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魏徵
Wei Zheng
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魏徵,字玄成,鉅鹿曲城人也。 父長賢,北齊屯留令。 徵少孤貧,落拓有大志,不事生業,出家爲道士。 好讀書,多所通涉,見天下漸亂,尤屬意縱橫之説。 大業末,武陽郡丞元寶藏舉兵以應李密,召徵使典書記。 密毎見寶藏之疎,未嘗不稱善,既聞徵所爲,遽使召之。 徵進十策以干密,雖奇之而不能用。 及王世充攻密於洛口,徵説密長史鄭頲曰:「魏公雖驟勝,而驍將銳卒死傷多矣; 又軍無府庫,有功不賞。 戰士心惰,此二者難以應敵。 未若深溝高壘,曠日持久,不過旬月,敵人糧盡,可不戰而退,追而擊之,取勝之道。 且東都食盡,世充計窮,意欲死戰,可謂窮寇難與爭鋒,請慎無與戰。」 頲曰:「此老生之常談耳!」 徵曰:「此乃奇謀深策,何謂常談?」 因拂衣而去。 及密敗,徵隨密來降,至京師,久不見知。 自請安輯山東,乃授秘書丞,驅傳至黎陽。 時徐世勣尚爲李密擁眾,徵與世勣書曰:
Wei Zheng, courtesy name Xuancheng, came from Qucheng in Julu commandery. His father Wei Changxian had been magistrate of Tunliu under the Northern Qi. Orphaned and poor in youth, he was free-spirited and ambitious, took no regular livelihood, and became a Daoist priest. He read widely, and as the realm slid into chaos he especially studied the arts of alliance and stratagem. Near the end of the Daye reign, Yuan Baocang, assistant magistrate of Wuyang, raised forces for Li Mi and summoned Zheng to keep his records. Li Mi always praised Baocang's memorials; when he heard what Zheng had written, he sent for him at once. Zheng offered ten policy proposals to Li Mi; though Mi admired them, he did not put them into practice. When Wang Shichong attacked Li Mi at Luokou, Zheng said to Li Mi's chief clerk Zheng Ting, "The Duke of Wei has won quick victories, but many of his best generals and troops are dead or wounded; moreover the army has no stores, and merit goes unrewarded. the men's spirits are flagging — with these two problems, it will be hard to face the enemy. Better to dig deep trenches, raise high walls, and wear them down: within a month or two their supplies will fail, they will retreat without a battle, and you can pursue and defeat them — that is the path to victory. The eastern capital is starving, Shichong is at his wit's end, and he means to fight to the death — a desperate enemy is hard to meet blade to blade. Please do not give battle." Zheng Ting said, "This is the old man's shopworn talk!" Zheng said, "This is ingenious and far-sighted counsel — why call it shopworn talk?" With that he shook out his robes and left. After Li Mi's defeat Zheng surrendered with him to the capital, where for a long time he received no notice. He volunteered to pacify the east, was appointed secretary director, and was sent by fast relay to Liyang. Xu Shiji still held Li Mi's forces; Zheng wrote to him as follows:
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自隋末亂離,群雄競逐,跨州連郡,不可勝數。 魏公起自叛徒,奮臂大呼,四方響應,萬里風馳,雲合霧聚,眾數十萬。 威之所被,將半天下,破世充於洛口,摧化及於黎山。 方欲西蹈咸陽,北凌玄闕,揚旌瀚海,飲馬渭川,翻以百勝之威,敗於奔亡之虜。 固知神器之重,自有所歸,不可以力爭。 是以魏公思皇天之乃睠,入函谷而不疑。 公生於擾攘之時,感知己之遇。 根本已拔,確乎不動,鳩合遺散,據守一隅。 世充以乘勝餘勇,息其東略; 建德因侮亡之勢,不敢南謀。 公之英聲,足以振於今古。 然誰無善始,終之慮難。 去就之機,安危大節。 若策名得地,則九族廕其餘輝; 委質非人,則一身不能自保。 殷鑑不遠,公所聞見。 孟賁猶豫,童子先之,知幾其神,不俟終日。 今公處必爭之地,乘宜速之機,更事遲疑,坐觀成敗,恐凶狡之輩,先人生心,則公之事去矣。
Since the chaos at the end of Sui, rival leaders have seized territory across provinces and commanderies beyond count. The Duke of Wei rose from rebellion, raised his banner, and drew responses from every quarter; hosts in the hundreds of thousands gathered to him like wind and storm. His power covered nearly half the realm; he broke Wang Shichong at Luokou and crushed Yu Huaji at Lishan. He was poised to march on Xianyang, threaten the capital, and carry his banners to the northern seas — yet the prestige of a hundred victories collapsed before a broken foe in flight. This shows that the Mandate has its rightful holder and cannot be taken by force alone. So the Duke of Wei, trusting Heaven's favor, entered Hangu Pass without hesitation. You came of age in turmoil and owed your patron a debt of gratitude. Though the main force was gone, you held your ground, rallied the scattered, and kept a foothold. Shichong, flush with victory, halted his advance to the east; and Dou Jiande, seeing a beaten enemy, did not dare move south. Your reputation already resounds through past and present. Who does not begin well? The hard part is the end. The choice of allegiance is a matter of life and death. Attach yourself to the right lord and your whole clan will share the reward; serve the wrong master and not even your own life will be secure. Recent examples are close at hand — you have seen them yourself. Meng Ben hesitated while a child went first; to read the moment is wisdom — do not wait even a day. You stand on contested ground at a moment that demands speed; if you hesitate and watch from the sidelines, the ruthless will move first — and your cause will be lost.
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世勣得書,遂定計遣使歸國,開倉運糧,以饋淮安王神通之軍。 俄而建德悉眾南下,攻陷黎陽,獲徵,署爲起居舍人。 及建德就擒,與裴矩西入關。 隱太子聞其名,引直洗馬,甚禮之。 徵見太宗勳業日隆,毎勸建成早爲之所。 及敗,太宗使召之,謂曰:「汝離間我兄弟,何也?」 徵曰:「皇太子若從徵言,必無今日之禍。」 太宗素器之,引爲詹事主簿。 及踐祚,擢拜諫議大夫,封鉅鹿縣男,使安輯河北,許以便宜從事。 徵至磁州,遇前宮千牛李志安、齊王護軍李思行錮送詣京師。 徵謂副使李桐客曰:「吾等受命之日,前宮、齊府左右,皆令赦原不問。 今復送思行,此外誰不自疑? 徒遣使往,彼必不信,此乃差之毫釐,失之千里。 且公家之利,知無不爲,寧可慮身,不可廢國家大計。 今若釋遣思行,不問其罪,則信義所感,無遠不臻。 古者,大夫出疆,苟利社稷,專之可也。 況今日之行,許以便宜從事,主上既以國士見待,安可不以國士報之乎?」 即釋遣思行等,仍以啟聞,太宗甚悅。
Shiji received the letter, submitted to the Tang, opened the granaries, and sent grain to Prince Huai'an Li Shentong's army. Soon Dou Jiande marched south in force, took Liyang, captured Zheng, and made him drafting attendant. When Jiande was taken, Zheng entered the Pass with Pei Ju. The hidden crown prince Li Jiancheng heard of him, made him direct attendant in the Eastern Palace, and treated him with great respect. Seeing Taizong's power grow daily, Zheng repeatedly urged Jiancheng to move against him early. After the Xuanwu Gate coup Taizong sent for him and said, "You set my brothers against each other — why?" Zheng said, "Had the crown prince heeded me, he would not have met today's disaster." Taizong had long valued his ability and made him chief clerk in the heir apparent's household. On taking the throne he made Zheng remonstrance and policy advisor, enfeoffed him as Baron of Julu, sent him to pacify Hebei, and authorized discretionary action. At Cizhou he met Li Zhian, former thousand-bolt officer of the Eastern Palace, and Li Sixing, guard commander of the Prince of Qi, shackled and bound for the capital. Zheng told his deputy Li Tongke, "From the day of our commission, all retainers of the former Eastern Palace and the Prince of Qi were to be pardoned without question. If we now send Sixing on, who else will not fear for himself? An envoy alone would not be believed — a hair's breadth of error becomes a thousand li of loss. The state's interest demands action; personal safety may be weighed, but the nation's plan must not be abandoned. Release Sixing without punishment, and faith and righteousness will reach to the farthest corners. In antiquity a minister abroad, if the altars of state required it, might decide on his own authority. How much more this mission, expressly authorized to act at discretion — if the emperor treats us as men of the state, how can we answer with less?" He released Sixing and the others at once, reported his action, and Taizong was greatly pleased.
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太宗新即位,勵精政道,數引徵入臥內,訪以得失。 徵雅有經國之才,性又抗直,無所屈撓。 太宗與之言,未嘗不欣然納受。 徵亦喜逢知己之主,思竭其用,知無不言。 太宗嘗勞之曰:「卿所陳諫,前後二百餘事,非卿至誠奉國,何能若是?」 其年,遷尚書左丞。 或有言徵阿黨親戚者,帝使御史大夫溫彥博案驗無狀,彥博奏曰:「徵爲人臣,須存形跡,不能遠避嫌疑,遂招此謗。 雖情在無私,亦有可責。」 帝令彥博讓徵,且曰:「自今後不得不存形跡。」 他日,徵入奏曰:「臣聞君臣協契,義同一體。 不存公道,唯事形跡,若君臣上下,同遵此路,則邦之興喪,或未可知。」 帝瞿然改容曰:「吾已悔之。」 徵再拜曰:「願陛下使臣爲良臣,勿使臣爲忠臣。」 帝曰:「忠、良有異乎?」 徵曰:「良臣,稷、契、咎陶是也。 忠臣,龍逢、比干是也。 良臣使身獲美名,君受顯號,子孫傳世,福祿無疆。 忠臣身受誅夷,君陷大惡,家國並喪,空有其名。 以此而言,相去遠矣。」 帝深納其言,賜絹五百匹。 貞觀三年,遷秘書監,參預朝政。 徵以喪亂之後,典章紛雜,奏引學者校定四部書。 數年之間,秘府圖籍,粲然畢備。 時高昌王麹文泰將入朝,西域諸國咸欲因文泰遣使貢獻,太宗令文泰使人厭怛紇干往迎接之。 徵諫曰:「中國始平,瘡痍未復,若微有勞役,則不自安。 往年文泰入朝,所經州縣,猶不能供,況加於此輩。 若任其商賈來往,邊人則獲其利; 若爲賓客,中國即受其弊矣。 漢建武二十二年,天下已寧。 西域請置都護、送侍子,光武不許,蓋不以蠻夷勞弊中國也。 今若許十國入貢,其使不下千人,欲使緣邊諸州何以取濟? 人心萬端,後雖悔之,恐無所及。」 上善其議。 時厭怛紇干已發,遽追止之。 後太宗幸九成宮,因有宮人還京,憩於湋川縣之官舍。 俄又右僕射李靖、侍中王珪繼至,官屬移宮人於別所而舍靖等。 太宗聞之,怒曰:「威福之柄,豈由靖等? 何爲禮靖而輕我宮人!」 即令案驗湋川官屬及靖等。 徵諫曰:「靖等,陛下心膂大臣; 宮人,皇后掃除之隸。 論其委付,事理不同。 又靖等出外,官吏訪朝廷法式,歸來,陛下問人間疾苦。 靖等自當與官吏相見,官吏亦不可不謁也。 至於宮人,供食之外,不合參承。 若以此罪責縣吏,恐不益德音,徒駭天下耳目。」 帝曰:「公言是也。」 乃釋官吏之罪,李靖等亦寢而不問。 尋宴於丹霄樓,酒酣。 太宗謂長孫無忌曰:「魏徵、王珪,昔在東宮,盡心所事,當時誠亦可惡。 我能拔擢用之,以至今日,足爲無愧古人。 然徵毎諫我不從,發言輒即不應,何也?」 對曰:「臣以事有不可,所以陳論,若不從輒應,便恐此事即行。」 帝曰:「但當時且應,更別陳論,豈不得耶?」 徵曰:「昔舜誡群臣:『爾無面從,退有後言。』 若臣面從陛下方始諫,此即『退有後言』,豈是稷、契事堯、舜之意耶?」 帝大笑曰:「人言魏徵舉動疎慢,我但覺嫵媚,適爲此耳。」 徵拜謝曰:「陛下導之使言,臣所以敢諫,若陛下不受臣諫,豈敢數犯龍鱗?」 是月,長樂公主將出降,帝以皇后所生,敕有司資送倍於永嘉長公主。 徵曰:「不可。 昔漢明欲封其子,云『我子豈與先帝子等? 可半楚、淮陽。』 前史以爲美談。 天子姊妹爲長公主,子爲公主,既加『長』字,即是有所尊崇。 或可情有淺深,無容禮相踰越。」 上然其言,入告長孫皇后,後遣使齎錢四十萬、絹四百匹,詣徵宅以賜之。 尋進爵郡公。 七年,代王珪爲侍中,尚書省滯訟有不決者,詔徵評理之。 徵性非習法,但存大體,以情處斷,無不悅服。 初,有詔遣令狐德棻、岑文本撰《周史》,孔穎達、許敬宗撰《隋史》,姚思廉撰《梁》、《陳史》,李百藥撰《齊史》。 徵受詔總加撰定,多所損益,薦在簡正。 《隋史》序論,皆徵所作、《梁》、《陳》、《齊》各爲總論,時稱良史。 史成,加左光祿大夫,進封鄭國公,賜物二千段。
Newly enthroned, Taizong threw himself into government and often summoned Zheng to his private quarters to ask what was going wrong. Zheng had genuine talent for governing, and his nature was blunt and unyielding. Taizong never failed to accept his counsel gladly. Zheng, for his part, rejoiced to serve a ruler who knew his worth and held nothing back. Taizong once praised him: "You have remonstrated more than two hundred times — without utmost loyalty to the state, how could you have done so?" That year he was promoted to left assistant director of the Department of State Affairs. When someone accused Zheng of favoring relatives, the emperor had Censor-in-Chief Wen Yanbo investigate and found nothing; Yanbo reported, "As a minister, Zheng should keep clear of suspicion; by failing to do so he has invited this slander. His motives may be pure, but he is still at fault." The emperor had Yanbo rebuke Zheng and added, "From now on you must keep your conduct above reproach." Another day Zheng memorialized, "Ruler and minister in accord are one body in duty. If we care for appearances rather than public right, and ruler and ministers all follow that path, the fate of the state is unknowable." The emperor started and said, "I already regret that." Zheng bowed again: "Make me a good minister, not a loyal minister." The emperor asked, "Are loyal and good different?" Zheng said, "Good ministers were Ji, Qi, and Gao Yao. Loyal ministers were Long Feng and Bi Gan. Good ministers win honor for themselves and glory for their lord; their descendants inherit rank and endless reward. Loyal ministers die by the sword, their lords sink into ruin, house and state perish together, and only the name remains. By that measure the distance between them is vast." The emperor took his words to heart and gave him five hundred bolts of silk. In Zhenguan 3 he became director of the Secretariat and joined deliberations of state. After the civil wars had left the canon in disorder, Zheng had scholars collate the books of the four categories. Within a few years the palace library was fully restored. When King Qu Wentai of Gaochang was preparing to visit court, other Western Region states wished to send tribute through him; Taizong sent Wentai's envoy Yantuo to receive them. Zheng remonstrated: "The heartland has only just been pacified and the wounds are not healed; the slightest corvée will unsettle the people. When Wentai came before, the counties on his route could barely supply him — how much less if these peoples are added. Let them come as traders and the border people profit; receive them as state guests and the heartland bears the cost. In Han, in Jianwu 22 the realm was already at peace. The Western Regions asked for a protector-general and to send hostage sons; Emperor Guangwu refused, unwilling to burden China for barbarian sake. If ten states send tribute, their envoys will number at least a thousand — how will the border prefectures feed them? Hearts are fickle; regret later will come too late." The emperor accepted his advice. Yantuo had already departed and was urgently recalled. Later, visiting Jiucheng Palace, Taizong learned that palace women returning to the capital had rested at the Weichuan county guesthouse. Right Vice Director Li Jing and Palace Attendant Wang Gui arrived soon after; officials moved the women out and gave their quarters to Jing and Gui. Taizong heard and angrily said, "Do the handles of power and favor belong to Jing? Why honor Jing and slight my palace women!" He ordered an investigation of the Weichuan officials and of Jing and the others. Zheng remonstrated: "Jing and the others are Your Majesty's chief ministers; the palace women are the empress's household staff. By the trust reposed in them, the cases differ. When Jing and others travel, local officials ask about court law; when they return, Your Majesty asks about the people's hardships. They must meet officials, and officials must receive them. Palace women, apart from serving meals, should not be received in audience. Punishing the county officials for this will not enhance Your reputation — it will only alarm the realm." The emperor said, "You are right." He released the officials from blame and dropped the matter against Li Jing and the others. Soon there was a banquet in Danxiao Tower; when the wine had gone deep, Taizong said to Zhangsun Wuji, "Wei Zheng and Wang Gui served the Eastern Palace with all their hearts — at the time they were hateful enough. That I could raise and use them until today is enough to face the ancients without shame. Yet when Zheng remonstrates and I do not follow, he falls silent — why?" Zheng replied, "When a matter should not be done, I say so; if Your Majesty did not follow and I answered at once, I would fear the matter would proceed." The emperor said, "But if you answered at the time and argued afterward, would that not do?" Zheng said, "Shun warned his ministers: 'Do not agree to my face and speak behind my back. If I agreed to Your face and remonstrated only afterward, that would be 'speaking behind your back' — is that how Ji and Qi served Yao and Shun?"" Taizong laughed: "People say Zheng is rough, but I find him delightful — this is why." Zheng bowed: "Your Majesty invites speech — that is why I dare remonstrate; if You did not accept it, how could I touch the dragon's scales?" That month Princess Changle was to marry; as the empress's daughter, the emperor ordered a dowry double that of the Elder Princess Yongjia. Zheng said, "That cannot be. Emperor Ming of Han, enfeoffing his son, said, 'Are my sons equal to the late emperor's sons? Let them have half of Chu and Huaiyang. History praises this. The emperor's sisters are elder princesses; his daughters are princesses — the word 'elder' itself marks honor. Affection may differ, but ritual must not be exceeded."" The emperor agreed, told Empress Zhangsun, and she sent four hundred thousand cash and four hundred bolts of silk to Zheng's house. He was soon promoted to duke of the commandery. In the seventh year he replaced Wang Gui as palace attendant; stalled lawsuits in the Department of State Affairs were referred to him for judgment. Untrained in law, he judged by principle and human feeling — and all accepted his decisions. An earlier edict had assigned Linghu Defen and Cen Wenben the History of Zhou, Kong Yingda and Xu Jingzong the History of Sui, Yao Silian the histories of Liang and Chen, and Li Baiyao the History of Qi. Zheng was ordered to oversee the compilation, revising heavily for clarity and correctness. He wrote the introductory essays of the History of Sui and general essays for Liang, Chen, and Qi — histories praised as models. When the histories were finished he was made left grand master of the palace, promoted to Duke of Zheng, and given two thousand lengths of goods.
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徵自以無功於國,徒以辯説,遂參帷幄,深懼滿盈,後以目疾頻表遜位。 太宗曰:「朕拔卿於讎虜之中,任公以樞要之職,見朕之非,未嘗不諫。 公獨不見金之在礦也,何足貴哉? 良冶鍛而爲器,便爲人所寶,朕方自比於金,以卿爲良匠。 卿雖有疾,未爲衰老,豈得便爾?」 其年,徵又面請遜位,太宗難違之,乃拜徵特進,仍知門下事。 其後又頻上四疎,以陳得失。 其一曰:
Zheng felt he had won office by argument alone and, fearing excess, repeatedly asked to retire on account of eye disease. Taizong said, "I raised you from among enemies and gave you a pivotal post; you never failed to correct my faults. Gold in the ore — what is it worth? Forged by a good smith it becomes treasure; I compare myself to the ore and you to the smith. You are ill but not old — how can you leave so soon?" That year he asked again in person; Taizong made him supernumerary counselor while he continued to direct the Department of the Chancellery. He then submitted four memorials on the state of governance. The first reads:
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其二曰:
The second reads:
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其三曰:
The third reads:
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夫鑑形之美惡,必就於止水; 鑑國之安危,必取於亡國。 《詩》曰:「殷鑑不遠,在夏後之世。」 又曰:「伐柯伐柯,其則不遠。」 臣願當今之動靜,思隋氏以爲鑑,則存亡治亂,可得而知。 若能思其所以危,則安矣; 思其所以亂,則治矣; 思其所以亡,則存矣。 存亡之所在,節嗜欲以從人。 省畋游之娛,息靡麗之作,罷不急之務,慎偏聽之怒。 近忠厚,遠便佞,杜悅耳之邪説,聽苦口之忠言。 去易進之人,賤難得之貨。 采堯、舜之誹謗,追禹、湯之罪己,惜十家之產,順百姓之心。 近取諸身,恕以待物。 思勞謙以受益,不自滿以招損。 有動則庶類以和,出言而千里斯應,超上德於前載,樹風聲於後昆。 此聖哲之宏規,帝王之盛業,能事斯畢,在乎慎守而已。 夫守之則易,取之實難,既得其所以難,豈不能保其所以易? 其或保之不固,則驕奢淫泆動之也。 慎終如始,可不勉歟! 《易》云:「君子安不忘危,存不忘亡,治不忘亂,是以身安而國家可保。」 誠哉斯言,不可以不深察也。 伏惟陛下欲善之志,不減於昔時,聞過必改,少虧於曩日。 若能以當今之無事,行疇昔之恭儉,則盡善盡美,固無得而稱焉。
To see whether a face is fair or foul, one looks into still water; to judge a state's safety or peril, one takes a fallen state as mirror. The Odes say, "The mirror of Yin is not far — it is in the age after Xia." It also says, "Cutting a handle, cutting a handle — the model is near at hand." I ask that in all You do today You take the Sui as mirror — then survival, destruction, order, and chaos may be known. Think on what brought peril and there will be safety; think on what brought disorder and there will be order; think on what brought destruction and there will be survival. Survival lies in restraining desire and following the people. Cut hunting, cease luxury, drop non-urgent tasks, and guard against partial hearing and anger. Keep honest men near, flatterers far; reject pleasing falsehood, hear bitter truth. Remove easy climbers; treat rare goods lightly. Take Yao and Shun's boards of criticism, Yu and Tang's confession of fault, spare ten households' livelihood, and follow the people's hearts. Measure others by oneself and treat them with forbearance. Know that humility brings gain and complacency brings loss. Act, and the myriad things harmonize; speak, and the realm answers — surpassing former sages and planting fame for posterity. This is the sage-emperor's great pattern — and once achieved, it rests on careful preservation alone. Preserving is easy; winning is hard — having learned how hard winning is, can You not keep what is easy to preserve? If preservation fails, arrogance, luxury, and excess undo it. Be as careful at the end as at the beginning — can You not strive for this! The Changes say, "The noble man in safety does not forget danger, in survival does not forget ruin, in order does not forget chaos — thus his person is secure and the state preserved." These words cannot be examined too deeply. Your will to do good is no less than before, but You hear faults and correct them somewhat less readily than once. If in today's peace You practiced the reverence and frugality of earlier days, perfection would be complete — nothing would remain to praise.
10
其四曰:
The fourth reads:
11
夫君能盡禮,臣得竭忠,必在於內外無私,上下相信。 上不信則無以使下,下不信則無以事上。 信之爲義,大矣哉! 故自天祐之,吉無不利。 昔齊桓公問於管仲曰:「吾欲酒腐於爵,肉腐於俎,得無害於霸乎?」 管仲曰:「此極非其善者,然亦無害霸也。」 公曰:「何如而害霸乎?」 曰:「不能知人,害霸也; 知而不能用,害霸也; 用而不能信,害霸也; 既信而又使小人參之,害霸也。」 晉中行穆伯攻鼓,經年而不能下,饋間倫曰:「鼓之嗇夫,間倫知之,請無疲士大夫而鼓可得。」 穆伯不應。 左右曰:「不折一戟,不傷一卒,而鼓可得,君奚爲不取?」 穆伯曰:「間倫之爲人也,佞而不仁。 若間倫下之,吾不可以不賞。 賞之,是賞佞人也。 佞人得志,是使晉國之士舍仁而爲佞,雖得鼓,將何用之?」 夫穆伯列國大夫,管仲霸者之佐,猶慎於信任,遠避佞人也如此,況乎爲四海之大君,應千齡之上聖,而可使巍巍之盛德,復將有所間然乎? 若欲令君子小人是非不雜,必懷之以德,待之以信,厲之以義,節之以禮,然後善善而惡惡,審罰而明賞,則小人絶其佞邪,君子自強不息。 無爲之化,何遠之有? 善善而不能進,惡惡而不能去,罰不及於有罪,賞不加於有功,則危亡之期,或未可保。 永錫祚胤,將何望哉?
Ruler and minister can fulfill ritual and loyalty only when neither harbors private interest and both trust each other. Without trust above, the ruler cannot employ men below; without trust below, ministers cannot serve. How great is the meaning of trust! Heaven assists it, and fortune comes without harm. Duke Huan of Qi asked Guan Zhong, "If my wine rots in the cup and my meat on the tray, would that harm hegemony?" Guan Zhong said, "That is far from good, yet it would not harm hegemony either." The duke asked, "What would harm hegemony?" He said, "Not knowing men harms hegemony; knowing them but not using them harms hegemony; using them but not trusting them harms hegemony; and trusting them yet letting petty men interfere harms hegemony." In Jin, Mu Bo of Zhonghang besieged Gu for a year without success; Jian Lun of Kui said, "I know Gu's intendant — do not weary the officers and Gu can be taken." Mu Bo did not answer. His attendants said, "Not a halberd broken nor a soldier hurt, yet Gu can be taken — why not accept?" Mu Bo said, "Jian Lun is flatterer and inhumane. If Jian Lun took Gu, I would have to reward him. Rewarding him would reward a flatterer. If flatterers prosper, Jin's officers will abandon humaneness for flattery — even with Gu, what would it profit?" Mu Bo was a feudal grandee and Guan Zhong a hegemon's aide — yet they were so careful of trust and so wary of flatterers; how much more for the lord of the four seas and sage of a thousand ages — can towering virtue be marred? To keep noble and petty, right and wrong, from mingling, embrace men with virtue, treat them with trust, steel them with righteousness, and restrain them with ritual — then approve the good, punish the evil, and petty men will cease their flattery while noble men strengthen themselves without ceasing. Rule by non-action — how far off is it? If You approve the good yet cannot promote it, hate the evil yet cannot remove it, punish the guilty insufficiently, and fail to reward merit, peril may not be kept off. Forever bestowing blessings on Your line — upon what can one set hope?
12
太宗手詔嘉美,優納之。 嘗謂長孫無忌曰:「朕即位之初,上書者或言『人主必須威權獨運,不得委任群下』; 或欲耀兵振武,懾服四夷。 唯有魏徵勸朕『偃革興文,布德施惠,中國既安,遠人自服』。 朕從其語,天下大寧。 絶域君長,皆來朝貢,九夷重譯,相望於道。 此皆魏徵之力也。」
Taizong wrote a personal edict praising and accepting them. He once told Zhangsun Wuji, "At the start of my reign some memorialists said, 'The ruler must wield power alone and not delegate to his ministers'; others wanted to display arms and overawe the four quarters. Only Wei Zheng urged me, 'Lay down arms and raise culture, spread virtue and grace — secure the heartland and distant peoples will submit of themselves. I followed him, and the realm was greatly at peace. Distant lords came to court; barbarian envoys lined the roads with repeated translation. This is all Wei Zheng's doing.""
13
太宗嘗嫌上封者眾,不近事實,欲加黜責。 徵奏曰:「古者立誹謗之木,欲聞己過。 今之封事,謗木之流也。 陛下思聞得失,祗可恣其陳道。 若所言衷,則有益於陛下; 若不衷,無損於國家。」 太宗曰:「此言是也。」 並勞而遣之。 後太宗在洛陽宮,幸積翠池,宴群臣,酒酣各賦一事。 太宗賦《尚書》曰:「日昃玩百篇,臨燈披《五典》。 夏康既逸豫,商辛亦流湎。 恣情昏主多,克己明君鮮。 滅身資累惡,成名由積善。」 徵賦西漢曰:「受降臨軹道,爭長趣鴻門。 驅傳渭橋上,觀兵細柳屯。 夜宴經柏谷,朝游出杜原。 終藉叔孫禮,方知皇帝尊。」 太宗曰:「魏徵毎言,必約我以禮也。」 尋以修定《五禮》,當封一子爲縣男,請讓孤兄子叔慈。 太宗愴然曰:「卿之此心,可以勵俗。」 遂許之。 十二年,禮部尚書王珪奏言:「三品以上遇親王於途,皆降乘,違法申敬,有乖儀准。」 太宗曰:「卿輩皆自崇貴,卑我兒子乎?」 徵進曰:「自古迄茲,親王班次三公之下。 今三品皆曰天子列卿及八座之長,爲王降乘,非王所宜當也。 求諸故事,則無可憑; 行之於今,又乖國憲。」 太宗曰:「國家所以立太子者,擬以爲君也。 然則人之修短,不在老少,設無太子,則母弟次立。 以此而言,安得輕我子耶?」 徵曰:「殷家尚質,有兄終弟及之義; 自周以降,立嫡必長,所以絶庶孽之窺覦,塞禍亂之源本,有國者之所深慎。」 於是遂可珪奏。 會皇孫誕育,召公卿賜宴,太宗謂侍臣曰:「貞觀以前,從我平定天下,周旋艱險,玄齡之功,無所與讓。 貞觀之後,盡心於我,獻納忠讜,安國利民,犯顏正諫,匡朕之違者,唯魏徵而已。 古之名臣,何以加也!」 於是親解佩刀以賜二人。
Taizong once resented the flood of sealed memorials as unrealistic and wished to punish their authors. Zheng memorialized: "Antiquity erected boards for slander because rulers wished to hear their faults. Today's sealed memorials are their lineal descendants. If Your Majesty wishes to hear truth, let them speak freely. If they are sincere, You benefit; if not, the state is unharmed." Taizong said, "That is right." He comforted the memorialists and sent them away. Later at Luoyang Palace, at a banquet by Jicui Pond when wine had gone deep, each minister was to compose on a theme. Taizong composed on the Documents: "The sun declines and I enjoy the hundred chapters; by lamplight I unroll the Five Canons. Xia Kang already gave himself to ease; Shang Xin drifted in indulgence. Dark lords who indulged themselves were many; enlightened lords who restrained themselves were few. Ruin the person by accumulated evil; win a name by accumulated good." Zheng composed on Western Han: "Receiving surrender at Zhidao, contending for precedence at Hong Gate. Driving relay at Weiqiao, reviewing troops at Xiiliu camp. Feasting by night at Bai Valley, touring by day from Du Plain. Only through Shusun Tong's ritual did he learn the emperor's honor." Taizong said, "Whenever Zheng speaks, he binds me with ritual." Soon, when one son was to be enfeoffed for revising the Five Rites, he asked that the title go to his late elder brother's son Shuci. Taizong said warmly, "This heart of yours can move custom." He granted the request. In the twelfth year Minister of Rites Wang Gui reported, "Officials of third rank and above dismount when meeting imperial princes on the road — an unlawful show of respect contrary to ritual." Taizong said, "Are you elevating yourselves and demeaning my sons?" Zheng replied, "From antiquity until now imperial princes have ranked below the Three Excellencies. Third-rank officials are the Son of Heaven's chief ministers and heads of the eight seats — princes should not dismount for them. There is no precedent; and to practice it today violates the constitution." Taizong said, "The state establishes a crown prince because he is meant to become ruler. A man's worth is not in age; without a crown prince, a younger brother by the same mother succeeds next. By that logic, how can I slight my sons?" Zheng said, "The Yin valued substance and allowed a younger brother to succeed an elder brother; from Zhou onward the legitimate heir must be the eldest — to cut off secondary sons' ambitions and block the root of disorder is what every state deeply guards." Gui's memorial was approved. When an imperial grandson was born, Taizong banqueted the high ministers and said, "Before Zhenguan, in pacifying the realm through hardship, Xuanling's achievement had no rival. After Zhenguan, giving his whole heart, offering loyal remonstrance, settling the state and benefiting the people, correcting my errors — only Wei Zheng. Compared with famous ministers of old, who could surpass him!" He personally unfastened his belt knife and gave it to the two men.
14
徵以戴聖《禮記》編次不倫,遂爲《類禮》二十捲,以類相從,削其重復,采先儒訓注,擇善從之,研精覃思,數年而畢。 太宗覽而善之,賜物一千段,録數本以賜太子及諸王,仍藏之秘府。
Finding Dai Sheng's Record of Rites poorly arranged, Zheng compiled Categorized Rites in twenty scrolls, grouping by topic, cutting repetition, and choosing the best earlier commentary — work of several years. Taizong approved it, gave a thousand lengths of goods, had copies made for the crown prince and other princes, and stored the work in the secret treasury.
15
先是,遣使詣西域立葉護可汗,未還,又遣使多齎金銀帛歷諸國市馬。 徵諫曰:「今以立可汗爲名,可汗未定,即詣諸國市馬,彼必以爲意在市馬,不爲專意立可汗。 可汗得立,則不甚懷恩。 諸蕃聞之,以爲中國薄義重利,未必得馬,而失義矣。 昔漢文有獻千里馬者,曰:吾凶行日三十里,吉行五十里,鑾輿在前,屬車在後,吾獨乘千里馬將安之? 乃賞其道里所費而返之。 漢光武有獻千里馬及寶劍者,馬以駕鼓車,劍以賜騎士。 陛下凡所施爲,皆邈逾三王之上,奈何至於此事,欲爲孝文、光武之下乎? 又魏文帝欲求市西域大珠,蘇則曰:『若陛下惠及四海,則不求自至,求而得之,不足爲貴也。』 陛下縱不能慕漢文之高行,可不畏蘇則之言乎?」 太宗納其言而止。 時公卿大臣並請封禪,唯徵以爲不可。 太宗曰:「朕欲卿極言之。 豈功不高耶? 德不厚耶? 諸夏未治安耶? 遠夷不慕義耶? 嘉瑞不至耶? 年谷不登耶? 何爲而不可?」 對曰:「陛下功則高矣,而民未懷惠; 德雖厚矣,而澤未滂流; 諸夏雖安,未足以供事; 遠夷慕義,無以供其求; 符瑞雖臻,網羅猶密; 積歳豐稔,倉廩尚虛,此臣所以竊謂未可。 臣未能遠譬,且借喻於人。 今有人十年長患,療治且愈,此人應皮骨僅存,便欲使負米一石,日行百里,必不可得。 隋氏之亂,非止十年,陛下爲之良醫,疾苦雖已乂安,未甚充實,告成天地,臣竊有疑。 且陛下東封,萬國咸萃,要荒之外,莫不奔走。 今自伊、洛以東,暨乎海岱,灌莽巨澤,蒼茫千里,人煙斷絶,雞犬不聞,道路蕭條,進退艱阻,豈可引彼夷狄,示以虛弱? 竭財以賞,未厭遠人之望; 重加給復,不償百姓之勞。 或遇水旱之災,風雨之變,庸夫橫議,悔不可追。 豈獨臣之懇誠,亦有輿人之誦。」 太宗不能奪。 是後,右僕射缺,欲拜之,徵固讓乃止。 及皇太子承乾不修德業,魏王泰寵愛日隆,內外庶僚,並有疑議。 太宗聞而惡之,謂侍臣曰:「當今朝臣忠謇,無逾魏徵,我遣傅皇太子,用絶天下之望。」 十六年,拜太子太師,知門下省事如故。 徵自陳有疾,詔答曰:「漢之太子,四皓爲助,我之賴公,即其義也。 知公疾病,可臥護之。」 其年,稱綿惙,中使相望。 徵宅先無正寢,太宗欲爲小殿,輟其材爲徵營構,五日而成,遣中使齎素褥布被而賜之,遂其所尚也。 及病篤,輿駕再幸其第,撫之流涕,問所欲言,徵曰:「嫠不恤緯而憂宗周之亡。」 後數日,太宗夜夢徵若平生,及旦而奏徵薨,時年六十四。 太宗親臨慟哭,廢朝五日,贈司空、相州都督,謚曰文貞。 給羽葆鼓吹、班劍四十人,賻絹布千段、米粟千石,陪葬昭陵。 及將祖載,徵妻裴氏曰:「徵平生儉素,今以一品禮葬,羽儀甚盛,非亡者之志。」 悉辭不受,竟以布車載柩,無文彩之飾。 太宗登苑西樓,望喪而哭,詔百官送出郊外。 帝親制碑文,並爲書石。 其後追思不已,賜其實封九百戸。 嘗臨朝謂侍臣曰:「夫以銅爲鏡,可以正衣冠; 以古爲鏡,可以知興替; 以人爲鏡,可以明得失。 朕常保此三鏡,以防己過。 今魏徵殂逝,遂亡一鏡矣! 徵亡後,朕遣人至宅,就其書函得表一紙,始立表草,字皆難識,唯前有數行,稍可分辯,云:『天下之事,有善有惡,任善人則國安,用惡人則國亂。 公卿之內,情有愛憎,憎者唯見其惡,愛者唯見其善。 愛憎之間,所宜詳慎,若愛而知其惡,憎而知其善,去邪勿疑,任賢勿貳,可以興矣。』 其遺表如此,然在朕思之,恐不免斯事。 公卿侍臣,可書之於笏,知而必諫也。」 徵狀貌不逾中人,而素有膽智,毎犯顏進諫,雖逢王赫斯怒,神色不移。 嘗密薦中書侍郎杜正倫及吏部尚書侯君集有宰相之材。 徵卒後,正倫以罪黜,君集犯逆伏誅,太宗始疑徵阿黨。 徵又自録前後諫諍言辭往復以示史官起居郎褚遂良,太宗知之,愈不悅。 先許以衡山公主降其長子叔玉,於是手詔停婚,顧其家漸衰矣。 徵四子,叔琬、叔璘、叔瑜。
Envoys had been sent to the Western Regions to install Ashina as qaghan; before they returned, more envoys were sent with gold, silk, and cloth to buy horses throughout the region. Zheng remonstrated: "You name the mission installation of the qaghan, yet before he is settled You send men to buy horses — they will think You care for horses, not for installing the qaghan. If the qaghan is installed, he will not feel deep obligation. The border peoples will think China values profit over faith — You may not get the horses and will lose righteousness. Emperor Wen of Han, offered a thousand-li horse, said, "On ill-omened days I travel thirty li, on good days fifty; with the imperial carriage before and attendants behind, where would I ride a thousand-li horse alone? He paid the journey's cost and sent it back. Emperor Guangwu, offered a thousand-li horse and precious sword, used the horse for the drum carriage and gave the sword to a cavalryman. In all You do You already surpass the Three Kings — why in this wish to fall below Wen and Guangwu? When Emperor Wen of Wei wished to buy a great pearl from the Western Regions, Su Ze said, 'If Your Majesty's grace reaches the four seas, it will come unbidden; what must be sought is not worth prizing.' Your Majesty may not emulate Emperor Wen of Han — can You not heed Su Ze's words?"" Taizong accepted and stopped the mission. When the high ministers all urged the feng and shan rites, only Zheng opposed them. Taizong said, "Speak to the utmost. Is my merit not high? Is my virtue not deep? Is the heartland not yet at peace? Do distant peoples not admire righteousness? Have auspicious omens not come? Have harvests not been good? Why then can it not be done?" Zheng replied, "Your achievement is high, yet the people have not yet felt grace; Your virtue is deep, yet its bounty has not spread abroad; the heartland is at peace, yet cannot bear the burden; distant peoples admire You, yet their demands cannot be met; though omens have come, the prisons remain crowded; though harvests have been good, the granaries are still empty — that is why I say it cannot be done. I cannot argue from distant examples — let me borrow a likeness from ordinary life. Suppose a man has been ill ten years; though treatment has nearly cured him, flesh and bone barely hold together — to make him carry a picul of rice and walk a hundred li in a day is impossible. Sui's disorder lasted more than ten years; You have been the good physician — though the sickness is eased, the body is not yet restored; to report completion to Heaven and Earth, I have doubts. If You perform the eastern feng, all states will gather; from the wilds none will fail to hurry. From the Yi and Luo eastward to the sea and Mount Dai, for a thousand li through marsh and waste, human habitation ceases and neither cock nor dog is heard; roads are desolate and travel hard — how can You lead barbarians there and show weakness? Exhausting wealth to reward them will not satisfy distant expectations; adding tax relief will not repay the people's labor. If flood, drought, or untimely weather follow, common talk will turn to regret with no remedy. This is not my earnestness alone — the marketplaces already murmur it." Taizong could not refute him. When the right vice directorship fell vacant, the emperor wished to appoint him, but Zheng firmly declined and the appointment stopped. When Crown Prince Chengqian neglected virtue and Prince Wei Tai's favor grew, officials inside and outside were uneasy. Taizong, displeased, told his ministers, "Among today's blunt loyal ministers none surpasses Wei Zheng; I send him to tutor the crown prince and cut off the realm's false hopes." In the sixteenth year he was made grand preceptor of the crown prince while continuing to direct the Department of the Chancellery. Zheng reported illness; the edict replied, "Han's crown prince had the Four Whiteheads as help — my reliance on you is the same. Knowing you are ill, tutor him from your bed." That year he was failing; palace envoys came in succession. Zheng's house had no main hall; Taizong halted materials for a small palace hall and built one for him in five days, sending plain bedding as Zheng preferred. At his crisis the emperor visited twice, wept, and asked his last words; Zheng said, "A widow does not grieve for her weaving but for the fall of Zhou." Days later Taizong dreamed of Zheng as in life; at dawn came word of his death — he was sixty-four. Taizong came in person and mourned; court was suspended five days; Zheng was posthumously made Minister of Works and area commander of Xiangzhou, with posthumous title Wenzhen. He received feather-canopy music, forty sword guards, a thousand lengths of silk and cloth, a thousand piculs of grain, and burial near Zhaoling. As the funeral was to set out, Lady Pei said, "Zheng lived frugally; first-rank burial with such splendor is not his wish." She declined all honors and carried the bier in a plain cloth carriage without ornament. Taizong from the park's western tower watched the funeral and wept, and ordered officials to escort it beyond the suburbs. The emperor wrote the inscription and carved the stone himself. Later, remembering him without cease, he granted his fief nine hundred households in actual revenue. He once told his ministers at court, "With bronze as mirror one can straighten cap and gown; with antiquity as mirror one can know rise and fall; with men as mirror one can see gain and loss. I keep these three mirrors to guard against my faults. Now Wei Zheng is dead — I have lost a mirror! After Zheng's death the emperor sent a man to his house; from his papers came one memorial — a first draft, barely legible — whose opening lines read, 'Affairs under Heaven have good and evil; employ good men and the state is secure, employ evil men and the state is disordered.' Among high ministers love and hate exist; haters see only evil, lovers see only good. Between love and hate be careful; love yet know a man's faults, hate yet know his virtues, remove the wicked without doubt and employ the worthy without hesitation, and the state can flourish. His final memorial was thus — yet I fear I cannot avoid this failing. High ministers and attendants — write it on your tablets and remonstrate when you must." Zheng looked no more than average, yet he was bold and wise; when he remonstrated to the emperor's face, even under sudden rage his expression did not change. He once secretly recommended Du Zhenglun, vice director of the Secretariat, and Hou Junji, minister of personnel, as chancellor material. After Zheng's death Zhenglun was dismissed for offense and Junji executed for rebellion; Taizong then suspected Zheng of faction. Zheng had also recorded his remonstrances and replies and showed them to diarist Chu Suiliang; Taizong, learning this, was still less pleased. Having promised Princess Hengshan to his eldest son Shuyu, he now wrote an edict stopping the marriage, and Zheng's house gradually declined. Zheng had four sons — Shuwan, Shulin, and Shuyu — besides the heir Shuyu.
16
叔玉襲爵國公,官至光祿少卿; 叔瑜至潞州刺史,叔璘禮部侍郎,則天時爲酷吏所殺。 神龍初,繼封叔玉子膺爲鄭國公。
Shuyu the heir inherited the ducal title and rose to vice director of the Palace Library; Shuyu became prefect of Lu; Shulin became vice minister of rites and under Empress Wu was killed by cruel officials. At the start of Shenlong, Shuyu's son Ying was enfeoffed as Duke of Zheng in succession.
17
叔瑜子華,開元初太子右庶子。
Shuyu's son Hua was right vice mentor of the crown prince at the start of Kaiyuan.
18
史臣曰:臣嘗讀漢史《劉更生傳》,見其上書論王氏擅權,恐移運祚,漢成不悟,更生徘徊伊郁,極言而不顧禍患,何匡益忠盡也如此! 當更生時,諫者甚多。 如谷永、楊興之上言,圖爲奸利,與賊臣爲鄕導,梅福、王吉之言,雖近古道,未切事情。 則納諫任賢,詎宜容易! 臣嘗閱《魏公故事》,與文皇討論政術,往復應對,凡數十萬言。 其匡過弼違,能近取譬,博約連類,皆前代諍臣之不至者。 其實根於道義,發爲律度,身正而心勁,上不負時主,下不阿權幸,中不侈親族,外不爲朋黨,不以逢時改節,不以圖位賣忠。 所載章疎四篇,可爲萬代王者法。 雖漢之劉向、魏之徐邈、晉之山濤、宋之謝朏,才則才矣,比文貞之雅道,不有遺行乎? 前代諍臣,一人而已。
The historian says: I once read the Han History biography of Liu Gengsheng, who memorialized against Wang Mang's usurpation while Emperor Cheng failed to understand; Gengsheng wandered in distress and spoke without regard for peril — how loyal and thorough his service was! In Gengsheng's day remonstrators were many. Gu Yong and Yang Xing plotted profit and guided traitors; Mei Fu and Wang Ji spoke in an antique vein but missed the point. To accept remonstrance and employ the worthy is no easy thing! I have read the Record of Duke Wei and his discussions with Emperor Taizong on government — several hundred thousand words in all. In correcting faults, drawing apt comparisons, and linking categories, he surpassed remonstrators of former ages. Rooted in righteousness, issuing as law, upright in person and firm in heart — he failed no lord above, flattered no favorite below, enlarged no kin, formed no faction, changed no integrity for the times, and sold no loyalty for office. His four preserved memorials can serve as law for kings of ten thousand generations. Han's Liu Xiang, Wei's Xu Miao, Jin's Shan Tao, and Song's Xie Tiao had talent — yet beside Wenzhen's upright Way, do they not leave conduct wanting? Among remonstrating ministers of former ages, there is only one such man.
19
贊曰:智者不諫,諫或不智。 智者盡言,國家之利。 鄭公達節,才周經濟。 太宗用之,子孫長世。
Encomium: The wise do not remonstrate; remonstrators may not be wise. When the wise speak fully, the state benefits. Duke Zheng reached integrity; his talent encompassed statecraft. Taizong employed him; his line lasted generations.