northern Army corresponded to today's Forest-of-Feathers Guard. Emperor Wu of Han established the Forest of Feathers, called the Jianzhang Camp Cavalry under the Director of Imperial Household; later renamed Forest-of-Feathers Cavalry, recruited from sons of good families of the six commanderies and orphans of those who died in service. Later Han established Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers Supervisors; the Southern dynasties kept them; Later Wei and Zhou called them Forest-of-Feathers Commandants under the Left and Right Garrison Guard; their troops were called Forest of Feathers. In the second year of Longshuo the Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers Guard were established.
134
大將軍各一員,正三品下。 將軍各二員。 從三品下。 羽林將軍統領北衛禁兵之法令,而督攝左右廂飛騎之儀仗,以統諸曹之職。 若大朝會,率其儀仗以周衛階陛。 大駕行幸,則夾道馳而為內仗。 凡飛騎每月番上者,皆據其名曆而配於所職。 其飛騎仗或有敕上南衙者,則大將軍承墨敕白移于金吾引駕仗,引駕仗官與監門覆奏,又降墨敕,然後得入。
One Grand General each, lower third rank. Two Generals each. Lower secondary third rank. Forest-of-Feathers Generals oversee Northern Guard regulations, supervise left- and right-wing Flying Cavalry ceremonial guard, and coordinate all staff sections. At great court assemblies they lead their ceremonial guard to encircle and guard the steps. When the imperial carriage travels, they gallop along both sides of the road as the inner guard. Flying Cavalry who rotate monthly for duty are assigned to posts according to their name registers. If Flying Cavalry guard is ordered by edict to the Southern Yamen, the Grand General receives the written edict and notifies the Golden Guard Escort Guard in writing; the Escort Guard officer and Gate Guard report back, a second written edict is issued, and only then may they enter.
135
長史、錄事參軍、倉兵胄三曹參軍、品秩如諸衛。 司階、中候、司戈、執戟,如千衛品秩、人數。 翊府中郎將、左右郎將、錄事、兵曹、校尉、旅帥、隊正、副隊正。 人數、品秩如諸衛。 左、右龍武軍初,太宗選飛騎之尤驍健者,別署百騎,以為翊衛之備。 天后初,加置千騎,中宗加置萬騎,分為左右營,置使以領之。 自開元以來,與左右羽林軍名曰北門四軍。 開元二十七年,改為左右龍武軍,官員同羽林軍也。
Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, and Granary, Military, and Armor staff officers — ranks as for the various guards. Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, and Halberd Bearers — ranks and numbers as for the Thousand Guard. Support office Central Commandants, Left and Right Commandants, recording clerks, military section, company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Numbers and ranks as for the various guards. The Left and Right Dragon Martial Guard: initially Emperor Taizong selected the most valiant Flying Cavalry and separately assigned one hundred riders as Support Guard reserve. At the beginning of Empress Wu's reign one thousand riders were added; Emperor Zhongzong added ten thousand riders, divided into left and right camps under appointed commissioners. Since the Kaiyuan era, together with the Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers Guard they were called the Four Northern Gate Armies. In the twenty-seventh year of Kaiyuan they were renamed Left and Right Dragon Martial Guard, with the same officials as the Forest-of-Feathers Guard.
136
大將軍一員,正三品。 將軍二員。 從三品。
One Grand General, third rank. Two Generals. Secondary third rank.
137
長史一人,錄事參軍事一人,錄事一人,史二人,倉兵胄三曹參軍事各一人。 隨曹有府、史、掌固人數。 司階二人,中候三人,司戈、執戟各五人,長上各十人。 右件官員階品、人數、職掌,如羽林軍也。 左、右神武軍至德二年,肅宗在鳳翔置。 初,貞觀中置北衛七營,後改為左右羽林軍。 皆選才力驍勇者充,每月一營十人為番當上。 又置左右龍武軍,皆唐元功臣子弟並外州人。 如宿衛兵,分日上下。 肅宗在鳳翔,方收京城,以羽林軍減耗,寇難未息,乃別置神武軍,同羽林制度官吏,謂之北衙六軍。 又置衙前射生手千餘人,謂之左右英武軍。 非六軍之例也。 乾元二年十月敕,左右羽林、左右龍武、左右神武官員並升同金吾四衛,置大將軍二人,將軍二人也。 左、右神策軍上元中,以北衙軍使衛伯玉為神策軍節度使,鎮陝州,以拒東寇,以中使魚朝恩為觀軍容使,監伯玉軍。 及伯玉入為羽林帥,出為荊南節度使,朝恩專統神策軍,鎮陝。 廣德元年,吐蕃犯京師,代宗避狄幸陝,朝恩以神策軍迎扈。 及永泰元年,吐蕃犯京畿,朝恩以神策兵屯于苑中。 自是,神策軍恆以中官為帥。 建中末,盜發京師,竇文場以神策軍扈蹕山南。 及還京師,賞勞無比。 貞元中,特置神策軍護軍中尉,以中官為之,時號兩軍中尉。 貞元已後,中尉之權傾於天下,人主廢立,皆出其可否,事見《宦者傳》也。
One Chief Administrator, one recording staff officer, one recording clerk, two scribes, and one staff officer each for Granary, Military, and Armor sections. Each section has its allotted clerks, scribes, and gatekeepers. Two Stairway Masters, three Central Guards, five Halberd Masters each, five Halberd Bearers each, and ten seniors each. The above officials' ranks, numbers, and duties match those of the Forest-of-Feathers Guard. The Left and Right Divine Martial Guard were established by Emperor Suzong at Fengxiang in the second year of Zhide. Initially, in the Zhenguan era seven Northern Guard camps were established; later they became the Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers Guard. All were filled with men of talent, strength, and valor; each month one camp of ten men rotated for duty. Left and Right Dragon Martial Guard were also established, recruited from sons and younger brothers of Tang founding meritorious officials and men from outer prefectures. Like night guard troops, they rotated on and off duty day by day. Emperor Suzong was at Fengxiang, just recovering the capital; because the Forest-of-Feathers Guard was depleted and bandit troubles had not ceased, he separately established the Divine Martial Guard with the same officials and regulations as the Forest-of-Feathers Guard — called the Six Northern Yamen Armies. He also established more than one thousand archer guards before the yamen, called the Left and Right Heroic Martial Guard. This was outside the Six Armies precedent. An edict of the tenth month of the second year of Qianyuan promoted officials of the Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers, Left and Right Dragon Martial, and Left and Right Divine Martial guards to match the four Golden Guard offices, establishing two Grand Generals and two Generals. The Left and Right Divine Strategy Guard: in the Shangyuan era, Northern Yamen Army Commissioner Wei Boyu was made Military Commissioner of the Divine Strategy Army at Shaanzhou to resist eastern invaders; palace envoy Yu Chao'en was made Army Supervising Commissioner to supervise Boyu's army. When Boyu entered the capital as Forest-of-Feathers commander and went out as Military Commissioner of Jingnan, Chao'en alone commanded the Divine Strategy Army at Shaan. In the first year of Guangde, Tibetans invaded the capital; Emperor Daizong fled to Shaan; Chao'en welcomed and escorted him with the Divine Strategy Army. By the first year of Yongtai, when Tibetans invaded the capital region, Chao'en stationed Divine Strategy troops in the imperial park. From this time the Divine Strategy Army was always commanded by palace eunuchs. At the end of Jianzhong, when bandits broke out in the capital, Dou Wenchang escorted the emperor to the south of the mountains with the Divine Strategy Army. When they returned to the capital, rewards and compensation were beyond compare. In the Zhenyuan era the Army-Protecting Commandant of the Divine Strategy Army was specially established, filled by palace eunuchs; at the time they were called the Two Army Commandants. After Zhenyuan the Commandants' power dominated the realm; enthronement and deposition of rulers all depended on their approval — as recorded in the 《Biographies of Eunuchs》.
138
大將軍各二員,正三品。 貞元二年九月敕,改神策左右廂為左右軍,置大將軍各二人,正三品。 將軍各二員。 從三品。 至貞元三年五月,敕左、右神策將軍各加二員,左、右神武將軍各加一員也。 神威軍本號殿前射生左右廂,貞元二年九月改殿前左右射生軍,三年四月改為左右神威軍,非六軍之例也。
Two Grand Generals each, third rank. An edict of the ninth month of the second year of Zhenyuan changed the left and right wings of the Divine Strategy Army to left and right armies, establishing two Grand Generals each of third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. By the fifth month of the third year of Zhenyuan an edict added two Generals each to Left and Right Divine Strategy and one General each to Left and Right Divine Martial. Heroic Prestige Guard was originally called the Left and Right Archers Before the Hall; in the ninth month of the second year of Zhenyuan it became the Left and Right Archers Before the Hall Army; in the fourth month of the third year it became the Left and Right Heroic Prestige Guard — outside the Six Armies precedent.
139
大將軍二員,正三品。 將軍二員。 從三品。 職田、俸錢、手力、糧料等,同六軍諸衛。 六軍統軍興元元年正月二十九日敕,左右羽林、左右龍武、左右神武各置統軍一人,秩從二品。 十六衛上將軍舊無此官。 貞元二年九月一日敕:「六軍先有敕,各置統軍一人,十六衛宜各置上將軍一員,秩從二品。 其左右衛及左右金吾衛上將軍俸料、隨軍人馬等,並同六軍統軍。 其諸衛上將軍,次統軍例支給。」 貞元二年九月十三日,六軍十二衛上將軍,並放入宿,已後為例也。 諸府隋置驃騎、鷹揚等府,凡天下守戍兵,不成軍曰牙,府有上中下也。
Two Grand Generals, third rank. Two Generals. Secondary third rank. Official fields, salary cash, laborers, grain rations, and the like match those of the Six Armies and various guards. Army Commanders of the Six Armies: an edict of the twenty-ninth day of the first month of the first year of Xingyuan established one Army Commander each for the Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers, Left and Right Dragon Martial, and Left and Right Divine Martial, rank secondary second. Senior Generals of the Sixteen Guards — formerly there was no such office. An edict of the first day of the ninth month of the second year of Zhenyuan stated: "The Six Armies already had an edict establishing one Army Commander each; the Sixteen Guards should each establish one Senior General of secondary second rank. Senior Generals of the Left and Right Guard and Left and Right Golden Guard receive salary provisions, accompanying army personnel and horses, and the like on the same terms as Six Armies Army Commanders. Senior Generals of the various guards are paid according to the precedent next below Army Commanders." On the thirteenth day of the ninth month of the second year of Zhenyuan, Senior Generals of the Six Armies and Twelve Guards were all admitted to night residence; this became the precedent thereafter. Various offices: the Sui established Swift Cavalry, Eagle-Soaring, and other offices; garrison troops throughout the realm that did not form an army were called yamen; offices had upper, middle, and lower grades.
140
折沖都尉各一人,上府,都尉正四品上。 中府,從四品下。 下府,正五品下。 武德中,采隋折沖、果毅郎將之名,改統軍為折沖都尉,別將為果毅都尉。 左右果毅都尉各一人,上府,果毅從五品下。 中府,正六品上。 下府從六品下。 隋煬帝置果毅郎將,國家置折沖都尉。 別將各一人,上府,別將正七品下。 中府,從七品上。 下府,從七品下。
One Strike-and-Smash Commandant each; upper office — Commandant, upper fourth rank. Middle office — lower secondary fourth rank. Lower office — lower fifth rank. In the Wude era, adopting Sui names Strike-and-Smash and Resolute General, Army Commander was renamed Strike-and-Smash Commandant and Vice General Resolute Commandant. One Left and one Right Resolute Commandant each; upper office — Resolute, lower secondary fifth rank. Middle office — upper sixth rank. Lower office — lower secondary sixth rank. Emperor Yang of Sui established Resolute Generals; our dynasty established Strike-and-Smash Commandants. One Vice General each; upper office — Vice General, lower seventh rank. Middle office — upper secondary seventh rank. Lower office — lower secondary seventh rank.
141
長史一人,上府,正七品下。 中府,從七品上。 下府,從七品下。 兵曹參軍一人,上府,從八品下。 中府,正九品上。 下府,從九品下也。 錄事一人,校尉五人。 每校尉,旅帥二人,每旅帥,隊正、副隊正各二人。 諸府折沖都尉掌領五校之屬,以備宿衛,以從師役,總其戎具、資糧、差點、教習之法令。 凡衛士,三百人為一團,以校尉領之,以便習騎射者為越騎,餘為步兵。 其團,十人為火,火備六馱之馬。 每歲十一月,以衛士帳上尚書省天下兵馬之數以聞。 凡兵馬在府,每歲季冬,折沖都尉率五校之屬以教其軍陣、戰鬥之法也。 具有教習簿籍。 東宮官屬太子太師、太傅、太保各一員。 並從一品。 師傅,宮官,南朝不置。 後魏、北齊,師傅品第二,號東宮三太。 隋品亦第二。 武德定令,加從一品也。
One Chief Administrator; upper office — lower seventh rank. Middle office — upper secondary seventh rank. Lower office — lower secondary seventh rank. One Military Staff Officer; upper office — lower secondary eighth rank. Middle office — upper ninth rank. Lower office — lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk and five company captains. Each company captain has two platoon leaders; each platoon leader has two squad leaders and two deputy squad leaders. Strike-and-Smash Commandants of various offices command five companies for night guard reserve and campaign service, overseeing regulations for military equipment, supplies, assignment, and training. Guardsmen form regiments of three hundred under a company captain; those skilled in mounted archery become Flying Cavalry; the rest become infantry. In each regiment ten men form a squad; each squad is equipped with six pack horses. Every year in the eleventh month, guardsmen registers are submitted to the Department of State Affairs reporting troop and horse numbers throughout the realm. Each year at the end of winter, Strike-and-Smash Commandants lead five companies to teach army formations and battle methods. Training registers are maintained. Eastern Palace officials: one Grand Preceptor, one Grand Tutor, and one Grand Protector of the Heir Apparent each. All secondary first rank. Preceptors and tutors are palace officials; the Southern dynasties did not maintain them. Later Wei and Northern Qi ranked preceptors and tutors second, calling them the Three Grandees of the Eastern Palace. The Sui also ranked them second. The Wude statutes raised them to secondary first rank.
142
太子少師、少傅、少保各一員。 並正二品。 三少,亦古官,歷代或置或省。 南朝並不置。 後魏、北齊置之,品第三,號東宮三少。 皇家定令,正二品。 三師三少之職,掌教諭太子。 無其人,則闕之。
One Junior Preceptor, one Junior Tutor, and one Junior Protector of the Heir Apparent each. All second rank. The Three Juniors are also ancient offices; through the ages they were sometimes established and sometimes abolished. The Southern dynasties did not maintain them at all. Later Wei and Northern Qi established them at third rank, calling them the Three Juniors of the Eastern Palace. The imperial statutes fixed them at second rank. The Three Preceptors and Three Juniors instruct and admonish the Heir Apparent. If no suitable person is available, the post is left vacant.
143
太子賓客四員。 正三品。 古無此官,皇家顯慶元年春始置四員也。 掌侍從規諫,贊相禮儀。
Four Guests of the Heir Apparent. Third rank. Anciently there was no such office; our dynasty first established four posts in the spring of the first year of Xianqing. They attend the Heir Apparent, offer remonstrance, and assist in ceremonial etiquette.
144
太子詹事一員,正三品。 少詹事一員。 正四品上。 詹事,秦官,掌皇太子宮。 龍朔二年改為端尹,天授為宮尹,神龍復也。 詹事統東宮三寺十率府之政令。 少詹為之貳。 凡天子六官之典制,皆視其事而承受之。
One Chief Steward of the Heir Apparent, third rank. One Vice Steward. Upper fourth rank. Chief Steward is a Qin office managing the Heir Apparent's palace. In the second year of Longshuo it became Rectifying Administrator; under Tianshou, Palace Administrator; under Shendlong the former name was restored. The Chief Steward oversees orders for the Eastern Palace's three directorates and ten commandant offices. The Vice Steward serves as his deputy. Each receives the Son of Heaven's six offices' canonical regulations according to its affairs.
145
丞二人,正六品上。 主簿一人,從七品上。 錄事二人,正九品下。 令史九人,書令史十八人。 丞掌判府事。 主簿掌印,檢勾稽。 錄事掌受事發辰。
Two Assistant Directors, upper sixth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, lower ninth rank. Nine clerks and eighteen writing clerks. Assistant Directors adjudicate office affairs. The Chief Clerk manages seals and audit inspection. Recording Clerks receive documents and dispatch correspondence.
146
司直一人,正七品上,令史一人,書令史二人,亭長四人,掌固六人。 司直掌彈劾宮僚,糾舉職事。 太子朝,宮臣則分知東西班。 凡諸司文武應參官,每月皆具在否以刺之。
One Rectifier of upper seventh rank; one clerk, two writing clerks, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Rectifier impeaches palace officials and investigates official duties. At the Heir Apparent's court assembly, palace officials are divided to manage the east and west ranks. Each month a report of presence or absence is submitted for all civil and military officials of various offices who should attend.
147
太子左春坊:左庶子二人,正四品上。 中允二人。 正五品下。 左庶子掌侍從贊相,駁正啟奏。 中允為之貳。
Heir Apparent's Left Spring Office — two Left Subordinate Heirs, upper fourth rank. Two Central Approvers. Lower fifth rank. The Left Subordinate Heir attends the Heir Apparent, assists in ceremony, and reviews memorials. The Central Approver serves as his deputy.
148
司議郎四人,正六品上。 錄事二人,從八品下。 主事二人,從九品下。 令史七人,書令史十四人。 司議郎掌啟奏記注宮內祥瑞,宮長除拜薨卒,每年終送史館。
Four Discussion Masters, upper sixth rank. Two recording clerks, lower secondary eighth rank. Two chief clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. Seven clerks and fourteen writing clerks. Discussion Masters record memorials on auspicious signs within the palace and appointments and deaths of palace elders, sent to the Historiography Office at year's end.
149
左諭德一人,正四品下。 左贊善大夫五人,正五品上。 傳令四人,掌儀二人,贊者四人。 左諭德掌諷諭規諫。
One Left Admonishing Virtue, lower fourth rank. Five Left Assistants of Goodness, upper fifth rank. Four order transmitters, two ceremonial masters, and four announcers. The Left Admonishing Virtue offers admonition and remonstrance.
150
崇文館:貞觀中置,太子學館也。 學士,直學士,員數不定。 學生二十人,校書二人,從九品下,令史二人,典書二人,搨書手二人,書手十人,熟紙匠三人,裝潢匠五人,筆匠三人。 學士掌東宮經籍圖書,以教授諸生。 凡課試舉送,如弘文館。 校書掌校理四庫書籍。
Hall of Exalted Culture — established in the Zhenguan era as the Heir Apparent's academy. Academicians and duty academicians — numbers not fixed. Twenty students, two text collators of lower secondary ninth rank, two clerks, two library keepers, two rubbing copyists, ten copyists, three paper-preparation craftsmen, five binding craftsmen, and three brush craftsmen. Academicians manage the Eastern Palace's classics, registers, and books and instruct the students. Examinations and recommendations follow the same procedure as the Hall of Broad Culture. Text collators collate books in the Four Repositories.
151
司經局:洗馬二人,從五品下。 洗馬,漢官,為太子前馬。 太子文學三人,正六品。 校書四人,正九品。 正字二人,從九品上。 書令史二人,楷書手二十五人,典書四人。 洗馬掌四庫圖籍繕寫、刊緝之事。 文學掌侍奉文章。 校書、正字掌典校四庫書籍。
Classics Bureau — two Grooms of the Heir Apparent, lower secondary fifth rank. Groom of the Heir Apparent is a Han office — the horse before the Heir Apparent. Three Literary Attendants of the Heir Apparent, sixth rank. Four text collators, ninth rank. Two orthographers, upper secondary ninth rank. Two writing clerks, twenty-five regular-script copyists, and four library keepers. The Groom oversees copying, editing, and collation of the Four Repositories' maps and registers. Literary Attendants attend the Heir Apparent and manage literary composition. Text collators and orthographers collate books in the Four Repositories.
152
典膳局:典膳郎三人,正六品上。 丞二人,正八品上。 書令史二人,主食六人,典食二百人,掌固四人。 典膳郎掌進膳嘗食,每夕局官於廚更直。
Provisions Bureau — three Provisions Masters, upper sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper eighth rank. Two writing clerks, six chief food attendants, two hundred food keepers, and four gatekeepers. Provisions Masters present meals and taste food; each evening bureau officials rotate kitchen duty.
153
藥藏局:藥藏郎二人,正六品上。 丞二人,正八品上。 侍醫典藥九人,藥童十八人,掌固六人。 藥藏郎掌和劑醫藥。
Pharmacy Bureau — two Pharmacy Masters, upper sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper eighth rank. Nine attending physicians and pharmacy keepers, eighteen pharmacy apprentices, and six gatekeepers. Pharmacy Masters compound medicines.
154
內直局:內直郎二人,從六品下。 丞二人,正八品下。 典服三十人,典扇十五人,典翰十五人,裳固六人。 內直郎掌符璽、傘扇、几案、衣服之事。
Inner Service Bureau — two Inner Service Masters, lower secondary sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower eighth rank. Thirty garment keepers, fifteen fan keepers, fifteen writing-material keepers, and six gatekeepers. Inner Service Masters manage seals, umbrellas, fans, tables, and clothing.
155
典設局:典設郎四人,從六品下,丞二人,正八品下。 幕士六百人。 典設郎掌湯沐、灑掃、鋪陳之事。 凡大祭祀,太子助祭,則於正殿東設幄坐。
Equipment Bureau — four Equipment Masters of lower secondary sixth rank and two Assistant Directors of lower eighth rank. Six hundred tent attendants. Equipment Masters manage bathing, sweeping, and furnishing. At great sacrifices when the Heir Apparent assists, a curtained seat is set up east of the main hall.
156
宮門局:宮門郎二人,從六品下。 丞二人,正八品下。 門僕一百三十人。 宮門郎掌內外宮門管鑰之事。 其鐘鼓刻漏,一如皇居之制也。
Palace Gate Bureau — two Palace Gate Masters, lower secondary sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower eighth rank. One hundred thirty gate attendants. Palace Gate Masters manage keys for inner and outer palace gates. Their bells, drums, and water clocks follow the same regulations as the imperial residence.
157
太子右春坊:右庶子二人,正四品下。 中舍人二人,正五品上。 舍人四人,正六品上。 錄事一人,從八品下。 主事二人,從九品下。 舍人掌行令書令旨及表啟之事。 太子通表,如諸臣之禮。 諸臣及宮臣上皇太子,大事以箋,小事以啟,其封題皆曰上,右春坊通事舍人開封以進。 其事可施行者皆下於坊,舍人開,庶子參詳之,然後進。 不可者則否。
Heir Apparent's Right Spring Office — two Right Subordinate Heirs, lower fourth rank. Two Central Attendants, upper fifth rank. Four Attendants, upper sixth rank. One recording clerk, lower secondary eighth rank. Two chief clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. Attendants carry out written orders, oral instructions, memorials, and petitions. The Heir Apparent submits memorials by the same ritual as other officials. When officials and palace officials address the Heir Apparent, major matters use formal notes and minor matters brief reports; all are sealed with the heading "To the Heir Apparent"; the Right Spring Office Interpreter Attendant opens and forwards them. Matters that may be implemented are sent to the office; the Attendant opens them, the Subordinate Heir reviews them, and then they are forwarded. Those that may not be are rejected.
158
右諭德一人,正四品下。 右贊善大夫五人,正五品上。 傳令四人,諭德、贊善,掌事如左。 通事舍人八人,正七品下。 典謁二十人。 舍人掌導引宮臣辭見及承令勞問之事。
One Right Admonishing Virtue, lower fourth rank. Five Right Assistants of Goodness, upper fifth rank. Four order transmitters; the Admonishing Virtue and Assistants of Goodness manage affairs as on the left. Eight Interpreter Attendants, lower seventh rank. Twenty reception masters. Attendants guide palace officials in farewell audiences and carry out orders for consolation inquiries.
159
太子內坊:皆宦者為司局。 典內二人,從五品下。 錄事一人,典直四人,正九品下。 導客舍人六人,閣帥六人,內閽八人,內給使,無員數。 內廄二十人,典事二人,駕士三十人。 典內掌東宮閣門之禁令,及宮人衣廩賜與之出入。 丞為之貳。 典直主儀式。 導客主儐序。 閣帥主門戶。 內閽主出入。 給使主傘扇。 內廄主車輿。 典事主牛馬。 典內統而監之。
Heir Apparent's Inner Office — all bureau chiefs are eunuchs. Two Inner Supervisors, lower secondary fifth rank. One recording clerk and four Rectifiers of lower ninth rank. Six guest-guide attendants, six pavilion commanders, eight inner ushers, and inner attendants of unfixed number. Twenty inner stable attendants, two record keepers, and thirty grooms. Inner Supervisors enforce Eastern Palace pavilion gate prohibitions and manage palace women's clothing, grain rations, grants, and entry and exit. Assistant Directors serve as their deputies. Rectifiers manage ceremonial forms. Guest guides manage reception order. Pavilion commanders manage gates and doors. Inner ushers manage entry and exit. Attendants manage umbrellas and fans. Inner stable attendants manage carriages. Record keepers manage cattle and horses. Inner Supervisors oversee and supervise them all.
160
太子內官:司閨二人,從六品。 掌導引妃及宮人名簿,總掌正、掌書、掌筵三司。 掌正三人,從八品。 掌文書出入,目錄為記。 並閣門管鑰,糾察推罰。 女史,流外三品。 掌典文簿而執行焉。 掌書三人,從八品。 掌寶、符契、經簿、宣傳、啟奏、教學、廩賜、紙筆、監印。
Heir Apparent's Inner Officials — two Inner Chamber Masters, secondary sixth rank. They guide consorts and maintain palace women's name registers, and overall supervise the Chief, Documents, and Banquets offices. Three Chiefs, secondary eighth rank. They manage documents entering and leaving and keep catalog records. They also manage pavilion gate keys and investigate and impose punishments. Female scribes, outside-the-ranks third grade. They maintain canonical registers and carry out their provisions. Three Document Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage treasures, tally tokens, classic registers, proclamations, memorials and petitions, instruction, grain grants, paper and brushes, and seal supervision.
161
掌筵三人,從八品。 掌帷幄、床褥、几案、傘扇、灑掃、鋪設之事。 司禮二人,從六品。 掌禮儀參見,以總掌嚴掌縫,掌藏,而領其事。 掌嚴三人,從八品。 掌首飾、衣服、巾櫛、膏沐、仗衛。 掌縫三人,從八品。 掌裁縫、織繢。 掌藏三人,從八品。 掌貨貝、珠玉、錦彩。
Three Banquet Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage curtains, bedding, tables, umbrellas, fans, sweeping, and furnishing. Two Ritual Masters, secondary sixth rank. They manage ceremonial etiquette and audiences and overall supervise the Adornment, Sewing, and Treasury offices. Three Adornment Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage headdresses, clothing, towels and combs, ointments and bathing, and ceremonial guard. Three Sewing Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage cutting, sewing, weaving, and embroidery. Three Treasury Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage goods, shells, pearls, jade, and brocades.
162
司饌二人,從六品。 掌膳羞。 進食先嘗,總掌食、掌醫、掌園三司,而領其事。 掌食三人,從八品。 掌膳羞、酒醴、燈燭。 掌醫三人,從八品。 掌醫主醫藥。 掌園三人,從八品。 掌園苑樹藝、蔬果。
Two Food Masters, secondary sixth rank. They manage prepared dishes. They taste food before it is served and overall supervise the Food, Medicine, and Gardens offices. Three Food Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage prepared dishes, wine and fermented grain, and lamps and candles. Three Medicine Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage physicians and medicines. Three Garden Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage garden cultivation, trees, and fruits and vegetables.
163
太子家令寺:令一人,從四品上。 丞二人,從七品上。 主簿一人,正九品下。 錄事一人。 家令掌太子飲膳、倉儲、庫藏之政令,總食官、典倉、司藏三署之官屬。
Heir Apparent's Household Directorate — one Director, upper secondary fourth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, lower ninth rank. One recording clerk. The Household Director oversees orders for the Heir Apparent's food and drink, granaries, and treasuries and supervises the Food, Granary, and Treasury bureaus.
164
食官署:令一人,從八品下。 丞二人,從九品下。 掌膳十二人,奉觶三十人。 食官令掌飲膳之事。
Food Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary ninth rank. Twelve food attendants and thirty cup bearers. The Food Director manages food and drink affairs.
165
典倉署:令一人,從八品下。 丞二人,從九品下。 園丞二人,典事六人。 典倉令掌九谷入藏,及醯醢、庶羞、器皿、燈燭之事。
Granary Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary ninth rank. Two garden Assistant Directors and six record keepers. The Granary Director manages storing the nine grains, pickled sauces, various dishes, utensils, and lamps and candles.
166
司藏署:令一人,從八品下。 丞二人。 從九品下。 司藏令掌庫藏財貨、出納、營繕之事。
Treasury Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors. Lower secondary ninth rank. The Treasury Director manages treasury goods, receipts and disbursements, and construction and repair.
167
太子率更寺:令一人,從四品上。 丞二人,從七品上。 主簿一人,正九品下。 錄事一人,伶官師二人,漏刻博士二人,掌漏六人,漏童六十人,典鼓二十四人。 率更令掌宗族次序、禮樂、刑罰及漏刻之政令。
Heir Apparent's Commandant of Watch Changes Directorate — one Director, upper secondary fourth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, lower ninth rank. One recording clerk, two music-master instructors, two water-clock doctors, six clock keepers, sixty clock apprentices, and twenty-four drum keepers. The Commandant of Watch Changes oversees orders for clan precedence, ritual and music, punishments, and water clocks.
168
太子僕寺:僕一人,從四品下。 丞一人,從七品上。 主簿一人,正九品下。 錄事一人,太子僕掌車輿、乘騎、儀仗之政令及喪葬之禮物,辨其次序。
Heir Apparent's Master of Carriages Directorate — one Master, lower secondary fourth rank. One Assistant Director, upper secondary seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, lower ninth rank. One recording clerk; the Master of Carriages oversees orders for carriages, riding horses, ceremonial guard, and funeral gifts and determines their order.
169
廄牧署:令一人,從八品下。 丞二人,從九品下。 典乘四人,牧長四人,翼馭十五人,駕士三十人,獸醫二十人。 廄牧令掌車馬、閑廄、牧畜之事。 東宮武官太子左、右衛率府:秦、漢有太子衛率,主門衛。 晉分左、右、中、前四衛率,後代因置左、右率。 北齊為衛率坊。 隋初始分置左右衛率府、左右宗衛率、左右虞候、左右內率、左右監門率十府,以備儲闈武衛之職。 煬帝改為左、右侍率,國家復為衛率。 龍朔改為左、右典戎衛,咸亨復。 率各一員,正四品上。 副率各一人,從四品上。 左右衛率掌東宮兵仗羽衛之政令,總諸曹之事。 凡親勳翊府及廣濟等五府屬焉。 凡正、至太子朝,宮臣率其屬儀仗,為左右廂之周衛,出入如鹵簿之法。
Stable and Pasture Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary ninth rank. Four carriage keepers, four pasture chiefs, fifteen wing grooms, thirty grooms, and twenty veterinarians. The Stable and Pasture Director manages carriages and horses, idle stables, and livestock pasturing. Eastern Palace military offices — Heir Apparent's Left and Right Guard Commandant offices: Qin and Han had the Heir Apparent's Guard Commandant managing gate security. The Jin divided into Left, Right, Central, and Front Guard Commandants; later dynasties established Left and Right Commandants accordingly. Northern Qi called it the Guard Commandant Office. Early Sui first established ten offices — Left and Right Guard Commandant, Left and Right Clan Guard Commandant, Left and Right Patrol, Left and Right Inner Commandant, and Left and Right Gate Guard Commandant — as reserve inner-palace martial guard. Emperor Yang renamed them Left and Right Attendant Commandants; our dynasty restored Guard Commandant. Under Longshuo they became Left and Right Martial Guard Supervisors; under Xianheng the former name was restored. One Commandant each, upper fourth rank. One Vice Commandant each, upper secondary fourth rank. Left and Right Guard Commandants oversee Eastern Palace arms, weapons, and feathered guard regulations and coordinate all staff sections. The Intimate, Meritorious, and Support offices and five offices including Broad Relief are subordinate to them. At the winter solstice and summer solstice court assemblies, palace officials lead their subordinates' ceremonial guard as left- and right-wing encircling guard, entering and exiting by imperial procession regulations.
170
長史各一人,正七品上。 錄事參軍事各一人。 從八品上。 倉曹參軍一人,從八品下,兵曹參軍一人,從八品下。 胄曹參軍一人,從八品下。 司階一人,從六品上。 中候二人,從七品下。 司戈二人,從八品下。 執戟三人。 從九品下。 長史掌判諸曹及三府五府之貳。 錄事掌監印勾稽。 官掌本曹簿籍。 職事皆視上臺。 親府勳翊府中郎將各一人,從四品上。 左、右郎將各一人,正五品下。 錄事一人,兵曹參軍一人,校尉五人,旅帥十人,隊正二十人,副隊正二十人。 郎將掌其府之屬以宿衛,而總其事。 職掌一視上臺親府。
One Chief Administrator each, upper seventh rank. One recording staff officer each. Upper secondary eighth rank. One Granary Staff Officer and one Military Staff Officer, both lower secondary eighth rank. One Armor Staff Officer, lower secondary eighth rank. One Stairway Master, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Central Guards, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Halberd Masters, lower secondary eighth rank. Three Halberd Bearers. Lower secondary ninth rank. The Chief Administrator adjudicates all sections and serves as deputy for the three and five offices. The recording clerk supervises seals and audits records. Officials manage their own section registers. All duties follow the upper platform precedent. One Central Commandant each for the Intimate, Meritorious, and Support offices, upper secondary fourth rank. One Left and one Right Commandant each, lower fifth rank. One recording clerk, one military staff officer, five company captains, ten platoon leaders, twenty squad leaders, and twenty deputy squad leaders. Commandants lead their office's subordinates on night guard duty and oversee their affairs. Duties all follow the upper platform Intimate office precedent.
171
太子左、右司御率府:本號左、右宗衛府,龍朔改為司御率府。 率各一人,正四品上。 副率各二人,從四品上。 衛御率掌同左右率。
Heir Apparent's Left and Right Imperial Attendant Commandant offices were originally Left and Right Clan Guard offices; under Longshuo they became Imperial Attendant Commandant offices. One Commandant each, upper fourth rank. Two Vice Commandants each, upper secondary fourth rank. Imperial Attendant Commandants' duties match those of the Left and Right Commandants.
172
長史、錄事參軍事、倉兵胄三曹參軍、司階、中候、司戈、執戟。 人數、品秩、職掌如左右衛府也。
Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, Granary, Military, and Armor staff officers, Stairway Master, Central Guard, Halberd Master, and Halberd Bearer. Numbers, ranks, and duties as for the Left and Right Guard offices.
173
太子左、右清道率府:隋文置左右虞候府,各開府一人,掌斥候。 國初亦為左、右虞候,龍朔改為清道率府,神龍又為虞候,開元復為清道也。 率各一人,正四品上。 副率各二人。 從四品上。 清道率掌東宮內外晝夜巡警之法。
Heir Apparent's Left and Right Clearing-the-Way Commandant offices: Emperor Wen of Sui established Left and Right Patrol offices with one office opener each to manage reconnaissance. At the founding of the state they were Left and Right Patrol; under Longshuo they became Clearing-the-Way Commandant offices; under Shendlong Patrol was restored; under Kaiyuan Clearing-the-Way was restored. One Commandant each, upper fourth rank. Two Vice Commandants each. Upper secondary fourth rank. Clearing-the-Way Commandants oversee day-and-night patrol regulations inside and outside the Eastern Palace.
174
長史、錄事參軍事、倉兵胄三曹參軍、司階、中候、司戈、執戟。 人數、品秩如左右衛率府。
Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, Granary, Military, and Armor staff officers, Stairway Master, Central Guard, Halberd Master, and Halberd Bearer. Numbers and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard Commandant offices.
175
太子左右監門率府:隋置此官,國家因之。 率各一人,正四品上。 副率各一人。 從四品上。 左右監門率掌東宮禁衛之法,應以籍入宮殿門者,二率司其出入,如上臺之法。
Heir Apparent's Left and Right Gate Guard Commandant offices: the Sui established them; our dynasty kept the arrangement. One Commandant each, upper fourth rank. One Vice Commandant each. Upper secondary fourth rank. Left and Right Gate Guard Commandants oversee Eastern Palace security regulations; for those authorized by register to enter palace gates, the two Commandants control entry and exit by upper platform regulations.
176
長史、錄事參軍事、兵胄二曹參軍。 監門直長七十八人。 人數、品秩同諸率府。
Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, and Military and Armor staff officers. Seventy-eight Gate Guard squad leaders. Numbers and ranks the same as the various Commandant offices.
177
太子左、右內率府:隋初置內率府,擬上臺千牛衛。 龍朔初,為奉裕率,咸亨復。 率各一人,正四品上。 副率各一人。 從四品上。 左、右內率之職,掌東宮千牛備身侍奉之事,而立其兵仗,總其府事。
Heir Apparent's Left and Right Inner Commandant offices: early Sui established Inner Commandant offices modeled on the upper platform Thousand-Ox Guard. At the beginning of Longshuo it became Attendant Commandant; under Xianheng the former name was restored. One Commandant each, upper fourth rank. One Vice Commandant each. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Left and Right Inner Commandants oversee Eastern Palace Thousand-Ox Bodyguard attendance, maintain their arms, and coordinate office affairs.
178
長史、錄事參軍事、兵胄二曹參軍,人數、品秩如諸率。 千牛十六人,備身二十八人,主仗六十人。 王府官屬公主邑司親王府:傅一人,從三品。 漢官有王傅、太傅,魏、晉後唯置師,國家因之,開元改為傅。 諮議參軍一人,正五品上。 友一人,從五品下。 文學二人,從六品上。 東閣、西閣祭酒各一人。 從七品上。 傅掌傅相贊導,而匡其過失。 諮議訏謀左右。 友陪侍規諷。 文學讎校典籍,侍從文章。 祭酒接對賓客。
Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, and Military and Armor staff officers — numbers and ranks as for the various Commandants. Sixteen Thousand-Ox guards, twenty-eight bodyguards, and sixty arms keepers. Princely residence officials and princess fief offices — Princely Residence: one Tutor, secondary third rank. Han offices had Princely Tutor and Grand Tutor; after Wei and Jin only Tutor was maintained; our dynasty kept this; under Kaiyuan it was renamed Tutor. One Advisory Staff Officer, upper fifth rank. One Companion, lower secondary fifth rank. Two Literary Attendants, upper secondary sixth rank. One Libationer each for the East and West Pavilions. Upper secondary seventh rank. The Tutor instructs, assists, and guides the prince and corrects his errors. The Advisory Staff Officer offers counsel at the prince's side. The Companion attends the prince and offers remonstrance. Literary Attendants collate classics and assist with literary composition. Libationers receive and entertain guests.
179
長史一人,從四品上。 司馬一人,從四品下。 掾一人,正六品上。 屬一人,正六品上。 主簿一人,從六品上。 史二人,記室參軍事二人,從六品上。 錄事參軍事一人,從六品上。 錄事一人,從九品上。 功倉戶兵騎法士等七曹參軍事各一人,正七品上。 參軍事二人,正八品下。 行參軍四人,從八品。 典簽二人。 從八品下。 長史、司馬統領府僚,紀綱職務。 掾統判七曹參軍事。 主簿掌覆省王教。 記室掌表啟書疏。 錄事參軍事勾稽省署鈔目。 錄事掌受事發辰。 七曹參軍各督本曹事,出使檢校。 典簽宣傳教命。
One Chief Administrator, upper secondary fourth rank. One Vice Director, lower secondary fourth rank. One Section Chief, upper sixth rank. One Aide, upper sixth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary sixth rank. Two scribes and two secretarial staff officers of upper secondary sixth rank. One recording staff officer, upper secondary sixth rank. One recording clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Cavalry, Law, and Scholar sections — upper seventh rank. Two staff officers, lower eighth rank. Four acting staff officers, secondary eighth rank. Two document keepers. Lower secondary eighth rank. Chief Administrator and Vice Director lead the residence staff and maintain discipline of duties. The Section Chief overall adjudicates the seven section staff officers. The Chief Clerk reviews princely edicts. The secretarial section manages memorials, reports, and correspondence. The recording staff officer audits office records and copies. The recording clerk receives documents and dispatches correspondence. Each of the seven section staff officers supervises his section and goes on inspection missions. Document keepers proclaim and transmit orders.
180
親王親事府:典軍二人,正五品上。 副典軍二人,從五品上。 執仗親事十六人,執乘親事十六人,親事三百三十三人,校尉、旅帥、隊正、隊副。 准部內人數多少置。 親王帳內府典軍二人,副典軍二人,品秩如親事府。 帳內六百六十七人,校尉、旅帥、隊正、隊副。 看人數置。 典軍、副典軍之職,掌率校尉已下守衛陪從之事。
Imperial Prince's Personal Service Office — two Army Supervisors, upper fifth rank. Two Vice Army Supervisors, upper secondary fifth rank. Sixteen arms-bearing personal attendants, sixteen mount-bearing personal attendants, three hundred thirty-three personal attendants, and company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Established according to the number of people within the department. Imperial Prince's Inner Tent Office — two Army Supervisors and two Vice Army Supervisors, ranks as for the Personal Service Office. Six hundred sixty-seven inner tent attendants, with company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Established according to numbers of people. Army Supervisors and Vice Army Supervisors lead company captains and below in guard and attendance affairs.
181
親王國:令一人,從七品下。 大農二人,從八品下。 尉二人,正九品下。 丞一人,從九品下。 錄事一人,典衛八人,舍人四人,學官長一人,食官長一人,丞一人,廄牧長二人,丞二人,典府長二人,丞二人。 國令、大農掌通判國事。 國尉、國丞掌判國司,勾稽監印事。 典衛守居宅。 舍人引納。 學官教授內人。
Imperial Prince's Fief — one Magistrate, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Grand Agriculturists, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Captains, lower ninth rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk, eight guard keepers, four attendants, one academy chief, one food chief and one Assistant Director, two stable and pasture chiefs and two Assistant Directors, and two treasury chiefs and two Assistant Directors. The Fief Magistrate and Grand Agriculturists overall adjudicate fief affairs. The Fief Captain and Assistant Director adjudicate fief offices and handle audit and seal supervision. Guard keepers guard the residence. Attendants guide and receive visitors. Academy officials instruct inner household members.
182
公主邑司:令一人,從七品下。 丞一人,從八品下。 錄事一人,從九品下。 主簿二人,謁者二人,舍人二人,家吏二人。 公主邑司官各掌主家財貨出入、田園征封之事。 其制度,皆隸宗正寺。 州縣官員京兆河南太原等府:自秦、漢已來為雍、洛、并州。 周、隋或置總管都督,通名為府。 開元初,乃為京兆府、河南府、太原府。 三府牧各一員,從二品。 牧,古官,舜置十二牧是也。 秦以京城守為內史,漢武改為尹。 後魏、北齊、周、隋又以京守為牧。 武德初,因隋置牧,以親王為之。 或不出閣,長史知府事。 尹各一員,從三品。 京城守,秦曰內史,漢曰尹,後代因之。 隋為內史。 武德初置牧,以長史總府事。 開元初,雍、洛、並改為府,乃升長史為尹,從三品,專總府事也。 少尹各二員,從四品下。 魏、晉已下,州府有治中,隋文改為司馬,煬帝改為贊理,又為丞,武德改為治中,永徽避高宗名,改為司馬,開元初,改為少尹。 司錄參軍二人,正七品。 錄事四人,從九品上。 功倉戶兵法士等六曹參軍事各二人,正七品下。 府史、《隋書》有之。 參軍事六人,正八品下。 執刀十五人,典獄十一人,問事十二人,白直二十四人。 經學博士一人,從八品上。 助教二人,學生八十人。 醫藥博士一人,助教一人,學生二十人。
Princess Fief Office — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. Two chief clerks, two ushers, two attendants, and two household clerks. Princess Fief Office officials each manage household goods, and fields, gardens, taxes, and grants. Their regulations all fall under the Court of the Imperial Clan. Prefectural and county officials — Jingzhao, Henan, Taiyuan, and other prefectures: since Qin and Han they have been Yong, Luo, and Bing prefectures. Under Zhou and Sui, area commanders or governors were sometimes established; they were uniformly called prefectures. At the beginning of Kaiyuan they became Jingzhao Prefecture, Henan Prefecture, and Taiyuan Prefecture. One Prefect each for the three prefectures, secondary second rank. Prefect is an ancient office — Shun established twelve prefects. Qin made the capital guardian Inner Administrator; Emperor Wu of Han renamed him Intendant. Later Wei, Northern Qi, Zhou, and Sui again made the capital guardian Prefect. At the beginning of Wude, following the Sui, Prefect was established and filled by imperial princes. Some did not leave their pavilions; the Chief Administrator managed prefectural affairs. One Intendant each, secondary third rank. Capital guardian: Qin called it Inner Administrator, Han Intendant; later dynasties kept the title. The Sui called it Inner Administrator. At the beginning of Wude Prefect was established; the Chief Administrator overall managed prefectural affairs. At the beginning of Kaiyuan Yong, Luo, and Bing became prefectures; the Chief Administrator was promoted to Intendant of secondary third rank to exclusively manage prefectural affairs. Two Vice Intendants each, lower secondary fourth rank. From Wei and Jin downward prefectures had a Chief Administrator; Emperor Wen of Sui renamed it Vice Director; Emperor Yang Assistant Administrator, then Assistant Director; Wude restored Chief Administrator; Yonghui avoided Emperor Gaozong's name and renamed it Vice Director; at the beginning of Kaiyuan it became Vice Intendant. Two Recording Staff Officers, seventh rank. Four recording clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Two staff officers each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Law, and Scholar sections — lower seventh rank. Prefecture scribes — the 《Book of Sui》 mentions them. Six staff officers, lower eighth rank. Fifteen sword bearers, eleven prison keepers, twelve inquiry clerks, and twenty-four day-duty attendants. One Classicist Doctor, upper secondary eighth rank. Two assistant instructors and eighty students. One Medicine Doctor, one assistant instructor, and twenty students.
183
大都督府:魏黃初二年,始置都督諸州軍事之名,後代因之。 至隋改為總管府。 武德四年又改為都督,貞觀中分為上、中、下都督府也。 都督一員,從二品。 長史一人,從三品。 司馬二人,從四品下。 錄事參軍事二人,正七品上。 錄事二人,從九品上。 功倉戶兵法士六曹參軍事,功士二曹各一員,余曹各二員,並正七品下也。 典獄十六人,問事十人,白直二十四人,市令一人,從九品上。 丞一人,佐一人,史二人,倉督二人。 經學博士一人,從八品上。 助教二人,學生六十人。 醫學博士一人,從八品下。 助教一人,學生十五人。
Superior Area Command Prefecture: in the second year of Huangchu of Wei the title Commander of Military Affairs of Various Prefectures was first established; later dynasties kept it. The Sui renamed it Area Commander Prefecture. In the fourth year of Wude it was again renamed Area Command; in the Zhenguan era it was divided into superior, middle, and inferior Area Command prefectures. One Area Commander, secondary second rank. One Chief Administrator, secondary third rank. Two Vice Directors, lower secondary fourth rank. Two recording staff officers, upper seventh rank. Two recording clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Staff officers for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Law, and Scholar sections — one each for Merit and Scholar, two each for the rest — all lower seventh rank. Sixteen prison keepers, ten inquiry clerks, twenty-four day-duty attendants, and one market director of upper secondary ninth rank. One Assistant Director, one aide, two scribes, and two granary supervisors. One Classicist Doctor, upper secondary eighth rank. Two assistant instructors and sixty students. One Medicine Doctor, lower secondary eighth rank. One assistant instructor and fifteen students.
184
中都督府:都督一員,正三品上。 別駕一人,正四品下。 長史一人,正五品上。 司馬一人,正五品下。 錄事參軍事一人,從七品下。 錄事二人,從九品上。 功倉戶兵法士六曹參軍事各一人,並從七品上。 參軍事四人,從八品上。 典獄十四人,白直二十人,市令一人,從九品上。 丞一人,佐一人,史二人,帥三人,倉督二人。 經學博士一人,從八品下。 助教二人,學生六十人。 醫藥博士一人,學生十五人。
Middle Area Command Prefecture — one Area Commander, upper third rank. One Vice Prefect, lower fourth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper fifth rank. One Vice Director, lower fifth rank. One recording staff officer, lower secondary seventh rank. Two recording clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Law, and Scholar sections — all upper secondary seventh rank. Four staff officers, upper secondary eighth rank. Fourteen prison keepers, twenty day-duty attendants, and one market director of upper secondary ninth rank. One Assistant Director, one aide, two scribes, three squad leaders, and two granary supervisors. One Classicist Doctor, lower secondary eighth rank. Two assistant instructors and sixty students. One Medicine Doctor and fifteen students.
185
下都督府:都督一員,從三品。 別駕一人,從四品下。 長史一人,從五品上。 司馬一人,從五品上。 錄事參軍事一人,從七品上。 錄事二人,從九品下。 功倉戶兵法士六曹參軍事各一人,從七品下。 參軍事三人,從八品下。 典獄十二人,問事六人,白直十六人,市令一人,從九品上。 丞二人,佐一人,史二人,帥二人,倉督二人。 經學博士一人,從八品下。 助教一人,學生五十人。 醫學博士一人,助教一人,學生十二人。
Inferior Area Command Prefecture — one Area Commander, secondary third rank. One Vice Prefect, lower secondary fourth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper secondary fifth rank. One Vice Director, upper secondary fifth rank. One recording staff officer, upper secondary seventh rank. Two recording clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Law, and Scholar sections — lower secondary seventh rank. Three staff officers, lower secondary eighth rank. Twelve prison keepers, six inquiry clerks, sixteen day-duty attendants, and one market director of upper secondary ninth rank. Two Assistant Directors, one aide, two scribes, two squad leaders, and two granary supervisors. One Classicist Doctor, lower secondary eighth rank. One assistant instructor and fifty students. One Medicine Doctor, one assistant instructor, and twelve students.
186
上州:州之名,古也。 舜置十二州,《禹貢》九州,漢置十三州。 秦並六國,置三十六郡。 漢則以州統郡。 其後武德改郡為州,改州為郡,事見諸卷。 國家制,戶滿四萬以上為上州。 刺史一員,從三品。 秦分天下為三十六郡,郡置守、都尉各一人,仍以御史一人監郡。 漢廢監郡御史,丞相遣掾吏分察諸郡。 漢武元光五年,分天下置十三州,分統諸郡。 每州遣使者一人,督察官吏清濁,謂之十三州刺史。 後漢遂以名臣為刺史,專州郡之政,仍置別駕、治中、諸曹掾屬,號曰外置刺史。 天寶改州為郡,置太守。 乾元元年,改郡為州,州置刺史。 初,漢代奉使者皆持節,故刺史臨部,皆持節。 至魏、晉,刺史任重者,為使持節都督,輕者為持節。 後魏、北齊,總官、刺史,則加使持節諸軍事,以此為常。 隋開皇三年罷郡,以州統縣,刺史之名存而職廢。 而于刺史太守官位中,不落持節之名,至今不改,有名無實也。 至德之後,中原用兵,大將為刺史者,兼治軍旅,遂依天寶邊將故事,加節度使之號,連制數郡。 奉辭之日,賜雙旌雙節,如後魏、北齊故事。 名目雖殊,得古刺史督郡之制也。 別駕一人,從四品下。 長史一人,從五品上。 司馬一人,從五品下。 錄事參軍事一人,從七品上。 錄事三人,從九品上。 司功、司倉、司戶、司兵、司法、司士六曹參軍事各一人,並從七品下。 參軍事四人,典獄十四人,問事八人,白直二十四人,市令一人,從九品上。 丞一人,佐一人,史二人,帥三人,倉督二人。 經學博士一人,從八品下。 助教二人,學生六十人,醫學博士一人,正九品下。 助教一人,學生十五人。
Superior Prefecture — the name prefecture is ancient. Shun established twelve prefectures; the 《Tribute of Yu》 has nine prefectures; Han established thirteen prefectures. Qin united the six states and established thirty-six commanderies. Han used prefectures to govern commanderies. Later Wude changed commanderies to prefectures and prefectures to commanderies — as recorded in various chapters. Under state regulations, prefectures with forty thousand or more households are superior prefectures. One Prefectural Governor, secondary third rank. Qin divided the realm into thirty-six commanderies, each with one Administrator and one Commandant, and one Censor to supervise the commandery. Han abolished commandery-supervising Censors; the Chancellor sent staff officers to inspect various commanderies. In the fifth year of Yuanguang of Emperor Wu of Han, the realm was divided into thirteen prefectures governing various commanderies. Each prefecture sent one envoy to inspect officials' integrity and corruption — called the Thirteen Prefectural Governors. Later Han appointed renowned ministers as Prefectural Governors to exclusively manage prefectural and commandery affairs, with Vice Prefect, Chief Administrator, and various section chiefs and aides — called externally stationed Prefectural Governors. Under Tianbao prefectures became commanderies and Grand Administrators were established. In the first year of Qianyuan commanderies became prefectures and Prefectural Governors were established. Initially Han envoys all bore credentials; thus Prefectural Governors on taking up their posts all bore credentials. By Wei and Jin, Prefectural Governors with heavy responsibilities became Credential-Bearing Area Commanders; lighter ones Credential Bearers. Later Wei and Northern Qi added Credential-Bearing Commander of Military Affairs for area commanders and Prefectural Governors — this became the norm. In the third year of Kaihuang of Sui commanderies were abolished and prefectures governed counties; the name Prefectural Governor remained but the office was defunct. Yet in the rank of Prefectural Governor and Grand Administrator the name Credential Bearer was not dropped; to the present it has not changed — a name without reality. After Zhide, with warfare in the Central Plains, great generals serving as Prefectural Governors also managed military affairs; following the Tianbao frontier general precedent, the title Military Commissioner was added, controlling several commanderies. On the day of receiving commission, double banners and double credentials were granted, as under Later Wei and Northern Qi. Though the titles differ, they restored the ancient system of Prefectural Governors supervising commanderies. One Vice Prefect, lower secondary fourth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper secondary fifth rank. One Vice Director, lower secondary fifth rank. One recording staff officer, upper secondary seventh rank. Three recording clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Law, and Scholar sections — all lower secondary seventh rank. Four staff officers, fourteen prison keepers, eight inquiry clerks, twenty-four day-duty attendants, and one market director of upper secondary ninth rank. One Assistant Director, one aide, two scribes, three squad leaders, and two granary supervisors. One Classicist Doctor, lower secondary eighth rank. Two assistant instructors, sixty students, and one Medicine Doctor of lower ninth rank. One assistant instructor and fifteen students.
187
中州:戶滿二萬戶已上,為中州。 刺史一員,正四品上。 別駕一人,正五品下。 長史一人,正六品上。 司馬一人,六品上。 錄事參軍事一人,正八品上。 錄事一人,從九品上。 司功、司倉、司戶、司法、司士六曹參軍事各一人,並正八品下。 隨曹有佐史人數。 參軍事三人,正九品上。 執刀十人,典獄十二人,問事六人,白直十六人,市令一人,丞、佐各一人,史、帥、倉督各二人。 經學博士一人,正九品上。 助教一人,學生五十人。 醫藥博士一人,從九品下。 助教一人,學生十二人。
Middle Prefecture — prefectures with twenty thousand or more households are middle prefectures. One Prefectural Governor, upper fourth rank. One Vice Prefect, lower fifth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper sixth rank. One Vice Director, upper sixth rank. One recording staff officer, upper eighth rank. One recording clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Law, and Scholar sections — all lower eighth rank. Each section has its allotted aides and scribes. Three staff officers, upper ninth rank. Ten sword bearers, twelve prison keepers, six inquiry clerks, sixteen day-duty attendants, one market director, one Assistant Director and one aide each, and two scribes, squad leaders, and granary supervisors each. One Classicist Doctor, upper ninth rank. One assistant instructor and fifty students. One Medicine Doctor, lower secondary ninth rank. One assistant instructor and twelve students.
188
下州:戶不滿二萬,為下州也。 刺史一員,正四品下。 別駕一人,從五品上。 司馬一人,從六品下。 錄事參軍事一人,從八品上。 錄事一人,從九品下。 司倉、司戶、司法三曹參軍事各一人,從八品下。 隨曹有佐史人數。 參軍事一人,從九品下。 典獄八人,問事四人,白直十六人,市令一人,佐、史各一人,帥二人,倉督一人。 經學博士一人,正九品下。 助教一人,學生四十人。 醫學博士一人,從九品下。 學生十人。
Inferior Prefecture — prefectures with fewer than twenty thousand households are inferior prefectures. One Prefectural Governor, lower fourth rank. One Vice Prefect, upper secondary fifth rank. One Vice Director, lower secondary sixth rank. One recording staff officer, upper secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Granary, Household, and Law sections — lower secondary eighth rank. Each section has its allotted aides and scribes. One staff officer, lower secondary ninth rank. Eight prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, sixteen day-duty attendants, one market director, one aide and one scribe each, two squad leaders, and one granary supervisor. One Classicist Doctor, lower ninth rank. One assistant instructor and forty students. One Medicine Doctor, lower secondary ninth rank. Ten students.
189
京兆、河南、太原牧及都督、刺史掌清肅邦畿,考核官吏,宣佈德化,撫和齊人,勸課農桑,敦敷五教。 每歲一巡屬縣,觀風俗,問百年,錄囚徒,恤鰥寡,閱丁口,務知百姓之疾苦。 部內有篤學異能聞於鄉閭者,舉而進之。 有不孝悌,悖禮亂常,不率法令者,糾而繩之。 其吏在官公廉下己,清直守節者,必謹而察之。 其貪穢諂諛,求名狥私者,亦謹而察之。 皆附於考課,以為褒貶。 若善惡殊尤者,隨即奏聞。 若獄訟疑議,兵甲興造便宜,符瑞尤異,亦以上聞。 其常則申於尚書省而已。 若孝子順孫,義夫節婦,精誠感通,志行聞於鄉閭者,亦具以申奏,表其門閭。 其孝悌力田,頗有詞學者,率與計偕。 其所部有須改更,得以便宜從事。 若親王典州,及邊州都督刺史不可離州局者,應巡屬縣,皆委上佐行焉。 尹、少尹、別駕、長史、司馬掌貳府州之事,以綱紀眾務,通判列曹。 歲終則更入奏計。 司錄、錄事參軍掌勾稽,省署鈔目,監符印。 功曹、司功掌官吏考課、祭祀、禎祥、道佛、學校、表疏、醫藥、陳設之事。 倉曹、司倉掌公廨、度量、庖廚、倉庫、租賦、徵收、田園、市肆之事。 戶曹、司戶掌戶籍、計帳、道路、逆旅、婚田之事。 兵曹、司兵掌武官選舉、兵甲器仗、門戶管鑰、烽候傳驛之事。 法曹、司法掌刑法。 士曹、司士掌津梁、舟車、舍宅、百工眾藝之事。 市令掌市厘交易、禁斥非違之事。 經學博士掌《五經》,教授諸生。 醫藥博士以百藥救民疾病。 下至執刀、白直、典獄、佐史,各有其職。 州府之任備焉。
Prefects of Jingzhao, Henan, and Taiyuan and Area Commanders and Prefectural Governors purify and secure the capital region, evaluate officials, proclaim moral transformation, comfort and harmonize the people, encourage agriculture and sericulture, and spread the five teachings. Each year they tour subordinate counties once, observe customs, inquire about centenarians, record prisoners, care for widowers and widows, review population registers, and learn the people's hardships. Within their jurisdiction they recommend and promote those of devoted learning and unusual talent known in villages. Those lacking filial piety and brotherly respect, violating ritual and disrupting norms, or not following laws and orders are investigated and punished. Officials who are public-spirited and incorruptible, humble and self-restrained, upright and preserving integrity are carefully observed. Those who are greedy and corrupt, flatter and fawn, or seek fame and pursue private gain are also carefully observed. All are attached to performance review for praise and censure. If good or evil is exceptionally outstanding, it is immediately reported to the throne. Disputed prison cases, expedient military equipment construction, and exceptionally unusual auspicious omens are also reported upward. Routine matters are reported only to the Department of State Affairs. Filial sons and obedient grandsons, righteous husbands and chaste wives whose sincerity moves heaven and whose conduct is known in villages are fully reported and memorialized, and their gates and lanes are honored. Those filial, brotherly, and diligent in farming with considerable literary learning are generally sent with annual tribute. Within their jurisdiction they may act expediently when changes are needed. If an imperial prince governs a prefecture, or a frontier Area Commander or Prefectural Governor cannot leave the prefectural office, required tours of subordinate counties are entrusted to senior aides. Intendants, Vice Intendants, Vice Prefects, Chief Administrators, and Vice Directors manage deputy prefectural affairs, maintain discipline of all duties, and overall adjudicate all sections. At year's end they enter the capital to report accounts. Recording staff officers manage audit, office records and copies, and seal supervision. The Merit section manages official performance review, sacrifices, auspicious signs, Daoism and Buddhism, schools, memorials and reports, medicine, and furnishings. The Granary section manages government offices, weights and measures, kitchens, storehouses, rents and taxes, collection, fields and gardens, and markets. The Household section manages household registers, account books, roads, inns, and marriage fields. The Military section manages military official selection, armor and weapons, gate keys, beacon fires, and courier stations. The Law section manages penal law. The Scholar section manages ferries and bridges, boats and carriages, dwellings, and various crafts and arts. Market directors manage market transactions and prohibit violations. Classicist Doctors teach the 《Five Classics》 and instruct students. Medicine Doctors use various medicines to treat the people's illnesses. Down to sword bearers, day-duty attendants, prison keepers, and aide scribes — each has his duty. The duties of prefectures and commanderies are complete.
190
縣令三代之制,五等諸侯,自理其人。 周衰,諸侯相侵,大國分置郡邑縣鄙,以聚其人。 齊、晉謂之大夫,魯、衛謂之宰,楚謂之公、尹,秦謂之令、長。 秦制:萬戶已上為令,秩千石至六百石,減萬戶為長,秩五百石至三百石,皆有丞、尉,秩四百石至二百石也。
County Magistrate — under the Three Dynasties system, feudal lords of five ranks each governed their own people. When Zhou declined, feudal lords invaded one another; great states established commanderies, cities, counties, and townships to gather their people. Qi and Jin called them Grand Masters; Lu and Wei Administrators; Chu Dukes and Administrators; Qin Directors and Chiefs. Under the Qin system, ten thousand households or more made a Director of one thousand to six hundred shi rank; below ten thousand households made a Chief of five hundred to three hundred shi rank; all had Assistant Directors and Captains of four hundred to two hundred shi rank.
191
長安、萬年、河南、洛陽、太原、晉陽六縣,謂之京縣。 令各一人,正五品上。 丞二人,從七品。 主簿二人,從八品上。 錄事二人,從九品下。 佐二人,史四人,尉六人,從八品下。 司功、佐三人,史六人。 司倉、佐四人,史八人。 司戶、佐五人,史十人。 司兵、佐三人,史六人。 司法、佐五人,史十人。 司士,佐四人,史八人,典獄十四人,問事八人,白直十八人。 博士一人,助教一人,學生五十人。
The six counties of Chang'an, Wannian, Henan, Luoyang, Taiyuan, and Jinyang are called capital counties. One Director each, upper fifth rank. Two Assistant Directors, secondary seventh rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary eighth rank. Two recording clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. Two aides, four scribes, and six Captains of lower secondary eighth rank. Merit section — three aides and six scribes. Granary section — four aides and eight scribes. Household section — five aides and ten scribes. Military section — three aides and six scribes. Law section — five aides and ten scribes. Scholar section — four aides, eight scribes, fourteen prison keepers, eight inquiry clerks, and eighteen day-duty attendants. One Doctor, one assistant instructor, and fifty students.
192
京兆、河南、太原所管諸縣,謂之畿縣。 令各一人,正六品下。 丞一人,正八品下。 主簿一人,正九品上。 尉二人,正九品下。 錄事二人,史三人。 司功、佐三人,史五人。 司倉、佐四人,史七人。 司戶、佐四人,史七人,帳史一人。 司法,佐四人,史八人。 典獄十四人,問事四人,白直十人,市令一人。 佐一人,史一人,帥二人。 經學博士一人,助教一人,學生四十人。
All counties under Jingzhao, Henan, and Taiyuan are called capital-region counties. One Director each, lower sixth rank. One Assistant Director, lower eighth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper ninth rank. Two Captains, lower ninth rank. Two recording clerks and three scribes. Merit section — three aides and five scribes. Granary section — four aides and seven scribes. Household section — four aides, seven scribes, and one account scribe. Law section — four aides and eight scribes. Fourteen prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, ten day-duty attendants, and one market director. One aide, one scribe, and two squad leaders. One Classicist Doctor, one assistant instructor, and forty students.
193
諸州上縣:令一人,從六品上。 丞一人,從八品下。 主簿一人,正九品下,尉二人,從九品上。 錄事二人,史三人。 司戶、佐四人,史七人,帳史一人。 司法,佐四人,史八人。 倉督二人,典獄十人,問事四人,白直十人,市令一人,佐、史各一人,帥一人。 博士一人,助教一人,學生四十人。
Superior counties of various prefectures — one Director, upper secondary sixth rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One Chief Clerk of lower ninth rank and two Captains of upper secondary ninth rank. Two recording clerks and three scribes. Household section — four aides, seven scribes, and one account scribe. Law section — four aides and eight scribes. Two granary supervisors, ten prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, ten day-duty attendants, one market director, one aide and one scribe each, and one squad leader. One Doctor, one assistant instructor, and forty students.
194
諸州中縣:令一人,正七品上。 丞一人,從八品下。 主簿一人,從九品上。 尉一人,從九品下。 錄事一人,史四人,司戶、佐三人,史五人,帳史一人。 司法,佐二人,史六人。 倉督一人,典獄八人,問事四人,白直八人。 博士一人。 助教一人,學生二十五人。
Middle counties of various prefectures — one Director, upper seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. One Captain, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk and four scribes; Household section — three aides, five scribes, and one account scribe. Law section — two aides and six scribes. One granary supervisor, eight prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, and eight day-duty attendants. One Doctor. One assistant instructor and twenty-five students.
195
諸州中下縣:令一人,從七品下。 丞一人,正九品下。 主簿一人,從九品上。 尉一人,從九品下。 錄事一人,司戶、佐二人,史三人,帳史一人。 司法,佐二人,史四人。 典獄六人,問事四人,白直八人,市令一人。 佐、史各一人,帥二人。 博士一人,助教一人,學生二十五人。
Lower-middle counties of various prefectures — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. One Captain, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk; Household section — two aides, three scribes, and one account scribe. Law section — two aides and four scribes. Six prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, eight day-duty attendants, and one market director. One aide and one scribe each, and two squad leaders. One Doctor, one assistant instructor, and twenty-five students.
196
諸州下縣:令一人,從七品下。 丞一人,正九品下。 主簿一人,從九品上。 尉一人,從九品下。 錄事一人,司戶、佐二人,史四人,帳史一人。 司法,佐一人,史四人。 典獄六人,問事四人,白直八人,市令一人。 佐一人,史二人,帥二人也。 博士一人,助教一人,學生二十人。
Inferior counties of various prefectures — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. One Captain, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk; Household section — two aides, four scribes, and one account scribe. Law section — one aide and four scribes. Six prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, eight day-duty attendants, and one market director. One aide, two scribes, and two squad leaders. One Doctor, one assistant instructor, and twenty students.
197
京畿及天下諸縣令之職,皆掌導揚風化,撫字黎氓,敦四人之業,崇五土之利,養鰥寡,恤孤窮。 審察冤屈,躬親獄訟,務知百姓之疾苦。
Directors of capital-region and all counties throughout the realm guide and promote moral transformation, comfort and nurture the people, encourage the four occupations, honor the benefits of the five grains, support widowers and widows, and care for orphans and the destitute. They examine wrongful grievances, personally attend to prison cases and litigation, and learn the people's hardships.
198
大都護府:大都護一員,從二品。 副都護四人,正四品上。 長史一人,正五品上。 司馬一人,正五品上。 錄事參軍事一人,正七品上。 錄事二人,從九品上。 功曹、倉曹、戶曹、兵曹、法曹五參軍事各一人,並正七品下。 參軍事三人。 正八品下。
Superior Protectorate Prefecture — one Grand Protector, secondary second rank. Four Vice Protectors, upper fourth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper fifth rank. One Vice Director, upper fifth rank. One recording staff officer, upper seventh rank. Two recording clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, and Law sections — all lower seventh rank. Three staff officers. Lower eighth rank.
199
上都護府:都護一員,正三品。 副都護二人,從四品上。 長史一人,正五品上。 司馬一人,正五品上。 錄事參軍事一人,正七品下。 錄事二人,功曹、倉曹、戶曹、兵曹四參軍事各一人,從七品上。 參軍事三人。 從八品上。
Superior Protectorate Prefecture — one Protector, third rank. Two Vice Protectors, upper secondary fourth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper fifth rank. One Vice Director, upper fifth rank. One recording staff officer, lower seventh rank. Two recording clerks and one staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, and Military sections — upper secondary seventh rank. Three staff officers. Upper secondary eighth rank.
200
都護之職,掌撫尉諸蕃,輯寧外寇,覘候奸譎,征討攜貳。 長史、司馬貳焉。 諸曹,如州府之職。
The Protector comforts and pacifies various foreign peoples, maintains peace against external enemies, detects treachery, and campaigns against the disloyal. Chief Administrator and Vice Director serve as deputies. All sections follow the duties of prefectures and commanderies.
201
節度使:天寶中,緣邊禦戎之地,置八節度使。 受命之日,賜之旌節,謂之節度使,得以專制軍事。 行則建節符,樹六纛。 外任之重,無比焉。 至德已後,天下用兵,中原刺史亦循其例,受節度使之號。 節度使一人,副使一人,行軍司馬一人,判官二人,掌書記一人,參謀,無員數也。 隨軍四人。 皆天寶後置。 檢討未見品秩。 元帥、都統、招討等使元帥。 舊無其名。 安、史之亂,肅宗討賊,以廣平王為天下兵馬元帥,又以大臣郭子儀、李光弼隨其方面副之,號為副元帥。 及代宗即位,又以雍王為之。 自後不置。 昭宗又以輝王為之也。
Military Commissioner — in the Tianbao era eight Military Commissioners were established on frontier regions defending against barbarians. On the day of receiving commission, banners and credentials were granted; called Military Commissioner, authorized to exclusively control military affairs. When traveling they erected credential tokens and planted six great banners. No external appointment carried comparable weight. After Zhide, with warfare throughout the realm, Central Plains Prefectural Governors also followed this precedent and received the title Military Commissioner. One Military Commissioner, one Vice Commissioner, one Campaigning Vice Director, two Adjudicators, one Secretary, and Staff Planners of unfixed number. Four camp followers. All were established after Tianbao. Examination found no ranks recorded. Commander-in-Chief, Supreme Commander, Campaign Commander, and other commissioners — Commander-in-Chief. Anciently there was no such title. In the An-Shi rebellion, Emperor Suzong campaigned against the rebels, making the Prince of Guangping Commander-in-Chief of All Armies and Horses, with great ministers Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi as deputies in their respective sectors — called Vice Commanders-in-Chief. When Emperor Daizong ascended, the Prince of Yong was again made Commander-in-Chief. After this it was not established. Emperor Zhaozong again made the Prince of Hui Commander-in-Chief.
202
都統。 乾元中置,或總三道,或總五道,至上元末省。 大中後,討徐州以康承訓,討黃巢以荊南王鐸,皆為都統。
Supreme Commander. Established in the Qianyuan era, sometimes commanding three or five circuits; abolished at the end of Shangyuan. After Dazhong, Kang Chengxun campaigning against Xuzhou and Wang Duo of Jingnan campaigning against Huang Chao were both made Supreme Commanders.
203
招討使。 貞元末置。 自後隨用兵權置,兵罷則停。
Campaign Commissioner. Established at the end of Zhenyuan. After this it was established as military needs required; when campaigns ended it was abolished.
204
防禦團練使。 至德後,中原置節度使。 又大郡要害之地,置防禦使,以治軍事,刺史兼之,不賜旌節。 上元後,改防禦使為團練守捉使,又與團練兼置防禦使,名前使,各有副使、判官,皆天寶後置,未見品秩。
Defense and Training Commissioner. After Zhide, Military Commissioners were established in the Central Plains. Also at great commanderies in strategic places, Defense Commissioners were established to manage military affairs, concurrently held by Prefectural Governors, without granting banners and credentials. After Shangyuan, Defense Commissioner became Training and Garrison Commissioner; Defense Commissioner was also concurrently established with Training Commissioner; each had Vice Commissioners and Adjudicators — all established after Tianbao; ranks not found.
205
諸鎮魏有鎮東、鎮西、鎮南、鎮北四將軍,後代因之。 隋因始置鎮將、鎮副之名也
Various garrisons — Wei had East, West, South, and North Garrison Generals; later dynasties kept them. The Sui accordingly first established the names Garrison General and Garrison Vice General.
206
上鎮:將一人,正六品下。 鎮副一人,正七品下。 錄事一人,倉曹、兵曹二參軍。 從八品下。 各有佐史。
Superior garrison — one General, lower sixth rank. One Garrison Vice General, lower seventh rank. One recording clerk and two Granary and Military staff officers. Lower secondary eighth rank. Each has aides and scribes.
207
中鎮:將一人,正七品上。 鎮副一人,從七品上。 錄事一人,兵曹參軍一人。 正九品下。
Middle garrison — one General, upper seventh rank. One Garrison Vice General, upper secondary seventh rank. One recording clerk and one Military Staff Officer. Lower ninth rank.
208
下鎮:將一人,正七品下。 鎮副一人,從七品下。 錄事一人,兵曹參軍一人。 從九品下。
Inferior garrison — one General, lower seventh rank. One Garrison Vice General, lower secondary seventh rank. One recording clerk and one Military Staff Officer. Lower secondary ninth rank.
209
諸戍春秋有戍,葵丘之義。 東晉、後魏以屯兵守境處為戍,隋因之。
Various garrison posts — in Spring and Autumn there were garrisons, in the spirit of the Covenant of Kuiqiu. Eastern Jin and Later Wei used stationed troops guarding borders as garrison posts; the Sui kept the arrangement.
210
上戍:主一人,正八品下。 戍副一人。 從八品下。 佐一人,史二人。
Superior garrison post — one Commander, lower eighth rank. One Garrison Vice Commander. Lower secondary eighth rank. One aide and two scribes.
211
中戍:主一人。 從八品下。
Middle garrison post — one Commander. Lower secondary eighth rank.
212
下戍:主一人。 正九品下。
Inferior garrison post — one Commander. Lower ninth rank.
213
五嶽四瀆廟:令各一人,正九品上。 齋郎三十人,祝史三人。
Shrines of the Five Sacred Mountains and Four Rivers — one Director each, upper ninth rank. Thirty fasting officers and three sacrificial scribes.
214
上關:令一人,從八品下。 丞二人。 正九品下。 錄事一人,有府、史、典事。 津吏八人。
Superior pass — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors. Lower ninth rank. One recording clerk, with clerks, scribes, and record keepers. Eight ferry clerks.
215
中關:令一人,正九品下。 丞一人。 從九品下。 錄事一人,津吏六人。
Middle pass — one Director, lower ninth rank. One Assistant Director. Lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk and six ferry clerks.
216
下關:令一人,從九品下。 津吏四人。 關令各有府、史。
Inferior pass — one Director, lower secondary ninth rank. Four ferry clerks. Pass Directors each have clerks and scribes.
217
關令掌禁末遊,伺奸慝。 凡行人車馬出入往來,必據過所以勘之。
Pass Directors prohibit idle wandering and detect treachery. All travelers, carriages, and horses entering, exiting, and passing through must be inspected according to travel permits.