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卷四十 志第二十: 地理三

Volume 40 Treatises 20: Geography 3

Chapter 44 of 舊唐書 · Old Book of Tang
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1
殿 使 西 簿簿 簿 殿殿 殿殿 殿 簿 殿殿殿殿殿殿 殿
Treatise 24, Offices and Ranks, Part 3 — the Censorate. In Qin and Han times the office was known as the Bureau of Censors; Later Han renamed it the Chancellery of Censors; Wei, Jin, and Song called it the Orchid Terrace; Liang, Chen, and the Northern dynasties all used the name Censorate. Under Wude the same arrangement was kept. In Longshuo year 2 it was renamed the Chancellery of Censors. The Xianheng era restored the former name. In Guangzhai year 1 the bureau was split into left and right sections, called the Left and Right Offices of Rectifying Government. The left bureau supervised all capital ministries; the right bureau conducted inspections in the provinces. In the Shenlong period they were again styled the Left and Right Censorates. The right Censorate was abolished in the Yanhe period; it was restored in Xiantian year 2 and abolished again in the tenth month. Censor-in-Chief — one position, upper third rank. In Qin and Han practice the Censor-in-Chief served as the Chancellor's deputy and ranked among the Three Excellencies. After Wei and Jin the chief post was often left vacant, and the Vice Censor served as head of the bureau. To avoid the taboo character zhong, Sui restored the Chief but lowered the rank to upper fourth grade. The Wude Statutes set the rank at lower third grade. Under Longshuo it became Grand Director of Censors; Xianheng restored the title Censor-in-Chief. In the Guangzhai period the bureau was split into left and right, each with its own Chief. After the right bureau was abolished, the designations "left" and "right" were removed. The post had been lower third rank. A Huichang year 2, twelfth-month edict stated: "The Censor-in-Chief: in Qin he ranked as a chief minister; in Han as deputy chancellor; at the end of Han the title became Grand Minister of Works, sharing with the Chancellor the status of the Three Excellencies. He oversaw the state's penal code and kept the court in order. Because the duties are weighty, the rank should be correspondingly high. Following the precedent of the six Ministers, the rank is raised to upper third grade and recorded in the statutes." Vice Censors — two posts. Lower upper fourth rank. Han had two vice directors on the Censorate who handled palace documents and were known as Vice Censors. Late Han renamed the post Chief Secretary of the Censors; Later Han restored the title Vice Censor. Later Wei styled it Director of the Inner Guard; Northern Qi again used Vice Censor. Later Zhou titled it Director of Censors, middle grandee. Sui, avoiding the taboo, renamed the post Censor Holding Documents at lower fifth rank. Under Wude the same title and rank were kept. Late in Zhenguan, to avoid Emperor Gaozong's taboo name, the title reverted to Vice Censor and two posts were created. Longshuo renamed it Director of Censors; Xianheng restored Vice Censor. The rank had been upper fifth grade. A Huichang year 2, twelfth-month edict read: "The Vice Censor is deputy to the Chief; because the Chief's rank is lofty the post is not always occupied, and the Vice Censor serves as head of the Censorate. Today the vice directors of the nine directorates, various vice superintendents, the vice chancellor of the Directorate of Education, the vice governor of Jingzhao, and other second-rank posts in ministries and offices are all fourth grade; only the Vice Censor's duties are weighty while his rank remains low — let it be raised to lower upper fourth grade, used interchangeably with directors and gentlemen, and entered in the statutes." The Chief and Vice Censor uphold the state's penal code and regulations to keep the court in order. The Vice Censor serves as his deputy. Anyone in the realm who claims injustice but has no recourse is examined jointly with the Three Offices. Whenever an inner or outer official should be impeached, the censor reports to the Chief. Major cases are submitted as formal impeachments; minor ones need only a signature. When an imperial commissioner reviews prisoners, he does so together with the Minister of Justice. At major state ceremonies he rides the ceremonial carriage as escort. Attending Censor — four posts. Lower sixth rank. The title censor appears in the Offices of Zhou and was also known as Secretary under the Pillar. Qin renamed the post Attending Censor. Later Zhou styled it Director of Censors, middle gentleman; under Sui it was Attending Censor, seventh grade. Under Wude it was sixth grade. He impeaches officials and investigates lawsuits. The senior Attending Censor adjudicates bureau affairs and handles routine office business; another oversees the western docket and another the eastern docket. Cases specially assigned for investigation are reported on the basis of the facts. Ordinary cases, once investigated, are decided by the Court of Judicial Review. Matters requiring impeachment that were not raised by the Chief or Vice Censor are memorialized in full and submitted under their countersignatures. For major impeachments he dons the law cap, vermilion coat, brown skirt, and white gauze undershirt. Minor cases require only ordinary dress. When the Three Offices hear cases, he alternates duty with the Attendant within the Gates and the Secretariat drafter, receiving petitions in the court hall. If the Three Offices investigate someone below their own chief, he joins the Ministry of Justice directors and the Court of Judicial Review clerks on the inquiry. Registrar and Recorder — one Registrar, lower seventh rank. Two Recorders, lower ninth rank. The Registrar keeps the seal, receives documents, timestamps them, and audits for lapses. He also supervises the office kitchen and the yellow-bound archives. Two clerks, seventeen record clerks, and twenty-three document clerks. Palace Attending Censor — six posts, lower seventh rank. Eight record clerks and eighteen document clerks. Palace Attending Censors supervise ceremonial attendance in the palace hall. At the winter solstice and New Year grand audiences they wear full court dress and enter the hall. On suburban sacrifices or imperial tours they inspect the guard of honor for breaches, follow in full dress at the banner gate, and correct any deficiency in regalia. In the two capitals they split left and right patrols, each investigating illegal conduct in his sector. Investigating Censor — ten posts, upper eighth rank. Early in Zhenguan Ma Zhou, though still a commoner, was promoted at Taizong's order to serve as acting Investigating Censor. From this the designation "acting" was introduced. In Longshuo year 1 Wang Benli was appointed acting Investigating Censor. Investigating Censors inspect prefectures and counties, garrison farms, mints, and Lingnan appointments; oversee the Grand Storehouse and Directorate of Agriculture accounts; and supervise sentencing of prisoners. At sacrifices they inspect livestock, examine vessels and robes, and impeach sacrificial officers for irreverence. They also monitor Department of State Affairs conferences for errors. The same applies to official banquets and archery drills. The Palace Department. Wei first created the Palace Superintendent; early Sui renamed it the Palace Bureau; Emperor Yang made it the Inner Palace Department; Wude restored the name Palace Department. Longshuo renamed it the Central Imperial Household Office; Xianheng restored the Palace Department.
2
殿 祿 調 輿 殿 殿西 殿 殿 使 使使 殿 退 殿 輿 輿
Superintendent — one post, lower third rank. Created early in Wei at second grade. Under Liang, third grade. Under Sui, fourth grade. Under Wude, third grade. Two Vice Superintendents, upper lower fourth rank. Two Directors, upper lower fifth rank. Two clerks, upper lower ninth rank. Four record clerks, twelve document clerks, and eight station chiefs and eight custodians. The Palace Superintendent oversees the emperor's apparel and equipage and directs the six bureaus — Food, Medicine, Garments, Lodging, and Carriages — providing their ritual goods and supplies. The Vice Superintendent serves as his deputy. At court audiences he leads subordinates bearing umbrellas and fans to stand left and right. At major sacrifices he presents the great and stabilizing jade tablets outside the spirit gate. After the rite he receives and stores them. On imperial tours he attends within the guard and follows in the outrider carriage. At New Year and winter solstice grand audiences they perform the ceremony of presenting the wine cup. The Director assists the Vice Superintendent, audits for lapses, and reviews office registers. The clerk keeps the seal and timestamps incoming documents. Food Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, lower upper fifth rank. Early Sui titled them Directors of the Imperial Kitchen; later they became Imperial Attendants. Five Chief Stewards, upper seventh rank. Eight dietary physicians. Lower upper ninth rank. Imperial Attendants carefully manage stored provisions and keep accounts of names and quantities. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. When food is presented to the emperor, seasonal dietary prohibitions must be observed. In spring liver is forbidden, in summer heart, in autumn lung, and in winter kidney; in the intercalary months of the four seasons, when the spleen dominates, all of these are forbidden. Before presentation, it must first be tasted. At New Year and winter solstice grand audiences and banquets, they work with the Masters of the Bright Capital to allocate provisions according to rank. The same applies to provisions granted to princes, nobles, and guests. For monthly offerings at the imperial tombs, they inspect the ritual food and present it. Dietary physicians lead those who prepare the imperial meals in fulfillment of their duties. Pharmaceutical Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, lower upper fifth rank. Four Chief Stewards, upper seventh rank. Four clerical officers. Four Attending Imperial Physicians, upper subordinate sixth rank. Twelve chief pharmacists and thirty pharmacy apprentices. Four Bureau Physicians, lower upper eighth rank. Eight medical assistants, lower upper eighth rank. Four masseurs, four incantation specialists, four lip-balm compounders, and four storeroom keepers. Imperial Attendants manage compounding imperial medicines and pulse diagnosis according to prescriptions. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. Medicines are divided into upper, middle, and lower grades: upper medicines serve as the sovereign drug, middle medicines as ministers, and lower medicines as adjutants. The compounding formula calls for one sovereign drug, three minister drugs, and nine adjutant drugs, each assigned to the five viscera and distributed among the five flavors. They are prepared as decoctions, pills, ointments, and powders. Pulse diagnosis employs the three positions of cun, guan, and chi — the fundamental canon of medicine. They compound medicines, supervise dosages, taste each preparation when finished, and then present it. Attending Imperial Physicians manage diagnosis and prescription harmonization. Chief pharmacists and pharmacy apprentices scrape, pound, and sift the ingredients. Garment Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, upper subordinate fifth rank. Four Chief Stewards, lower upper seventh rank. Three chief clerks, four clerical officers, sixteen garment stewards, and four storeroom keepers. Imperial Attendants manage imperial garments, specify their regulations, and keep accounts of names and quantities. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. The Son of Heaven's ritual caps and robes number thirteen in all. First, the Grand Fur Cap and Robe; second, the Emblem Cap and Robe; third, the Pheasant Cap and Robe; fourth, the Feather Cap and Robe; fifth, the Brocade Cap and Robe; sixth, the Dark Cap and Robe; seventh, the Heaven-Penetrating Cap; eighth, the Martial Cap; ninth, the Cap and Robe; tenth, the Bound Headcloth; eleventh, the White Gauze Cap; twelfth, the Level Headcloth; and thirteenth, the Good-Wings Cap. Full particulars are given in the 《Treatise on Carriages and Vestments》. The Son of Heaven's great jade tablet, called ting, measures three feet in length. The stabilizing jade tablet is one foot and two inches long. When rites are performed at the suburban altars and the altars of soil and grain, the tablet is taken from the inner treasury. When the sacrifice is about to begin, upon reaching the middle enclosure gate, they present the stabilizing jade tablet on a ceremonial tray and advance it. When the rite is finished, they receive the tablet and store it away. At grand audiences, a display stand is set out for the robes and removed once dressing is complete. Lodging Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, upper subordinate fifth rank. Six Chief Artisans, lower upper seventh rank. Three chief clerks, seven clerical officers, ten storeroom keepers, and eighty tent bearers. Imperial Attendants manage palace hall arrangements, bathing supplies, lamps and candles, and cleaning. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. On imperial tours, three sets of tent curtains are prepared in advance, comprising five grades — ancient tent, great tent, secondary tent, small secondary tent, and small tent — arranged as three sections. Outside the tents, palisade walls are erected as protective barriers. Palisade walls are built of joined boards painted with beasts warding off evil and lacquered on both sides. At major sacrifices performed at the suburban altar, a traveling palace is first erected southeast of the altar as terrain permits; three days before the rite, the great tent is set up north of the road outside the outer enclosure's east gate, facing south with seats in place. When rites are performed at the Bright Hall and Imperial Ancestral Temple, the great tent is set up at the east gate according to the same regulations used at the suburban altar. During fasting purification, curtains are hung beneath the pillars in the west wing of the main hall and in the inner chambers, all facing east. At New Year and winter solstice grand audiences, an axe-back screen is installed in the main hall. Treading mats and censers are placed in position. At new- and full-moon audiences, curtains are hung in the main hall, with skirt and top band measuring one zhang and four chi square. Horse Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, upper subordinate fifth rank. One Chief Steward, lower upper seventh rank. Eighteen Imperial Carriage Attendants, lower upper ninth rank. Fifty horse trainers, fifty stable keepers, and seventy veterinarians. Six Presenting-Horse officers, lower seventh rank. One Storehouse Keeper, lower upper ninth rank. Two Granary Keepers, lower upper ninth rank. One chief clerk and fourteen clerical officers. Imperial Attendants manage the horses of the inner and outer imperial stables, distinguish quality grades, and supervise the horse trainers. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. First, the Left and Right Flying Yellow studs; second, the Left and Right Auspicious Fine studs; third, the Left and Right Dragon Matchmaker studs; fourth, the Left and Right Biantu studs; fifth, the Left and Right Swift Hybrid studs; and sixth, the Left and Right Heavenly Park studs. In the Kaiyuan era the six inner guard studs were named Flying Dragon, Auspicious Unicorn, Phoenix Park, Yuanchu, Auspicious Fine, and Six Herds — known as the Six Stable horses. Feed and fodder allotments for horses vary according to the season. Fine horses presented from outer pastures are branded with the "three flowers flying wind" mark for identification. Imperial Carriage Attendants supervise horse trainers, stable keepers, and charioteers, and regulate feeding practices. The Storehouse Keeper manages saddles, bridles, and riding equipment. The Granary Keeper manages the issue and receipt of straw and fodder. Veterinarians treat horse diseases. Initially the Horse Bureau managed the six imperial studs; later Inner and Outer Leisure Stable Commissioners were appointed to oversee imperial horses exclusively. Early in the Kaiyuan era the Horse Bureau was placed under the Leisure Stable Commissioner and then abolished; the left and right six studs and all bureau officials were placed under the commissioner's authority. Under the old Presenting-Horse ritual, the Horse Bureau daily deployed eight stable horses in left and right wings outside the palace gate beside the main hall; they dispersed once the guard formation withdrew. At grand ceremonial formations, the horses were stationed north of the musical bells, arrayed in alternation with the elephants. Two Presenting-Horse officers in military dress stood to the left of the horses holding whips, advancing and retreating with them. Although nominally a palace post, it was in fact a military appointment used as a channel for yin privilege selection, much like the Thousand-Ox Bodyguards. In the eighth year of Tianbao, with Li Linfu in power, the standing guard horses were abolished and the Presenting-Horse officers were eliminated. In the twelfth year, under Yang Guozhong, the standing guard horses and Presenting-Horse officers were restored; they were abolished again in Qianyuan and reinstated in Shangyuan. Palanquin Bureau — two Imperial Attendants, upper subordinate fifth rank. Four Chief Stewards, lower upper seventh rank. Two Chief Palanquin Stewards, lower upper ninth rank. Two chief clerks, four clerical officers, six fan bearers, twenty-four feather-canopy bearers, thirty-two palanquin stewards, twelve carriage attendants, and four storeroom keepers. Imperial Attendants manage palanquins and carriages, set their order of precedence, and keep accounts of names and quantities. The Chief Steward serves as his deputy. At grand audiences they are displayed in the court; at grand sacrifices they are displayed in the temple. At grand audiences, two umbrellas and one feather canopy are displayed in the court. One hundred fifty-six peacock fans are distributed to the left and right. They were formerly pheasant-tail fans; early in the Kaiyuan era they were replaced with embroidered peacocks. At regular court audiences all fans are removed except three on each side, retained for the ordinary ceremony. Inner court consorts: three posts. Upper first rank. These are the positions of the Three Consorts in the 《Offices of Zhou》. Sui followed the Zhou system and established three consorts. In Wude four consorts were established: Noble Consort first, Kind Consort second, Virtuous Consort third, and Worthy Consort fourth, all ranked below the Empress. Emperor Xuanzong held that among the four stars of empress and consort, one is the proper empress and four consorts were inappropriate; he therefore redefined three consort ranks — Gracious Consort first, Beautiful Consort second, Splendid Consort third — with Six Prescriptions, Beauties, and Talents below in four grades, twenty posts in all to staff the inner court. The three consorts assist the Empress, sitting in council on women's ritual propriety. Within the inner palace they oversee all affairs, and so are not titled for any single duty. Six Prescriptions, six posts, upper second rank — the positions of the Nine Concubines in the 《Offices of Zhou》. They teach the Nine Imperial Consorts the Four Virtues and lead their subordinates in assisting and guiding the Empress in ritual propriety. Beauties, four posts, upper third rank — the positions of the Twenty-seven Worldly Wives in the 《Offices of Zhou》. They lead female officials and oversee sacrificial rites and the reception of guests. Talents, seven posts, upper fourth rank — the positions of the Eighty-one Imperial Women in the 《Offices of Zhou》. They arrange feasts and bedchamber attendance, manage silk and hemp production, and present the year's woven tribute.
3
Six palace Directors, with duties parallel to those of the Six Ministers.
4
簿 簿 簿 簿 簿 簿 簿簿
Two Directors of the Palace, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Records, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Records, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Records, upper eighth rank. Six Female Scribes. Two Directors of Announcements, upper seventh rank. Two Archivists of Announcements, upper eighth rank. Two Clerks of Announcements, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Registers, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Registers, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Registers, upper eighth rank. Six Female Scribes. Six Directors of Inner Gates, upper sixth rank. Six Archivists of Inner Gates, upper seventh rank. Six Clerks of Inner Gates, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. The Director of the Palace guides the inner court and supervises the staffs of the four bureaus — Records, Announcements, Registers, and Inner Gates. All ledgers recording the receipt and issue of goods among the Six Directors are sealed and signed by them. The Director of Records holds the seal, reviewing and authorizing all ledgers and inventories of incoming and outgoing documents from palace bureaus. The Archivist of Records assists; Female Scribes keep and handle the documents. The Director of Announcements proclaims edicts, transmits messages, and presents memorials. The Director of Registers maintains registers of palace women and their grain stipends. The Director of Inner Gates manages the inner palace gates and their keys.
5
退
Two Directors of Ceremonial, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Archives, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Archives, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Archives, upper eighth rank. Ten Female Scribes; four Directors of Music, upper sixth rank. Four Archivists of Music, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Music, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. Two Directors of Guests, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Guests, upper seventh rank; two Clerks of Guests. Upper eighth rank. Two Directors of Presentation, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Presentation, upper sixth rank. Two Clerks of Presentation, upper sixth rank. Two Female Scribes. The Director of Ceremonial oversees ritual propriety and daily conduct, supervising the staffs of the four bureaus — Archives, Music, Guests, and Presentation. The Director of Archives maintains the classics of the Four Categories, along with writing implements and desks. The Director of Music leads musicians in rehearsal, the arrangement of suspended instruments, percussion, and ceremonial advance and withdrawal. The Director of Guests manages guest audiences, banquets, and the bestowal of rewards. The Director of Presentation assists at audiences and banquets.
6
Two Directors of Apparel, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Treasures, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Treasures, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Treasures, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Garments, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Garments, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Garments, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Adornments, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Adornments, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Adornments, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Regalia, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Regalia, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Regalia, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. The Director of Apparel supplies inner court apparel and regulates insignia, supervising the staffs of the four bureaus — Treasures, Garments, Adornments, and Regalia. The Director of Treasures keeps auspicious treasures, tally tokens, and illustrated registers. The Director of Garments manages clothing and head ornaments. The Director of Adornments manages pomades, bathing implements, towels, and combs. The Director of Regalia manages feather banners, ceremonial insignia, and guard escorts.
7
Two Directors of Food, upper fifth rank. Four Directors of the Kitchen, upper sixth rank. Four Archivists of the Kitchen, upper seventh rank. Four Clerks of the Kitchen, upper eighth rank. Two Clerks of Brewing, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes; two Directors of Brewing, upper seventh rank. Two Archivists of Brewing, upper seventh rank. Two Female Scribes. Two Directors of Pharmacy, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Pharmacy, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Pharmacy, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Provisions, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Provisions, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Provisions, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. The Director of Food supplies meals and delicacies in regulated portions, supervising the staffs of the four bureaus — Kitchen, Brewing, Pharmacy, and Provisions. For all food presented to the court, they taste it first. The Director of the Kitchen oversees preparation, boiling, frying, and seasoning. The Director of Brewing manages wine, sweet liquors, and fermented beverages. The Director of Pharmacy manages prescriptions and medicaments. The Director of Provisions supplies palace women with grain rations, food, and fuel.
8
輿 輿輿 輿 輿輿
Two Directors of the Bedchamber, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Furnishings, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Furnishings, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Furnishings, upper eighth rank. Four Female Scribes. Two Directors of Carriages, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Carriages, upper seventh rank; two Clerks of Carriages, upper eighth rank. One Female Scribe. Two Directors of Gardens, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Gardens, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Gardens, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. Two Directors of Lamps, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Lamps, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Lamps, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. The Director of the Bedchamber regulates the order of attendance at the inner bedchamber and supervises the staffs of the four bureaus — Furnishings, Carriages, Gardens, and Lamps. The Director of Furnishings manages curtains, bedding, mats, sweeping, and the arrangement of furnishings. The Director of Carriages manages palanquins, carriages, umbrellas, fans, and feathered standards. The Director of Gardens oversees the planting of fruits and vegetables in the palace gardens. The Director of Lamps manages lamps and candles.
9
Two Directors of Works, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Manufacture, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Manufacture, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Manufacture, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. Two Directors of Treasures, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Treasures, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Treasures, upper eighth rank. Six Female Scribes. Two Directors of Dyes and Colors, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Dyes and Colors, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Dyes and Colors, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. Two Directors of Accounts, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Accounts, upper seventh rank. Two Clerks of Accounts, upper eighth rank. Two Female Scribes. The Director of Works sets quotas and assesses women's craftwork, supervising the staffs of the four bureaus — Manufacture, Treasures, Dyes and Colors, and Accounts. The Director of Manufacture oversees the cutting and sewing of garments. The Director of Treasures manages precious goods. The Director of Dyes and Colors manages silk brocades, silk thread, and hemp fiber. The Director of Accounts manages allotments for clothing, food, and fuel.
10
西
One Palace Rectifier, upper fifth rank. Two Directors of Rectification, upper sixth rank. Two Archivists of Rectification, upper seventh rank. Four Female Scribes. The Palace Rectifier enforces admonitions and prohibitions and handles discipline and punishment. The Directors and Archivists of Rectification assist in these duties. The foregoing is the Tang regulation establishing six palace directors, twenty-four bureaus, and their functional offices to complete the roster of inner-court posts. The Palace Eunuch Directorate. The 《Star Classic》 places four stars associated with eunuchs within the Celestial Market Enclosure, west of the Imperial Seat. The 《Offices of Zhou》 lists the Lane Steward and Palace Attendant — both are inner-court offices. Former Han mostly filled palace offices with gentlemen; Later Han was the first to appoint eunuchs as palace officials. Jin established the Grand Director of Autumn as a rear-palace office and filled it with eunuchs. Under Sui it was the Palace Eunuch Directorate; Emperor Yang renamed it the Autumn Superintendency. The Wude era restored the name Palace Eunuchs. Longshuo renamed it the Eunuch Superintendency; Guangzhai renamed it the Palace Office Terrace; Shenlong restored the Palace Eunuch Directorate.
11
使 使
Four Palace Eunuchs. Upper lower fourth rank. Han and Wei called it Director of Autumn; Liang called it Grand Director of Autumn; Northern Qi called it Palace Vice Attendant; Later Zhou called it Senior Palace Master; Sui called it Palace Eunuch and established two posts. Emperor Yang styled the office Director of Autumn, upper fourth rank. The Wude era restored the title Palace Attendant. Among inner-court officials, none outranked this post. Men of exceptional merit might be appointed General-in-Chief while still holding the palace eunuch office. Emperor Dezong established the Left and Right Divine Stratagem Armies, the Weiyuan Army, and other palace guards, placing eunuchs in command. Each army had one Army Commander, always a eunuch. After Li Fuguo and Yu Chao'en, control of the capital armies passed to eunuchs styled the Left and Right Army Commanders. Eunuchs commanding troops in the field were called Military Observers. Every military commissioner and frontier command throughout the realm had a eunuch supervisor; the details are given in the 《Biographies of Eunuchs》. Six Palace Attendants-in-Ordinary. Lower upper fifth rank. Under Han the office was called Attendant-in-Ordinary. The Palace Eunuch attends within the palace, enters and leaves the inner precincts, and conveys announcements, supervising the staffs of the five bureaus — Rear Palace, Inner Gate, Wards Office, Inner Servants, and Inner Treasury. The Palace Attendants-in-Ordinary serve as their deputies. Whenever the empress sacrifices to the Silkworm Goddess, they assist in the ceremony. When she goes out, they walk on either side to guide her.
12
Eight Palace Provisioners, lower lower fifth rank. Two Principal Clerks, lower lower ninth rank. Eight Recorder Clerks; sixteen Document Clerks. The Palace Provisioners supervise the handling of office business. On New Year's Day and the winter solstice, when officials attend court to congratulate the empress, they enter and leave to convey announcements. For all palace women's clothing expenses, they itemize rank, calculate quantities, and in spring and autumn transmit the accounts to the Secretariat.
13
Six Supervisors of Palace Ushers, lower upper sixth rank. Twelve Palace Ushers, lower lower eighth rank. Two Palace Ward Stewards. Lower upper seventh rank. The Supervisors of Palace Ushers manage inner-court announcements. For all imperial kinswomen and titled ladies attending court assemblies, the responsible office registers their numbers and forwards them to the Palace Eunuch Directorate. The Palace Ushers arrange the formation and seating of imperial kinswomen and titled ladies at court assemblies. The Palace Ward Stewards investigate all unlawful conduct. At the great year-end exorcism, they supervise who enters and leaves.
14
Rear Palace Bureau: two Directors, lower lower seventh rank. Three Vice Directors, lower lower eighth rank. Two Palace Instruction Masters, lower lower ninth rank. Four Works Supervisors, lower lower ninth rank. Four Recorder Clerks; two Accounting Clerks; eight Document Clerks. The Rear Palace Director oversees women's work within the palace confines. They maintain the registry of palace women, managing appointments and dismissals, and tally quotas for mulberry fields and silkworm rearing. The Vice Directors supervise bureau business. The Masters instruct palace women in writing, reckoning, and various arts. The Works Supervisors oversee miscellaneous labor tasks.
15
使 輿 使 使 使
Inner Gate Bureau: two Directors, lower lower seventh rank. Two Vice Directors, lower lower eighth rank. Three Recorder Clerks; six Document Clerks; twenty Inner Gatekeepers; sixteen Inner Fan Bearers; Inner Attendants without fixed numbers. The Inner Gate Director attends the inner gate and controls the keys for entry and exit. For all major offerings at the Grand Ancestral Temple, they lead their subordinates to the shrine room, take out the empress's spirit tablet, place it on the carriage, and mount the seat. When the rite is complete, they store it away. Palace women without official rank are styled Inner Attendants. Those who hold office, or who having passed the classics examination are exempt from candidacy for appointment, may be appointed chief attendants. The fifty junior attendant students are all entered on a consolidated register so that grain rations from the storehouse may be issued to them. The Assistant Director supervises bureau business. Inner attendants keep the accounts for goods delivered in and out through every gate.
16
Bureau of Servant Officials — two Directors, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Three document clerks, six scribes, and four medicine boys. The Director of Servant Officials oversees bonded labor, corvée assignments, and the ranks and titles of palace offices. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When palace women fall ill, the bureau provides medicine; when they die, it provides burial garments, in each case according to rank. Merit rites are also performed for them at the nearest temple or monastery. The same provisions apply even to those without official rank. When an inner-appointed wife of fifth rank or above dies with no kin at the tomb, within three years a man of the same surname is chosen to preside over the seasonal sacrifices. If no kinsman of the same surname can be found, the responsible office performs spring and autumn sacrifices using the lesser offering.
17
輿
Bureau of Inner Attendants — two Directors, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Two document clerks, four scribes, and two hundred grooms. The Director of Inner Attendants oversees the empress's carriages and escorts her whenever she goes in or out. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Whenever the empress goes in or out, the Director walks on her left and the Assistant on her right, escorting her from both sides. The empress has six carriages in all; the details are set forth in the 《Rites of Carriages and Robes》.
18
殿
Bureau of the Inner Treasury — two Directors, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Two document clerks and four scribes. The Director of the Inner Treasury oversees the palace's stored treasures and keeps the records of disbursements and receipts. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. At court assemblies, it supplies the silk, cloth, gold, and silver vessels granted in the hall to officials of fifth rank and above. The same applies to meritorious generals and foreign chieftains taking leave to return home. Directorate of Ritual. In antiquity the office was called Director of Ranks and Ancestors; under Qin it was the Director of Constant Offerings; Emperor Gaozu of Han renamed it Director of Ritual; the Liang added the word "Directorate," and later dynasties kept the name.
19
宿 簿
One Minister, third rank. The Liang established twelve Ministers, of whom the Minister of Ritual was one. Under the Zhou and Sui, the rank was third. In Longshuo year 2 the title became Director of Constant Offerings; under Guangzhai it became Minister of Rites; under Shendlong it was restored to Minister of Ritual. Two Vice Ministers. Fourth rank. The Sui established two Vice Ministers of secondary fourth rank. Under Wude one was established; under Zhenguan a second post was added. The Minister of Ritual oversees the state's ritual music, suburban sacrifices, ancestral temples, and altars of soil and grain, dividing the work among eight bureaus: Suburban Sacrifices, Grand Ancestral Temple, Imperial Tombs, Grand Music, Processional Music, Imperial Physicians, Grand Divination, and Sacrificial Livestock. He supervises all subordinate officials and carries out the directorate's orders. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. Whenever the state holds a major ceremony, he assists in directing the ritual. When responsible officials officiate in the ruler's stead, he serves as secondary offerer. He leads the staff of Grand Music, who lodge overnight to set up the suspended bells and chimes for the ceremony. The same applies at banquets. When the Three Excellencies visit the imperial tombs, he serves as their deputy, wearing court robes, riding the state carriage with full guard of honor, and conducting the rite. Before a major sacrifice, he first inspects the victims and ritual vessels. Whenever Grand Divination determines the days for the state's great affairs and for sacrifices, he presides outside the south gate of the Grand Ancestral Temple. Mid-spring offerings of ice and seasonal offerings of delicacies and newly ripened produce are all presented there. When rites are performed at the ancestral temple, the Vice Minister leads the Grand Invokers and Fast Officers to present incense and lamps, prepare the spirit curtains, and carry the spirit tablets in and out. Before the offering begins, he has the Master of Good Brew fill the goblets and jars. Preparations for the great offering's vessels and robes are divided among four courtyards. They are the Heavenly Storehouse Courtyard, the Imperial Robes Courtyard, the Suspended Music Courtyard, and the Spirit Kitchen Courtyard.
20
簿 西 簿
Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary fifth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. Twelve clerks and twenty-three scribes. Four Erudites, upper secondary seventh rank. Ten ushers and twenty announcers and guides. Six Grand Invokers, upper ninth rank. Six invoker scribes. Two Masters of Ceremonies, upper secondary ninth rank. Sixteen announcers. Two Masters of Harmonizing Pitch, upper eighth rank. Eight ward chiefs, twelve gatekeepers, and Grand Ancestral Temple Fast Officers—one hundred thirty each in Chang'an and Luoyang. Grand Ancestral Temple gate servants—thirty each in Chang'an and Luoyang. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. At a great offering in the Grand Ancestral Temple, the seven sacrifices are performed inside the temple's west gate. At a he sacrifice, the rites for associated offerings to meritorious ministers are also performed. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal, audits for errors, and reviews copied documents. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule. The Erudites oversee the forms of the five rites, grounded in the institutions of former kings but adjusted as circumstances require. At major sacrifices and great ceremonies, they assist the Minister in directing and announcing the ritual. When posthumous titles are proposed for dukes and below, their deeds and conduct are assessed to determine praise or censure. Men without noble rank who styled themselves Master, cultivated virtue in retirement, and won clear renown receive the posthumous title Master. Great deeds earn a lofty posthumous name; lesser deeds earn a modest one. Ancient works included the 《Posthumous Title Methods of the Book of Zhou》, the 《Posthumous Title Methods of the Greater Dai Rites》, Liu Xi's Han-era 《Posthumous Title Methods》 in one scroll, Zhang Jing's Jin-era 《Posthumous Title Methods》 in two scrolls, and the 《Expanded Posthumous Title Methods》 in one scroll. Shen Yue of the Liang compiled posthumous title methods from all ages, totaling one hundred sixty-five designations. At a major sacrificial rite, the Minister inspects the victims and vessels while the ushers serve as guides. For minor sacrifices and auspicious rites involving dukes, ministers, and grand masters, ushers are also appointed to announce the proceedings. The Grand Invokers bring spirit tablets in and out of the nine chambers of the Grand Ancestral Temple and conduct the rites of offering, di sacrifice, and distribution. Whenever the state holds a major sacrifice, invocation boards for suburban and temple rites are first brought in for signature and then sent to the place of sacrifice. When the rite is about to begin, they kneel and read the invocation to assure the spirits; when the rite is complete, the text is burned. At every major sacrifice, the Minister inspects the victims and announces that they are sufficient. Jade and silk offered to Heaven, the sun, moon, and stars are burned; those offered to Earth, the altars of soil and grain, and mountains are buried in the ground; and those for rivers and marshes are sunk in the water. The Masters of Ceremonies arrange the positions of ruler and ministers at court assemblies and sacrifices. There are fourteen types of goblets and jars, which are displayed at sacrifices. Sacrificial vessels are arranged with grain trays and bowls in front, meat stands and cauldrons next, and baskets and dishes in the rear. At sacrifices and court assemblies, they announce and guide the bowing and kneeling of those in position, with announcers relaying each step. They also set out the victim placards to complete the victim-inspection rite. In spring and autumn, when dukes and ministers inspect the tombs at the two mid-season months, they manage the guard of honor and processional music and assist in the rite. The Masters of Harmonizing Pitch harmonize the six lü and six pitch pipes, distinguishing the qi of the four seasons and the measures of the eight winds and five tones. For all Grand Music performances, they supervise testing and set performance quotas. When music is performed in the hall at a major sacrifice or feast, they ascend the hall with a baton to regulate the performance: raising the baton, the musicians strike the wooden clapper and the music begins; lowering the baton and striking the wooden stopper, the music stops.
21
Suburban Sacrifices Bureaus of the two capitals — one Director each, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, upper secondary eighth rank. Two clerks, four scribes, three record keepers, five gatekeepers, eight gate servants, and one hundred ten Fast Officers. The Director of Suburban Sacrifices oversees the five suburban altars, the altars of soil and grain, and the Bright Hall, and conducts the rites of sacrifice and prayer. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. At a major sacrifice, spirit seats are placed on the altar mound in their proper positions, a burning mound is erected, and firewood is piled in advance. Whenever a new- or full-moon eclipse is expected, five weapons are placed at the Grand Altar of Soil and Grain and bound with cinnabar silk to await the event; they are removed once the time has passed.
22
Imperial Tombs Bureau — one Director, upper secondary fifth rank. One recording clerk, two clerks, four scribes, four robe keepers, four carriage keepers, four medicine keepers, three record keepers, and two gatekeepers. Tomb households numbered four hundred for the tombs of Qian, Qiao, and Zhao, and three hundred for those of Xian, Ding, and Gong. The Tomb Director oversees the mountain tombs of former emperors and leads the tomb households in guarding them. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. On the first and fifteenth of each month, New Year's Day, and the winter solstice, offerings are performed at all tombs. Meritorious ministers and close kin may be permitted burial alongside the tomb, arranged in left and right rows by civil and military status. Each crown prince's tomb has one Director of lower secondary eighth rank. One Assistant Director. Lower secondary ninth rank.
23
調 西 西 殿 簿
Grand Music Bureau — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Three clerks and six scribes. Eight music masters, lower secondary ninth rank. Eight record keepers, eight gatekeepers, and one hundred forty civil and military dance officers. The Director of Grand Music harmonizes bells and pitch pipes for the state's sacrifices and banquets. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. The Son of Heaven's palace music includes thirty-six suspended frames: twelve large bells, twenty-four serial bells, and twelve serial chimes, for thirty-six sets in all. On the east and west, chime frames are placed starting from the north, with bell frames next. On the south and north, chime frames are placed starting from the west, with bell frames next. Large bells are placed among the serial bells, each positioned according to its celestial station. Drums stand at the four corners, with the wooden clapper on the left and the wooden stopper on the right. Nest zithers, yu mouth organs, flutes, pipes, chi flutes, and xun ocarinas are also placed beneath the serial bells. Zithers, se lutes, zheng zithers, and zhu zithers for accompanying song are placed beneath the serial chimes. Before the hall court, twelve processional music stands are added; beyond the standing drums, feathered-canopy drums, great drums, bronze gongs, song panpipes, and horns are placed on them. Ascending-song bells, rhythm drums, se lutes, zithers, zheng zithers, and horns are placed in the upper hall; sheng mouth organs, he pipes, panpipes, and chi flutes in the lower hall. In the crown prince's court, the elevated suspension is displayed with three large bells, three serial bells, and three serial chimes removed from the south, nine sets in all placed at the chen, chou, and shen positions. Three standing drums are arranged likewise. When palace suspended music is performed, the civil and military dances are played; the details are set forth in the 《Treatise on Music》. At major banquets, the ten-section entertainments are performed. For major sacrifices and court assemblies, music is arranged by distinguishing tunes, measures, and vestments and setting the order of opening and closing. When rites are performed at the Grand Ancestral Temple, each chamber's libation offering has its own dance. Full particulars are given in the 《Treatise on Music》. Music for sacrifices to August Heaven and the five directions, 《Great Brightness》 and 《Night Brightness》, has six sections; music for sacrifices to August Earth, the Divine Land, and altars of soil and grain has eight sections; music for ancestral temple offerings has nine sections. All other sacrifices use only three sections. The five tones have fixed numerical values, and music is arranged according to those numbers. For music training, masters are appointed to teach. Each year the masters' teaching is examined and graded upper, middle, or lower, and reported to the Ministry of Rites. Every ten years a major review is held, and promotions and dismissals are made according to merit. All musicians and vocalists under instruction are entered in registers, their names and numbers verified, and assigned to rotating shifts.
24
調簿 簿
Processional Music Bureau — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. Three Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Three clerks and six scribes. Four music masters, lower secondary ninth rank. Four record keepers and four gatekeepers. The Director of Processional Music oversees the deployment, use, and rehearsal of processional music for the guard of honor. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When the emperor travels on tour, the guard of honor is divided into front and rear sections. The regulated carriage uses two-thirds of the great carriage's guard; the lesser carriage uses half. When the Empress Dowager or Empress goes out, the arrangement follows that of the lesser carriage. The crown prince's processional music also has front and rear sections. Imperial princes and those below them have graduated reductions. When the emperor travels on tour, there is a system of night watch and morning salute. For the great carriage, night watch uses twelve sections and morning salute three rounds. The crown prince, princes, dukes, ministers, and those below them have graduated watch and salute arrangements. Whenever a new- or full-moon eclipse is expected, workers are led to set five drums at the Grand Altar of Soil and Grain. At the great exorcism rite, drums and horns are led to accompany the demon-quellers' chanting.
25
Imperial Physicians Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Two clerks, four scribes, eight medicine keepers, and twenty-four medicine boys. Four medical supervisors, lower secondary eighth rank. Eight medical masters, lower secondary ninth rank. Two herb-garden masters, eight herb-garden students, and four gatekeepers. The Director of Imperial Physicians oversees medical treatment. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. It has four branches: physicians, acupuncturists, massage therapists, and incantation specialists. Each branch has erudites who teach its students. Examination and appointment follow the methods used by the Directorate of Education. When physicians, medical workers, and medical masters treat patients, the number of cures is recorded for performance review. Herb-garden masters plant, cultivate, and harvest according to the seasons.
26
One Erudite of Medicine, upper eighth rank. One Assistant Instructor, lower secondary ninth rank. Twenty physicians, one hundred medical workers, forty medical students, and two medicine keepers. The Erudite teaches medical arts to the students. Medical arts means studying the 《Materia Medica》 and the 《Classic of the Pulse in A and B》. Training is divided into five specialties: general therapy, sores and swellings, pediatrics, ears, eyes, mouth, and teeth, and cupping.
27
使
One Erudite of Acupuncture, lower secondary eighth rank. One Assistant Instructor of Acupuncture, lower secondary ninth rank. Ten acupuncturists, twenty acupuncture workers, and twenty acupuncture students. The Erudite of Acupuncture teaches students the meridians and acupoints, how to read floating, sinking, rough, and smooth pulses, and the nine needles as methods of tonification and drainage. There are nine named needles, each applied according to the illness.
28
One Erudite of Massage, lower secondary ninth rank. Four massage therapists, sixteen massage workers, and fifteen massage students. The Erudite of Massage teaches students the methods of breathing regulation and guided movement.
29
One Erudite of Incantation, lower secondary ninth rank. Two incantation specialists, eight incantation workers, and ten incantation students. The Erudite of Incantation teaches students incantations to drive off evil spirits that cause pestilence.
30
Grand Divination Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One Assistant Director, ninth rank. Two divination masters, lower secondary ninth rank. Two Erudites of Divination. Lower secondary ninth rank. The Director of Grand Divination oversees divination by tortoise shell and milfoil. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. There are four methods: tortoise-shell divination, five omens, the Changes, and the Shi method. All distinguish images and numbers, read their waxing and waning, and thereby determine fortune and misfortune. Whenever the state holds a sacrifice, divination masters and diviners are led to determine the day outside the south gate of the Grand Ancestral Temple. On the last day of late winter each year, demon-quellers are led into the palace central hall to perform the great exorcism rite. Zeng means to send away: in the hall the demon-quellers dance to drive off ill omens.
31
Sacrificial Livestock Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director. Ninth rank. The Director of Sacrificial Livestock oversees the presentation of sacrificial victims and grain offerings. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. For the three sacrificial rites, victims and pens each have prescribed names and numbers. At a major sacrifice, together with the Grand Invoker they bring the victim to the placard; when the Minister of Ritual inspects it, facing north he announces its condition, then leads the victim to the Grand Provisioner.
32
Fen Shrine Bureau — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director. Upper secondary eighth rank. The Director and Assistant Director of the Fen Shrine oversee regulations for spirit worship, offerings, and maintenance.
33
祿祿祿殿 祿 祿
Duke of Qi Temple Bureaus of the two capitals — one Director each, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director each, upper secondary eighth rank. The Director and Assistant Director oversee opening and closing, maintenance, and the mid-spring and mid-autumn libation rites. Directorate of Imperial Entertainments. Under Qin the office was called Director of Palace Attendants; under Han it became Commissioner of Imperial Entertainments, overseeing palace gates and doorways. The Liang established twelve Ministers, added "Directorate," dropped "Commissioner," and named the office Minister of Imperial Entertainments with charge over meals; later dynasties kept the arrangement. Rank third. Under Longshuo it became Chief Minister of the Directorate of Provisions; under Guangzhai, Minister of the Directorate of Provisions; under Shendlong it was restored to the Directorate of Imperial Entertainments.
34
One Minister, secondary third rank. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's wine, spirits, and delicacies, supervising Grand Provisioner, Delicacies, Good Brew, and Pickled Meats, maintaining stores and carefully controlling disbursements and receipts. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. At a state major sacrifice, he inspects victims and harvest offerings and oversees washing and cleansing. When the Three Excellencies officiate in the ruler's stead, he serves as final offerer. At court assemblies and banquets, he regulates gradations of rank and supplies provisions according to abundance or restraint.
35
簿 簿
Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Twelve clerks, twenty-one scribes, six ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal and audits for errors. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
36
Grand Provisioner Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Four clerks and scribes. Ten meal supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. Fifteen meal masters, two thousand four hundred meal servers, and four gatekeepers. The Director of the Grand Provisioner oversees the supply of meals. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. On sacrifice day, together with the Minister he inspects victims and cauldrons in the kitchen, draws clear water from the yin mirror and bright fire from the yang fire-starter, leads butchers to cut the victim with the bell knife, collects hair and blood in vessels, and cooks the victim. The master who presents the food fills the grain trays and bowls and sets them inside the food curtain. At court assemblies and banquets, meals are supplied to all officials of ninth rank and above. For officials attending sacrifices and observing fasts, meals are graded according to rank. The same applies at the Directorate of Education's libation offering, when all officials observe the rite. The same applies to palace guards on duty and appointed wives attending court and banquets.
37
Delicacies Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Three clerks, six scribes, eight record keepers, five confectioners, and four gatekeepers. The Director oversees various delicacies; the Assistant Director serves as his deputy and fills the baskets and dishes. Land products include hazelnuts, chestnuts, dried meat, and cured strips; water products include fish, salt, water caltrop, and gorgon fruit. Their names and numbers are distinguished and disbursements reconciled to supply sacrifices, court assemblies, and guest receptions.
38
Good Brew Bureau — two Directors, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Three clerks and six scribes. Two supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. Thirty brew keepers, thirteen wine craftsmen, one hundred twenty cup bearers, and four gatekeepers. The Director oversees the supply of the five grades of brew and three types of wine for state sacrifices. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. The meaning of the five grades of brew and three types of wine is set forth in the 《Offices of Zhou》. On suburban sacrifice day, he leads his staff to fill the goblets and jars. At offerings in the Grand Ancestral Temple, he supplies the aromatic wine to fill the six ritual vessels. When tribute wines are due, he supplies spring sun-dried, autumn clarified, fermented flower, mulberry-fall, and other wines.
39
鹿
Pickled Meats Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Two clerks, four scribes, and ten pickle keepers. The Director supplies vinegars and pickled meats and distinguishes their names and types. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. There are four types of pickled meat: deer, rabbit, sheep, and fish. For sacrifices to spirits and offerings at the ancestral temple, pickled vegetables and meats fill the dishes. When feasting guests and gathering officials, pickled meats and sauces are used to season the broth. Directorate of the Palace Guard. Qin established the Palace Guard to manage palace gate guards and garrison troops; subordinate offices included Directors of Imperial Carriages, Guards, and Rapid Tiger Guard. The Liang established twelve Ministers, adding "Directorate" to Palace Guard and "Minister" to the office title. Under Longshuo it became the Directorate of Guardians; under Xianheng the former name was restored.
40
One Minister, secondary third rank. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's implements, weapons, and ceremonial objects, supervising the Armory, Weapons, and Palace Guard bureaus. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. All weapons from throughout the realm brought into the capital are registered by name and number and stored. At major sacrifices and great court assemblies, it supplies feathered banners, ceremonial axes, bronze drums, curtains, mats, and the like.
41
簿 簿
Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. One Recording Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. Six clerks, eleven scribes, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business and tracks the numbers of implements disbursed and received. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal and audits for errors. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
42
Armory — one Director each in the two capitals, lower secondary sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Two clerks, six scribes, and one supervisor of upper ninth rank. Two record keepers and five gatekeepers. The Director stores the state's weapons and implements, distinguishing their names and numbers for state use. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When the ruler campaigns in person or conducts the great field hunt, a ram, a monkey-pig, and a rooster are used to smear the drums. When the crown prince campaigns in person or a great general leads an army out, a monkey-pig is used. Whenever an amnesty is proclaimed, a golden rooster is erected first and a drum is placed to the right of the palace gate. When prisoners from the Court of Judicial Review and the prefectures and counties arrive, the drum is struck.
43
簿 簿
Weapons Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary ninth rank. Two clerks, six scribes, and one supervisor of lower secondary ninth rank. Two record keepers and four gatekeepers. The Director oversees ceremonial weapons kept outside, distinguishing their names and types and reconciling disbursements and receipts. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. At major sacrifices, great court assemblies, and imperial tours, items are deposited in the Armory to supply the guard of honor. Guard of honor is also supplied when princes, dukes, and officials require it for wedding or funeral rites.
44
殿
Palace Equipment Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Two clerks, four scribes, two supervisors, six equipment keepers, and one thousand six hundred tent attendants. The Director oversees the state's tents and furnishings, distinguishing their names and types and reconciling disbursements and receipts. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. At major sacrifices, great court assemblies, and imperial tours, positions for princes, dukes, and all officials are arranged outside the south gate of the main hall. Directorate of the Imperial Clan. The 《Classic of Stars》 records the Star of the Imperial Clan southeast of the Emperor's Seat. Qin established the Director of the Imperial Clan to manage the imperial kindred. The Liang established twelve Ministers, of whom the Director of the Imperial Clan was one; "Directorate" was added to the title. Under the Sui, the rank was second. Under Guangzhai it became Director of Kindred; under Shendlong the former name was restored.
45
簿 簿 簿
One Minister, upper secondary third rank. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary seventh rank. One Recording Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. Five clerks, nine scribes, four ward chiefs, and four gatekeepers. The Minister maintains registers of the nine clans and six kin to distinguish senior and junior branches, and also oversees the Bureau of High Mysteries. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. Descendants of the nine temples who succeed to the line form the clan; the rest are the kindred. For major sacrifices and investiture and court assembly rites, registers are made of imperial kin and other kin who should attend in supporting positions and submitted to the Office of Enfeoffment. The same applies when imperial kin are descendants of the Three Dukes eligible to inherit enfeoffment. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal and audits for errors. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
46
Bureau of High Mysteries — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. Two clerks, three scribes, six record keepers, and two gatekeepers. The Director oversees the names and numbers of Daoist temples in the capital, registers of Daoist priests, and their fasting and ritual observances. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Directorate of the Imperial Stud. Grand Provisioner for Horses was an ancient office. The Liang established twelve Ministers and added "Directorate" to the title; later dynasties kept the name. Under Longshuo it became the Directorate of Charioteers; under Guangzhai, the Directorate of Servants; under Shendlong the former name was restored.
47
輿
One Minister. Secondary third rank. In antiquity the office was called Grand Provisioner-in-Chief. Later the word "Chief" was dropped, leaving only Grand Provisioner for Horses. The Liang made it one of the ranked Ministers; under the Sui the rank was third. Under Longshuo it became Chief Minister of Charioteers; under Guangzhai, Minister of Servants; under Shendlong the former name was restored. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's stables, pastures, and carriage regulations, supervising Yellow Carriages and Carriage Records. Each year registered accounts of sheep and horses from pasture supervisors are received, reconciled, and submitted to the Carriage Section of the Ministry of Revenue for officials' performance review. In all four mid-season months, sacrifices are made to the Horse Ancestor, Horse Pace, Former Pasture, and Horse Altar.
48
簿 簿
Four Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Seventeen clerks. Thirty-four scribes, six hundred veterinarians, four erudites of veterinary medicine, one hundred students, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal, audits for errors, and reviews copied documents. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
49
輿輿 輿 輿 調
Yellow Carriages Bureau — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One clerk, two scribes, eight record keepers, one hundred forty grooms, fourteen sheep-carriage attendants, and six gatekeepers. The Director oversees the Son of Heaven's carriages, distinguishing their names, numbers, and methods of training and driving. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. The imperial carriage includes five state carriages; full particulars are given in the 《Treatise on Carriages and Vestments》. Each has an escort carriage, and there are twelve additional carriages: the south-pointing carriage, distance-recording drum carriage, white egret carriage, imperial banner carriage, evil-averting carriage, leather-canopy carriage, plowing-root carriage, secure carriage, four-view carriage, sheep carriage, yellow axe carriage, and leopard-tail carriage; their ornaments are described in the 《Treatise on Carriages and Vestments》. There are twelve follower carriages. In antiquity there were eighty-one follower carriages; the dynasty established twelve. The imperial procession has great, regulated, and lesser forms; carriages and vestments each have prescribed gradations. When a major rite is held, the carriage used is brought inside the palace. When the rite is complete, it is received and stored away. Forty days before a rite, the Yellow Carriages Bureau supplies horses matching the carriage colors and leads grooms to rehearse the twelve carriages including the south-pointing carriage.
50
Imperial Stud Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Two clerks and six scribes. Six carriage masters, lower ninth rank. Eight record keepers, one hundred drivers, eight hundred grooms, and six gatekeepers. The Director oversees tethering and feeding horses and oxen and supplying various livestock. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy.
51
Pasture Bureau — two Directors, lower eighth rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Four clerks, eight scribes, eight supervisors, and sixteen record keepers of lower secondary ninth rank. Fifty dairy keepers. The Director oversees pasturing various livestock and producing butter, cheese, dried meat, and cured meat for disbursement. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. All lambs and calves sent by group pastures are received and supplied to Sacrificial Livestock and the Imperial Pantry. The same applies to all offices required to supply jointly.
52
Carriage Records Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. One clerk, two scribes, four record keepers, and six gatekeepers. The Director oversees the carriages of princes, dukes, and those below them, distinguishing their names, numbers, and methods of training and driving. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Dukes and below receive four light carriages. They are the ivory carriage, leather light carriage, wood carriage, and light carriage. They are supplied according to rank. Drivers are also supplied.
53
簿
One Chief Pasture Supervisor, lower secondary fifth rank. Pasture supervisors were all established by the dynasty. Two Vice Supervisors, lower sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper eighth rank. One Chief Clerk, lower eighth rank. One recording clerk, three clerks, six scribes, eight record keepers, and four gatekeepers.
54
簿
One Middle Pasture Supervisor, lower sixth rank. One Vice Supervisor, lower secondary sixth rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One Chief Clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk, two clerks, four scribes, four record keepers, and four gatekeepers.
55
簿 簿 西使 使
One Lower Pasture Supervisor, lower secondary sixth rank. One Vice Supervisor, lower seventh rank. One Assistant Director, upper ninth rank. One Chief Clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. All pasture supervisors oversee breeding and tax affairs for group pastures. Five thousand horses qualify for an upper supervisor, three thousand or more for a middle supervisor, and one thousand or more for a lower supervisor; each horse herd has pasture chiefs and wardens. Horses have left and right supervisors to distinguish coarse from fine stock; numbers record their names and they are entered in registers. Fine horses are designated left; coarse horses are designated right. North, south, east, and west commissioners are established to oversee group pastures, and all horses are branded. At year's end, pasture commissioners inspect breeding numbers, offset merit against fault, and conduct performance reviews.
56
簿
One Sha Park Supervisor, lower secondary sixth rank. One Vice Supervisor, lower seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. Two Chief Clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk, three clerks, six scribes, four record keepers, and two gatekeepers. The Sha Park Supervisor pastures cattle and sheep from the Longyou pastures to supply banquets, sacrifices, and the Imperial Pantry. Each year, together with the Pasture Bureau, it supplies provisions by month. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When all offices are required to supply, provisions are supplied in all four seasons. All sheep wool and miscellaneous livestock hair, hides, and horns are counted and reported to the responsible offices. Court of Judicial Review. In antiquity managing punishment was called "minister," also called "adjudication." Emperor Jing of Han added "Grand," taking the meaning that the prison of the Heavenly Office's noble was called Grand Adjudication. After Later Han it became Court Commandant; Wei restored the name Grand Adjudication. The Southern dynasties again used Court Commandant; the Liang renamed it Minister of Autumn; Northern Qi and Sui used Grand Adjudication and added "Court." Under Longshuo it became the Court of Detailed Punishment; under Guangzhai, Director of Punishment; under Shendlong the former name was restored.
57
One Minister, secondary third rank. In antiquity it was sometimes called Court Commandant; Northern Qi added "Court." Under the Sui, the rank was third. Under Longshuo it became Chief Minister of Detailed Punishment; under Guangzhai, Minister of Punishment; under Shendlong it was restored to Minister of Grand Adjudication. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's adjudication of cases and review of punishments. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. All offenses reaching exile or death are examined in detail and verified, then submitted to the Ministry of Justice. They are also reviewed in detail by the Secretariat and Chancellery. When the Personnel Section appoints judges, together with the Minister and Vice Minister of Justice they discuss the candidate's suitability before recording the appointment.
58
簿 簿 使
Two Rectifiers, lower secondary fifth rank. Six Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Twenty-eight clerks and fifty-six scribes. The Rectifiers deliberate on punishments and examine and correct statutes. When the six Assistant Directors judge offenses incorrectly, the Rectifiers correct them according to law. The Assistant Directors divide and adjudicate court business. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal, reviews copied documents, and audits for errors. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule. Four prison Assistant Directors lead prison officers, inspect prisoners, and oversee cangues and beatings. Six prison scribes, four ward chiefs, and eight gatekeepers. One hundred forty-eight interrogators judge offenders. Six Rectifiers of Integrity, upper secondary sixth rank. Twelve Reviewing Officers, lower secondary eighth rank. They investigate and verify cases on mission. Fourteen Reviewing Officer scribes. Its penal statutes and categories are recorded in the Ministry of Justice. Directorate of State Ceremonial. Under Zhou it was Grand Master of Guests; under Qin, Director of Guests; under Emperor Jing of Han, Grand Master of Guests; under Emperor Wu, Grand Master of State Ceremonial. The Liang established twelve Ministers; State Ceremonial was the Winter Minister; "Grand" was dropped and the office became a directorate. Later Zhou called it the Guest Section; the Sui called it the Directorate of State Ceremonial. Under Longshuo it became the Directorate of Common Script; under Guangzhai, the Directorate of Guests; under Shendlong the former name was restored.
59
One Minister, secondary third rank. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees guests and inauspicious rites, supervising the Guest Reception and Ceremonial Protocol bureaus to lead staff and fulfill their duties. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. When chieftains from the four directions and foreign peoples come to court, their ranks are distinguished and they are treated as guests. When sons of the Two Kings and foreign chieftains inherit office and rank, legitimacy and illegitimacy are distinguished and suitability is examined. When chieftains of foreign peoples receive enfeoffment and ritual commands, they receive the patent and proceed to their country. Temple and monastery leaders throughout the realm and great virtues in the capital are selected from those of lofty virtue esteemed by the community and submitted to the Sacrificial Affairs Section of the Ministry of Revenue. When the emperor or crown prince attends mourning for kin within the five degrees of mourning or for great ministers, he assists in directing the rites. For imperially ordered burials of ministers, the Minister escorts first-rank funerals, the Vice Minister second-rank funerals, and one Assistant Director third-rank funerals. Ceremonial Protocol is ordered to display the ritual system in each case.
60
簿 簿
Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Five clerks, eleven scribes, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal and audits for errors. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
61
Guest Reception Bureau — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Fifteen guest keepers, upper ninth rank. Thirteen guest reception officers, four clerks, eight scribes, eighteen guest attendants, and two gatekeepers. The Director of Guest Reception maintains registers of the Two Kings and the names and numbers of foreign peoples who have submitted and remain in their lands. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. They participate in all tribute missions, banquets, and send-offs and receptions. They distinguish ranks and supply duties. All chieftain leaders coming to court are lodged and supplied for. In cases of illness, death, or mourning, provisions are given according to circumstances. When they return to their lands, they assist in the formalities of leave-taking.
62
Ceremonial Protocol Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. Six ceremonial protocol officers, two clerks, four scribes, eighteen equipment keepers, thirty-three fast officers, four gatekeepers, and sixty tent attendants. The Director of Ceremonial Protocol oversees the forms of inauspicious rites and funeral equipment. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When capital officials of third rank or above in office, honorary officials of second rank or above, or capital officials of fourth rank or above die, condolence offerings and burial supplies are provided according to rank. Directorate of Agriculture. Under early Han the office was Director of Grain within the Interior; Emperor Jing renamed it Grand Agriculture; Emperor Wu added "Director." The Liang established twelve Ministers, turning bureaus into directorates and offices into ministers; the Sui named it Minister of Agriculture; in Longshuo year 2 it became Minister of Crops; Xianheng restored the former name.
63
祿
One Minister, upper secondary third rank. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's granaries, stores, and accumulated goods, supervising Imperial Park, Grand Granary, Fuel Supply, and Grain Processing and various supervisors, carefully controlling disbursements and receipts. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. Salaries and regular provisions for all capital offices and officials depend on its supply. At the early-spring plowing-field sacrifice to the Former Farmer, plows and hoes are presented; ice is stored in late winter and distributed in mid-spring—all rites for the Cold Spirit.
64
簿 祿 簿
Six Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Twenty clerks, seventy-six scribes, three accounting scribes, nine ward chiefs, and seven gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. All land tax from throughout the realm and goods processed and transported to the capital are inspected and received to supply state needs and pay officials. The Chief Clerk keeps the seal, signs copied documents, and audits for errors. Twenty wooden tally slips are kept; whenever disbursement or receipt is required, they are matched against the directorate's records. The Recording Clerk receives documents and dispatches them on schedule.
65
Imperial Park Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Seven clerks, fourteen scribes, nineteen supervisors, twenty-four record keepers, and five gatekeepers. The Director oversees parks, enclosures, gardens, and ponds. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Fruit trees and vegetables are planted to supply court assemblies and sacrifices. It manages tribute from the Imperial Pantry, regular provisions of all offices, and storing ice in late winter.
66
Grand Granary Bureau — three Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Ten clerks, twenty scribes, and ten supervisors. Lower secondary ninth rank. The Director oversees storage of the nine grains. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. When cellars and storehouses are dug and built, bricks are inscribed with the number of granary measures, the date, and the names of officials receiving the grain. Placards matching the inscriptions are also erected.
67
Fuel Supply Bureau — two Directors, upper eighth rank. Four Assistant Directors, upper ninth rank. Seven clerks, fourteen scribes, and ten supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Nineteen record keepers and five gatekeepers. The Director supplies the state's firewood and fodder. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. For sacrifices, court assemblies, and guest banquets, supplies are given according to rank.
68
Grain Processing Bureau — two Directors, upper eighth rank. Four Assistant Directors, upper ninth rank. Eight clerks, sixteen scribes, and ten supervisors. Upper secondary ninth rank. The Director oversees selecting and processing rice and wheat. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. The nine grains are supplied according to fineness or coarseness and with allowance for loss.
69
Taiyuan, Yongfeng, and Longmen granaries — one supervisor each, lower seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, six record keepers, two clerks, four scribes, and four gatekeepers. The Granary Supervisor oversees granary cellar storage and accumulation. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Disbursement and receipt account papers are submitted to the directorate at year's end.
70
Bamboo Supervisor — one supervisor, lower seventh rank. One Vice Supervisor, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, two clerks, four scribes, thirty record keepers, and four gatekeepers. The Bamboo Supervisor plants and cultivates garden bamboo. The Vice Supervisor serves as his deputy. At year's end, performance review is based on the amount of bamboo produced.
71
西
Hot Spring Supervisor — the spring lies west of Zhaoying County in Jingzhao Prefecture. One supervisor, lower seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors of upper secondary eighth rank; one recording clerk; two clerks; two scribes; and four gatekeepers. The Hot Spring Supervisor oversees the hot pool palace and its restrictions. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Hot spring lodges are graded from princes and dukes down to commoners; rank is distinguished and transgression forbidden. Melons and fruits that ripen early in areas moistened by the spring must be wrapped and presented as offerings at the tombs and temples.
72
簿
Capital and Eastern Capital Park Chief Supervisors — one supervisor each, lower secondary fifth rank. One Vice Supervisor of lower secondary sixth rank; two Assistant Directors of lower secondary seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. Three recording clerks each, eight clerks, sixteen scribes, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Park Chief Supervisor oversees palace park lodges, gardens, and ponds. The Vice Supervisor serves as his deputy. All birds, fish, fruits, and trees are collectively managed. Gradations are set for supplies to the chief supervisor and park staff and for people and livestock entering and leaving.
73
Capital and Eastern Capital Park Four-Side Supervisors: One supervisor each, lower secondary sixth rank. One Vice Supervisor, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower eighth rank. One recording clerk, three clerks, three scribes, six record keepers, and four gatekeepers. The Four-Side Supervisors manage lodges, gardens, and ponds in their park sections and oversee planting and repairs. The Vice Supervisor serves as his deputy. The Assistant Director supervises supervisor business.
74
Various garrison farms — one supervisor each, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors. Lower secondary eighth rank. Each garrison farm supervisor manages its crops. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Fixed annual quotas vary by farm.
75
簿
Jiucheng Palace Chief Supervisor — one supervisor, lower secondary fifth rank. One Vice Supervisor of lower secondary sixth rank; one Assistant Director of lower secondary seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk, three clerks, and five scribes. The Palace Supervisor inspects palace trees and supplies refined medicines. The Vice Supervisor serves as his deputy. Directorate of the Imperial Treasury. The 《Offices of Zhou》 records Grand Treasury Lower Servants who managed wealth and taxes. After Qin and Han, wealth and taxes belonged to the Director of Agriculture and the Privy Treasury. The Liang first established the Minister of the Imperial Treasury to manage the vault and stores. Under Longshuo it became the Outer Treasury; under Guangzhai, the Directorate of Treasury; under Shendlong it was restored to the Directorate of the Imperial Treasury.
76
One Minister, secondary third rank. This corresponds to the Middle Grandee of the Imperial Treasury under Later Zhou. Two Vice Ministers. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Minister oversees the state's wealth and goods, supervising the capital's four markets, Equalization, Left and Right Treasuries, and Ever-Normal Granaries, setting forth their categories and fulfilling their duties. The Vice Minister serves as his deputy. Goods are equalized by two methods. They are measures and weights and balances. Tribute and taxes from the four directions and salaries of all officials are carefully controlled and regulated. At sacrifices, ritual silks are supplied.
77
簿 殿
Four Assistant Directors, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Fifteen clerks, fifty scribes, four accounting scribes, seven ward chiefs, and seven gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises directorate business. Regional products offered at the winter and summer solstice great court assemblies that should be displayed in the hall court are received and presented.
78
西
Capital Market Bureaus of the two capitals — the capital has east and west markets; the eastern capital has south and north markets. One Director, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors each, upper eighth rank. One recording clerk, three clerks, seven scribes, three record keepers, and one gatekeeper. The Capital Market Director oversees transactions of all trades. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Signs are erected and stalls arranged; the market is equalized by two instruments — scales by the steelyard and measures by the bushel. The market is balanced by three price levels. Prices have upper, middle, and lower gradations.
79
Equalization Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, six clerks, thirteen scribes, and two supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Two record keepers, ten price officers, and ten gatekeepers. The Director of Equalization oversees official market exchange. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Unused goods from all offices are sold off in season. Confiscated official goods are handled likewise.
80
西 簿 調
Left Treasury Bureau — Left and Right Treasury Directors were first established under the Jin; later dynasties kept the arrangement. The imperial Left Treasury includes the East Storehouse, West Storehouse, and Hall Court Storehouse. There is also the Eastern Capital Storehouse. Each has one wooden tally matched against the Chief Clerk of the Imperial Treasury. Three Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Five Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Nine clerks, eighteen scribes, and nine supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. One record keeper and eight gatekeepers. The Director of the Left Treasury oversees the state's storehouses. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. All land tax and corvée from throughout the realm are screened at the delivery yard for conformity to measures, scales, and weights; the Minister and censors supervise inspection before goods enter storehouses, each labeled with prefecture, county, year, and month to distinguish coarse from fine and new from old. For disbursement, wooden tallies are checked first, then names and numbers are recorded, the requester's name is signed and sealed and sent to the Gate Supervisor, and only then release is permitted. External disbursements are stamped with an ink seal. Within storehouse courtyards, kindling fire and entering without cause are forbidden. By day armed guards on all four sides defend it; by night clappers are struck and patrol shifts rotate.
81
Right Treasury Bureau — two Directors, upper eighth rank. Three Assistant Directors, upper ninth rank. Five clerks, ten scribes, and four supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Seven record keepers and ten gatekeepers. The Director of the Right Treasury oversees the state's treasures and goods. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Gold, jade, pearls, shells, and curios offered from the four directions are all stored. Disbursement and receipt rules follow those of the Left Treasury.
82
滿
Ever-Normal Granary Bureau — under Emperor Xuan of Han the Ever-Normal Granary was first established to balance years of famine and plenty. Later Han renamed it the Ever-Full Granary; the Jin called it Ever-Normal; Later Wei called it the Lodge Storehouse. The Sui established Liyang Granary in Weizhou, Heyang Granary in Luozhou, Ever-Normal Granary in Shazhou, and Guangyun Granary in Huazhou, relaying grain and transporting grain from east of the pass to supply the capital. At the beginning of the Chuigong era, Ever-Normal bureaus were established in the two capitals and in prefectures throughout the realm. One Director, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Four clerks, eight scribes, and five supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Five record keepers and six gatekeepers. The Director of Ever-Normal oversees granary storage. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Directorate of Education. The meaning of "imperial sons" is set forth in the 《Offices of Zhou》. Emperor Wu of the Jin first established the Imperial Sons Academy. Northern Qi called it the Imperial Sons Directorate; early Sui called it an academy, later a directorate; in Daye year 3 it became a supervisorate. Under Longshuo it became Grand Director of Completion; under Guangzhai, Completion Balance; under Shendlong it was restored to the Directorate of Education.
83
殿
One Libationer, secondary third rank. The 《Offices of Zhou》 names the offices Master and Guardian. Han first established the Libationer Erudite; later dynasties kept the title. Under the Sui the Libationer held third rank. Under Longshuo and Guangzhai the title changed with the bureau. Two Vice Directors. Lower secondary fourth rank. In Sui Daye year 3 one Vice Director of secondary fourth rank was first established. The office title changed with the bureau. The Libationer and Vice Director oversee the state's Confucian learning and instruction; there are six academies. They are the Imperial Sons Academy, Grand Academy, Four Gates, Law Academy, Calligraphy Academy, and Mathematics Academy. In the spring and autumn equinox months, on the upper ding day a libation offering is made to Confucius with the great offering; music uses ascending song and elevated suspension. The Libationer serves as first offerer and the Vice Director as secondary offerer. The classics taught are the 《Book of Changes》, 《Book of Documents》, 《Rites of Zhou》, 《Rites of Etiquette》, 《Record of Rites》, 《Mao Version of the Odes》, 《Spring and Autumn Annals with Zuo Commentary》, 《Gongyang Commentary》, and 《Guliang Commentary》, each as one classic, with the 《Classic of Filial Piety》 and 《Analects》 studied concurrently. At year's end the teaching officials' instructional achievements are examined and ranked.
84
簿
One Assistant Director, lower secondary sixth rank. One Chief Clerk, lower secondary seventh rank. One Recording Clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. Seven clerks, thirteen scribes, six ward chiefs, and eight gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises supervisorate business. When students of the six academies complete their studies each year, their work is tested by the Libationer and Vice Director and submitted to the Ministry of Rites.
85
Two Erudites of the Imperial Sons Academy, upper fifth rank. Two Assistant Instructors, upper secondary sixth rank. Three hundred students, four academy clerks, two temple stewards, and four gatekeepers. The Erudites teach sons and grandsons of civil and military officials of third rank and above, and great-grandsons of second rank and above enrolled as students. When a student first enters, one basket of silk, one jar of wine, and one bundle of dried meat are presented. Each year students who master two or more classics and seek office are reported to the supervisorate. Those qualified for Xiucai or Jinshi degrees are handled likewise. The academy clerks copy and record coursework. The temple stewards sweep and maintain the academy temple.
86
Three Erudites of the Grand Academy, upper sixth rank. Three Assistant Instructors, upper secondary seventh rank. Five hundred students. The Erudites of the Grand Academy teach civil and military officials of fifth rank and above, sons and grandsons of prefecture and county officials, and great-great-grandsons of secondary third rank enrolled as students. Teaching methods follow those of the Imperial Sons Academy.
87
Three Erudites of the Four Gates, upper seventh rank. Three Assistant Instructors, upper secondary eighth rank. The Erudites of the Four Gates teach civil and military officials of seventh rank and above and marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons enrolled as students; commoners' sons enrolled as outstanding scholars follow Grand Academy methods. Five hundred students. Four Direct Lecturers assist the Erudites and Assistant Instructors. Twenty Great Completers. Those who complete mastery of four classics report to the Personnel Section of the Ministry of Revenue; those who pass the examination receive added rank and appointment.
88
One Erudite of the Law Academy, lower secondary eighth rank. Established by Emperor Taizong. One Assistant Instructor, upper secondary ninth rank. Fifty students. The Erudite teaches civil and military officials of eighth rank and below and commoners' sons enrolled as students. Statutes and orders are the specialty, with formats, laws, and precedents studied concurrently.
89
Two Erudites of the Calligraphy Academy, lower secondary ninth rank. Thirty students. The Erudites teach civil and military officials of eighth rank and below and commoners' sons enrolled as students. The 《Stone Classics》, 《Shuowen》, and 《Zilin》 are the specialty, with other character books studied concurrently.
90
Two Erudites of the Mathematics Academy, lower secondary ninth rank. Thirty students. The Erudites teach civil and military officials of eighth rank and below and commoners' sons enrolled as students. The classics are divided into two specialties. Fifteen students study the 《Nine Chapters》, 《Sea Island》, 《Master Sun》, 《Five Offices》, 《Zhang Qiujian》, 《Xiahou Yang》, and 《Zhou Bi》; fifteen study the 《Continued Methods》 and 《Collected Antiquity》. The 《Records of Remaining Methods》 and 《Three Grades of Numbers》 are also studied concurrently.
91
One Erudite for each of the Five Classics. Lower fifth rank. Formerly there was no Five Classics examination subject; a Zhenyuan year 5 edict established the Three Rites and Kaiyuan Rites subjects; in Changqing year 2 the Three Commentaries and Three Histories subjects were established; later Erudites of the Five Classics were added. The exact date has not yet been verified.
92
Two Erudites of the Broad Learning Hall. Upper sixth rank. Established in Tianbao year 9 to test students attached to the supervisorate preparing for the Jinshi examination. One Assistant Instructor was established; the post was abolished after the Zhide era. Directorate of the Privy Treasury. Qin established the Privy Treasury to manage taxes on mountains and marshes. Under Han it managed precious goods of the inner treasury. The Liang first made it a Ministerial office. Through the ages it was sometimes established and sometimes abolished. In Sui Daye year 5 it was separated from the Imperial Treasury and established as the Directorate of the Privy Treasury. Under Longshuo it became the Inner Treasury; under Guangzhai, the Imperial Workshop; under Shendlong it was restored to the Directorate of the Privy Treasury.
93
One Superintendent, secondary third rank. Qin and Han had the Privy Treasury; the Liang made it a Minister; the Sui renamed it Superintendent of secondary third rank, with a Vice Superintendent of secondary fourth rank. Emperor Yang renamed it Director; Wude restored Superintendent; under Longshuo and Guangzhai the title changed with the bureau. Two Vice Superintendents. Lower secondary fourth rank. The Superintendent supplies the work of all craftsmen and artisans, supervising Inner Works, Left Works, Right Works, Dyeing and Weaving, and Metalworking, organizing workers and carefully controlling manufacture. The Vice Superintendent serves as his deputy. The Son of Heaven's robes and accoutrements, officials' ceremonial regalia, and displayed colors and prepared objects are all supplied by leading subordinates.
94
簿
Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Twenty-seven clerks, seventeen scribes, three accounting scribes, eight ward chiefs, and four gatekeepers. The Assistant Director supervises supervisorate business. Objects manufactured by the five bureaus are reported to the Department of State Affairs and sent to the responsible offices for supply.
95
Inner Works Bureau — one Director, lower secondary sixth rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Nine clerks, eighteen scribes, four production supervisors, four record keepers, and four gatekeepers. The Director of Inner Works supplies jade scepters and disks, vessels, and curios for suburban sacrifices. Empress palace robes and ornaments with carved patterns and mixed colors are all supplied. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Gold, jade, ivory, leather, fur, and feather materials are supplied according to local products and season.
96
輿
Left Works Bureau — one Director, lower seventh rank. Five Assistant Directors, lower secondary seventh rank. Six production supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. Eighteen record keepers and four gatekeepers. The Director of Left Works supplies the Son of Heaven's five state carriages, five escorts, seven palanquins, three litters, twelve carriages, one hundred fifty-six canopy umbrellas, pheasant-tail fans and small parasols, distinguishing their names and numbers and issuing regulations. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy.
97
Right Works Bureau — one Director, lower seventh rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Six production supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. Thirteen record keepers and ten gatekeepers. The Director of Right Works supplies saddles and bridles for the Son of Heaven's twelve stable horses and fifth-rank departmental tents, preparing leather materials and maintaining regulations. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. Swords, axes, halberds, armor, paper, brushes, mats, shoes, and slippers are all supplied. Silks, gauzes, gold, jade, fur, and leather are dispatched in season from their regions of origin.
98
Dyeing and Weaving Bureau — one Director, upper eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper ninth rank. Six production supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. Eleven record keepers and five gatekeepers. The Director of Dyeing and Weaving supplies caps and robes for the Son of Heaven, crown prince, and all ministers, distinguishing regulations and fulfilling their needs. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy.
99
西
Metalworking Bureau — one Director, upper eighth rank. One Assistant Director, upper ninth rank. Four production supervisors, lower secondary ninth rank. The Director of Metalworking smelts and casts copper and iron objects. The Assistant Director serves as his deputy. In prefectures producing copper and iron throughout the realm, private mining is permitted and the government collects tax. White tin is purchased by the government. In northwestern prefectures, establishing iron smelters or mining iron is forbidden. When utensils are needed, a full list is sent to the responsible office for supply.
100
Various smelteries — one supervisor each, lower seventh rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, one clerk, two scribes, and four production supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Two record keepers and four gatekeepers. Smeltery supervisors oversee casting copper and iron.
101
簿
Northern Capital Armaments Supervisor — one supervisor, upper fourth rank. One Vice Supervisor, upper fifth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, upper eighth rank. One Recording Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. Ten clerks, eighteen scribes, four record keepers, two ward chiefs, and four gatekeepers. The Armaments Supervisor manufactures armor and crossbows and delivers them to the Armory on schedule.
102
Armor Workshop Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. Two clerks, five scribes, and two production supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Two record keepers.
103
Crossbow Workshop Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. Two clerks, five scribes, and two production supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Two record keepers.
104
Various coin-casting supervisors: Jiangzhou had thirty furnaces; Yang, Xuan, E, and Yu prefectures ten each; Yi, Deng, and Chen prefectures five each; Yangzhou three; and Dingzhou one. All coin-casting supervisors are overseen by the area commander or prefectural governor of their prefecture. One Vice Supervisor, overseen by the senior aide. One Assistant Director, overseen by the adjudication section. One supervisor, held by either a staff officer or county captain. Recording clerks, clerks, and scribes are filled by literati.
105
Various frontier markets — one supervisor each, lower secondary sixth rank. One Assistant Director. Lower eighth rank. Frontier market supervisors oversee trade in horses, camels, donkeys, and cattle with foreign peoples. Directorate of Palace Construction. Qin established the Director of Construction to manage construction and repair of palace buildings; later dynasties kept the arrangement. The Sui named it the Directorate of Construction; under Longshuo it became the Construction Works Supervisorate; under Guangzhai, the Building and Repair Supervisorate; under Shendlong it was restored to the Directorate of Palace Construction.
106
殿
One Chief Artisan, secondary third rank. The title Chief Artisan was established by Emperor Jing of Han. The Liang established twelve Ministers, of whom the Director of Construction was one. Later Zhou called it Middle Grandee of Master Artisans. Early Sui made it the Directorate of Construction with one Chief Artisan; later it became a supervisorate headed by the Chief Artisan. Emperor Yang renamed it Director; Wude restored Chief Artisan. Under Longshuo and Guangzhai the title changed with the bureau. Two Vice Artisans. Lower secondary fourth rank. The Chief Artisan oversees the state's construction and civil engineering artisan orders, supervising four bureaus, three supervisors, and various craftsmen to fulfill their duties. Palace buildings, ancestral temples, city walls, bureau and directorate offices, halls, towers, bridges, and roads of the two capitals — called inner and outer works — are all entrusted to it.
107
簿
Four Assistant Directors, lower secondary sixth rank. Two Chief Clerks, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. Fourteen clerks, twenty-eight scribes, three accounting scribes, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers.
108
Left Workshop Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Four Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Six clerks, twelve scribes, and ten production supervisors. Lower secondary ninth rank. The Director of the Left Workshop supplies construction carpenters. Palace rooms, suspended music, banner poles, weapons and implements, and funeral needs are all supplied.
109
Right Workshop Bureau — two Directors, lower secondary eighth rank. Three Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Five clerks, ten scribes, and ten production supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Fourteen record keepers. The Director of the Right Workshop supplies rammed earth, plastering, and cinnabar forehead marking.
110
竿
Middle Workshop Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Three Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Three clerks, six scribes, and four supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Eight record keepers and two gatekeepers. The Director of the Middle Workshop supplies boats, carriages, weapons, and stable and pasture manufactures and utensils. For imperial tours it supplies three-beam poles; for idle stables, grinding mills and traveling troughs; for sacrifices, bamboo fences and the like.
111
Stone and Pottery Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower ninth rank. Five clerks, ten scribes, and four production supervisors of lower secondary ninth rank. Eighteen record keepers. The Director of Stone and Pottery supplies stone carving and pottery work. Stone chimes, steles, stone figures of men, beasts, and horses, millstones, bricks and tiles, jars and pots, and funeral mingqi are all supplied.
112
使 使 使 使 使 使 簿 使
Various Craft, Jiugu, Kugu, Xiegu, Taiyin, and Yiyang supervisors: the Craft Supervisor at Chencang, Jiugu at Wangwu, Kugu at Huxian, Taiyin at Luhun, and Yiyang at Yiyang — all at timber-producing sites. One supervisor each, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower eighth rank. One clerk each, three scribes each, twenty-one record keepers each, one recording clerk each, and four supervisors. Lower secondary ninth rank. Craft and other supervisors oversee felling timber. Directorate of Waterways — two Commissioners, upper fifth rank. Han offices had a Director of Waterways under the Director of Nobility, managing ponds and marshes; later the title became Commissioner; Later Han renamed it River Embankment Usher. The Jin restored the Waterways Terrace with one Commissioner to manage boats and shipping. The Liang renamed it Minister of Great Boats; Northern Qi also called it the Waterways Terrace. The Sui renamed it the Directorate of Waterways; Daye restored Commissioner; it soon became a supervisorate again, then Director, rank third. Wude restored the supervisorate; Zhenguan renamed it Commissioner of secondary sixth rank. Under Longshuo it became the Ferry Supervisorate; under Guangzhai, Water Guard Commandant; under Shendlong Commissioner of upper fifth rank was restored, still subordinate to the Directorate of Palace Construction. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Chief Clerks, lower secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, five clerks, ten scribes, and three gatekeepers. The Commissioners oversee orders for rivers, marshes, ferries, and bridges, supervising the Boats and River Channels bureaus; forestry and fishing, breaches of canals, dikes, and ponds, and paddy-field irrigation all follow their orders.
113
Boats Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors. Lower ninth rank. The Director of the Boats Bureau oversees public and private boat transport and grain transport.
114
River Channels Bureau — one Director, lower eighth rank. One Assistant Director, upper ninth rank. Three clerks and six scribes. Six River Embankment Ushers repair dikes and dams and oversee fishing. Three record keepers, four gatekeepers, ten senior fishing masters, one hundred twenty short-shift fishing masters, and one hundred twenty salaried fishing masters. The Director of River Channels supplies fish and pickled fish from rivers and marshes. At sacrifices, pickled fish is supplied. For offices supplying fish and winter storage, two hundred thousand cash is disbursed each year to the Directorate of Waterways, which orders River Channels to purchase and supply at seasonal prices.
115
Various ferries — one Director each, upper ninth rank. One Assistant Director. Lower secondary ninth rank. Ferry Directors each manage their ferry crossings, boats, and bridges. Military offices — Left and Right Guard. Under the Zhou system, an army numbered twelve thousand five hundred. The Son of Heaven had six armies; a great state three; a secondary state two; a small state one. Army commanders were all appointed ministers. Qin and Han first established Guard Generals; Later Han and Wei kept the title. Emperor Wu of the Jin first established Left, Right, and Central Guard Generals. The Sui first established the Left and Right Guard, Left and Right Martial Guard, Left and Right Patrol, Left and Right Army Command, and Left and Right Commandant offices. Each had one Grand General; these were known as the Twelve Guard Grand Generals. Our dynasty kept the arrangement.
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One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. The Left and Right Guard Generals oversee palace security regulations, supervise their subordinates' formations and arms, and coordinate the duties of all staff sections. They exercise overall control over the five Intimate, Meritorious, and Support Central Commandant offices and their subordinate Strike-and-Smash offices. Night guard duty outside the inner corridor gates is divided into five formations: Imperial Service, Intimate, Meritorious, Support, and Unarmed. All are stationed beneath the east and west corridors. When the emperor sits in the main hall, the Yellow Banner formation stands at the foot of the two staircases inside the main gate, with gate-flanking companies seated in the east and west wings. The Grand Generals command them all.
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One Chief Administrator each, upper secondary sixth rank. One Recording Staff Officer each, upper eighth rank. Two Granary and Military Staff Officers each, lower eighth rank. One Cavalry and Armor Staff Officer each, lower sixth rank. Two Stairway Masters, upper sixth rank. Three Central Guards, lower seventh rank. Five Halberd Masters, lower eighth rank. Five Halberd Bearers, lower ninth rank. Five Commandants of Imperial Carriages. Lower secondary fifth rank. The Chief Administrator adjudicates matters for all staff sections, the five Intimate, Meritorious, and Support offices, and fifty offices including Martial Peace and Martial Success. Each section staff officer audits and inspects affairs within his own section. Each section has its own clerks and scribes.
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The Intimate, Meritorious First, Meritorious Second, Support First, and Support Second offices each have one Central Gentleman and one Central Commandant, all lower fourth rank. One Left and one Right Gentleman each, upper fifth rank. One recording clerk and one military staff officer, upper ninth rank. Five company captains, ten platoon leaders, twenty squad leaders, and twenty deputy squad leaders. The Central Commandant leads his office's subordinates on night guard duty. The Left and Right Commandants serve as his deputies. At great court assemblies and imperial tours, they lead the ceremonial guard according to imperial procession regulations. The Left and Right Valiant Guard were anciently called Valiant Cavalry. The Sui renamed the Left and Right Bodyguard as the Left and Right Valiant Guard, whose troops were called Leopard Cavalry. Our dynasty dropped "Cavalry" and called it the Valiant Guard Office; under Longshuo the word "Office" was dropped and the name became Left and Right Martial Prestige; under Shendlong it was restored to Valiant Guard.
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One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. The Valiant Guard Generals' duties match those of the Left and Right Guard. At great court assemblies before the main hall, the Yellow Banner and Barbarian Horn companies are stationed beneath the east and west corridors. When the emperor sits in the main hall, their formations stand in rank below the Left and Right Guard.
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Chief Administrators, recording staff officers, and Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Armor staff officers — numbers and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard. Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, Halberd Bearers, and the like — numbers by category and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard. Company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders — numbers as for the Left and Right Guard. Support office Central Gentlemen, Central Commandants, Left and Right Central Commandants, and Left and Right Commandants. Their duties match those of the Left and Right Guard. The Left and Right Martial Guard: when Cao Cao of Wei was Chancellor, he maintained a Martial Guard camp. The Sui adopted the name and established Left and Right Martial Guard offices headed by Grand Generals. Under Guangzhai they became the Left and Right Eagle-Soaring Guard; under Shendlong the former name was restored.
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One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. Their duties match those of the Left and Right Guard. At great court assemblies they wear white armor, bear weapons, shields, and banners, and call out long announcements at the imperial progress. Alert halberd companies respond to the imperial progress as left- and right-wing ceremonial guards. Before the main hall, their companies stand in rank below the Valiant Guard.
122
Chief Administrators, recording staff officers, Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Armor staff officers, Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, and Halberd Bearers — numbers and ranks all as for the Left and Right Guard. Support office Central Commandants, Left and Right Commandants, recording clerks, and military section. Numbers and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard. The Left and Right Awesome Guard: the Sui called them Left and Right Garrison Guard; under Longshuo they became Awesome Guard; under Guangzhai, Left and Right Leopard-Banner Guard; under Shendlong they were restored to Awesome Guard.
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One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. At great court assemblies they wear black armor, bear bows, arrows, swords, shields, and banners, and are divided into left- and right-wing companies standing below the Martial Guard.
124
Chief Administrators, recording staff officers, and Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Armor staff officers — duties, numbers, and ranks all as for the Left and Right Guard. Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, and Halberd Bearers — numbers and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard. Support office Central Commandants, Left and Right Commandants, recording clerks, military section, company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Numbers and ranks all as for the Intimate office of the Left and Right Guard. The Left and Right Army Command Guard: in the Jian'an era of Han, when Cao Cao of Wei was Chancellor, the Central Army Commander was first established; later dynasties kept the title. Northern Qi established the Army Command office; later dynasties kept it. Emperor Yang renamed it Garrison Guard; our dynasty renamed it Army Command Guard. Under Longshuo it became Military Guard; under Guangzhai, Jade Seal Guard; after Shendlong it was restored to Army Command Guard.
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One Grand General each. Third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. At great court assemblies they wear green armor, bear bows, arrows, swords, shields, and banners, and are divided into left- and right-wing ceremonial guards standing below the Awesome Guard.
126
Chief Administrators, recording staff officers, Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Armor staff officers, Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, and Halberd Bearers — numbers and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard. Support office Central Commandants, Left and Right Commandants, recording clerks, military section, company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Numbers, ranks, and duties as for the Left and Right Guard. The Left and Right Golden Guard: under Qin called Commandant of the Center, managing patrol; Emperor Wu renamed it Bearer of the Golden Mace; Wei restored Commandant of the Center. The Southern dynasties did not maintain the office. The Sui called it Patrol Guard. In the second year of Longshuo it was renamed Left and Right Golden Guard, adopting the ancient name.
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One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. The Left and Right Golden Guard oversee day-and-night patrol in the palace and capital and apprehend violations. All Support offices and fifty offices including Same Track are subordinate to them. When the imperial carriage enters or exits, they lead their subordinates in the Clearing Procession, with White Marsh and Vermilion Bird banner companies as vanguard, according to imperial procession regulations. On imperial hunts and excursions they enforce left- and right-camp guard prohibitions. For the fifty offices including Support Guard, Support office, Same Track, and Precious Chart, whose crossbow cavalry guardsmen rotate for duty, each officer leads his assigned duties.
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Chief Administrators, recording staff officers, Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Armor staff officers, Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, and Halberd Bearers — numbers, ranks, and duties as for the Left and Right Guard. Support office Central Commandants, Left and Right Commandants, military section, company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Ranks, numbers, and duties as for the Left and Right Guard. The Left and Right Gate Guard: Han and Wei called them Commandants of the City Gates. Left and Right Gate Guard offices were first established, eliminating Generals, Commandants, and other posts; our dynasty kept the arrangement. In the second year of Longshuo the word "Office" was dropped and the name became Guard.
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One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each, secondary third rank. Four Central Commandants. Lower fourth rank. The Gate Guard Generals oversee palace gate registration regulations. All capital officials authorized to enter palace gates must be registered. The Left General authorizes entry; the Right General authorizes exit. When the imperial carriage travels, they follow imperial procession regulations and lead their subordinates beneath the encampment gate as guards. Central Commandants supervise all gates and inspect those entering and leaving.
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Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, and Military and Armor staff officers. Ranks as for the various guards.
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Gate Guard company captains, three hundred twenty each; squad leaders, six hundred eighty each; twenty senior squad leaders; and twenty senior squad-leader seniors each. The Left and Right Thousand-Ox Guard: in Song times, Xie Chuo's 《Collected Remains》 mentions the Thousand-Ox Blade, the sovereign's personal defense sword. Later Wei established Thousand-Ox Bodyguards, taking the butcher's knife dismembering an ox from the 《Zhuangzi》; later dynasties kept the name. The Sui established twenty Left and Right Thousand-Ox Bodyguards to supply imperial bows and arrows, and sixty bodyguards for night guard and attendance. Emperor Yang established the Bodyguard Office; our dynasty renamed it the Thousand-Ox Office. Under Longshuo it became the Left and Right Imperial Attendant Guard; under Shendlong it was restored to Thousand-Ox Guard.
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One Grand General each, third rank. Two Generals each, secondary third rank. Two Central Commandants each. Lower fourth rank. The Thousand-Ox Generals oversee palace attendance and ceremonial guard for imperial supply and coordinate their staff sections. Thousand-Ox Bodyguards Left and Right bear bows and arrows on night guard duty and manage arms, military garments, and implements. On court audience days they lead the Bodyguards Left and Right up the hall and stand in attendance to the left and right of the imperial seat. When the emperor shoots personally at the archery hall, the Generals lead their subordinates in attendance. Performance review, grant assemblies, and salary promotions and demotions for Thousand-Ox Bodyguards follow the same regulations as capital office officials. Central Commandants ascend the hall to attend the emperor. During attendance, crossing in front of the imperial seat is forbidden, as is conversing face to face, leaning to speak with people below the steps, and shaking the head or raising the hand to summon others. If there is an oral edict, the Interpreter Attendant receives and transmits it below the steps; if it is not heard, the Central Commandant announces it.
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Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, and Military and Armor staff officers — numbers and ranks as for the various guards. Two Stairway Masters each, upper sixth rank. Three Central Guards each, five Halberd Masters each, five Halberd Bearers each — ranks as for the various guards. Twelve Thousand-Ox Bodyguards and two Bodyguards Left and Right each. The Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers Guard: Han established Northern and Southern Armies to defend the capital. The Southern Army corresponded to today's various guards; the Northern Army corresponded to today's Forest-of-Feathers Guard. Emperor Wu of Han established the Forest of Feathers, called the Jianzhang Camp Cavalry under the Director of Imperial Household; later renamed Forest-of-Feathers Cavalry, recruited from sons of good families of the six commanderies and orphans of those who died in service. Later Han established Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers Supervisors; the Southern dynasties kept them; Later Wei and Zhou called them Forest-of-Feathers Commandants under the Left and Right Garrison Guard; their troops were called Forest of Feathers. In the second year of Longshuo the Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers Guard were established.
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One Grand General each, lower third rank. Two Generals each. Lower secondary third rank. Forest-of-Feathers Generals oversee Northern Guard regulations, supervise left- and right-wing Flying Cavalry ceremonial guard, and coordinate all staff sections. At great court assemblies they lead their ceremonial guard to encircle and guard the steps. When the imperial carriage travels, they gallop along both sides of the road as the inner guard. Flying Cavalry who rotate monthly for duty are assigned to posts according to their name registers. If Flying Cavalry guard is ordered by edict to the Southern Yamen, the Grand General receives the written edict and notifies the Golden Guard Escort Guard in writing; the Escort Guard officer and Gate Guard report back, a second written edict is issued, and only then may they enter.
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Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, and Granary, Military, and Armor staff officers — ranks as for the various guards. Stairway Masters, Central Guards, Halberd Masters, and Halberd Bearers — ranks and numbers as for the Thousand Guard. Support office Central Commandants, Left and Right Commandants, recording clerks, military section, company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Numbers and ranks as for the various guards. The Left and Right Dragon Martial Guard: initially Emperor Taizong selected the most valiant Flying Cavalry and separately assigned one hundred riders as Support Guard reserve. At the beginning of Empress Wu's reign one thousand riders were added; Emperor Zhongzong added ten thousand riders, divided into left and right camps under appointed commissioners. Since the Kaiyuan era, together with the Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers Guard they were called the Four Northern Gate Armies. In the twenty-seventh year of Kaiyuan they were renamed Left and Right Dragon Martial Guard, with the same officials as the Forest-of-Feathers Guard.
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One Grand General, third rank. Two Generals. Secondary third rank.
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One Chief Administrator, one recording staff officer, one recording clerk, two scribes, and one staff officer each for Granary, Military, and Armor sections. Each section has its allotted clerks, scribes, and gatekeepers. Two Stairway Masters, three Central Guards, five Halberd Masters each, five Halberd Bearers each, and ten seniors each. The above officials' ranks, numbers, and duties match those of the Forest-of-Feathers Guard. The Left and Right Divine Martial Guard were established by Emperor Suzong at Fengxiang in the second year of Zhide. Initially, in the Zhenguan era seven Northern Guard camps were established; later they became the Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers Guard. All were filled with men of talent, strength, and valor; each month one camp of ten men rotated for duty. Left and Right Dragon Martial Guard were also established, recruited from sons and younger brothers of Tang founding meritorious officials and men from outer prefectures. Like night guard troops, they rotated on and off duty day by day. Emperor Suzong was at Fengxiang, just recovering the capital; because the Forest-of-Feathers Guard was depleted and bandit troubles had not ceased, he separately established the Divine Martial Guard with the same officials and regulations as the Forest-of-Feathers Guard — called the Six Northern Yamen Armies. He also established more than one thousand archer guards before the yamen, called the Left and Right Heroic Martial Guard. This was outside the Six Armies precedent. An edict of the tenth month of the second year of Qianyuan promoted officials of the Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers, Left and Right Dragon Martial, and Left and Right Divine Martial guards to match the four Golden Guard offices, establishing two Grand Generals and two Generals. The Left and Right Divine Strategy Guard: in the Shangyuan era, Northern Yamen Army Commissioner Wei Boyu was made Military Commissioner of the Divine Strategy Army at Shaanzhou to resist eastern invaders; palace envoy Yu Chao'en was made Army Supervising Commissioner to supervise Boyu's army. When Boyu entered the capital as Forest-of-Feathers commander and went out as Military Commissioner of Jingnan, Chao'en alone commanded the Divine Strategy Army at Shaan. In the first year of Guangde, Tibetans invaded the capital; Emperor Daizong fled to Shaan; Chao'en welcomed and escorted him with the Divine Strategy Army. By the first year of Yongtai, when Tibetans invaded the capital region, Chao'en stationed Divine Strategy troops in the imperial park. From this time the Divine Strategy Army was always commanded by palace eunuchs. At the end of Jianzhong, when bandits broke out in the capital, Dou Wenchang escorted the emperor to the south of the mountains with the Divine Strategy Army. When they returned to the capital, rewards and compensation were beyond compare. In the Zhenyuan era the Army-Protecting Commandant of the Divine Strategy Army was specially established, filled by palace eunuchs; at the time they were called the Two Army Commandants. After Zhenyuan the Commandants' power dominated the realm; enthronement and deposition of rulers all depended on their approval — as recorded in the 《Biographies of Eunuchs》.
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Two Grand Generals each, third rank. An edict of the ninth month of the second year of Zhenyuan changed the left and right wings of the Divine Strategy Army to left and right armies, establishing two Grand Generals each of third rank. Two Generals each. Secondary third rank. By the fifth month of the third year of Zhenyuan an edict added two Generals each to Left and Right Divine Strategy and one General each to Left and Right Divine Martial. Heroic Prestige Guard was originally called the Left and Right Archers Before the Hall; in the ninth month of the second year of Zhenyuan it became the Left and Right Archers Before the Hall Army; in the fourth month of the third year it became the Left and Right Heroic Prestige Guard — outside the Six Armies precedent.
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Two Grand Generals, third rank. Two Generals. Secondary third rank. Official fields, salary cash, laborers, grain rations, and the like match those of the Six Armies and various guards. Army Commanders of the Six Armies: an edict of the twenty-ninth day of the first month of the first year of Xingyuan established one Army Commander each for the Left and Right Forest-of-Feathers, Left and Right Dragon Martial, and Left and Right Divine Martial, rank secondary second. Senior Generals of the Sixteen Guards — formerly there was no such office. An edict of the first day of the ninth month of the second year of Zhenyuan stated: "The Six Armies already had an edict establishing one Army Commander each; the Sixteen Guards should each establish one Senior General of secondary second rank. Senior Generals of the Left and Right Guard and Left and Right Golden Guard receive salary provisions, accompanying army personnel and horses, and the like on the same terms as Six Armies Army Commanders. Senior Generals of the various guards are paid according to the precedent next below Army Commanders." On the thirteenth day of the ninth month of the second year of Zhenyuan, Senior Generals of the Six Armies and Twelve Guards were all admitted to night residence; this became the precedent thereafter. Various offices: the Sui established Swift Cavalry, Eagle-Soaring, and other offices; garrison troops throughout the realm that did not form an army were called yamen; offices had upper, middle, and lower grades.
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One Strike-and-Smash Commandant each; upper office — Commandant, upper fourth rank. Middle office — lower secondary fourth rank. Lower office — lower fifth rank. In the Wude era, adopting Sui names Strike-and-Smash and Resolute General, Army Commander was renamed Strike-and-Smash Commandant and Vice General Resolute Commandant. One Left and one Right Resolute Commandant each; upper office — Resolute, lower secondary fifth rank. Middle office — upper sixth rank. Lower office — lower secondary sixth rank. Emperor Yang of Sui established Resolute Generals; our dynasty established Strike-and-Smash Commandants. One Vice General each; upper office — Vice General, lower seventh rank. Middle office — upper secondary seventh rank. Lower office — lower secondary seventh rank.
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宿 便 簿
One Chief Administrator; upper office — lower seventh rank. Middle office — upper secondary seventh rank. Lower office — lower secondary seventh rank. One Military Staff Officer; upper office — lower secondary eighth rank. Middle office — upper ninth rank. Lower office — lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk and five company captains. Each company captain has two platoon leaders; each platoon leader has two squad leaders and two deputy squad leaders. Strike-and-Smash Commandants of various offices command five companies for night guard reserve and campaign service, overseeing regulations for military equipment, supplies, assignment, and training. Guardsmen form regiments of three hundred under a company captain; those skilled in mounted archery become Flying Cavalry; the rest become infantry. In each regiment ten men form a squad; each squad is equipped with six pack horses. Every year in the eleventh month, guardsmen registers are submitted to the Department of State Affairs reporting troop and horse numbers throughout the realm. Each year at the end of winter, Strike-and-Smash Commandants lead five companies to teach army formations and battle methods. Training registers are maintained. Eastern Palace officials: one Grand Preceptor, one Grand Tutor, and one Grand Protector of the Heir Apparent each. All secondary first rank. Preceptors and tutors are palace officials; the Southern dynasties did not maintain them. Later Wei and Northern Qi ranked preceptors and tutors second, calling them the Three Grandees of the Eastern Palace. The Sui also ranked them second. The Wude statutes raised them to secondary first rank.
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One Junior Preceptor, one Junior Tutor, and one Junior Protector of the Heir Apparent each. All second rank. The Three Juniors are also ancient offices; through the ages they were sometimes established and sometimes abolished. The Southern dynasties did not maintain them at all. Later Wei and Northern Qi established them at third rank, calling them the Three Juniors of the Eastern Palace. The imperial statutes fixed them at second rank. The Three Preceptors and Three Juniors instruct and admonish the Heir Apparent. If no suitable person is available, the post is left vacant.
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Four Guests of the Heir Apparent. Third rank. Anciently there was no such office; our dynasty first established four posts in the spring of the first year of Xianqing. They attend the Heir Apparent, offer remonstrance, and assist in ceremonial etiquette.
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One Chief Steward of the Heir Apparent, third rank. One Vice Steward. Upper fourth rank. Chief Steward is a Qin office managing the Heir Apparent's palace. In the second year of Longshuo it became Rectifying Administrator; under Tianshou, Palace Administrator; under Shendlong the former name was restored. The Chief Steward oversees orders for the Eastern Palace's three directorates and ten commandant offices. The Vice Steward serves as his deputy. Each receives the Son of Heaven's six offices' canonical regulations according to its affairs.
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Two Assistant Directors, upper sixth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary seventh rank. Two Recording Clerks, lower ninth rank. Nine clerks and eighteen writing clerks. Assistant Directors adjudicate office affairs. The Chief Clerk manages seals and audit inspection. Recording Clerks receive documents and dispatch correspondence.
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One Rectifier of upper seventh rank; one clerk, two writing clerks, four ward chiefs, and six gatekeepers. The Rectifier impeaches palace officials and investigates official duties. At the Heir Apparent's court assembly, palace officials are divided to manage the east and west ranks. Each month a report of presence or absence is submitted for all civil and military officials of various offices who should attend.
147
Heir Apparent's Left Spring Office — two Left Subordinate Heirs, upper fourth rank. Two Central Approvers. Lower fifth rank. The Left Subordinate Heir attends the Heir Apparent, assists in ceremony, and reviews memorials. The Central Approver serves as his deputy.
148
Four Discussion Masters, upper sixth rank. Two recording clerks, lower secondary eighth rank. Two chief clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. Seven clerks and fourteen writing clerks. Discussion Masters record memorials on auspicious signs within the palace and appointments and deaths of palace elders, sent to the Historiography Office at year's end.
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One Left Admonishing Virtue, lower fourth rank. Five Left Assistants of Goodness, upper fifth rank. Four order transmitters, two ceremonial masters, and four announcers. The Left Admonishing Virtue offers admonition and remonstrance.
150
Hall of Exalted Culture — established in the Zhenguan era as the Heir Apparent's academy. Academicians and duty academicians — numbers not fixed. Twenty students, two text collators of lower secondary ninth rank, two clerks, two library keepers, two rubbing copyists, ten copyists, three paper-preparation craftsmen, five binding craftsmen, and three brush craftsmen. Academicians manage the Eastern Palace's classics, registers, and books and instruct the students. Examinations and recommendations follow the same procedure as the Hall of Broad Culture. Text collators collate books in the Four Repositories.
151
Classics Bureau — two Grooms of the Heir Apparent, lower secondary fifth rank. Groom of the Heir Apparent is a Han office — the horse before the Heir Apparent. Three Literary Attendants of the Heir Apparent, sixth rank. Four text collators, ninth rank. Two orthographers, upper secondary ninth rank. Two writing clerks, twenty-five regular-script copyists, and four library keepers. The Groom oversees copying, editing, and collation of the Four Repositories' maps and registers. Literary Attendants attend the Heir Apparent and manage literary composition. Text collators and orthographers collate books in the Four Repositories.
152
Provisions Bureau — three Provisions Masters, upper sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper eighth rank. Two writing clerks, six chief food attendants, two hundred food keepers, and four gatekeepers. Provisions Masters present meals and taste food; each evening bureau officials rotate kitchen duty.
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Pharmacy Bureau — two Pharmacy Masters, upper sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper eighth rank. Nine attending physicians and pharmacy keepers, eighteen pharmacy apprentices, and six gatekeepers. Pharmacy Masters compound medicines.
154
Inner Service Bureau — two Inner Service Masters, lower secondary sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower eighth rank. Thirty garment keepers, fifteen fan keepers, fifteen writing-material keepers, and six gatekeepers. Inner Service Masters manage seals, umbrellas, fans, tables, and clothing.
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Equipment Bureau — four Equipment Masters of lower secondary sixth rank and two Assistant Directors of lower eighth rank. Six hundred tent attendants. Equipment Masters manage bathing, sweeping, and furnishing. At great sacrifices when the Heir Apparent assists, a curtained seat is set up east of the main hall.
156
Palace Gate Bureau — two Palace Gate Masters, lower secondary sixth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower eighth rank. One hundred thirty gate attendants. Palace Gate Masters manage keys for inner and outer palace gates. Their bells, drums, and water clocks follow the same regulations as the imperial residence.
157
Heir Apparent's Right Spring Office — two Right Subordinate Heirs, lower fourth rank. Two Central Attendants, upper fifth rank. Four Attendants, upper sixth rank. One recording clerk, lower secondary eighth rank. Two chief clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. Attendants carry out written orders, oral instructions, memorials, and petitions. The Heir Apparent submits memorials by the same ritual as other officials. When officials and palace officials address the Heir Apparent, major matters use formal notes and minor matters brief reports; all are sealed with the heading "To the Heir Apparent"; the Right Spring Office Interpreter Attendant opens and forwards them. Matters that may be implemented are sent to the office; the Attendant opens them, the Subordinate Heir reviews them, and then they are forwarded. Those that may not be are rejected.
158
One Right Admonishing Virtue, lower fourth rank. Five Right Assistants of Goodness, upper fifth rank. Four order transmitters; the Admonishing Virtue and Assistants of Goodness manage affairs as on the left. Eight Interpreter Attendants, lower seventh rank. Twenty reception masters. Attendants guide palace officials in farewell audiences and carry out orders for consolation inquiries.
159
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Heir Apparent's Inner Office — all bureau chiefs are eunuchs. Two Inner Supervisors, lower secondary fifth rank. One recording clerk and four Rectifiers of lower ninth rank. Six guest-guide attendants, six pavilion commanders, eight inner ushers, and inner attendants of unfixed number. Twenty inner stable attendants, two record keepers, and thirty grooms. Inner Supervisors enforce Eastern Palace pavilion gate prohibitions and manage palace women's clothing, grain rations, grants, and entry and exit. Assistant Directors serve as their deputies. Rectifiers manage ceremonial forms. Guest guides manage reception order. Pavilion commanders manage gates and doors. Inner ushers manage entry and exit. Attendants manage umbrellas and fans. Inner stable attendants manage carriages. Record keepers manage cattle and horses. Inner Supervisors oversee and supervise them all.
160
簿 簿 簿
Heir Apparent's Inner Officials — two Inner Chamber Masters, secondary sixth rank. They guide consorts and maintain palace women's name registers, and overall supervise the Chief, Documents, and Banquets offices. Three Chiefs, secondary eighth rank. They manage documents entering and leaving and keep catalog records. They also manage pavilion gate keys and investigate and impose punishments. Female scribes, outside-the-ranks third grade. They maintain canonical registers and carry out their provisions. Three Document Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage treasures, tally tokens, classic registers, proclamations, memorials and petitions, instruction, grain grants, paper and brushes, and seal supervision.
161
Three Banquet Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage curtains, bedding, tables, umbrellas, fans, sweeping, and furnishing. Two Ritual Masters, secondary sixth rank. They manage ceremonial etiquette and audiences and overall supervise the Adornment, Sewing, and Treasury offices. Three Adornment Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage headdresses, clothing, towels and combs, ointments and bathing, and ceremonial guard. Three Sewing Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage cutting, sewing, weaving, and embroidery. Three Treasury Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage goods, shells, pearls, jade, and brocades.
162
Two Food Masters, secondary sixth rank. They manage prepared dishes. They taste food before it is served and overall supervise the Food, Medicine, and Gardens offices. Three Food Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage prepared dishes, wine and fermented grain, and lamps and candles. Three Medicine Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage physicians and medicines. Three Garden Keepers, secondary eighth rank. They manage garden cultivation, trees, and fruits and vegetables.
163
簿
Heir Apparent's Household Directorate — one Director, upper secondary fourth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, lower ninth rank. One recording clerk. The Household Director oversees orders for the Heir Apparent's food and drink, granaries, and treasuries and supervises the Food, Granary, and Treasury bureaus.
164
Food Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary ninth rank. Twelve food attendants and thirty cup bearers. The Food Director manages food and drink affairs.
165
Granary Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary ninth rank. Two garden Assistant Directors and six record keepers. The Granary Director manages storing the nine grains, pickled sauces, various dishes, utensils, and lamps and candles.
166
Treasury Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors. Lower secondary ninth rank. The Treasury Director manages treasury goods, receipts and disbursements, and construction and repair.
167
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Heir Apparent's Commandant of Watch Changes Directorate — one Director, upper secondary fourth rank. Two Assistant Directors, upper secondary seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, lower ninth rank. One recording clerk, two music-master instructors, two water-clock doctors, six clock keepers, sixty clock apprentices, and twenty-four drum keepers. The Commandant of Watch Changes oversees orders for clan precedence, ritual and music, punishments, and water clocks.
168
簿 輿
Heir Apparent's Master of Carriages Directorate — one Master, lower secondary fourth rank. One Assistant Director, upper secondary seventh rank. One Chief Clerk, lower ninth rank. One recording clerk; the Master of Carriages oversees orders for carriages, riding horses, ceremonial guard, and funeral gifts and determines their order.
169
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Stable and Pasture Bureau — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors, lower secondary ninth rank. Four carriage keepers, four pasture chiefs, fifteen wing grooms, thirty grooms, and twenty veterinarians. The Stable and Pasture Director manages carriages and horses, idle stables, and livestock pasturing. Eastern Palace military offices — Heir Apparent's Left and Right Guard Commandant offices: Qin and Han had the Heir Apparent's Guard Commandant managing gate security. The Jin divided into Left, Right, Central, and Front Guard Commandants; later dynasties established Left and Right Commandants accordingly. Northern Qi called it the Guard Commandant Office. Early Sui first established ten offices — Left and Right Guard Commandant, Left and Right Clan Guard Commandant, Left and Right Patrol, Left and Right Inner Commandant, and Left and Right Gate Guard Commandant — as reserve inner-palace martial guard. Emperor Yang renamed them Left and Right Attendant Commandants; our dynasty restored Guard Commandant. Under Longshuo they became Left and Right Martial Guard Supervisors; under Xianheng the former name was restored. One Commandant each, upper fourth rank. One Vice Commandant each, upper secondary fourth rank. Left and Right Guard Commandants oversee Eastern Palace arms, weapons, and feathered guard regulations and coordinate all staff sections. The Intimate, Meritorious, and Support offices and five offices including Broad Relief are subordinate to them. At the winter solstice and summer solstice court assemblies, palace officials lead their subordinates' ceremonial guard as left- and right-wing encircling guard, entering and exiting by imperial procession regulations.
170
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One Chief Administrator each, upper seventh rank. One recording staff officer each. Upper secondary eighth rank. One Granary Staff Officer and one Military Staff Officer, both lower secondary eighth rank. One Armor Staff Officer, lower secondary eighth rank. One Stairway Master, upper secondary sixth rank. Two Central Guards, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Halberd Masters, lower secondary eighth rank. Three Halberd Bearers. Lower secondary ninth rank. The Chief Administrator adjudicates all sections and serves as deputy for the three and five offices. The recording clerk supervises seals and audits records. Officials manage their own section registers. All duties follow the upper platform precedent. One Central Commandant each for the Intimate, Meritorious, and Support offices, upper secondary fourth rank. One Left and one Right Commandant each, lower fifth rank. One recording clerk, one military staff officer, five company captains, ten platoon leaders, twenty squad leaders, and twenty deputy squad leaders. Commandants lead their office's subordinates on night guard duty and oversee their affairs. Duties all follow the upper platform Intimate office precedent.
171
Heir Apparent's Left and Right Imperial Attendant Commandant offices were originally Left and Right Clan Guard offices; under Longshuo they became Imperial Attendant Commandant offices. One Commandant each, upper fourth rank. Two Vice Commandants each, upper secondary fourth rank. Imperial Attendant Commandants' duties match those of the Left and Right Commandants.
172
Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, Granary, Military, and Armor staff officers, Stairway Master, Central Guard, Halberd Master, and Halberd Bearer. Numbers, ranks, and duties as for the Left and Right Guard offices.
173
Heir Apparent's Left and Right Clearing-the-Way Commandant offices: Emperor Wen of Sui established Left and Right Patrol offices with one office opener each to manage reconnaissance. At the founding of the state they were Left and Right Patrol; under Longshuo they became Clearing-the-Way Commandant offices; under Shendlong Patrol was restored; under Kaiyuan Clearing-the-Way was restored. One Commandant each, upper fourth rank. Two Vice Commandants each. Upper secondary fourth rank. Clearing-the-Way Commandants oversee day-and-night patrol regulations inside and outside the Eastern Palace.
174
Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, Granary, Military, and Armor staff officers, Stairway Master, Central Guard, Halberd Master, and Halberd Bearer. Numbers and ranks as for the Left and Right Guard Commandant offices.
175
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Heir Apparent's Left and Right Gate Guard Commandant offices: the Sui established them; our dynasty kept the arrangement. One Commandant each, upper fourth rank. One Vice Commandant each. Upper secondary fourth rank. Left and Right Gate Guard Commandants oversee Eastern Palace security regulations; for those authorized by register to enter palace gates, the two Commandants control entry and exit by upper platform regulations.
176
Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, and Military and Armor staff officers. Seventy-eight Gate Guard squad leaders. Numbers and ranks the same as the various Commandant offices.
177
Heir Apparent's Left and Right Inner Commandant offices: early Sui established Inner Commandant offices modeled on the upper platform Thousand-Ox Guard. At the beginning of Longshuo it became Attendant Commandant; under Xianheng the former name was restored. One Commandant each, upper fourth rank. One Vice Commandant each. Upper secondary fourth rank. The Left and Right Inner Commandants oversee Eastern Palace Thousand-Ox Bodyguard attendance, maintain their arms, and coordinate office affairs.
178
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Chief Administrator, recording staff officer, and Military and Armor staff officers — numbers and ranks as for the various Commandants. Sixteen Thousand-Ox guards, twenty-eight bodyguards, and sixty arms keepers. Princely residence officials and princess fief offices — Princely Residence: one Tutor, secondary third rank. Han offices had Princely Tutor and Grand Tutor; after Wei and Jin only Tutor was maintained; our dynasty kept this; under Kaiyuan it was renamed Tutor. One Advisory Staff Officer, upper fifth rank. One Companion, lower secondary fifth rank. Two Literary Attendants, upper secondary sixth rank. One Libationer each for the East and West Pavilions. Upper secondary seventh rank. The Tutor instructs, assists, and guides the prince and corrects his errors. The Advisory Staff Officer offers counsel at the prince's side. The Companion attends the prince and offers remonstrance. Literary Attendants collate classics and assist with literary composition. Libationers receive and entertain guests.
179
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One Chief Administrator, upper secondary fourth rank. One Vice Director, lower secondary fourth rank. One Section Chief, upper sixth rank. One Aide, upper sixth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary sixth rank. Two scribes and two secretarial staff officers of upper secondary sixth rank. One recording staff officer, upper secondary sixth rank. One recording clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Cavalry, Law, and Scholar sections — upper seventh rank. Two staff officers, lower eighth rank. Four acting staff officers, secondary eighth rank. Two document keepers. Lower secondary eighth rank. Chief Administrator and Vice Director lead the residence staff and maintain discipline of duties. The Section Chief overall adjudicates the seven section staff officers. The Chief Clerk reviews princely edicts. The secretarial section manages memorials, reports, and correspondence. The recording staff officer audits office records and copies. The recording clerk receives documents and dispatches correspondence. Each of the seven section staff officers supervises his section and goes on inspection missions. Document keepers proclaim and transmit orders.
180
Imperial Prince's Personal Service Office — two Army Supervisors, upper fifth rank. Two Vice Army Supervisors, upper secondary fifth rank. Sixteen arms-bearing personal attendants, sixteen mount-bearing personal attendants, three hundred thirty-three personal attendants, and company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Established according to the number of people within the department. Imperial Prince's Inner Tent Office — two Army Supervisors and two Vice Army Supervisors, ranks as for the Personal Service Office. Six hundred sixty-seven inner tent attendants, with company captains, platoon leaders, squad leaders, and deputy squad leaders. Established according to numbers of people. Army Supervisors and Vice Army Supervisors lead company captains and below in guard and attendance affairs.
181
Imperial Prince's Fief — one Magistrate, lower secondary seventh rank. Two Grand Agriculturists, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Captains, lower ninth rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk, eight guard keepers, four attendants, one academy chief, one food chief and one Assistant Director, two stable and pasture chiefs and two Assistant Directors, and two treasury chiefs and two Assistant Directors. The Fief Magistrate and Grand Agriculturists overall adjudicate fief affairs. The Fief Captain and Assistant Director adjudicate fief offices and handle audit and seal supervision. Guard keepers guard the residence. Attendants guide and receive visitors. Academy officials instruct inner household members.
182
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Princess Fief Office — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. Two chief clerks, two ushers, two attendants, and two household clerks. Princess Fief Office officials each manage household goods, and fields, gardens, taxes, and grants. Their regulations all fall under the Court of the Imperial Clan. Prefectural and county officials — Jingzhao, Henan, Taiyuan, and other prefectures: since Qin and Han they have been Yong, Luo, and Bing prefectures. Under Zhou and Sui, area commanders or governors were sometimes established; they were uniformly called prefectures. At the beginning of Kaiyuan they became Jingzhao Prefecture, Henan Prefecture, and Taiyuan Prefecture. One Prefect each for the three prefectures, secondary second rank. Prefect is an ancient office — Shun established twelve prefects. Qin made the capital guardian Inner Administrator; Emperor Wu of Han renamed him Intendant. Later Wei, Northern Qi, Zhou, and Sui again made the capital guardian Prefect. At the beginning of Wude, following the Sui, Prefect was established and filled by imperial princes. Some did not leave their pavilions; the Chief Administrator managed prefectural affairs. One Intendant each, secondary third rank. Capital guardian: Qin called it Inner Administrator, Han Intendant; later dynasties kept the title. The Sui called it Inner Administrator. At the beginning of Wude Prefect was established; the Chief Administrator overall managed prefectural affairs. At the beginning of Kaiyuan Yong, Luo, and Bing became prefectures; the Chief Administrator was promoted to Intendant of secondary third rank to exclusively manage prefectural affairs. Two Vice Intendants each, lower secondary fourth rank. From Wei and Jin downward prefectures had a Chief Administrator; Emperor Wen of Sui renamed it Vice Director; Emperor Yang Assistant Administrator, then Assistant Director; Wude restored Chief Administrator; Yonghui avoided Emperor Gaozong's name and renamed it Vice Director; at the beginning of Kaiyuan it became Vice Intendant. Two Recording Staff Officers, seventh rank. Four recording clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Two staff officers each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Law, and Scholar sections — lower seventh rank. Prefecture scribes — the 《Book of Sui》 mentions them. Six staff officers, lower eighth rank. Fifteen sword bearers, eleven prison keepers, twelve inquiry clerks, and twenty-four day-duty attendants. One Classicist Doctor, upper secondary eighth rank. Two assistant instructors and eighty students. One Medicine Doctor, one assistant instructor, and twenty students.
183
Superior Area Command Prefecture: in the second year of Huangchu of Wei the title Commander of Military Affairs of Various Prefectures was first established; later dynasties kept it. The Sui renamed it Area Commander Prefecture. In the fourth year of Wude it was again renamed Area Command; in the Zhenguan era it was divided into superior, middle, and inferior Area Command prefectures. One Area Commander, secondary second rank. One Chief Administrator, secondary third rank. Two Vice Directors, lower secondary fourth rank. Two recording staff officers, upper seventh rank. Two recording clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. Staff officers for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Law, and Scholar sections — one each for Merit and Scholar, two each for the rest — all lower seventh rank. Sixteen prison keepers, ten inquiry clerks, twenty-four day-duty attendants, and one market director of upper secondary ninth rank. One Assistant Director, one aide, two scribes, and two granary supervisors. One Classicist Doctor, upper secondary eighth rank. Two assistant instructors and sixty students. One Medicine Doctor, lower secondary eighth rank. One assistant instructor and fifteen students.
184
Middle Area Command Prefecture — one Area Commander, upper third rank. One Vice Prefect, lower fourth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper fifth rank. One Vice Director, lower fifth rank. One recording staff officer, lower secondary seventh rank. Two recording clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Law, and Scholar sections — all upper secondary seventh rank. Four staff officers, upper secondary eighth rank. Fourteen prison keepers, twenty day-duty attendants, and one market director of upper secondary ninth rank. One Assistant Director, one aide, two scribes, three squad leaders, and two granary supervisors. One Classicist Doctor, lower secondary eighth rank. Two assistant instructors and sixty students. One Medicine Doctor and fifteen students.
185
Inferior Area Command Prefecture — one Area Commander, secondary third rank. One Vice Prefect, lower secondary fourth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper secondary fifth rank. One Vice Director, upper secondary fifth rank. One recording staff officer, upper secondary seventh rank. Two recording clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Law, and Scholar sections — lower secondary seventh rank. Three staff officers, lower secondary eighth rank. Twelve prison keepers, six inquiry clerks, sixteen day-duty attendants, and one market director of upper secondary ninth rank. Two Assistant Directors, one aide, two scribes, two squad leaders, and two granary supervisors. One Classicist Doctor, lower secondary eighth rank. One assistant instructor and fifty students. One Medicine Doctor, one assistant instructor, and twelve students.
186
滿 使 使 使 使 使
Superior Prefecture — the name prefecture is ancient. Shun established twelve prefectures; the 《Tribute of Yu》 has nine prefectures; Han established thirteen prefectures. Qin united the six states and established thirty-six commanderies. Han used prefectures to govern commanderies. Later Wude changed commanderies to prefectures and prefectures to commanderies — as recorded in various chapters. Under state regulations, prefectures with forty thousand or more households are superior prefectures. One Prefectural Governor, secondary third rank. Qin divided the realm into thirty-six commanderies, each with one Administrator and one Commandant, and one Censor to supervise the commandery. Han abolished commandery-supervising Censors; the Chancellor sent staff officers to inspect various commanderies. In the fifth year of Yuanguang of Emperor Wu of Han, the realm was divided into thirteen prefectures governing various commanderies. Each prefecture sent one envoy to inspect officials' integrity and corruption — called the Thirteen Prefectural Governors. Later Han appointed renowned ministers as Prefectural Governors to exclusively manage prefectural and commandery affairs, with Vice Prefect, Chief Administrator, and various section chiefs and aides — called externally stationed Prefectural Governors. Under Tianbao prefectures became commanderies and Grand Administrators were established. In the first year of Qianyuan commanderies became prefectures and Prefectural Governors were established. Initially Han envoys all bore credentials; thus Prefectural Governors on taking up their posts all bore credentials. By Wei and Jin, Prefectural Governors with heavy responsibilities became Credential-Bearing Area Commanders; lighter ones Credential Bearers. Later Wei and Northern Qi added Credential-Bearing Commander of Military Affairs for area commanders and Prefectural Governors — this became the norm. In the third year of Kaihuang of Sui commanderies were abolished and prefectures governed counties; the name Prefectural Governor remained but the office was defunct. Yet in the rank of Prefectural Governor and Grand Administrator the name Credential Bearer was not dropped; to the present it has not changed — a name without reality. After Zhide, with warfare in the Central Plains, great generals serving as Prefectural Governors also managed military affairs; following the Tianbao frontier general precedent, the title Military Commissioner was added, controlling several commanderies. On the day of receiving commission, double banners and double credentials were granted, as under Later Wei and Northern Qi. Though the titles differ, they restored the ancient system of Prefectural Governors supervising commanderies. One Vice Prefect, lower secondary fourth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper secondary fifth rank. One Vice Director, lower secondary fifth rank. One recording staff officer, upper secondary seventh rank. Three recording clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Law, and Scholar sections — all lower secondary seventh rank. Four staff officers, fourteen prison keepers, eight inquiry clerks, twenty-four day-duty attendants, and one market director of upper secondary ninth rank. One Assistant Director, one aide, two scribes, three squad leaders, and two granary supervisors. One Classicist Doctor, lower secondary eighth rank. Two assistant instructors, sixty students, and one Medicine Doctor of lower ninth rank. One assistant instructor and fifteen students.
187
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Middle Prefecture — prefectures with twenty thousand or more households are middle prefectures. One Prefectural Governor, upper fourth rank. One Vice Prefect, lower fifth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper sixth rank. One Vice Director, upper sixth rank. One recording staff officer, upper eighth rank. One recording clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Law, and Scholar sections — all lower eighth rank. Each section has its allotted aides and scribes. Three staff officers, upper ninth rank. Ten sword bearers, twelve prison keepers, six inquiry clerks, sixteen day-duty attendants, one market director, one Assistant Director and one aide each, and two scribes, squad leaders, and granary supervisors each. One Classicist Doctor, upper ninth rank. One assistant instructor and fifty students. One Medicine Doctor, lower secondary ninth rank. One assistant instructor and twelve students.
188
滿
Inferior Prefecture — prefectures with fewer than twenty thousand households are inferior prefectures. One Prefectural Governor, lower fourth rank. One Vice Prefect, upper secondary fifth rank. One Vice Director, lower secondary sixth rank. One recording staff officer, upper secondary eighth rank. One recording clerk, lower secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Granary, Household, and Law sections — lower secondary eighth rank. Each section has its allotted aides and scribes. One staff officer, lower secondary ninth rank. Eight prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, sixteen day-duty attendants, one market director, one aide and one scribe each, two squad leaders, and one granary supervisor. One Classicist Doctor, lower ninth rank. One assistant instructor and forty students. One Medicine Doctor, lower secondary ninth rank. Ten students.
189
便 便
Prefects of Jingzhao, Henan, and Taiyuan and Area Commanders and Prefectural Governors purify and secure the capital region, evaluate officials, proclaim moral transformation, comfort and harmonize the people, encourage agriculture and sericulture, and spread the five teachings. Each year they tour subordinate counties once, observe customs, inquire about centenarians, record prisoners, care for widowers and widows, review population registers, and learn the people's hardships. Within their jurisdiction they recommend and promote those of devoted learning and unusual talent known in villages. Those lacking filial piety and brotherly respect, violating ritual and disrupting norms, or not following laws and orders are investigated and punished. Officials who are public-spirited and incorruptible, humble and self-restrained, upright and preserving integrity are carefully observed. Those who are greedy and corrupt, flatter and fawn, or seek fame and pursue private gain are also carefully observed. All are attached to performance review for praise and censure. If good or evil is exceptionally outstanding, it is immediately reported to the throne. Disputed prison cases, expedient military equipment construction, and exceptionally unusual auspicious omens are also reported upward. Routine matters are reported only to the Department of State Affairs. Filial sons and obedient grandsons, righteous husbands and chaste wives whose sincerity moves heaven and whose conduct is known in villages are fully reported and memorialized, and their gates and lanes are honored. Those filial, brotherly, and diligent in farming with considerable literary learning are generally sent with annual tribute. Within their jurisdiction they may act expediently when changes are needed. If an imperial prince governs a prefecture, or a frontier Area Commander or Prefectural Governor cannot leave the prefectural office, required tours of subordinate counties are entrusted to senior aides. Intendants, Vice Intendants, Vice Prefects, Chief Administrators, and Vice Directors manage deputy prefectural affairs, maintain discipline of all duties, and overall adjudicate all sections. At year's end they enter the capital to report accounts. Recording staff officers manage audit, office records and copies, and seal supervision. The Merit section manages official performance review, sacrifices, auspicious signs, Daoism and Buddhism, schools, memorials and reports, medicine, and furnishings. The Granary section manages government offices, weights and measures, kitchens, storehouses, rents and taxes, collection, fields and gardens, and markets. The Household section manages household registers, account books, roads, inns, and marriage fields. The Military section manages military official selection, armor and weapons, gate keys, beacon fires, and courier stations. The Law section manages penal law. The Scholar section manages ferries and bridges, boats and carriages, dwellings, and various crafts and arts. Market directors manage market transactions and prohibit violations. Classicist Doctors teach the 《Five Classics》 and instruct students. Medicine Doctors use various medicines to treat the people's illnesses. Down to sword bearers, day-duty attendants, prison keepers, and aide scribes — each has his duty. The duties of prefectures and commanderies are complete.
190
County Magistrate — under the Three Dynasties system, feudal lords of five ranks each governed their own people. When Zhou declined, feudal lords invaded one another; great states established commanderies, cities, counties, and townships to gather their people. Qi and Jin called them Grand Masters; Lu and Wei Administrators; Chu Dukes and Administrators; Qin Directors and Chiefs. Under the Qin system, ten thousand households or more made a Director of one thousand to six hundred shi rank; below ten thousand households made a Chief of five hundred to three hundred shi rank; all had Assistant Directors and Captains of four hundred to two hundred shi rank.
191
簿
The six counties of Chang'an, Wannian, Henan, Luoyang, Taiyuan, and Jinyang are called capital counties. One Director each, upper fifth rank. Two Assistant Directors, secondary seventh rank. Two Chief Clerks, upper secondary eighth rank. Two recording clerks, lower secondary ninth rank. Two aides, four scribes, and six Captains of lower secondary eighth rank. Merit section — three aides and six scribes. Granary section — four aides and eight scribes. Household section — five aides and ten scribes. Military section — three aides and six scribes. Law section — five aides and ten scribes. Scholar section — four aides, eight scribes, fourteen prison keepers, eight inquiry clerks, and eighteen day-duty attendants. One Doctor, one assistant instructor, and fifty students.
192
簿
All counties under Jingzhao, Henan, and Taiyuan are called capital-region counties. One Director each, lower sixth rank. One Assistant Director, lower eighth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper ninth rank. Two Captains, lower ninth rank. Two recording clerks and three scribes. Merit section — three aides and five scribes. Granary section — four aides and seven scribes. Household section — four aides, seven scribes, and one account scribe. Law section — four aides and eight scribes. Fourteen prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, ten day-duty attendants, and one market director. One aide, one scribe, and two squad leaders. One Classicist Doctor, one assistant instructor, and forty students.
193
簿
Superior counties of various prefectures — one Director, upper secondary sixth rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One Chief Clerk of lower ninth rank and two Captains of upper secondary ninth rank. Two recording clerks and three scribes. Household section — four aides, seven scribes, and one account scribe. Law section — four aides and eight scribes. Two granary supervisors, ten prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, ten day-duty attendants, one market director, one aide and one scribe each, and one squad leader. One Doctor, one assistant instructor, and forty students.
194
簿
Middle counties of various prefectures — one Director, upper seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower secondary eighth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. One Captain, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk and four scribes; Household section — three aides, five scribes, and one account scribe. Law section — two aides and six scribes. One granary supervisor, eight prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, and eight day-duty attendants. One Doctor. One assistant instructor and twenty-five students.
195
簿
Lower-middle counties of various prefectures — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. One Captain, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk; Household section — two aides, three scribes, and one account scribe. Law section — two aides and four scribes. Six prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, eight day-duty attendants, and one market director. One aide and one scribe each, and two squad leaders. One Doctor, one assistant instructor, and twenty-five students.
196
簿
Inferior counties of various prefectures — one Director, lower secondary seventh rank. One Assistant Director, lower ninth rank. One Chief Clerk, upper secondary ninth rank. One Captain, lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk; Household section — two aides, four scribes, and one account scribe. Law section — one aide and four scribes. Six prison keepers, four inquiry clerks, eight day-duty attendants, and one market director. One aide, two scribes, and two squad leaders. One Doctor, one assistant instructor, and twenty students.
197
Directors of capital-region and all counties throughout the realm guide and promote moral transformation, comfort and nurture the people, encourage the four occupations, honor the benefits of the five grains, support widowers and widows, and care for orphans and the destitute. They examine wrongful grievances, personally attend to prison cases and litigation, and learn the people's hardships.
198
Superior Protectorate Prefecture — one Grand Protector, secondary second rank. Four Vice Protectors, upper fourth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper fifth rank. One Vice Director, upper fifth rank. One recording staff officer, upper seventh rank. Two recording clerks, upper secondary ninth rank. One staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, Military, and Law sections — all lower seventh rank. Three staff officers. Lower eighth rank.
199
Superior Protectorate Prefecture — one Protector, third rank. Two Vice Protectors, upper secondary fourth rank. One Chief Administrator, upper fifth rank. One Vice Director, upper fifth rank. One recording staff officer, lower seventh rank. Two recording clerks and one staff officer each for Merit, Granary, Household, and Military sections — upper secondary seventh rank. Three staff officers. Upper secondary eighth rank.
200
The Protector comforts and pacifies various foreign peoples, maintains peace against external enemies, detects treachery, and campaigns against the disloyal. Chief Administrator and Vice Director serve as deputies. All sections follow the duties of prefectures and commanderies.
201
使使 使 使 使使 使
Military Commissioner — in the Tianbao era eight Military Commissioners were established on frontier regions defending against barbarians. On the day of receiving commission, banners and credentials were granted; called Military Commissioner, authorized to exclusively control military affairs. When traveling they erected credential tokens and planted six great banners. No external appointment carried comparable weight. After Zhide, with warfare throughout the realm, Central Plains Prefectural Governors also followed this precedent and received the title Military Commissioner. One Military Commissioner, one Vice Commissioner, one Campaigning Vice Director, two Adjudicators, one Secretary, and Staff Planners of unfixed number. Four camp followers. All were established after Tianbao. Examination found no ranks recorded. Commander-in-Chief, Supreme Commander, Campaign Commander, and other commissioners — Commander-in-Chief. Anciently there was no such title. In the An-Shi rebellion, Emperor Suzong campaigned against the rebels, making the Prince of Guangping Commander-in-Chief of All Armies and Horses, with great ministers Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi as deputies in their respective sectors — called Vice Commanders-in-Chief. When Emperor Daizong ascended, the Prince of Yong was again made Commander-in-Chief. After this it was not established. Emperor Zhaozong again made the Prince of Hui Commander-in-Chief.
202
Supreme Commander. Established in the Qianyuan era, sometimes commanding three or five circuits; abolished at the end of Shangyuan. After Dazhong, Kang Chengxun campaigning against Xuzhou and Wang Duo of Jingnan campaigning against Huang Chao were both made Supreme Commanders.
203
使
Campaign Commissioner. Established at the end of Zhenyuan. After this it was established as military needs required; when campaigns ended it was abolished.
204
使 使 使 使使使使使
Defense and Training Commissioner. After Zhide, Military Commissioners were established in the Central Plains. Also at great commanderies in strategic places, Defense Commissioners were established to manage military affairs, concurrently held by Prefectural Governors, without granting banners and credentials. After Shangyuan, Defense Commissioner became Training and Garrison Commissioner; Defense Commissioner was also concurrently established with Training Commissioner; each had Vice Commissioners and Adjudicators — all established after Tianbao; ranks not found.
205
西
Various garrisons — Wei had East, West, South, and North Garrison Generals; later dynasties kept them. The Sui accordingly first established the names Garrison General and Garrison Vice General.
206
Superior garrison — one General, lower sixth rank. One Garrison Vice General, lower seventh rank. One recording clerk and two Granary and Military staff officers. Lower secondary eighth rank. Each has aides and scribes.
207
Middle garrison — one General, upper seventh rank. One Garrison Vice General, upper secondary seventh rank. One recording clerk and one Military Staff Officer. Lower ninth rank.
208
Inferior garrison — one General, lower seventh rank. One Garrison Vice General, lower secondary seventh rank. One recording clerk and one Military Staff Officer. Lower secondary ninth rank.
209
Various garrison posts — in Spring and Autumn there were garrisons, in the spirit of the Covenant of Kuiqiu. Eastern Jin and Later Wei used stationed troops guarding borders as garrison posts; the Sui kept the arrangement.
210
Superior garrison post — one Commander, lower eighth rank. One Garrison Vice Commander. Lower secondary eighth rank. One aide and two scribes.
211
Middle garrison post — one Commander. Lower secondary eighth rank.
212
Inferior garrison post — one Commander. Lower ninth rank.
213
Shrines of the Five Sacred Mountains and Four Rivers — one Director each, upper ninth rank. Thirty fasting officers and three sacrificial scribes.
214
Superior pass — one Director, lower secondary eighth rank. Two Assistant Directors. Lower ninth rank. One recording clerk, with clerks, scribes, and record keepers. Eight ferry clerks.
215
Middle pass — one Director, lower ninth rank. One Assistant Director. Lower secondary ninth rank. One recording clerk and six ferry clerks.
216
Inferior pass — one Director, lower secondary ninth rank. Four ferry clerks. Pass Directors each have clerks and scribes.
217
Pass Directors prohibit idle wandering and detect treachery. All travelers, carriages, and horses entering, exiting, and passing through must be inspected according to travel permits.
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