Volume 42 Treatises 22: Government Service 1

志第二十二職官一

Treatise 22: Government Service, Part One

高祖發跡太原，官名稱位，皆依隋舊。及登極之初，未遑改作，隨時署置，務從省便。武德七年定令：以太尉、司徒、司空為三公。尚書、門下、中書、秘書、殿中、內侍為六省。次御史台；次太常、光祿、衛尉、宗正、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府，為九寺；次將作監；次國子學；次天策上將府；次左右衛、左右驍衛、左右領軍、左右武候、左右監門、左右屯、左右領，為十四衛府。東宮置三師、三少、詹事府、門下典書兩坊。次內坊；次家令、率更、僕三寺；次左右衛率府、左右宗衛率府、左右虞候率府、左右監門率府、左右內率府，為十率府。王公以下置府佐國官。公主置邑司已下。並為京職事官。州縣、鎮戍、岳瀆、關津為外職事官。又以開府儀同三司、從一品。特進、正二品。左光祿大夫、從一品。右光祿大夫、正二品。散騎常侍、從三品。太中大夫、正四品。通直散騎常侍、正四品。中大夫、從四品上。員外散騎常侍、從四品下。中散大夫、正五品上。散騎侍郎正五品下。通直散騎侍郎、從五品上。員外散騎侍郎、從五品下。朝議郎、承議郎、正六品。通議郎、通直郎、從六品。朝請郎、宣德郎、正七品。朝散郎、宣義郎、從七品。給事郎、征事郎、正八品。承奉郎、承務郎、從八品。儒林郎、登仕郎、正九品。文林郎、將仕郎，從九品。並為文散官。

When Gaozu rose from Taiyuan, official titles and ranks all followed Sui precedent. When he first ascended the throne, he had no time to overhaul the system; offices were set up as needed, with every effort toward simplicity and convenience. The administrative code promulgated in the seventh year of Wude made the Grand Commandant, the Minister of Education, and the Minister of Works the Three Dukes. The Department of State Affairs, Chancellery, Secretariat, Palace Secretariat, Palace Directorate, and Palace Domestic Service formed the Six Directorates. Next came the Censorate; Next came the Nine Courts: Ceremonies, Imperial Entertainments, Guards, Imperial Clan Affairs, Imperial Stud, Judicial Review, Diplomatic Reception, Agriculture, and the Imperial Treasury; Next came the Directorate of Imperial Construction; Next came the National University; Next came the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; Next came the Left and Right Guards, Brave Guards, Victorious Army Guards, Martial Constabulary, Gate Guards, Garrison Guards, and Victorious Army commands — fourteen guard offices in all. The Eastern Palace was furnished with the Three Preceptors, the Three Junior Preceptors, the Household of the Heir Apparent, and the two lodges for the Chancellery and the Palace Library. Next came the Inner Lodges; Next came the three palace courts: the Household Steward, the Office of the Heir's Watch, and the Stable; Next came the ten command offices of the Heir's guards: the Left and Right Guard Commanders, Imperial Clan Guard Commanders, Martial Constabulary Commanders, Gate Guard Commanders, and Inner Guard Commanders. Princes, dukes, and those below them were assigned palace aides and state offices. Imperial princesses were provided with fief stewards and the offices subordinate to them. All of these were capital executive offices. Prefectures and counties, frontier garrisons, sacred mountains and rivers, and passes and fords were classified as external executive offices. Honored Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes held junior first rank. Extraordinary Promoter: senior second rank. Left Grand Master for Splendid Happiness: junior first rank. Right Grand Master for Splendid Happiness: senior second rank. Regular Attendant-in-Ordinary: junior third rank. Grand Master of Palace Counsel: senior fourth rank. Unhindered and Upright Regular Attendant-in-Ordinary: senior fourth rank. Palace Counselor: junior fourth rank, upper grade. Supernumerary Regular Attendant-in-Ordinary: junior fourth rank, lower grade. Master of Palace Leisure: senior fifth rank, upper grade. Gentleman Attendant-in-Ordinary: senior fifth rank, lower grade. Unhindered and Upright Gentleman Attendant-in-Ordinary: junior fifth rank, upper grade. Supernumerary Gentleman Attendant-in-Ordinary: junior fifth rank, lower grade. Court Consultant and Supporter of Discussion: senior sixth rank. Master of Discussion and Unhindered and Upright Gentleman: junior sixth rank. Gentleman Invited to Court and Gentleman for Promoting Virtue: senior seventh rank. Gentleman for Court Service and Gentleman for Proclaiming Righteousness: junior seventh rank. Gentleman Attendant and Gentleman for Campaign Affairs: senior eighth rank. Gentleman for Receiving Service and Gentleman for Receiving Duties: junior eighth rank. Gentleman of the Forest of Learning and Gentleman for Entering Office: senior ninth rank. Gentleman of Literary Elegance and Gentleman Awaiting Office: junior ninth rank. All of these were civil honorary ranks.

輔國、正二品。鎮軍從二品。二大將軍，冠軍、正三品。雲麾、從三品。忠武、壯武、宣威、明威、信遠、遊騎、遊擊自正四品上到從五品下。十將軍，為散號將軍，以加武士之無職事者。改上開府儀同三司為上輕車都尉，開府儀同三司為輕車都尉，儀同三司為騎都尉，秦王、齊王下統軍為護軍，副統軍為副護軍，上大都督為驍騎尉，大都督為飛騎尉，帥都督為雲騎尉，都督為武騎尉，車騎將軍為游騎將軍，親衛驃騎將軍為親衛中郎將，其勳衛驃騎准此。親衛車騎將軍為親衛郎將，其勳衛翊衛車騎並准此。監門府郎將為監門中郎將，領左右郎將，准此。諸軍驃騎將軍為統軍，其秦王、齊王下領三衛及庫直、驅咥直、車騎並准此。諸軍車騎將軍為別將。其散官文騎尉為承議郎，屯騎尉為通直郎，雲騎尉為登仕郎，羽騎尉為將仕郎。武德九年，罷天策上將府。

Auxiliary-to-the-State General: senior second rank. Pacifier of the Army: junior second rank. Among the two great generals, the Champion General held senior third rank. Cloud-Banner General: junior third rank. The Loyal Martial, Robust Martial, Proclaimer of Might, Bringer of Might, Trustworthy Far-Reaching, Roaming Cavalry, and Roaming Strike generals ranged from senior fourth rank, upper grade, down to junior fifth rank, lower grade. These ten generals were honorary-title generals, bestowed on military men who held no executive office. Superior Honored Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes became Superior Commandant of Light Chariots; Honored Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes became Commandant of Light Chariots; Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes became Commandant of Cavalry. Army commanders under the Princes of Qin and Qi became Protector Generals, and their deputies became Deputy Protector Generals. Superior great commandants became Commandants of Valiant Cavalry; great commandants became Commandants of Flying Cavalry; leading commandants became Commandants of Cloud Cavalry; commandants became Commandants of Martial Cavalry. Chariot-and-cavalry generals became roaming-cavalry generals, and personal-guard swift-cavalry generals became personal-guard middle commandants — the meritorious guard following the same rule. Personal-guard chariot-and-cavalry generals were renamed personal-guard commandants, and the meritorious and flank guards followed the same practice. Gate-office commandants became gate-office middle commandants, and the leading left and right commandants were changed in the same way. Swift-cavalry generals in the various armies became army commanders; under the Princes of Qin and Qi, commanders of the Three Guards, storehouse attendants, drive attendants, and chariot-and-cavalry units were renamed on the same principle. Chariot-and-cavalry generals in the various armies became separate commanders. Among the honorary ranks, Commandant of Literary Cavalry became Supporter of Discussion; Commandant of Garrison Cavalry became Unhindered and Upright Gentleman; Commandant of Cloud Cavalry became Gentleman for Entering Office; and Commandant of Feathered Cavalry became Gentleman Awaiting Office. In the ninth year of Wude, the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office was abolished.

貞觀元年，改國子學為國子監，分將作為少府監，通將作為三監。八年七月，始以雲麾將軍為從三品階。九月，以統軍正四品下，別將正五品上。十一年，改令置太師、太傅、太保為三師。其三公已下，六省、一台、九寺、三監、十二衛、東宮諸司，並從舊定。又改以光祿大夫為從二品，金紫光祿大夫為正三品，銀青光祿大夫為從三品，正議大夫為正四品上，通議大夫為正四品下，太中大夫為從四品上，中大夫為從四品下，中散大夫為正五品上，朝議大夫為正五品下，朝請大夫為從五品上，朝散大夫為從五品下。其六品下，唯改通議郎為奉議郎，自餘依舊。更置驃騎大將軍為從一品武散官；輔國、鎮軍二大將軍為從二品武散官。冠軍將軍加大字。及雲麾已下，遊擊已上，改為五品已上武散官。又置昭武、振威、致果、翊麾、宣節、禦武、仁勇、陪戎八校尉副尉，自正六品至從九品，上階為校尉，下為副尉。為六品已下武散官。

In the first year of Zhenguan, the National University became the Directorate of the National University; Imperial Construction was divided into the Directorate of the Palace Workshops, and the construction offices together were termed the Three Directorates. In the seventh month of the eighth year, the Cloud-Banner General was first assigned to the junior third-rank grade. In the ninth month, army commanders were fixed at junior fourth rank, lower grade, and separate commanders at senior fifth rank, upper grade. In the eleventh year, the code was revised to establish the Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Protector as the Three Preceptors. From the Three Dukes downward, the Six Directorates, the Censorate, the Nine Courts, the Three Directorates, the Twelve Guards, and the Eastern Palace offices all remained as previously fixed. Ranks were also reassigned: Grand Master for Splendid Happiness became junior second rank; the gold-seal and purple-ribbon variant became senior third rank; the silver-seal and blue-ribbon variant became junior third rank. Master for Upright Discussion became senior fourth rank, upper grade; Master for Comprehensive Discussion, senior fourth rank, lower grade; Grand Master of Palace Counsel, junior fourth rank, upper grade; Palace Counselor, junior fourth rank, lower grade; Master of Palace Leisure, senior fifth rank, upper grade; Court Consultant, senior fifth rank, lower grade; Gentleman Invited to Court, junior fifth rank, upper grade; and Gentleman for Court Service, junior fifth rank, lower grade. Below the sixth rank, only Master of Discussion was renamed Supporter of Discussion; everything else stayed unchanged. Swift-Cavalry Grand General was newly created as a junior first-rank military honorary title; the Auxiliary-to-the-State and Pacifier of the Army generals became junior second-rank military honorary titles. The title Champion General was enlarged to Grand Champion General. From the Cloud-Banner General down through the Roaming Strike General up, these became military honorary ranks from the fifth rank upward. Eight pairs of commandants and deputy commandants were also created — Illustrious Martial, Quelling Might, Achieving Fruit, Assisting Banner, Proclaiming Festival, Defending Martial, Humane Courage, and Escorting Arms — ranging from senior sixth rank to junior ninth rank, with the higher grades styled commandants and the lower deputy commandants. These served as military honorary ranks below the sixth rank.

凡九品已上職事，皆帶散位，謂之本品。職事則隨才錄用，或從閑入劇，或去高就卑，遷從出入，參差不定。散位則一切以門廕結品，然後勞考進敘。《武德令》，職事高者解散官，欠一階不到為「兼」。職事卑者，不解散官。《貞觀令》，以職事高者為「守」，職事卑者為「行」，仍各帶散位。其欠一階，依舊為「兼」，與當階者，皆解散官。永徽已來，欠一階者，或為兼，或帶散官，或為守，參而用之。其兩職事者亦為「兼」，頗相錯亂。其欠一階之「兼」，古念反。其職事之兼，古恬反。字同音異耳。咸亨二年，始一切為「守」。

All executive offices from the ninth rank upward carried an honorary rank, termed the basic rank. Executive posts were filled according to ability: an appointee might move from lighter to heavier duties, or from a higher to a lower office. Promotions, demotions, appointments, and dismissals followed no fixed pattern. Honorary rank was fixed entirely by hereditary privilege at first, and only later advanced through service evaluation. Under the Wude Code, if the executive office outranked the honorary title, the honorary rank was set aside; if it fell one grade short, the appointee was styled "acting concurrently." When the executive office was lower in rank, the honorary title was retained. Under the Zhenguan Code, a higher executive post was styled "acting," a lower one "performing," and in each case the honorary rank was still borne. If the appointee was one grade short, the old term "acting concurrently" still applied; if equal in rank, the honorary title was set aside. Since the Yonghui era, when an appointee was one grade short, practice varied: sometimes "acting concurrently," sometimes retaining the honorary title, sometimes "acting" — all three usages appeared. Those who held two executive posts were also called "acting concurrently," which led to considerable confusion. The character for "acting concurrently" when one grade short is read gù-niàn. The character for "acting concurrently" when holding two executive posts is read gù-tián. The written character is the same; only the pronunciation differs. In the second year of Xianheng, all such cases were first uniformly styled "acting."

自高宗之後，官名品秩，屢有改易。今錄永泰二年官品。其改易品秩者，注於官品之下。若改官名及職員有加減者，則各附之於本職云。

After Emperor Gaozong, official titles and ranks were changed again and again. What follows records the official ranks as they stood in the second year of Yongtai. Changes in rank are noted beneath the rank tables. Changes in office titles or in the number of posts are recorded under each executive office in turn.

唐初因隋號，武德三年三月，改納言為侍中，內史令為中書令，給事郎為給事中，內書省為中書省。貞觀二十三年六月，改民部尚書為戶部尚書。七月，改治書侍御史為御史中丞，改諸州治中為司馬，別駕為長史，治禮郎為奉禮郎。顯慶元年，改戶部尚書為度支尚書，侍郎為度支侍郎。又置驃騎大將軍員，從一品。龍朔二年二月甲子，改百司及官名。改尚書省為中台，僕射為匡政，左右丞為肅機，左右司郎中為丞務，吏部為司列，主爵為司封，考功為司績，禮部為司禮，祠部為司禋，膳部為司膳，主客為司蕃，戶部為司元，度支為司度，倉部為司倉，金部為司珍，兵部為司戎，職方為司域，駕部為司輿，庫部為司庫，刑部為司刑，都官為司僕，比部為司計，工部為司平，屯田為司田，虞部為司虞，水部為司川，余司依舊。尚書為太常伯，侍郎為少常伯，郎中為大夫。中書門下為東西台。侍中為左相，黃門侍郎為東台侍郎，給事中為東台舍人，散騎常侍為左右侍極，諫議大夫為正諫大夫。中書令為右相，侍郎為西台侍郎，舍人為西台舍人。秘書省為蘭台，監為太史，少監為侍郎，丞為大夫。著作郎為司文郎中，太史令為秘閣郎中。御史台為憲台，御史大夫為大司憲，御史中丞為司憲大夫。殿中省為中禦府，丞為大夫。尚食為奉膳，尚藥為奉醫，尚衣為奉冕，尚舍為奉扆，尚乘為奉駕，尚輦為奉禦，並為大夫。內侍省為內侍監。太常為奉常，光祿為司宰，衛尉為司衛，宗正為司宗，太僕為司馭，大理為詳刑，正為大夫。鴻臚為司文，司農為司稼，太府為外府，卿並為正卿。少府監為內府監。將作監為繕工監，大匠為大監，少匠為少監。國子監為司成館，國子祭酒為大司成，司業為少司成，博士為宣業。都水為司津監。左、右衛府、左、右驍衛府、左、右武衛府，並除「府」字。左、右屯衛府為左右威衛，左、右領軍衛為左右戎衛，武候為金吾衛，千牛為奉宸衛，屯營為羽林軍。詹事為端尹府，門下、典書為左右春坊，左右庶子為左右中護。中允為左贊善大夫，洗馬為司經大夫，中舍人為右贊善大夫。家令寺為宮府寺，率更寺為司更寺，僕寺為馭僕寺，長官並為大夫。左、右衛率府為典戎衛，左、右宗衛率府為司禦衛，左右虞候率府為清道衛，監門率府為崇掖衛，內率府為奉裕衛。七日，又制廢尚書令，改起居郎為左史，起居舍人為右史，著作佐郎為司文郎，太史丞為秘閣郎，左右千牛為奉宸，司議郎為左司議郎，太子舍人為右司議郎。典膳、藥藏、內直監、宮門大夫，並改為郎。太子千牛為奉裕。

Early in the Tang, Sui titles were retained; in the third month of the third year of Wude, Supplicator became Palace Attendant, Inner Scribe Director became Secretariat Director, Gentleman Attendant became Attendant Within, and the Inner Scribe Directorate became the Secretariat. In the sixth month of the twenty-third year of Zhenguan, the Minister of the People was renamed Minister of the Household. In the seventh month, Attending Secretary for Drafting Documents became Vice Censor-in-Chief; prefectural administrators-in-chief became marshals; vice prefects became chief administrators; and ritual officers became ceremonial attendants. In the first year of Xianqing, the Minister of the Household was renamed Minister of Revenue, and the Vice Minister likewise became Vice Minister of Revenue. One post of Swift-Cavalry Grand General, junior first rank, was also established. On the jiazi day of the second month of the second year of Longshuo, the offices of government and their titles were all renamed. The Department of State Affairs became the Central Terrace; Vice Directors became Rectifiers of Governance; the left and right assistants became Inspectors of Protocol; the left and right bureau directors became Directors of Affairs. Personnel became the Bureau of Rosters; Enfeoffments, the Bureau of Seals; Merit Review, the Bureau of Records; Rites, the Bureau of Rites; Sacrifices, the Bureau of Offerings; Provisions, the Bureau of Provisions; Foreign Guests, the Bureau of Barbarian Affairs; Household, the Bureau of Origins; Revenue, the Bureau of Measures; Granaries, the Bureau of Granaries; Metals, the Bureau of Treasures; War, the Bureau of Arms; Appointments, the Bureau of Territories; Transport, the Bureau of Carriages; Stores, the Bureau of Storehouses; Punishments, the Bureau of Punishments; Capital Punishments, the Bureau of Servants; Review, the Bureau of Accounts; Works, the Bureau of Equilibrium; Colonies, the Bureau of Fields; Forestry, the Bureau of Parks; Waterways, the Bureau of Rivers; the remaining bureaus were unchanged. Ministers were renamed Grand Directors of the Constant; Vice Ministers, Junior Directors of the Constant; and bureau directors, Grand Masters. The Secretariat and Chancellery were renamed the Eastern and Western Terraces. The Palace Attendant became Left Chancellor; the Yellow Gate Vice Minister, Eastern Terrace Vice Minister; the Attendant Within, Eastern Terrace Drafting Officer; the Regular Attendant-in-Ordinary, Left and Right Attendant-in-Extremity; and the Remonstrance Master, Upright Remonstrance Master. The Secretariat Director became Right Chancellor; the Vice Minister, Western Terrace Vice Minister; and the Drafting Officer, Western Terrace Drafting Officer. The Palace Secretariat became the Orchid Terrace; its Director, Grand Astrologer; Vice Director, Vice Minister; and Assistant, Grand Master. The Compiler became Bureau Director for Documents; the Grand Astrologer Director became Bureau Director for the Secret Archive. The Censorate became the Law Terrace; the Censor-in-Chief, Grand Director of Law; and the Vice Censor-in-Chief, Director of Law. The Palace Directorate became the Central Imperial Household Office; its Assistant was styled Grand Master. The Director of Food became Provider of Meals; the Director of Medicine, Provider of Medicine; the Director of Robes, Provider of Caps; the Director of Lodgings, Provider of Screens; the Director of Transport, Provider of Carriages; and the Director of Palanquins, Provider of Imperial Transport — each styled Grand Master. The Palace Domestic Service was renamed the Palace Domestic Directorate. The Director of Ceremonies became Provider of the Constant; Imperial Entertainments, Director of Sacrifices; Guards, Director of Guards; Imperial Clan, Director of the Clan; Imperial Stud, Director of Teams; and Judicial Review, Detailed Punishments — each director styled Grand Master. Diplomatic Reception became the Bureau of Documents; Agriculture, the Bureau of Harvests; the Imperial Treasury, the Outer Treasury; and all directors were styled Chief Directors. The Directorate of the Palace Workshops was renamed the Inner Treasury Directorate. The Directorate of Imperial Construction became the Directorate of Repair Works; the Chief Artisan, Grand Director; and the Junior Artisan, Vice Director. The Directorate of the National University became the Hall of the Director of Accomplishment; its Chancellor, Grand Director of Accomplishment; Vice Chancellor, Junior Director of Accomplishment; and Erudite, Proclaimer of Accomplishment. The Director of Waterways was renamed the Directorate of Fords. The Left and Right Guards, Brave Guards, and Martial Guards all dropped the word "office" from their titles. The Left and Right Garrison Guards became the Left and Right Majestic Guards; the Victorious Army Guards became the Left and Right Military Guards; the Martial Constabulary became the Golden Crow Guards; the Thousand-Ox Guards became the Imperial Retinue Guards; and the Garrison Camps became the Forest of Feathers Army. The Household of the Heir Apparent became the Rectifier's Office; the Chancellery and Palace Library lodges became the Left and Right Spring Lodges; and the left and right Junior Tutors became the Left and Right Central Protectors. The Palace Companion became Left Master for Supporting Goodness; the Groom, Master for Managing the Classics; and the Palace Drafting Officer, Right Master for Supporting Goodness. The Household Steward Court became the Palace Household Court; the Office of the Heir's Watch, the Office of the Watch; the Stable Court, the Court for Driving Servants — each chief styled Grand Master. The Left and Right Guard Command offices became Model Military Guards; the Imperial Clan Guard Command offices, Imperial Clan Guards; the Martial Constabulary Command offices, Clear-the-Way Guards; the Gate Guard Command office, Honored Flank Guards; and the Inner Guard Command office, Provider of Abundance Guards. On the seventh day, an edict abolished the post of Director of the Department of State Affairs and renamed the Court Diarist as Left Historian, the Court Diarist Attendant as Right Historian, the Compiler Assistant as Bureau Document Officer, the Grand Astrologer Assistant as Secret Archive Officer, the left and right Thousand-Ox as Imperial Retinue, the Master of Discussion as Left Master of Discussion, and the Heir Apparent Drafting Officer as Right Master of Discussion. The Directors of Provisions, Medicine Stores, Inner Attendants, and Palace Gate were all retitled Gentlemen. The Heir Apparent's Thousand-Ox Guard was renamed Provider of Abundance.

永昌元年，置左、右司員外郎各一員。天授二年，增置左、右補闕、拾遣各三員，通滿五員。長壽二年，增夏官侍郎三員。大足元年，加營繕少匠一員，左右羽林衛各增置將軍一員。洛、雍、並、荊、揚、益六州，置左、右司馬各一員。長安三年，增置司勳員外郎一員，地官依舊置侍郎一員，洛、並及三大都督府司馬宜依舊置一員。神龍元年二月，台閣官名，並依永淳已前故事。廢左、右司員外郎。左右千牛衛各置大將軍一員。東都置太廟官吏，增置太常、大理少卿各一員。二年，又置員外官凡二千餘人。超授閹官七品已上員外者，又千餘人。十二月，復置左右司員外郎各一員。景雲二年，復置太子左、右諭德、太子左、右贊善大夫各兩員。雍、洛及大都督府長史加為三品階，別駕致敬，依前。太極元年，光祿、大理、鴻臚、太府、衛尉、宗正，各增置少卿一員。秘書少監、國子司業、少府少監、將作少匠、左右台中丞，各增置一員。雍、洛二州及益、並、荊、揚四大都督府，各增置司馬一員，分為左、右司馬。

In the first year of Yongchang, one supernumerary left and right Bureau Director was added to each side. In the second year of Tianshou, three additional left and right Supplements and Remonstrators were added on each side, for five posts in all. In the second year of Changshou, three Vice Ministers were added to the Summer Office (War). In the first year of Dazu, one Junior Artisan for Repairs was added, and each of the Left and Right Forest of Feathers Guards gained an additional general. For the six prefectures of Luo, Yong, Bing, Jing, Yang, and Yi, one left marshal and one right marshal were appointed in each. In the third year of Chang'an, one supernumerary Director for Merits was added; the Earth Office again received one Vice Minister; and Luo, Bing, and the three great protectorates each retained one marshal as before. In the second month of the first year of Shenlong, the titles of terrace and pavilion offices were all restored to pre-Yongchun usage. The supernumerary left and right Bureau Directors were abolished. Each of the Left and Right Thousand-Ox Guards was given one grand general. The Eastern Capital was furnished with ancestral-temple officials, and one additional Vice Director was added each to Ceremonies and Judicial Review. In the second year, more than two thousand supernumerary officials were also appointed. More than a thousand eunuchs were irregularly promoted to supernumerary posts of the seventh rank and above. In the twelfth month, the supernumerary left and right Bureau Directors were restored, one post on each side. In the second year of Jingyun, the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Moral Instructors and Left and Right Masters for Supporting Goodness were restored, two posts on each side. The chief administrators of Yong, Luo, and the great protectorates were raised to third rank; vice prefects' ceremonial salutations remained as before. In the first year of Taiji, one additional Vice Director was added each to Imperial Entertainments, Judicial Review, Diplomatic Reception, the Imperial Treasury, Guards, and Imperial Clan Affairs. One additional post was added each for the Vice Director of the Palace Secretariat, Vice Chancellor of the National University, Vice Director of the Palace Workshops, Junior Artisan of Construction, and the left and right Terrace Vice Censors-in-Chief. For Yong and Luo prefectures and the four great protectorates of Yi, Bing, Jing, and Yang, one marshal was added in each, divided into left and right marshals.

開元元年十二月，改尚書左右僕射為左右丞相，中書省為紫微省，門下省為黃門省，侍中為監。雍州為京兆府，洛州為河南府。長史為尹，司馬為少尹，錄事參軍為司錄參軍，余司改司為曹。五年九月，紫微省依舊為中書省，黃門省為門下省，黃門監為侍中。二十四年九月，改主爵為司封。天寶元年二月，侍中改為左相，中書令改為右相，左、右丞相依舊為僕射，黃門侍郎為門下侍郎。改州為郡，刺史為太守。十一載正月，改吏部為文部，兵部為武部，刑部為憲部。其行內諸司有部者並改。改駕部為司駕，改庫部為司庫，金部為司金，倉部為司儲，比部為司計，祠部為司禋，膳部為司膳，虞部為司虞，水部為司水。將作大匠為監，少匠為少監。至德二載十二月敕：「近日所改百司額及郡名並官名，一切依故事。」於是侍中、中書令、兵吏部等並仍舊。罷郡為州，復以太守為刺史。

In the twelfth month of the first year of Kaiyuan, the Left and Right Vice Directors became Left and Right Chancellors; the Secretariat became the Purple Forbidden Directorate; the Chancellery, the Yellow Gate Directorate; and the Palace Attendant, Director. Yong Prefecture became the Capital Protectorate; Luo Prefecture became the Henan Protectorate. The chief administrator became Intendant; the marshal, Junior Intendant; the recording officer, Bureau Recording Officer; and other offices changed the word "bureau" to "section." In the ninth month of the fifth year, the Purple Forbidden Directorate reverted to the Secretariat, the Yellow Gate Directorate to the Chancellery, and the Yellow Gate Director to Palace Attendant. In the ninth month of the twenty-fourth year, Enfeoffments was renamed the Bureau of Seals. In the second month of the first year of Tianbao, the Palace Attendant became Left Chancellor; the Secretariat Director, Right Chancellor; the left and right assistants again Vice Directors; and the Yellow Gate Vice Minister, Chancellery Vice Minister. Prefectures were renamed commanderies, and prefects became governors. In the first month of the eleventh year, Personnel became the Literary Office, War the Martial Office, and Punishments the Law Office. All subordinate offices within the Department that bore the word "bureau" were likewise renamed. Transport became the Bureau of Carriages; Stores, the Bureau of Storehouses; Metals, the Bureau of Metals; Granaries, the Bureau of Storage; Review, the Bureau of Accounts; Sacrifices, the Bureau of Offerings; Provisions, the Bureau of Provisions; Forestry, the Bureau of Parks; and Waterways, the Bureau of Water. The Chief Artisan of Construction became Director, and the Junior Artisan, Vice Director. An edict of the twelfth month of the second year of Zhide declared: "All recent changes to the titles of government offices, commandery names, and official names shall revert to former usage." Thereupon the Palace Attendant, Secretariat Director, War and Personnel ministries, and the rest all reverted to their former titles. Commanderies were abolished and prefectures restored; governors again became prefects.

正第一品

Senior first rank

太師、太傅、太保、太尉、司徒、司空，已上職事官。王，爵。《武德令》有天策上將，九年省。

Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, Grand Protector, Grand Commandant, Minister of Education, and Minister of Works — all executive offices. King — a noble rank. The Wude Code provided for a Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief; the post was abolished in the ninth year.

從第一品

Junior first rank

開府儀同三司、文散官。開府儀同三司及特進不帶職事官者，朝參祿俸並同職事，仍隸吏部也。太子太師、太子太傅、太子太保、已上職事官。驃騎大將軍，武散官。嗣王、郡王、國公，爵。

Honored Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes — a civil honorary rank. Honored Companions and Extraordinary Promoters without executive posts received court attendance and salary equal to executive officers and remained registered with Personnel. Heir Apparent's Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Protector — all executive offices. Swift-Cavalry Grand General — a military honorary rank. Heir to a kingship, Commandery King, and State Duke — noble ranks.

正第二品

Senior second rank

特進，文散官。輔國大將軍，武散官。開國郡公，爵。《武德令》唯有公、侯、伯、子、男，貞觀十一年加開國之稱也。上柱國，勳官。《武德令》有尚書令，龍朔二年省。自是正第二品無職事官。

Extraordinary Promoter — a civil honorary rank. Auxiliary-to-the-State Grand General — a military honorary rank. Founding Commandery Duke — a noble rank. Under the Wude Code there were only Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, and Baron; in the eleventh year of Zhenguan the epithet "Founding" was added. Supreme Pillar of the State — a merit rank. The Wude Code provided for a Director of the Department of State Affairs; the post was abolished in the second year of Longshuo. From this point there was no executive office at senior second rank.

從第二品

Junior second rank

尚書左右僕射、太子少師、太子少傅、太子少保、京兆河南太原等七府牧、大都督、揚、幽、潞、陝、靈。大都護、單于、安西，已上職事官。光祿大夫，文散官；鎮軍大將軍，武散官。開國縣公，爵。柱國，勳官。

Left and Right Vice Directors of the Department; the Heir Apparent's Junior Preceptor, Junior Tutor, and Junior Protector; protectors of the seven prefectures including the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan; the Great Protector; and Yang, You, Lu, Shan, and Ling. Great Protector-General, Chanyu, and Anxi — all executive offices. Grand Master for Splendid Happiness — a civil honorary rank; Pacifier of the Army Grand General — a military honorary rank. Founding County Duke — a noble rank. Pillar of the State — a merit rank.

正第三品

Senior third rank

侍中、中書令、吏部尚書、舊班在左相上，《開元令》移在下。門下侍郎、中書侍郎、舊班正四品上，大曆二年升。左右衛、左右驍衛、左右武衛、左右威衛、左右領軍衛、左右金吾衛、左右監門衛、左右羽林軍、左右龍武、左右英武六軍大將軍、左右千牛衛大將軍、自左右衛已下，並為武職事官。戶部、禮部、兵部、刑部、工部尚書、《武德令》，禮部次吏部，兵部次之，民部次之。貞觀年改以民部次禮部，兵部次之。則天初又改以戶部次吏部，禮部次之，兵部次之。太子賓客、舊兼職無品，《開元前令》定入官品也。太常卿、宗正卿、天寶初升入正三品也。太子詹事、左右散騎常侍、舊班從三品，廣德年升。內侍監、唐初舊制，內侍省無三品官，內侍四員，秩四品。天寶十三年十二月，玄宗以中官高力士、袁思藝承恩遇，特置內侍監兩員，秩三品，以授之。中都督、上都護、已上除八大將軍，並為文職事官。金紫光祿大夫、文散官。冠軍大將軍、武散官。懷化大將軍、顯慶三年置，以授初附首領，仍隸諸衛也。上護軍。勳官。

Palace Attendant, Secretariat Director, and Minister of Personnel — formerly ranked above the Left Chancellor; under the Kaiyuan Code they were placed below. Chancellery Vice Minister and Secretariat Vice Minister — formerly senior fourth rank, upper grade; promoted in the second year of Dali. The grand generals of the Left and Right Guards, Brave Guards, Martial Guards, Majestic Guards, Victorious Army Guards, Golden Crow Guards, Gate Guards, Forest of Feathers Army, Dragon Martial, Heroic Martial Six Armies, and Thousand-Ox Guards — from the Left and Right Guards downward, all were military executive offices. Ministers of the Household, Rites, War, Punishments, and Works — under the Wude Code, Rites followed Personnel, then War, then the People. In the Zhenguan era the order was changed so the People followed Rites, then War. At the beginning of Empress Wu's reign the order was changed again: Household after Personnel, then Rites, then War. Heir Apparent's Guest — formerly a concurrent post without formal rank; the pre-Kaiyuan code assigned it a place in the rank tables. Director of Ceremonies and Director of the Imperial Clan were raised to senior third rank at the beginning of the Tianbao era. Household of the Heir Apparent and the Left and Right Regular Attendants-in-Ordinary — formerly junior third rank; promoted in the Guangde era. Palace Domestic Directorate — under early Tang usage the Palace Domestic Service had no third-rank post; four palace domestics held fourth rank. In the twelfth month of the thirteenth year of Tianbao, because the eunuchs Gao Lishi and Yuan Siyi enjoyed the emperor's favor, Xuanzong specially created two third-rank Palace Domestic Director posts and conferred them on the two men. Middle Protector and Superior Protector — apart from the eight great generals, all of the above are civil executive offices. Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with Gold Seal and Purple Ribbon — a civil honorary rank. Grand Champion General — a military honorary rank. Grand General for Cherishing Transformation — created in the third year of Xianqing to honor newly submitted tribal leaders; they remained attached to the various guard commands. Supreme Protector of the Army. A merit rank.

從第三品

Junior third rank

御史大夫、舊班在秘書監九卿下，《開元令》移在上。秘書監、光祿、衛尉、太僕、大理、鴻臚、司農、太府卿、國子祭酒、殿中監、少府監、將作監、諸衛羽林，入正三品。千牛龍武將軍、下都督、上州刺史、京兆河南太原等七尹、舊雍、洛長史從四品上，景雲二年加秩為從三品也。五大都督府長史、舊從四品上，景雲二年加秩為從三品。大都護府副都護、舊正四品上，《開元令》加入從三品。親王傅、巳上並職事官。諸衛羽林、千牛龍武將軍為武，余並為文。銀青光祿大夫、文散官。開國侯、爵。雲麾將軍、武散官。歸德將軍、顯慶三年置，以授初附首領，仍隸諸衛也。護軍。勳官。《武德令》有天策上將府長史、司馬，九年省也。

Censor-in-Chief — formerly ranked below the Palace Secretariat and the Nine Directors; under the Kaiyuan Code it was placed above them. Director of the Palace Secretariat; directors of Imperial Entertainments, Guards, Imperial Stud, Judicial Review, Diplomatic Reception, Agriculture, and the Imperial Treasury; Chancellor of the National University; directors of the Palace Directorate, Palace Workshops, and Construction; and the various guards and Forest of Feathers Army — all entered senior third rank. Thousand-Ox and Dragon Martial generals; lower protector; superior-grade prefects; and intendants of the seven prefectures including the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan — formerly chief administrators of Yong and Luo at junior fourth rank, upper grade; all raised to junior third rank in the second year of Jingyun. Chief administrators of the five great protectorates — formerly junior fourth rank, upper grade; raised to junior third rank in the second year of Jingyun. Deputy Protector-General of the Great Protectorate — formerly senior fourth rank, upper grade; the Kaiyuan Code placed it at junior third rank. Tutor to an Imperial Prince — all of the above are executive offices. The various guard commands, Forest of Feathers, Thousand-Ox, and Dragon Martial generals are military offices; the rest are civil. Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with Silver Seal and Blue Ribbon — a civil honorary rank. Founding Marquis — a noble rank. Cloud-Banner General — a military honorary rank. General for Returning Virtue — created in the third year of Xianqing to honor newly submitted tribal leaders; they remained attached to the various guard commands. Protector of the Army. A merit rank. The Wude Code provided for a Chief Administrator and Vice Administrator of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; both posts were abolished in the ninth year.

正第四品上階

Senior fourth rank, upper grade.

正第四品下階

Senior fourth rank, lower grade.

從第四品上階

Junior fourth rank, upper grade.

秘書少監、八寺少卿、殿中少監、太子左右衛、司禦、清道、內率、監門副率、太子親勳翊衛中郎將、太子家令、太子率更令、太子僕、內侍、大都護親王府長史、已上職事官。府率、中郎將為武，余並為文。太中大夫、文散官。宜威將軍、武散官。輕車都尉。勳官。

Vice Director of the Palace Secretariat; vice directors of the Eight Directorates; Vice Director of the Palace Directorate; the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Guards; Imperial Escort, Clear Way, Inner Rate, and Gate Vice Rate commanders; Heir Apparent Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guard Middle Commandants; the Heir Apparent's Household, Timing, and Stable Directors; Palace Attendant; and Chief Administrator of Princely Establishments under Great Protectorates — all executive offices. Rate commanders and middle commandants are military offices; the rest are civil. Grand Master of Palace Counsel — a civil honorary rank. Proclaimer of Might General — a military honorary rank. Commandant of Light Chariots. A merit rank.

從第四品下階

Junior fourth rank, lower grade.

國子司業、少府少監、將作少匠、京兆河南太原府少尹、大都督府大都護府親王府司馬、上州別駕、已上職事文官。《武德令》，上州別駕正五品上。二十三年為長史，前上元年，復置別駕，定入從四品也。中府折沖都尉、武職事官。中大夫、文散官。明威將軍。武散官。《武德令》有天策上將府從事中郎，九年省。

Vice Chancellor of the National University; Vice Director of the Palace Workshops; Junior Artisan of Construction; Vice Intendants of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures; Marshals of Princely Establishments under Great Area Commands and Great Protectorates; and Vice Prefect of a superior-grade prefecture — all civil executive offices. Under the Wude Code, the Vice Prefect of a superior-grade prefecture ranked senior fifth rank, upper grade. In the twenty-third year the post became chief administrator; before the first year of Shangyuan the vice prefect was restored and fixed at junior fourth rank. Army-Suppressing Commandant of a middle-grade prefecture — a military executive office. Palace Counselor — a civil honorary rank. Bringer of Might General. A military honorary rank. The Wude Code provided for an Attending Gentleman of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; the post was abolished in the ninth year.

正第五品上階

Senior fifth rank, upper grade.

正第五品下階

Senior fifth rank, lower grade.

太子中舍人、尚食尚藥奉禦、太子親勳翊衛郎將、內常侍、中都督上都護府司馬、中州別駕、下府折沖都尉、已上職事官。郎將、折沖為武，余並為文也。朝議大夫、文散官。甯遠將軍。武散官。《武德令》有天策上將軍諮祭酒，九年省。

Heir Apparent Drafting Officer; Providers of Food and Medicine; Heir Apparent Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guard Commanders; Regular Palace Attendant; Marshals of Middle Protectorates and Superior Protectorates; Vice Prefect of a middle-grade prefecture; and Army-Suppressing Commandant of a lower-grade prefecture — all executive offices. Commanders and army-suppressing commandants are military offices; the rest are civil. Court Consultant — a civil honorary rank. General for Pacifying the Distant. A military honorary rank. The Wude Code provided for an Army Staff Sacrificer of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief; the post was abolished in the ninth year.

從第五品上階

Junior fifth rank, upper grade.

尚書左右諸司郎中、《武德令》，吏部郎中正四品上，諸司郎中正五品上。貞觀二年，並改為從五品上也。秘書丞、《武德令》，正五品上。《永徽令》改也。著作郎、太子洗馬、殿中丞、尚衣尚舍尚乘尚輦奉禦、獻陵昭陵恭陵橋陵八陵令、《武德》，諸陵令從七品下，永徽二年加獻、昭二陵令，為從五品。已後諸陵並相承依獻、昭二陵也。親王府副典軍、下都督府上州長史、下州別駕、已上職事官。典軍為武，余並為文也。朝請大夫、文散官。開國男、爵。遊擊將軍、武散官。騎都尉。勳官。舊有太公廟令，武德年七品下，永徽二年加從五品上，開元二十四年省也。

Bureau Directors of the left and right bureaus of the Department of State Affairs — under the Wude Code, the Personnel Bureau Director ranked senior fourth rank, upper grade, and the other bureau directors ranked senior fifth rank, upper grade. In the second year of Zhenguan, all were reassigned to junior fifth rank, upper grade. Deputy Director of the Palace Secretariat — under the Wude Code, senior fifth rank, upper grade. It was changed under the Yonghui Code. Compiler; Heir Apparent Reader; Vice Director of the Palace Directorate; Providers of Robes, Lodgings, Transport, and Palanquins; and Directors of the eight imperial tombs including Xian, Zhao, Gong, and Qiao — under the Wude Code, tomb directors ranked junior seventh rank, lower grade; in the second year of Yonghui the Xian and Zhao tomb directors were added at junior fifth rank. Thereafter all tomb offices followed the precedent set by the Xian and Zhao mausoleums. Deputy Martial Director of Princely Establishments; Chief Administrator of lower protectorates and superior prefectures; and Vice Prefect of an inferior-grade prefecture — all executive offices. Martial directors are military offices; the rest are civil. Gentleman Invited to Court — a civil honorary rank. Founding Baron — a noble rank. Roaming Strike General — a military honorary rank. Commandant of Cavalry. A merit rank. Formerly there was a Director of the Grand Duke's Temple; in the Wude era it ranked junior seventh rank, lower grade; in the second year of Yonghui it was raised to junior fifth rank, upper grade; and it was abolished in the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan.

從第五品下階

Junior fifth rank, lower grade.

大理正、太常丞、太史令、內給事太子典內、舊正六品上，《開元令》改。下都督府上州司馬、《武德令》，上治中正五品下。貞觀初改。親王友、《武德令》，正五品下也。宮苑總監、上牧監、上府果毅都尉、已上職事官。果毅為武散，余並為文。駙馬都尉、奉車都尉、並武散官。駙馬自近代已來，唯尚公主者授之。奉車，有唐已來無其人。朝散大夫、文散官。遊擊將軍。武散官。《武德令》有天策上將府主簿、記室、參軍，九年省。《神龍令》有庫谷、斜穀監也。

Directing Censor of Judicial Review; Vice Director of Imperial Rites; Director of the Grand Astrologer; Inner Provider of the Palace and Heir Apparent Palace Steward — formerly senior sixth rank, upper grade; changed under the Kaiyuan Code. Marshal of lower protectorates and superior prefectures — under the Wude Code, the Administrator-in-Chief of a superior prefecture ranked senior fifth rank, lower grade. It was changed at the beginning of Zhenguan. Friend to an Imperial Prince — under the Wude Code, senior fifth rank, lower grade. Chief Director of Palace Parks; Superior Stud Director; and Resolute Army Commandant of a superior-grade prefecture — all executive offices. Resolute Army commandants are military honorary ranks; the rest are civil. Commandant of Cavalry Attendant and Commandant for Attending Carriages — both military honorary ranks. Since recent times, the Commandant of Cavalry Attendant has been conferred only on men who marry imperial princesses. As for the Commandant for Attending Carriages, since the Tang dynasty there has been no appointee. Gentleman for Court Service — a civil honorary rank. Roaming Strike General. A military honorary rank. The Wude Code provided for a Registrar, Recorder, and Adjutant of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; all were abolished in the ninth year. The Shenlong Code also provided for Superintendents of the Kugu and Xiegu passes.

正第六品上階

Senior sixth rank, upper grade.

正第六品下階

Senior sixth rank, lower grade.

從第六品上階

Junior sixth rank, upper grade.

起居郎、起居舍人、尚書諸司員外郎、《武德令》，吏部員外郎正六品上，諸司員外郎正六品下。貞觀二年改。八寺丞、大理司直、國子助教、《武德令》，從七品上。城門符寶郎、通事舍人、秘書郎、《武德令》，正七品上。著作佐郎、《武德令》，正七品下。侍御醫、《武德》、《乾封令》，正七品上。《神龍令》，從六品下。開元改。諸衛羽林長史、兩京市署令、武德四年進為從五品上，七年定令，復舊也。下州司馬、《武德令》，中下州治中，正六品下。親王文學、主簿、記室、錄事參軍、《武德令》，親王府文學已上，並正六品下也。諸州上縣令、已上交職事官。諸率府左右司階、武職事官。鎮軍兵不滿二萬人司馬、文職事官。左右監門校尉、親勳翊衛旅帥、衛官。奉議郎、文散官。振威校尉、武散官。飛騎尉。勳官。

Court Diarist; Court Diarist Attendant; and vice directors of the Department bureaus — under the Wude Code, the Personnel Bureau Vice Director ranked senior sixth rank, upper grade, and the other bureau vice directors ranked senior sixth rank, lower grade. It was changed in the second year of Zhenguan. Vice Directors of the Eight Directorates; Directing Investigator of Judicial Review; and Assistant Instructor of the National University — under the Wude Code, junior seventh rank, upper grade. Gate Seal and Credential Attendant; Master of External Communications; and Secretariat Clerk — under the Wude Code, senior seventh rank, upper grade. Compiler Assistant — under the Wude Code, senior seventh rank, lower grade. Attending Imperial Physician — under the Wude and Qianfeng codes, senior seventh rank, upper grade. Under the Shenlong Code, it ranked junior sixth rank, lower grade. It was changed under Kaiyuan. Chief Administrators of the various guards and Forest of Feathers, and Market Directors of the two capitals — in the fourth year of Wude they were promoted to junior fifth rank, upper grade; when the code was fixed in the seventh year, their former ranks were restored. Marshal of an inferior-grade prefecture — under the Wude Code, the Administrator-in-Chief of a middle-inferior prefecture ranked senior sixth rank, lower grade. Literary Instructor, Registrar, Recorder, and Recording Adjutant of Princely Establishments — under the Wude Code, from the Literary Instructor of a princely establishment upward, all ranked senior sixth rank, lower grade. Magistrates of superior-grade counties — all of the above are civil executive offices. Left and Right Duty Officers of the various guard rate offices — military executive offices. Marshal of a Garrison Army with fewer than twenty thousand troops — a civil executive office. Left and Right Gate Guard Captains and Brigade Commanders of the Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guards — guard officers. Supporter of Discussion — a civil honorary rank. Quelling Might Commandant — a military honorary rank. Commandant of Flying Cavalry. A merit rank.

從第六品下階

Junior sixth rank, lower grade.

侍御史、舊從七品上，《垂拱令改》。少府將作國子監丞、太子內直典設宮門郎、太公廟令、司農寺諸園苑監、沙苑監、下牧監、宮苑總監副、互市監、中牧副監、已上文職事官。下府果毅都尉、武職事官。親王府校尉、衛官。通直郎、文散官。振威副尉。武散官。

Attending Censor — formerly junior seventh rank, upper grade; changed under the Chuigong Code. Vice Directors of the Palace Workshops, Construction, and National University; Heir Apparent Inner Attendant, Provision Director, and Palace Gate Attendant; Director of the Grand Duke's Temple; Garden Directors under the Ministry of Agriculture; Sha Plain Stud Director; Inferior Stud Director; Deputy Chief Director of Palace Parks; Border-Trade Superintendent; and Deputy Middle Stud Director — all civil executive offices. Resolute Army Commandant of a lower-grade prefecture — a military executive office. Captain of a Princely Establishment — a guard officer. Unhindered and Upright Gentleman — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Quelling Might Commandant. A military honorary rank.

正第七品上階

Senior seventh rank, upper grade.

四門博士、詹事司直、左右千牛衛長史、尚食尚藥直長、太子左右衛司禦清道率府長史、軍器監丞、諸州中縣令、京兆河南太原府司錄參軍事、大都督大都護府錄事參軍事、親王府諸曹參軍、已上文職事官。《武德令》，親王府功曹、倉曹、戶曹、兵曹參軍事，從五品下；騎曹、鎧曹、田曹、士曹、水曹參軍事等，七品下也。中鎮將、武職事官。《武德令》，從五品下。太子千牛、親勳翊衛隊正副隊正、已上衛官。朝請郎、文散官。致果校尉武散官。雲騎尉。勳官。

Doctor of the Four Gates; Direct Inspector of the Heir Apparent's Household; Chief Administrators of the Left and Right Thousand-Ox Guards; Senior Attendants of Food and Medicine; Chief Administrators of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Guards, Imperial Escort, Clear Way, and Rate Offices; Vice Director of the Armory Directorate; Magistrates of middle-grade counties; Recording Adjutants of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures; Recording Adjutants of Great Area Commands and Great Protectorates; and Section Adjutants of Princely Establishments — all civil executive offices. Under the Wude Code, the Merit, Granary, Household, and War Section Adjutants of princely establishments ranked junior fifth rank, lower grade; the Cavalry, Armor, Field, Labor, and Water Section Adjutants and the like ranked seventh rank, lower grade. Middle Garrison General — a military executive office. Under the Wude Code, it ranked junior fifth rank, lower grade. Heir Apparent Thousand-Ox Guard; Squad Leaders and Deputy Squad Leaders of the Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guards — all guard officers. Gentleman Invited to Court — a civil honorary rank. Achieving Fruit Commandant — a military honorary rank. Commandant of Cloud Cavalry. A merit rank.

正第七品下階

Senior seventh rank, lower grade.

尚衣尚舍尚乘尚輦直長、太子通事舍人、內寺伯、京兆河南太原府大都督大都護府諸曹參軍、中都督上都護府錄事參軍事、諸倉諸冶司竹溫湯監、諸衛左右中候、上府別將、《武德令》，別將正五品上，後改為果毅。聖曆三年復置別將。上府長史、《武德令》，統軍長史正八品下也。上鎮副、《武德令》，從五品下。下鎮將、《武德令》，正六品下。下牧副監、已上職事官。中候、別將、鎮副、鎮將為武，余並為文也。宣德郎、文散官。致果副尉。武散官。《武德令》又有天策上將府參軍事，九年省。又有鹽池鹽井鹽、諸王百司問事謁者。

Senior Attendants of Robes, Lodgings, Transport, and Palanquins; Heir Apparent Master of External Communications; Inner Temple Majordomo; Section Adjutants of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures, Great Area Commands, and Great Protectorates; Recording Adjutants of Middle Protectorates and Superior Protectorates; Superintendents of the various granaries, smelting works, bamboo groves, and hot springs; Left and Right Middle Inspectors of the various guards; and Separate Commander of a superior-grade prefecture — under the Wude Code, separate commanders ranked senior fifth rank, upper grade; later they were redesignated Resolute Army commandants. In the third year of Shengli, separate commanders were restored. Chief Administrator of a superior-grade prefecture — under the Wude Code, the chief administrator of an army command ranked senior eighth rank, lower grade. Deputy of a superior garrison — under the Wude Code, junior fifth rank, lower grade. General of an inferior garrison — under the Wude Code, senior sixth rank, lower grade. Deputy Director of an inferior stud — all of the above are executive offices. Middle Inspectors, separate commanders, deputy garrison commanders, and garrison generals are military posts; the rest are civil. Gentleman for Promoting Virtue — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Achieving Fruit Commandant. A military honorary rank. The Wude Code also provided for a Section Adjutant of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; the post was abolished in the ninth year. Also included were superintendents of salt ponds and salt wells, and petitioners who handled affairs for the various bureaus of imperial princes.

從第七品上階

Junior seventh rank, upper grade.

殿中侍御史、《武德》至《乾封令》，並正八品上，垂拱年改。左右補闕、太常博士、太學助教、《武德令》，從八品下也。門下錄事、中書主書、尚書都事、九寺主簿、太子詹事主簿、太子左右內率監門率府長史、太子侍醫、太子三寺丞、都水監丞、諸州中下縣令、親王府東西閣祭酒、《武德令》，正六品下。京縣丞、萬年、長安、河南、洛陽、奉先、會昌、太原、晉陽。下都督府上州錄事參軍、中都督上都護府諸曹參軍事、中府別將長史、中鎮副、《武德令》，正六品下。已上職事官。別將、鎮副為武，余並為文。左右監門直長、勳衛、太子親衛、已上衛官。朝散郎、文散官。翊麾校尉、武散官。武騎尉。勳官。

Attending Palace Censor — under the Wude through Qianfeng codes, all ranked senior eighth rank, upper grade; changed in the Chuigong era. Left and Right Supplements; Erudite of the Directorate of Ceremonies; and Assistant Instructor of the National University — under the Wude Code, junior eighth rank, lower grade. Chancellery Recording Clerk; Secretariat Document Officer; Department Chief Clerk; Registrars of the Nine Courts; Registrar of the Heir Apparent's Household; Chief Administrators of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Inner Rate and Gate Rate Offices; Heir Apparent Attending Physician; Vice Directors of the Heir Apparent's Three Directorates; Vice Director of the Waterways Directorate; Magistrates of middle-inferior-grade counties; and Sacrificial Wine Masters of the East and West Pavilions of Princely Establishments — under the Wude Code, senior sixth rank, lower grade. Assistants of capital counties — Wan'nian, Chang'an, Henan, Luoyang, Fengxian, Huichang, Taiyuan, and Jinyang. Recording Adjutant of lower protectorates and superior prefectures; Section Adjutants of Middle Protectorates and Superior Protectorates; Chief Administrator of the Separate Commander of a middle-grade prefecture; and Deputy of a middle garrison — under the Wude Code, senior sixth rank, lower grade. All of the above are executive offices. Separate commanders and deputy garrison commanders are military posts; the rest are civil. Left and Right Gate Guard Senior Attendants; Merit Guards; and Heir Apparent Personal Guards — all guard officers. Gentleman for Court Service — a civil honorary rank. Assisting Banner Commandant — a military honorary rank. Commandant of Martial Cavalry. A merit rank.

從第七品下階

Junior seventh rank, lower grade.

太史丞、監局同。御史台少府將作國子監主簿、御史台、國子監主簿、舊正八品，《垂拱令》改。掖庭令、宮闈令、上署令、郊社、太樂、鼓吹、太醫、太官、左藏令、乘黃、典客、上林、太倉、平准、常平、左尚、右尚、典牧。《武德令》有太廟、諸陵、典農、中尚、都水、常平。其左尚、典牧本中署，右尚本下署，開元初改之也。諸州下縣令、天寶五載，一切為中下縣。諸陵署丞、永徽二年加秩。舊有太廟署丞，武德為九品，永徽二年加秩，從七品上，開元年省也。司農寺諸園郤副監神龍令有諸冶副監宮苑總監丞，下都督府諸曹參軍，太子內坊丞舊正八品上開元初改親王國令舊規，流內正九品，太極年改。公主家令舊規，流內正八品，太極年改。上州諸參軍事、下府別將長史、下鎮副、《武德令》，從六品下。諸屯監、《武德令》有芳醖監，《神龍令》有漆園監。諸率府左右中候、鎮軍滿二萬人以上諸曹判司、已上職事官。別將、鎮副、中候為武，余並為文也。太子左右監門直長、親王府旅帥、諸折沖府校尉、已上衛官。《武德令》，諸府校尉，正六品下也。宣議郎、文散官。翊麾副尉。武散官。

Assistant Grand Astrologer — the same as the directorate offices. Registrars of the Censorate, Palace Workshops, Construction, and National University — formerly senior eighth rank; changed under the Chuigong Code. Director of the Rear Palace; Director of the Inner Palace; and Directors of upper-grade offices — State Altars, Imperial Music, Musical Acclamation, Imperial Medicine, Imperial Kitchen, Left Treasury, Horse Breeding, Reception of Guests, Royal Park, Granary, Price Stabilization, Ever-Normal Granary, Left Atelier, Right Atelier, and Pasturage Administration. The Wude Code also provided for Imperial Ancestral Temple, Imperial Tombs, Agricultural Administration, Middle Atelier, Waterways, and Ever-Normal Granary offices. Left Atelier and Pasturage Administration had originally been middle-grade offices, and Right Atelier a lower-grade office — all were changed at the beginning of Kaiyuan. Magistrates of inferior-grade counties — in the fifth year of Tianbao, all such counties were redesignated middle-inferior. Vice Directors of imperial tomb offices — their rank was raised in the second year of Yonghui. Formerly there was also a Vice Director of the Imperial Ancestral Temple Office, ranked ninth under Wude; in the second year of Yonghui the rank was raised to junior seventh rank, upper grade; the post was abolished under Kaiyuan. Deputy Directors of the various gardens under the Ministry of Agriculture; under the Shenlong Code, Deputy Smelting Directors and Palace Parks Chief Directorate Assistants; Section Adjutants of lower protectorates; Vice Director of the Heir Apparent's Inner Bureau — formerly senior eighth rank, upper grade, changed at the beginning of Kaiyuan; and Director of Princely Establishments — formerly outside the regular ranks at senior ninth rank, changed in the Taichi era. Director of Princess Households — formerly outside the regular ranks at senior eighth rank; changed in the Taichi era. Section Adjutants of superior prefectures; Chief Administrator of the Separate Commander of a lower-grade prefecture; and Deputy of an inferior garrison — under the Wude Code, junior sixth rank, lower grade. Garrison Colony Directors — the Wude Code provided for Fragrant Brew Directors, and the Shenlong Code for Lacquer Garden Directors. Left and Right Middle Inspectors of the various rate offices and Bureau Reviewers of Garrison Armies with twenty thousand or more troops — all executive offices. Separate commanders, deputy garrison commanders, and middle inspectors are military posts; the rest are civil. Left and Right Gate Guard Senior Attendants of the Heir Apparent; Brigade Commander of Princely Establishments; and Captains of the various Army-Suppressing prefectures — all guard officers. Under the Wude Code, captains of the various prefectures ranked senior sixth rank, lower grade. Gentleman for Proclaiming Righteousness — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Assisting Banner Commandant. A military honorary rank.

正第八品上階

Senior eighth rank, upper grade.

監察御史、舊從八品上，《垂拱令》改。協律郎、諸衛羽林龍武軍錄事參軍事、中署令、鉤盾、右藏、職染、掌治，《武德令》有衣冠署令。中州錄事參軍事、太醫博士、太子典膳藥藏丞、軍器監主簿、武庫署丞舊從八品下，開元初改。兩京市署丞、上牧監丞、《武德令》，從八品下，《神龍令》有庫谷、斜谷、太陰伊陽監丞。鎮軍不滿二萬人以上諸曹判司、已上文職事官。翊衛、太子勳衛、親王府執仗執乘親事、 (已上衛官。給事郎、文散官。宣節校尉。武散官。《武德令》有天策上將府典簽，九年省。

Investigating Censor — formerly junior eighth rank, upper grade; changed under the Chuigong Code. Pitch-Harmonizing Gentleman; Recording Adjutants of the various guards, Forest of Feathers, and Dragon Martial Army; and Directors of middle-grade offices — Arsenal Shields, Right Treasury, Dyeing, and Foundry — the Wude Code also provided for Directors of the Robes and Caps Office. Recording Adjutant of a middle-grade prefecture; Erudite of Imperial Medicine; Vice Directors of the Heir Apparent's Provisions and Medicine Storehouses; Registrar of the Armory Directorate; and Assistant of the Armory Office — formerly junior eighth rank, lower grade; all were changed at the beginning of Kaiyuan. Assistants of the market offices of the two capitals and of superior stud directorates — under the Wude Code, junior eighth rank, lower grade; the Shenlong Code also provided assistants for the Kugu, Xiegu, and Taiyin-Yiyang stud offices. Bureau Reviewers of Garrison Armies with fewer than twenty thousand troops — all of the above are civil executive offices. Assisting Guards; Heir Apparent Merit Guards; and Staff Bearers, Carriage Attendants, and Personal Attendants of Princely Establishments, (all of the above are guard officers. Gentleman Attendant — a civil honorary rank. Proclaiming Festival Commandant. A military honorary rank. The Wude Code provided for a Credential Officer of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office; the post was abolished in the ninth year.

正第八品下階

Senior eighth rank, lower grade.

奚官內僕內府局令、下署令、太卜、廩犧、珍羞、良醖、掌醢、守宮、武器、車府、司儀、崇玄、導官、中右校、左校、甄官、河渠、弩坊、甲坊。《神龍令》又有幹、楫二署令也。諸衛羽林龍武諸曹參軍事、中州諸司參軍事、親王府京兆河南太原府大都督大都護府參軍事、《武德令》，親王府參軍，從七品下，《雍州》行參軍，正八品上。尚藥局司醫、京兆河南太原府諸縣丞、太子內直宮門丞、太公廟丞、諸宮農圃監、互市監丞、司竹副監、司農寺諸園苑監丞、靈台郎、已上文職事官。諸衛左右司戈、上戍主、已上武職事官。《武德令》有中鎮長史。備身、衛官。征事郎、文散官。宣節副尉。武散官。

Directors of the Palace Women, Inner Servants, and Inner Treasury Bureaus; and Directors of lower-grade offices — Grand Divination, Sacrificial Animals, Rare Delicacies, Fine Brew, Pickled Meats, Palace Maintenance, Weapons, Carriage Office, Ceremonial Conduct, Daoist Studies, Guiding Officer, Middle and Right Workshops, Left Workshop, Ceramics, River Works, Crossbow Workshop, and Armor Workshop. The Shenlong Code also provided for Directors of the Oar and Paddle offices. Section Adjutants of the various guards, Forest of Feathers, and Dragon Martial Army; Bureau Adjutants of middle-grade prefectures; and Section Adjutants of Princely Establishments and the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures, Great Area Commands, and Great Protectorates — under the Wude Code, section adjutants of princely establishments ranked junior seventh rank, lower grade, while acting adjutants of Yong Prefecture ranked senior eighth rank, upper grade. Palace Medicine Bureau Physicians; Assistants of counties in the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures; Vice Directors of the Heir Apparent's Inner Attendant and Palace Gate offices; Assistant of the Grand Duke's Temple; Directors of palace farms and gardens; Assistants of border-trade superintendents; Deputy Superintendent of bamboo groves; Assistants of garden directors under the Ministry of Agriculture; and Spirit Terrace Gentleman — all civil executive offices. Left and Right Guards-with-Halberds of the various guards and Chiefs of superior garrison posts — all military executive offices. The Wude Code provided for Chief Administrators of middle garrisons. Bodyguards — guard officers. Gentleman for Campaign Affairs — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Proclaiming Festival Commandant. A military honorary rank.

從第八品上階

Junior eighth rank, upper grade.

左右拾遣、太醫署針博士、四門助教、《武德令》，以九品上。左右千牛衛錄事參軍、下州錄事參軍、《武德令》有中下州諸司參軍事。諸州上縣丞、中牧監丞、《武德令》，正八品上。京縣主簿、太子左右衛司禦清道率府錄事參軍、中都督府上都護府參軍、親王府行參軍、《武德令》，正八品上。京兆河南太原大都督府博士、《武德令》，雍州博士，從八品下。諸倉諸冶司竹溫湯監丞、《武德令》有鹽池鹽井監丞，《神龍令》有太和監丞。保章正、已上文職事官。太子翊衛諸府旅帥、已上衛官。《武德》、《乾封令》，諸府旅帥，正七品下。承奉郎、文散官。禦侮校尉。武散官。

Left and Right Remonstrators; Acupuncture Erudite of the Imperial Medical Office; and Assistant Erudite of the Four Gates — under the Wude Code, senior ninth rank, upper grade. Recording Adjutants of the Left and Right Thousand-Ox Guards and of inferior-grade prefectures — the Wude Code also provided bureau adjutants for middle-inferior prefectures. Assistants of superior-grade counties and of middle stud directorates — under the Wude Code, senior eighth rank, upper grade. Registrars of capital counties; Recording Adjutants of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Guards, Imperial Escort, and Clear Way Rate Offices; Section Adjutants of middle protectorates and superior protectorates; and Acting Adjutants of Princely Establishments — under the Wude Code, senior eighth rank, upper grade. Erudites of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan Great Area Command prefectures — under the Wude Code, erudites of Yong Prefecture ranked junior eighth rank, lower grade. Assistants of superintendents of the various granaries, smelting works, bamboo groves, and hot springs — the Wude Code provided assistants for salt pond and salt well superintendents, and the Shenlong Code for the Taihe stud office. Keeper of the Standard — all of the above are civil executive offices. Assisting Guards of the Heir Apparent and Brigade Commanders of the various prefectures — all guard officers. Under the Wude and Qianfeng codes, brigade commanders of the various prefectures ranked senior seventh rank, lower grade. Gentleman for Receiving Service — a civil honorary rank. Defending Martial Commandant. A military honorary rank.

從第八品下階

Junior eighth rank, lower grade.

大理評事、律學博士、太醫署丞、醫監、太子左右春坊錄事、左右千牛衛諸曹參軍、內謁者、太子左右衛司禦清道率府諸曹參軍事、太子諸署令、掖庭宮圍局丞、太史都水監主簿、太史為局則省主簿。中書門下尚書都省兵吏部考功禮部主事、舊從九品上，開元二十四年改七司入八品，其省內諸司依舊。上署丞、《武德令》有芳醖監丞。下都督府上州參軍事、中都督府上州博士、諸州中縣丞、諸王府典簽、《武德令》，正八品下。京縣尉、親王國大司農、舊規，流內正第七品，開元初改。公主家丞、舊規，流內正第九品，開元初改。諸屯監丞、上關令、上府兵曹、上鎮倉曹兵曹參軍事、《武德令》有下鎮長史。挈壺正、已上文職事官。中戌主、上戌副、永府左右司戈、已上武職事官。太子備身、親王府隊正、已上衛官。承務郎、文散官。禦侮副尉。武散官。

Reviewing Official of Judicial Review; Erudite of the Law School; Assistant of the Imperial Medical Office; Medical Superintendent; Recording Clerks of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Spring Offices; Section Adjutants of the Left and Right Thousand-Ox Guards; Inner Petitioners; Section Adjutants of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Guards, Imperial Escort, and Clear Way Rate Offices; Directors of the Heir Apparent's various offices; Vice Directors of the Rear Palace and Inner Enclosure Bureaus; and Registrars of the Grand Astrologer and Waterways Directorates — when the Grand Astrologer's office is a directorate, the registrar post is abolished. Chief Clerks of the Secretariat, Chancellery, Department of State Affairs, Bureau of State Affairs, Bureau of Personnel, Bureau of Evaluation, and Bureau of Rites — formerly junior ninth rank, upper grade; in the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan seven bureaus were raised to eighth rank, while the other bureaus within each directorate remained unchanged. Assistants of upper-grade offices — the Wude Code also provided assistants for fragrant brew directorates. Section Adjutants of lower protectorates and superior prefectures; Erudites of middle protectorates and superior prefectures; Assistants of middle-grade counties; and Credential Officers of princely establishments — under the Wude Code, senior eighth rank, lower grade. Wardens of capital counties and Grand Director of Agriculture of princely establishments — formerly outside the regular ranks at senior seventh rank; both were changed at the beginning of Kaiyuan. Vice Director of Princess Households — formerly outside the regular ranks at senior ninth rank; changed at the beginning of Kaiyuan. Assistants of garrison colony directors; Directors of major passes; War Section Adjutants of superior-grade prefectures; and Granary and War Section Adjutants of superior garrisons — the Wude Code also provided chief administrators for inferior garrisons. Keeper of the Water Clock — all of the above are civil executive offices. Chiefs of middle garrison posts; Deputies of superior garrison posts; and Left and Right Guards-with-Halberds of the various prefectures — all military executive offices. Bodyguards of the Heir Apparent and Squad Leaders of Princely Establishments — all guard officers. Gentleman for Receiving Duties — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Defending Martial Commandant. A military honorary rank.

正第九品上階

Senior ninth rank, upper grade.

校書郎、《永徽令》加入從八品下，《垂拱令》復舊。太祝、太子左右內率監門府錄事參軍、太子內方典直、中署丞、典客署掌客、親勳翊衛府羽林兵曹參軍事、嶽瀆令、諸津令下牧監丞、《武德令》，正八品下。《神龍令》有漆園丞，《開元前令》有沙苑丞。諸州中下丞、中郡博士、《武德令》，正九品下。京兆河南太原府諸縣主簿、武庫署監事、已上並文職事官。《武德令》有天策上將府錄事。其武庫監事，從九品下，太極年改也。儒林郎、文散官。仁勇校尉。武散官。

Collator Gentleman — under the Yonghui Code, added to junior eighth rank, lower grade; under the Chuigong Code, restored to former status. Grand Sacrificer; Recording Adjutants of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Inner Rate and Gate Rate Offices; Heir Apparent Inner Bureau Duty Chief; Assistant of a middle-grade office; Host of the Reception of Guests Office; War Section Adjutant of the Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guard and Forest of Feathers Bureau; Directors of sacred mountains and rivers; Directors of fords; and Assistant of an inferior stud directorate — under the Wude Code, senior eighth rank, lower grade. The Shenlong Code provided for Lacquer Garden Assistants, and the pre-Kaiyuan Code for Sha Plain Assistants. Assistants of middle-inferior-grade prefectures and counties and Erudites of middle commanderies — under the Wude Code, senior ninth rank, lower grade. Registrars of the counties of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures and Overseer of the Armory Office — all civil executive offices. The Wude Code provided for a Recording Clerk of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office. The Armory Office Overseer ranked junior ninth rank, lower grade — changed in the Taichi era. Gentleman of the Forest of Learning — a civil honorary rank. Humane Courage Commandant. A military honorary rank.

正第九品下階

Senior ninth rank, lower grade.

正字、《永徽令》改入上階，《垂拱令》復舊。太子校書、《永徽令》改入上階、《垂拱令》復舊。奚官內僕內府局丞、下署丞、尚食局食醫、尚藥局醫佐、尚乘局奉乘司庫司廩、太史局司辰、典廄署主乘、太子左右內率監門率府諸曹參軍事、太子三寺主簿、詹事府錄事、龍朔年置桂坊錄事，咸亨年省。太子親勳翊府兵曹參軍事、諸州下縣丞、諸州上縣中縣主簿、中州參軍事、《武德令》，正九品上。下州博士、《武德令》，中下州博士，從九品上，下州博士，從九品下。京兆河南太原府諸縣尉、上牧主簿、諸宮農圃監丞、中關令、中府兵曹、親王國尉、舊規，流內正八品，開元初改。《武德令》有親王府鎮事及司閣。上關丞、《武德令》有上津尉。諸衛左右執戟、中鎮兵曹參軍、下戍主、已上職事官。執戟戍主為武，余並為文。諸折沖府隊正、衛官。登仕郎、文散官。仁勇副尉。武散官。

Orthography Gentleman — under the Yonghui Code, moved to the upper grade; under the Chuigong Code, restored to former status. Heir Apparent Collator — under the Yonghui Code, moved to the upper grade; under the Chuigong Code, restored to former status. Assistants of the Palace Women, Inner Servants, and Inner Treasury Bureaus; Assistants of lower-grade offices; Dietary Physician of the Food Bureau; Medical Assistant of the Medicine Bureau; Offering Carriage Attendant and Stores and Granary Clerks of the Transport Bureau; Timekeeper of the Grand Astrologer's Office; Chief Carriage Attendant of the Stud Office; Section Adjutants of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Inner Rate and Gate Rate Offices; Registrars of the Heir Apparent's Three Directorates; Recording Clerk of the Household Administration; and Recording Clerk of the Cassia Ward, established in the Longshuo era and abolished in the Xianheng era. War Section Adjutant of the Heir Apparent's Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guard Office; Assistants of lower-grade counties; Registrars of upper- and middle-grade counties; and Section Adjutants of middle-grade prefectures — under the Wude Code, senior ninth rank, upper grade. Erudites of lower-grade prefectures — under the Wude Code, erudites of middle-inferior-grade prefectures ranked junior ninth rank, upper grade, and erudites of lower-grade prefectures ranked junior ninth rank, lower grade. Wardens of the counties of the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures; Registrars of superior studs; Assistants of palace farm and garden directorates; Directors of middle passes; War Section Adjutants of middle-grade prefectures; and Marshals of princely fiefs — formerly outside the regular ranks at senior eighth rank; all were changed at the beginning of Kaiyuan. The Wude Code provided for Keepers of Princely Establishments and Gate Attendants. Assistants of major passes — the Wude Code also provided for Wardens of major fords. Left and Right Guards-with-Halberds of the various guards; War Section Adjutant of a middle garrison; and Chief of an inferior garrison post — all executive offices. Guards-with-Halberds and garrison chiefs are military posts; the rest are civil. Squad Leaders of the various Army-Suppressing prefectures — guard officers. Gentleman for Entering Office — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Humane Courage Commandant. A military honorary rank.

從第九品上階

Junior ninth rank, upper grade.

尚書諸司御史台秘書省殿中省主事、奉禮郎、律學助教、太子正字、弘文館校書、太史司曆、太醫署醫助教、京兆河南太原府九寺少府將作監錄事、都督都護府上州錄事市令、宮匹總監主簿、中牧監主簿、《永徽令》有監漕。諸州中下縣主簿、上縣中縣尉、下府兵曹、已上並職事文官。文林郎、文散官。陪戎校尉。武散官。

Section Masters of the Department bureaus, Censorate, Palace Secretariat, and Palace Administration; Ceremonial Attendants; Assistant Erudite of the Law Academy; Heir Apparent Orthography Gentleman; Collators of the Hongwen Pavilion; Calendar Officer of the Grand Astrologer; Assistant Erudite of Imperial Medicine; Recording Clerks of the Nine Courts, Palace Workshops, and Construction Directorate in the Capital, Henan, and Taiyuan prefectures; Recording Clerks and Market Directors of area commands, protectorates, and superior prefectures; Registrar of the Palace Textiles Chief Directorate; and Registrar of a middle stud directorate — the Yonghui Code also provided for superintendents of grain transport. Registrars of middle-inferior-grade counties; Wardens of upper- and middle-grade counties; and War Section Adjutants of lower-grade prefectures — all civil executive offices. Gentleman of Literary Elegance — a civil honorary rank. Escorting Arms Commandant. A military honorary rank.

從第九品下階

Junior ninth rank, lower grade.

內侍省主事、國子監親王府錄事、太子左右春坊主事、崇文館校書、書學博士、算學博士、門下典儀、太醫署按摩咒禁博士、太卜署博士、太醫署針助教、太醫署醫正、太卜署卜正、太史局監候、親王國丞、舊規，流內正第九品，開元初改從正流內。掖庭局宮教博士、太子諸署丞、太子典食署丞、太子廄牧署典乘、諸監作諸監事計官、太官署監膳、太樂鼓吹署樂正、大理寺獄丞、下州參軍事、《武德令》，中下州行參軍，正九品，下州參軍，從九品上。中州下州醫博士、諸州中縣下縣尉、京縣錄事、下牧監主簿、下關令、中關丞、諸衛羽林長上、公主邑司錄事、諸津丞、、下鎮兵曹參軍、《武德令》有諸橋諸堰丞。諸率府左右執戟、已上職事官。長上、執戟為武，余並為文。親王府隊副、諸折沖府隊副、已上衛官。將仕郎、文散官。陪戎副尉。武散官。

Section Master of the Inner Palace Service; Recording Clerk of the National University and Princely Establishments; Section Masters of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Spring Pavilions; Collators of the Chongwen Pavilion; Erudites of the Calligraphy and Mathematics Academies; Ceremonial Officer of the Chancellery; Erudites of Massage, Spell-Charming Prohibition, Divination, and Acupuncture in the Imperial Medicine and Grand Divination Offices; Chief Physician and Divination Master; Observer of the Grand Astrologer's Office; and Assistant of princely fiefs — formerly outside the regular ranks at senior ninth rank; at the beginning of Kaiyuan all were placed within the regular senior ranks. Erudite Instructor of the Rear Palace; Vice Directors of the Heir Apparent's various offices; Vice Director of the Heir Apparent's Provisions Office; Chief Carriage Attendant of the Heir Apparent's Stud and Pasturage Office; Planning Officers of the various Construction and Oversight Offices; Superintendent of Provisions of the Imperial Kitchen; Music Master of the Musical Acclamation Office; Prison Assistant of the Court of Judicial Review; and Section Adjutants of lower-grade prefectures — under the Wude Code, acting section adjutants of middle-inferior-grade prefectures ranked senior ninth rank, and section adjutants of lower-grade prefectures ranked junior ninth rank, upper grade. Erudites of Medicine of middle- and lower-grade prefectures; Wardens of middle- and lower-grade counties; Recording Clerks of capital counties; Registrars of inferior stud directorates; Directors of inferior passes; Assistants of middle passes; Senior Attendants of the various guards and Forest of Feathers; Recording Clerks of princess estate administrations; Assistants of fords; and War Section Adjutants of inferior garrisons — the Wude Code also provided for assistants of various bridges and weirs. Left and Right Guards-with-Halberds of the various rate offices — all executive offices. Senior Attendants and Guards-with-Halberds are military posts; the rest are civil. Deputy Squad Leaders of Princely Establishments and Deputy Squad Leaders of the various Army-Suppressing prefectures — all guard officers. Gentleman Awaiting Office — a civil honorary rank. Deputy Escorting Arms Commandant. A military honorary rank.

流內九品三十階之內，又有視流內起居，五品至從九品。初以薩寶府、親王國官及三師、三公、開府、嗣郡王、上柱國已下護軍勳官帶職事者府官等品。開元初，一切罷之。今唯有薩寶、祅正二官而已。又有流外自勳品以至九品，以為諸司令史、贊者、典謁、亭長、掌固等品。視流外亦自勳品至九品，開元初唯留薩寶祅祝及府史，餘亦罷之。

Within the thirty grades of the nine ranks in the regular sequence, there were also quasi-regular Court Diary attendants, ranging from the fifth rank down to the junior ninth. At first these grades applied to the Sogdian Treasury Office, princely fief officials, and the ranks of the Three Preceptors, Three Dukes, Honored Companions, heir-apparent and commandery kings, merit officers from Pillar of the State down through Protector of the Army, and the mansion officials of men who held executive offices. At the beginning of the Kaiyuan era, all of these were abolished. Today only the two offices of Sogdian Chief and Zoroastrian Rectifier remain. There were also outside-the-regular-sequence ranks from merit grade through the ninth rank, assigned to the various offices' clerks, ushers, reception attendants, station chiefs, and gatekeepers. Quasi-outside-the-regular-sequence ranks likewise ran from merit grade through the ninth rank; at the beginning of Kaiyuan only the Sogdian Chief, Zoroastrian Sacrificer, and mansion clerks were kept, and the rest were abolished as well.

職事者，諸統領曹事，供命王命，上下相攝，以持庶績。近代已來，又分為文武二職，分曹置員，各理所掌。五品已下，舊制吏部尚書進用。自隋已後，則中書門下知政事官訪擇聞奏，然後下制授之。三品已上，德高委重者，亦有臨軒冊授。自神龍之後，冊禮廢而不用，朝遷命官，制敕而已。六品已上，吏部選擬錄奏，書旨授之。

Executive officers were those who directed bureau affairs, carried out the sovereign's commands, and coordinated superiors and subordinates to sustain the work of government. In recent times the system was again divided into civil and military tracks; bureaus were established with staff, each managing its own sphere of responsibility. For the fifth rank and below, under the old system the Minister of Personnel promoted appointees. From the Sui dynasty onward, secretariat and chancellery officials in charge of state affairs investigated candidates, reported their selection, and only then issued an edict of appointment. For the third rank and above, when a man's virtue and the trust placed in him were especially great, investiture could also be performed before the throne. After the Shenlong era, the investiture ceremony fell out of use; court transfers and appointments were made by edict alone. For the sixth rank and above, Personnel selected nominees, submitted a record for approval, and appointments were conveyed by written decree.

有唐已來，出身入仕者，著令有秀才、明經、進士、明法、書算。其次以流外入流。若以門資入仕，則先授親勳翊衛，六番隨文武簡入選例。又有齋郎、品子、勳官及五等封爵、屯官之屬，亦有番第，許同揀選。天寶三載，又置崇玄學，習《道德》等經，同明經例。自余或臨時聽敕，不可盡載。其秀才，有唐已來無其人。

Since the Tang dynasty, the statutes defined six examination routes into office: cultivated talent, classics, presented scholar, law, calligraphy, and mathematics. Next came promotion from outside-the-regular-sequence status into the regular official sequence. Those entering office through hereditary privilege were first assigned to the Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guards for six rotations, and then selected into the civil or military track according to the selection regulations. There were also fast-day officers, ranked sons, merit officers, holders of the five grades of enfeoffment, and garrison officers; all had rotation orders and were permitted to compete in the selection process. In the third year of Tianbao (744), the Revering the Mystic Academy was also established for the study of the Classic of the Way and Virtue and related texts, following the same rules as the classics examination. Other routes were sometimes granted by temporary imperial order and cannot all be recorded here. As for the cultivated talent examination, no one has passed it since the Tang dynasty began.

職事官資，則清濁區分，以次補授。又以三品已上官，及門下中書侍郎、尚書左右丞、諸司侍郎、太常少卿太子少詹事、左右庶子、秘書少監、國子司業為清望官。太子左右諭德、左右衛左右千牛衛中郎將、太子左右率府左右內率府率及副、太子左右衛率府中朗將、已上四品。諫議大夫、御史中丞、給事中、中書舍人、太子中允、中舍人、左右贊善大夫、洗馬、國子博士、尚書諸司郎中、秘書丞、著作郎、太常丞、左右衛郎將、左右衛率府郎將、已上五品。起居郎、起居舍人、太子司議郎、尚書諸司員外郎、太子舍人、侍御史、秘書郎、著作佐郎、太學博士、詹事丞、太子文學、國子助教、已上六品。左右補闕、殿中侍御史、太常博士、四門博士、詹事司直、太學助教、已上七品。左右拾遺、監察御史、四門助教已上八品。為清官。自外各以資次遷授。開元中，裴光庭為吏部尚書，始用循資格以注擬六品已下選人。其後每年雖小有移改，然相承至今用之。

Executive offices were classified as clear or murky in rank, and appointments were made in that order. Officials of the third rank and above—including the Chancellery and Secretariat Vice Ministers, Left and Right Assistants of the Department of State Affairs, Vice Ministers of the ministries, Vice Director of Ceremonies, Junior Administrator of the Heir Apparent's Household, Left and Right Junior Preceptors, Vice Director of the Palace Secretariat, and Vice Chancellor of the National University—were classified as clear-prestige offices. The Heir Apparent's Left and Right Moral Instructors; Middle Commandants of the Left and Right Guards and Thousand-Ox Guards; Commandants and Deputies of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Rate and Inner Rate Offices; and Middle Commandants of the Heir Apparent's Left and Right Guard Rate Offices — all fourth rank. Remonstrance Master; Vice Censor-in-Chief; Attendant Within; Secretariat Drafting Officer; Heir Apparent Central Approver and Drafting Officer; Left and Right Masters for Supporting Goodness; Groom; Erudite of the National University; Directors of the Department bureaus; Assistant Director of the Palace Secretariat; Compiler; Assistant Director of Ceremonies; and Commanders of the Left and Right Guards and Guard Rate Offices — all fifth rank. Court Diary Gentlemen; Heir Apparent Discussion Gentleman; Vice Directors of the Department bureaus; Heir Apparent Drafting Officer; Attending Censor; Archive Gentleman; Compiler Assistant; Erudite of the Imperial Academy; Assistant of the Household Administration; Heir Apparent Literary Officer; and Assistant Erudite of the National University — all sixth rank. Left and Right Supplements; Attending Palace Censor; Erudites of Ceremonies and the Four Gates; Direct Examiner of the Household Administration; and Assistant Instructor of the Imperial Academy — all seventh rank. Left and Right Memorial Retrieval; Investigating Censor; and Assistant Instructor of the Four Gates — all eighth rank. These are clear offices. All other offices were filled by transfer and appointment according to qualification and seniority. During the Kaiyuan era, when Pei Guangting served as Minister of Personnel, he first applied the seniority regulations to nominate candidates of the sixth rank and below. Although there have been minor adjustments each year since, the system has continued in use down to the present.

武散官，舊謂之散位，不理職務，加官而已。後魏及梁，皆以散號將軍記其本階，自隋改用開府儀同三司已下。貞觀年，又分文武，入仕者皆帶散位，謂之本品。

Military honorary ranks were formerly called scattered ranks; they carried no duties and served only as honorary titles. In Later Wei and Liang, prestige-title generals were used to record one's basic grade; from the Sui dynasty onward, ranks from Honored Companion downward were used instead. In the Zhenguan era, civil and military tracks were again distinguished; everyone who entered office carried a scattered rank, called the basic rank.

以門資出身者，諸嗣王郡王出身從四品下，親王諸子封郡公者從五品上，國公正六品上，郡公正六品下，縣公從六品上，侯正七品上，伯正七品下，子從七品上，男從七品下。皇帝緦麻以上親、皇太后周親出身六品上。皇太后大功親、皇后周親從六品上。皇帝袒免親、皇太后小功緦麻親、皇后大功親正七品上。皇后小功緦麻親、皇太子妃周親從七品上。其外戚各依服屬降宗親二階敘。諸娶郡主者出身六品上，娶縣主者正七品上，郡主子出身從七品上。縣主子從八品上。一品子正七品上，二品子正七品下，三品子從七品上，從三品子從七品下，正四品子正八品上，從四品子正八品下，正五品子從八品上，從五品及國公子從八品下。三品以上廕曾孫，五品以上廕孫。孫降子一等，曾孫降孫一等。

Those entering through hereditary privilege began at junior fourth rank, lower grade for heir-apparent and commandery kings; junior fifth rank, upper grade for sons of princes enfeoffed as commandery dukes; senior sixth rank, upper or lower grade for state and commandery dukes; junior sixth rank, upper grade for county dukes; and the seventh-rank grades for marquis, earl, viscount, and baron in descending order. The emperor's relatives within the fine-hemp mourning circle and the empress dowager's relatives within five degrees of mourning entered at senior sixth rank, upper grade. The empress dowager's relatives within greater-achievement mourning and the empress's relatives within five degrees of mourning entered at junior sixth rank, upper grade. The emperor's relatives in the bared-shoulder and exempted-mourning grades; the empress dowager's relatives in lesser-achievement and fine-hemp mourning; and the empress's relatives in greater-achievement mourning entered at senior seventh rank, upper grade. The empress's relatives in lesser-achievement and fine-hemp mourning and the crown prince's consort's relatives within five degrees of mourning entered at junior seventh rank, upper grade. Affinal kin were ranked two grades lower than the corresponding imperial relative, according to their mourning obligations. Men who married commandery princesses entered at senior sixth rank, upper grade; those who married county princesses at senior seventh rank, upper grade; and sons of commandery princesses at junior seventh rank, upper grade. Sons of county princesses entered at junior eighth rank, upper grade. Sons were ranked by their fathers' grade: first-rank fathers' sons at senior seventh rank, upper grade; second-rank at senior seventh rank, lower grade; third-rank at junior seventh rank, upper grade; junior third-rank at junior seventh rank, lower grade; senior fourth-rank at senior eighth rank, upper grade; junior fourth-rank at senior eighth rank, lower grade; senior fifth-rank at junior eighth rank, upper grade; and junior fifth-rank sons and sons of state dukes at junior eighth rank, lower grade. Officials of the third rank and above could extend privilege to great-grandsons; those of the fifth rank and above, to grandsons. Grandsons were ranked one grade lower than sons, and great-grandsons one grade lower than grandsons.

諸秀才出身，上上第，正八品上；上中第，正八品下；上下第，從九品上。明經出身，上上第，從八品下；上中第，從九品上。進士、明法出身，甲第，從九品上；乙第，從九品下。若通二經已外，每一經加一等。

Cultivated talent entrants of the highest of the highest grade entered at senior eighth rank, upper grade; the highest of the middle grade at senior eighth rank, lower grade; and the highest of the lower grade at junior ninth rank, upper grade. Classics entrants of the highest of the highest grade entered at junior eighth rank, lower grade; the highest of the middle grade at junior ninth rank, upper grade. Presented scholar and law entrants of the first class entered at junior ninth rank, upper grade; and those of the second class at junior ninth rank, lower grade. If a candidate mastered more than two classics, each additional classic raised his entry grade by one level.

勳官預文武選者，上柱國正六品上敘，以下遞降一階。凡入仕之後，遷代則以四考為限。四考中中，進年勞一階敘。每一考中上，進一階；一考上下，進二階。五品已上非恩制所加，更無進之令。

Merit officers competing in the civil or military selection began at senior sixth rank, upper grade for Pillar of the State, with each lower merit title one grade below. After entering office, promotions and transfers were assessed in cycles of four merit reviews. If all four reviews were rated middle-middle, one grade was advanced for years of service. For each review rated upper-middle, one grade was advanced; a single review rated upper-lower advanced two grades. For the fifth rank and above, unless promotion came through a grace edict, no further advancement rule applied.

自武德至乾封，未有泛階之恩。應入三品者，皆以恩舊特拜，入五品者多依選敘，計階至朝散大夫已上，奏取進止，每年量多少進敘。餘並依本品授官。若滿三計至，即一切聽入。至乾封元年，文武普加二階。永淳元年二月敕：「文武官累積勞效，計至五品。一計至者，多未甄擢。再計至者，隨例必升，賢愚一貫。自今已後，一計至已上，有在官清慎，狀跡灼然，材堪應務者，所司具狀錄奏，當與進階。若公正無聞，循默自守，及未經任州縣官者，雖頻經計至，不在加階之限。即為恆例。」弘道元年，又普加一階。乃有九品職事及三衛階高者，併入五品。則天朝，泛階漸多，始令仕經八考，職事六品者許入。萬歲通天元年敕：「自今已後，文武官加階應入五品者，並取出身，已曆十二考已上，進階之時，見居六品官。其應入三品人，出身已二十五考以上，進階見居三品官。」無幾，入五品又加至十六考。神功元年制「勳官、品子、流外國官出身，不得任清資要官。應入三品，不得進階」。開元已來，伎術者經二十考，三省都事及主事、錄事十八考，亦聽敘。吏部檢歷任階考，判成錄奏。每制之日，應入三品五品者，皆令人參趁。或是遠方牧宰、諸司閒職，齎持金帛贈遣主典，知加階令史，乃有受納萬數者。台省要職，以加位為榮，亦有遣主典錢帛者。

From the Wude era through Qianfeng, there was no grace of universal rank advancement. Those who should enter the third rank were all specially appointed through grace and old association; those entering the fifth rank mostly followed competitive selection. When accumulated grades reached Gentleman for Court Service or above, a memorial was submitted for imperial decision, and each year a set number of promotions was made. All others were appointed to offices according to their basic rank. If three review cycles were fulfilled, entry was permitted without exception. In the first year of Qianfeng, civil and military officials universally received two additional grades. In the second month of the first year of Yongchun, an edict stated: "Civil and military officials who accumulated merit and reached the fifth rank through review cycles— those reaching the threshold after one cycle were mostly not selected and promoted. those reaching after two cycles were invariably promoted by precedent, the worthy and the unworthy alike. From then on, for those who reached the threshold after one cycle or more, if while in office they were upright and cautious, their conduct clearly evident, and their talent suited to their duties, the responsible office was to prepare a full memorial and submit it, and they were to receive rank advancement. If they had no reputation for fairness, kept silent and merely guarded themselves, or had never served as prefectural or county officials, then even if they repeatedly reached review thresholds, they were not eligible for additional grade advancement. This became the standing rule." In the first year of Hongdao, one additional grade was again universally conferred. Thus ninth-rank executive officers and those whose Three Guard grades were high were all admitted together at the fifth rank. During Empress Wu's reign, universal rank advancements gradually increased; it was first ordered that after eight merit reviews in office, sixth-rank executive officers were permitted entry. An edict of the first year of Wansui Tongtian stated: "From now on, civil and military officials whose additional grade advancement should enter the fifth rank must all be judged by initial entry status, having completed twelve or more merit reviews, and at the time of advancement must hold a sixth-rank executive office. Those who should enter the third rank must have initial entry status with twenty-five or more merit reviews completed, and at advancement must hold a third-rank executive office." Before long, entry to the fifth rank was again raised to sixteen merit reviews. A regulation of the first year of Shenggong stated: "Those whose initial entry status was merit officer, ranked son, or outside-the-regular-sequence official may not hold clear-prestige important offices. Those who should enter the third rank may not advance in grade." Since the Kaiyuan era, skilled technicians after twenty merit reviews, and Chief Clerks, Section Masters, and Recording Clerks of the Three Directorates after eighteen reviews, were also permitted promotion. The Ministry of Personnel examined successive honorary ranks and merit reviews, determined outcomes, and submitted the record to the throne. On each day edicts were issued, those who should enter the third or fifth rank all had people attend and jostle for position. Some were distant prefects and governors, or idle officeholders in various bureaus, who brought gold and silks as gifts to the supervising officials and the clerks responsible for grade advancement — and there were those who accepted gifts numbering in the tens of thousands. For important posts in the Censorate and Secretariat directorates, additional rank was considered an honor — and some also sent money and silks to the supervising officials.

舊例，開府及特進，雖不職事，皆給俸祿，預朝會，行立在於本品之次。光祿大夫已下，朝散大夫已上，衣服依本品，無祿俸，不預朝會。朝議郎已下，黃衣執笏，於吏部分番上下承使及親驅使，甚為猥賤。每當上之時，至有為主事令史守扃鑰執鞭帽者。兩番已上，則隨番許簡，通時務者始令參選。一登職事已後，雖官有代滿，即不復番上。

Under the old rule, Honored Companions and Extraordinary Promoters, although without executive office, all received salary, attended court audiences, and stood in procession according to their basic rank. From Grand Master for Splendid Happiness down through Gentleman for Court Service upward: garments followed their basic rank; they received no salary and did not attend court audiences. From Court Consultant downward: wearing yellow garments and holding court tablets, they rotated duty at the Ministry of Personnel, going on and off shift to receive assignments and serve as personal attendants — a very degrading lot. Whenever it was time to report for duty, some even served as Section Masters or clerks guarding doors and keys, or holding whips and caps. After two rotation turns or more, they were then permitted selection by rotation; only those who understood current affairs were allowed to compete in selection. Once they had taken executive office, even when their term expired, they no longer reported for rotation duty.

勳官者，出於周、齊交戰之際。本以酬戰士，其後漸及朝流。階爵之外，更為節級。周置上開府儀同三司、開府儀同三司、上儀同三司、儀同三司等十一號。隋文帝因周之舊，更增損之。有上柱國、柱國、上大將軍、大將軍、上開府儀同三司、開府儀同三司，上儀同三司、儀同三司，大都督、帥都督、都督，起正二品，至七品，總十一等，用賞勳勞。煬帝又改為左光祿大夫、右光祿大夫、金紫光祿大夫、銀青光祿大夫、正議大夫、朝請大夫、朝散大夫、建節奮武尉、宣惠尉十一等，以代都督已上。又增置綏德、懷仁、守義、奉誠、立信等五尉，以至從九品。武德初，雜用隋制，至七年頒令，定用上柱國、柱國、上大將軍、大將軍、上輕車都尉、輕車都尉、上騎都尉、騎都尉、驍騎尉、飛騎尉、雲騎尉、武騎尉，凡十二等，起正二品，至從七品。貞觀十一年，改上大將軍為上護軍，大將軍為護軍，自外不改，行之至今。

Merit ranks arose during the period of warfare between Zhou and Qi. Originally they rewarded warriors; afterward they gradually extended to court officials. Beyond honorary grades and enfeoffments, a further system of levels was established. Zhou established Superior Honored Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes, Honored Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes, Superior Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes, Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes, and eleven titles in all. Emperor Wen of Sui followed Zhou precedent and further revised them. There were Supreme Pillar of the State, Pillar of the State, Superior Grand General, Grand General, Superior Honored Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes, Honored Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes, Superior Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes, Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes, Great Commandant, Leading Commandant, and Commandant — ranging from senior second rank to seventh rank, eleven grades in all, used to reward meritorious service. Emperor Yang again changed them to Left Grand Master for Splendid Happiness, Right Grand Master for Splendid Happiness, Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with Gold Seal and Purple Ribbon, Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with Silver Seal and Blue Ribbon, Master for Upright Discussion, Gentleman Invited to Court, Gentleman for Court Service, Commandant Who Establishes the Standard and Excites Military Might, and Commandant Who Proclaims Grace — eleven grades, replacing Commandant and above. Five further commandancies were added: Pacifying Virtue, Cherishing Benevolence, Guarding Righteousness, Serving Sincerity, and Establishing Trust — extending down to junior ninth rank. At the beginning of Wude, Sui usage was mixed in; in the seventh year statutes were promulgated, fixing twelve grades: Supreme Pillar of the State, Pillar of the State, Superior Grand General, Grand General, Superior Commandant of Light Chariots, Commandant of Light Chariots, Superior Commandant of Cavalry, Commandant of Cavalry, Commandant of Valiant Cavalry, Commandant of Flying Cavalry, Commandant of Cloud Cavalry, and Commandant of Martial Cavalry — ranging from senior second rank to junior seventh rank. In the eleventh year of Zhenguan, Superior Grand General was changed to Superior Protector General, and Grand General to Protector General; apart from these, nothing was changed, and the system continues to the present.

永微已後，以國初勳名與散官名同，年月既久，漸相錯亂。咸亨五年三月，更下詔申明，各以類相比。武德初光祿大夫比今日上柱國，左光祿大夫比柱國，右光祿大夫及上大將軍比上護軍，金紫光祿大夫及將軍比護軍，銀青光祿大夫及上開府比上輕車都尉，正議大夫及開府比輕車都尉，通議大夫及上儀同三司比上騎都尉，朝請大夫及儀同比騎都尉，授勳者動盈萬計。每年納課，亦分番於兵部及本郡，當上省司。又分支諸曹，身應役使，有類僮僕，據令乃與公卿齊班，論實在於胥吏之下。蓋以其猥多，又出自兵卒，所以然也。

After the Yonghui era, because early-dynasty merit titles bore the same names as honorary ranks, and as years passed, they gradually became confused. In the third month of the fifth year of Xianheng, another edict was issued clarifying that each category was to be compared by type. At the beginning of Wude, Grand Master for Splendid Happiness corresponded to today's Supreme Pillar of the State; Left Grand Master for Splendid Happiness to Pillar of the State; Right Grand Master for Splendid Happiness and Superior Grand General to Superior Protector General; Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with Gold Seal and Purple Ribbon and General to Protector General; Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with Silver Seal and Blue Ribbon and Superior Honored Companion to Superior Commandant of Light Chariots; Master for Upright Discussion and Honored Companion to Commandant of Light Chariots; Master for Comprehensive Discussion and Superior Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes to Superior Commandant of Cavalry; Gentleman Invited to Court and Companion with Ceremony Equal to the Three Dukes to Commandant of Cavalry. Those granted merit ranks often numbered in the tens of thousands. Each year they paid their levy and also rotated duty at the Ministry of War and their home commandery, reporting to provincial offices when on duty. They were also assigned among the various bureaus for personal service, like household servants; according to the code they stood in court ranks alongside dukes and ministers, but in fact they ranked below clerks. This was because they were excessively numerous and came from common soldiers — hence the situation.

武德初，以諸道軍各事繁，分置行台尚司省。其陝東道大行台尚書省，令一人，正第二品。掌管內軍人，總判省事。僕射一人，從第二品，三品任置。掌貳令事。左丞一人，正第四品下。右丞一人，正第四品下。掌分司糾正省內。都事一人，從第七品上。主事四人，從第九品上，諸司主事並同。並掌同京省。兵部尚書一人，正第四品，諸尚書並同。兼掌吏部事。司勳郎中一人，正第五品上，諸郎中並同。主事一人。考功郎中一人，主事一人。兵部郎中一人，主事二人。駕部郎中一人，主事二人。民部尚書一人，兼掌禮部事。禮部郎中一人，主事一人。膳部郎中一人，主事一人。度支郎中一人，主事二人。倉部郎中一人，主事二人。工部郎中一人，主事一人。屯田郎中一人，主事一人。每郎中兼京省二司。各有令史、書令史及掌固，並流外。食貨監一人，正第八品下，諸監同。掌膳羞、財物、賓客、鋪設、音樂、醫藥事。丞二人。正第九品下，諸監丞同。農圃監一人，掌倉廩、園圃、柴炭、芻槁、運漕之事。丞四人。武器監一人，掌兵仗、廄牧之事。丞二人。百工監一人，掌舟車及營造雜作之事。丞四人。各有錄事及府史、典事、掌固等，並流外。諸道行台尚書省，益州道、襄州道、東南道、河東道、河北道。令一人，從第二品。掌同陝東道大行台。僕射一人，正第三品，左右任置。丞一人，左右任置。左丞從四品上，右丞從四品下。都事二人，正第八上。主事二人。兵部尚書一人，從第三品，諸尚書同。兼掌吏部、禮部事。考功郎中一人，從第五品上，諸郎中並同。主事二人，從第九品下，諸主事同。膳部郎中一人，主事二人。兵部郎中二人，主事二人。民部尚書一人，兼掌刑部、工部。倉部郎中二人，主事二人。刑部郎中一人，主事二人。屯田郎中一人，主事二人。每郎中兼掌京省三司，各有令史、書令史、掌固，並流外也。食貨監一人，從八品上，武器監同。兼掌農圃監事，丞一人。兼掌百工監事，丞二人。兩監各有錄事、府史、典事、掌固等，並流外。

At the beginning of Wude, because affairs in each regional army command were numerous, mobile executive offices of the Three Departments were separately established. The Grand Mobile Department of State Affairs for the Shandong East Circuit had one Director General, senior second rank. He supervised internal military personnel and had overall charge of directorate business. Vice Director, one post, junior second rank; third-rank officials could be appointed. He assisted the Director General in managing affairs. Left Assistant Director, one post, senior fourth rank, lower grade. Right Assistant Director, one post, senior fourth rank, lower grade. They oversaw branch duties and corrected matters within the directorate. Chief Clerk, one post, junior seventh rank, upper grade. Section Masters, four posts, junior ninth rank, upper grade — the same for Section Masters in all bureaus. All had the same duties as the capital directorate. Minister of War, one post, senior fourth rank — the same for all ministers. He concurrently oversaw Personnel affairs. Bureau Director of Records, one post, senior fifth rank, upper grade — the same for all bureau directors. Section Master, one post. Bureau Director of Merit Review, one post; Section Master, one post. War Bureau Director, one post; Section Masters, two posts. Transport Bureau Director, one post; Section Masters, two posts. Minister of the People, one post; concurrently oversaw Rites affairs. Rites Bureau Director, one post; Section Master, one post. Provisions Bureau Director, one post; Section Master, one post. Revenue Measures Bureau Director, one post; Section Masters, two posts. Granaries Bureau Director, one post; Section Masters, two posts. Works Bureau Director, one post; Section Master, one post. Colonies Bureau Director, one post; Section Master, one post. Each bureau director concurrently oversaw two bureaus in the capital directorate. Each had clerks, document clerks, and gatekeepers — all outside the regular sequence. Commissary Supervisor, one post, senior eighth rank, lower grade — the same for all supervisors. Oversaw food delicacies, property, guests, furnishings, music, and medicine. Deputy Directors, two posts. Senior ninth rank, lower grade — the same for all supervisor deputies. Agriculture and Garden Supervisor, one post; oversaw granaries, gardens, fuel, fodder, and canal transport. Deputy Directors, four posts. Weapons Supervisor, one post; oversaw arms and stud administration. Deputy Directors, two posts. Hundred Crafts Supervisor, one post; oversaw boats, chariots, and various construction work. Deputy Directors, four posts. Each had Recording Clerks, mansion clerks, reception attendants, gatekeepers, and the like — all outside the regular sequence. Mobile Departments of State Affairs were established for the Yizhou, Xiangzhou, Southeast, Hedong, and Hebei circuits. Director General, one post, junior second rank. Duties were the same as the Grand Mobile Department for the Shandong East Circuit. Vice Director, one post, senior third rank; could be appointed on the left or right. Assistant Director, one post; could be appointed on the left or right. Left Assistant Director, junior fourth rank, upper grade; Right Assistant Director, junior fourth rank, lower grade. Chief Clerks, two posts, senior eighth rank, upper grade. Section Masters, two posts. Minister of War, one post, junior third rank — the same for all ministers. Concurrently oversaw Personnel and Rites affairs. Merit Review Bureau Director, one post, junior fifth rank, upper grade — the same for all bureau directors. Section Masters, two posts, junior ninth rank, lower grade — the same for all Section Masters. Provisions Bureau Director, one post; Section Masters, two posts. War Bureau Directors, two posts; Section Masters, two posts. Minister of the People, one post; concurrently oversaw Punishments and Works. Granaries Bureau Directors, two posts; Section Masters, two posts. The staff included one Punishments Bureau Director and two Section Masters. The staff included one Colonies Bureau Director and two Section Masters. Each bureau director also supervised three capital bureaus and was provided with clerks, document clerks, and gatekeepers, all of whom ranked outside the regular sequence. There was one Commissary Supervisor at junior eighth rank, upper grade, matching the Weapons Supervisor in rank. He also supervised the Agriculture and Garden Supervisor, with one Deputy Director beneath him. He also supervised the Hundred Crafts Supervisor, supported by two Deputy Directors. Each of the two supervisors was staffed with recording clerks, mansion clerks, reception attendants, gatekeepers, and similar posts, all outside the regular sequence.

時秦王、齊王府官之外，又各置左右六護軍府及左右親事帳內府。其左一右一護軍府護軍各一人，正第四品下。掌率統軍已下侍衛陪從。副護軍各二人，從四品下。長史各一人，從七品下。錄事參軍各一人，從八品，有錄事及府史，並流外。倉曹參軍事各一人，兵曹參軍事各一人，鎧曹參軍事各一人。並正九品下，各有府史，並流外。統軍各五人，別將各十人，分掌領親勳衛及外軍。左二右二護軍府、左三右三護軍府，各減統軍三人，別將六人。余職員同左一右一府。其左右親事府統軍各一人，正四品下。掌率左右別將、侍衛陪從。長史一人，正八品下。錄事參軍事各一人，正九品上，有錄事及府史，並流外。兵曹參軍事各一人，鎧曹參軍事各一人。並正九品下，各有府史，並流外。左別將各一人，右別將各一人，正五品下。掌率親事以上侍衛陪從。其帳內府職員品秩，與統軍府同。又有庫直及驅咥直，庫直隸親事府，驅咥直隸帳內府。各於左右內選才堪者，量事置之。

At that time, beyond the regular staff of the Princes of Qin and Qi, each prince also set up six left and right Protector-General Offices and separate left and right Personal Attendant and Within-the-Pavilion Offices. The left-one and right-one Protector-General Offices each had one Protector General at senior fourth rank, lower grade. They commanded army commanders and their subordinates in palace guard and escort service. Each office also had two Deputy Protector Generals at junior fourth rank, lower grade. Each had one Chief Administrator at junior seventh rank, lower grade. Each had one Recording Adjutant at junior eighth rank, supported by recording clerks and mansion clerks who ranked outside the regular sequence. Each office also had one Granary Section Adjutant, one War Section Adjutant, and one Armor Section Adjutant. These adjutants all held senior ninth rank, lower grade, and each was supported by mansion clerks outside the regular sequence. Each office had five army commanders and ten separate commanders, who divided responsibility for the Personal, Merit, and Assisting Guards and for external forces. The left-two, right-two, left-three, and right-three Protector-General Offices each carried three fewer army commanders and six fewer separate commanders. All other posts matched those of the left-one and right-one offices. The left and right Personal Attendant Offices each had one army commander at senior fourth rank, lower grade. They commanded the left and right separate commanders in palace guard and escort service. There was one Chief Administrator at senior eighth rank, lower grade. Each had one Recording Adjutant at senior ninth rank, upper grade, with recording clerks and mansion clerks who ranked outside the regular sequence. Each also had one War Section Adjutant and one Armor Section Adjutant. These posts all held senior ninth rank, lower grade, and each was supported by mansion clerks outside the regular sequence. Each side had one separate commander at senior fifth rank, lower grade. They commanded personal attendants and higher ranks in palace guard and escort service. The Within-the-Pavilion Office used the same staff and rank structure as the Army Commander Office. There were also storehouse attendants under the Personal Attendant Office and drive attendants under the Within-the-Pavilion Office. Capable men were chosen from the left and right establishments and appointed as the work required.

武德四年，太宗平洛陽之後，又置天策上將府官員。天策上將一人，掌國之征討，總判府事。長史、司馬各一人，從事中郎二人，並掌通判府事。軍諮祭酒二人，謀軍事，贊相禮儀，宴接賓客。典簽四人，掌宣傳導引之事。主簿二人，掌省復教命。錄事二人，記室參軍事二人，掌書疏表啟，宣行教命。功曹參軍事二人，掌官員假使、儀式、醫藥、選舉、考課、祿恤、鋪設等事。倉曹參軍二人，掌糧廩、公廨、田園、廚膳、過所等事。兵曹參軍事二人，掌兵士簿帳、差點等事。騎曹參軍事二人，掌馬驢雜畜簿帳及牧養支料草粟等事。鎧曹參軍事二人，掌戎仗之事。士曹參軍事二人，掌營造及罪罰之事。六曹並有令史。書令史。參軍事六人，掌出使及雜檢校之事。其陝東道大行台尚書令及天策上將，太宗在籓為之。及升儲，並省之。山東道行台，武德五年省。餘道九年省。

In the fourth year of Wude, after the future Taizong pacified Luoyang, the staff of the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief's Office was also created. A single Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief directed the state's campaigns and had overall authority over the office. One Chief Administrator, one Vice Administrator, and two Attending Gentlemen jointly handled the office's affairs. Two Army Staff Sacrificers advised on military matters, assisted with ceremonial etiquette, and received guests at banquets. Four Credential Officers handled announcements, transmissions, and guidance. Two Registrars reviewed incoming orders and commands. Two Recording Clerks and two Recorder Section Adjutants managed correspondence, memorials, reports, and petitions and transmitted orders and commands. Two Merit Section Adjutants handled leave and temporary assignments, ceremonial arrangements, medicine, selection, merit review, salaries and relief, furnishings, and related matters. Two Granary Section Adjutants managed grain stores, official quarters, gardens, kitchens, and travel passes. Two War Section Adjutants maintained soldiers' registers and made assignments. Two Cavalry Section Adjutants kept registers of horses, donkeys, and other livestock and supplied fodder, grain, and pasturage. Two Armor Section Adjutants were responsible for military equipment. Two Labor Section Adjutants supervised construction projects and punishments. Each of the six sections also employed clerks. There were also document clerks. Six Section Adjutants handled foreign missions and miscellaneous inspections. While still a prince, the future Taizong himself held both the Shandong East Grand Mobile Department directorship and the Celestial-Strategy General-in-Chief post. When he was made heir apparent, both offices were abolished. The Shandong Circuit mobile department was abolished in the fifth year of Wude. The remaining circuit mobile departments were abolished in the ninth year.

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