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卷七十一 列傳第二十一: 魏徵

Volume 71 Biographies 21: Wei Zheng

Chapter 75 of 舊唐書 · Old Book of Tang
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Wei Zheng
2
鹿 使 使 退
Wei Zheng, courtesy name Xuancheng, came from Qucheng in Julu commandery. His father Wei Changxian had been magistrate of Tunliu under the Northern Qi. Orphaned and poor in youth, he was free-spirited and ambitious, took no regular livelihood, and became a Daoist priest. He read widely, and as the realm slid into chaos he especially studied the arts of alliance and stratagem. Near the end of the Daye reign, Yuan Baocang, assistant magistrate of Wuyang, raised forces for Li Mi and summoned Zheng to keep his records. Li Mi always praised Baocang's memorials; when he heard what Zheng had written, he sent for him at once. Zheng offered ten policy proposals to Li Mi; though Mi admired them, he did not put them into practice. When Wang Shichong attacked Li Mi at Luokou, Zheng said to Li Mi's chief clerk Zheng Ting, "The Duke of Wei has won quick victories, but many of his best generals and troops are dead or wounded; moreover the army has no stores, and merit goes unrewarded. the men's spirits are flagging — with these two problems, it will be hard to face the enemy. Better to dig deep trenches, raise high walls, and wear them down: within a month or two their supplies will fail, they will retreat without a battle, and you can pursue and defeat them — that is the path to victory. The eastern capital is starving, Shichong is at his wit's end, and he means to fight to the death — a desperate enemy is hard to meet blade to blade. Please do not give battle." Zheng Ting said, "This is the old man's shopworn talk!" Zheng said, "This is ingenious and far-sighted counsel — why call it shopworn talk?" With that he shook out his robes and left. After Li Mi's defeat Zheng surrendered with him to the capital, where for a long time he received no notice. He volunteered to pacify the east, was appointed secretary director, and was sent by fast relay to Liyang. Xu Shiji still held Li Mi's forces; Zheng wrote to him as follows:
3
西
Since the chaos at the end of Sui, rival leaders have seized territory across provinces and commanderies beyond count. The Duke of Wei rose from rebellion, raised his banner, and drew responses from every quarter; hosts in the hundreds of thousands gathered to him like wind and storm. His power covered nearly half the realm; he broke Wang Shichong at Luokou and crushed Yu Huaji at Lishan. He was poised to march on Xianyang, threaten the capital, and carry his banners to the northern seas — yet the prestige of a hundred victories collapsed before a broken foe in flight. This shows that the Mandate has its rightful holder and cannot be taken by force alone. So the Duke of Wei, trusting Heaven's favor, entered Hangu Pass without hesitation. You came of age in turmoil and owed your patron a debt of gratitude. Though the main force was gone, you held your ground, rallied the scattered, and kept a foothold. Shichong, flush with victory, halted his advance to the east; and Dou Jiande, seeing a beaten enemy, did not dare move south. Your reputation already resounds through past and present. Who does not begin well? The hard part is the end. The choice of allegiance is a matter of life and death. Attach yourself to the right lord and your whole clan will share the reward; serve the wrong master and not even your own life will be secure. Recent examples are close at hand — you have seen them yourself. Meng Ben hesitated while a child went first; to read the moment is wisdom — do not wait even a day. You stand on contested ground at a moment that demands speed; if you hesitate and watch from the sidelines, the ruthless will move first — and your cause will be lost.
4
使 西 使 簿 鹿使便 使 使 便
Shiji received the letter, submitted to the Tang, opened the granaries, and sent grain to Prince Huai'an Li Shentong's army. Soon Dou Jiande marched south in force, took Liyang, captured Zheng, and made him drafting attendant. When Jiande was taken, Zheng entered the Pass with Pei Ju. The hidden crown prince Li Jiancheng heard of him, made him direct attendant in the Eastern Palace, and treated him with great respect. Seeing Taizong's power grow daily, Zheng repeatedly urged Jiancheng to move against him early. After the Xuanwu Gate coup Taizong sent for him and said, "You set my brothers against each other — why?" Zheng said, "Had the crown prince heeded me, he would not have met today's disaster." Taizong had long valued his ability and made him chief clerk in the heir apparent's household. On taking the throne he made Zheng remonstrance and policy advisor, enfeoffed him as Baron of Julu, sent him to pacify Hebei, and authorized discretionary action. At Cizhou he met Li Zhian, former thousand-bolt officer of the Eastern Palace, and Li Sixing, guard commander of the Prince of Qi, shackled and bound for the capital. Zheng told his deputy Li Tongke, "From the day of our commission, all retainers of the former Eastern Palace and the Prince of Qi were to be pardoned without question. If we now send Sixing on, who else will not fear for himself? An envoy alone would not be believed — a hair's breadth of error becomes a thousand li of loss. The state's interest demands action; personal safety may be weighed, but the nation's plan must not be abandoned. Release Sixing without punishment, and faith and righteousness will reach to the farthest corners. In antiquity a minister abroad, if the altars of state required it, might decide on his own authority. How much more this mission, expressly authorized to act at discretion — if the emperor treats us as men of the state, how can we answer with less?" He released Sixing and the others at once, reported his action, and Taizong was greatly pleased.
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使 使使 使祿 西使使 西 使使 便 退 退 使 使 祿
Newly enthroned, Taizong threw himself into government and often summoned Zheng to his private quarters to ask what was going wrong. Zheng had genuine talent for governing, and his nature was blunt and unyielding. Taizong never failed to accept his counsel gladly. Zheng, for his part, rejoiced to serve a ruler who knew his worth and held nothing back. Taizong once praised him: "You have remonstrated more than two hundred times — without utmost loyalty to the state, how could you have done so?" That year he was promoted to left assistant director of the Department of State Affairs. When someone accused Zheng of favoring relatives, the emperor had Censor-in-Chief Wen Yanbo investigate and found nothing; Yanbo reported, "As a minister, Zheng should keep clear of suspicion; by failing to do so he has invited this slander. His motives may be pure, but he is still at fault." The emperor had Yanbo rebuke Zheng and added, "From now on you must keep your conduct above reproach." Another day Zheng memorialized, "Ruler and minister in accord are one body in duty. If we care for appearances rather than public right, and ruler and ministers all follow that path, the fate of the state is unknowable." The emperor started and said, "I already regret that." Zheng bowed again: "Make me a good minister, not a loyal minister." The emperor asked, "Are loyal and good different?" Zheng said, "Good ministers were Ji, Qi, and Gao Yao. Loyal ministers were Long Feng and Bi Gan. Good ministers win honor for themselves and glory for their lord; their descendants inherit rank and endless reward. Loyal ministers die by the sword, their lords sink into ruin, house and state perish together, and only the name remains. By that measure the distance between them is vast." The emperor took his words to heart and gave him five hundred bolts of silk. In Zhenguan 3 he became director of the Secretariat and joined deliberations of state. After the civil wars had left the canon in disorder, Zheng had scholars collate the books of the four categories. Within a few years the palace library was fully restored. When King Qu Wentai of Gaochang was preparing to visit court, other Western Region states wished to send tribute through him; Taizong sent Wentai's envoy Yantuo to receive them. Zheng remonstrated: "The heartland has only just been pacified and the wounds are not healed; the slightest corvée will unsettle the people. When Wentai came before, the counties on his route could barely supply him — how much less if these peoples are added. Let them come as traders and the border people profit; receive them as state guests and the heartland bears the cost. In Han, in Jianwu 22 the realm was already at peace. The Western Regions asked for a protector-general and to send hostage sons; Emperor Guangwu refused, unwilling to burden China for barbarian sake. If ten states send tribute, their envoys will number at least a thousand — how will the border prefectures feed them? Hearts are fickle; regret later will come too late." The emperor accepted his advice. Yantuo had already departed and was urgently recalled. Later, visiting Jiucheng Palace, Taizong learned that palace women returning to the capital had rested at the Weichuan county guesthouse. Right Vice Director Li Jing and Palace Attendant Wang Gui arrived soon after; officials moved the women out and gave their quarters to Jing and Gui. Taizong heard and angrily said, "Do the handles of power and favor belong to Jing? Why honor Jing and slight my palace women!" He ordered an investigation of the Weichuan officials and of Jing and the others. Zheng remonstrated: "Jing and the others are Your Majesty's chief ministers; the palace women are the empress's household staff. By the trust reposed in them, the cases differ. When Jing and others travel, local officials ask about court law; when they return, Your Majesty asks about the people's hardships. They must meet officials, and officials must receive them. Palace women, apart from serving meals, should not be received in audience. Punishing the county officials for this will not enhance Your reputation — it will only alarm the realm." The emperor said, "You are right." He released the officials from blame and dropped the matter against Li Jing and the others. Soon there was a banquet in Danxiao Tower; when the wine had gone deep, Taizong said to Zhangsun Wuji, "Wei Zheng and Wang Gui served the Eastern Palace with all their hearts — at the time they were hateful enough. That I could raise and use them until today is enough to face the ancients without shame. Yet when Zheng remonstrates and I do not follow, he falls silent — why?" Zheng replied, "When a matter should not be done, I say so; if Your Majesty did not follow and I answered at once, I would fear the matter would proceed." The emperor said, "But if you answered at the time and argued afterward, would that not do?" Zheng said, "Shun warned his ministers: 'Do not agree to my face and speak behind my back. If I agreed to Your face and remonstrated only afterward, that would be 'speaking behind your back' — is that how Ji and Qi served Yao and Shun?"" Taizong laughed: "People say Zheng is rough, but I find him delightful — this is why." Zheng bowed: "Your Majesty invites speech — that is why I dare remonstrate; if You did not accept it, how could I touch the dragon's scales?" That month Princess Changle was to marry; as the empress's daughter, the emperor ordered a dowry double that of the Elder Princess Yongjia. Zheng said, "That cannot be. Emperor Ming of Han, enfeoffing his son, said, 'Are my sons equal to the late emperor's sons? Let them have half of Chu and Huaiyang. History praises this. The emperor's sisters are elder princesses; his daughters are princesses — the word 'elder' itself marks honor. Affection may differ, but ritual must not be exceeded."" The emperor agreed, told Empress Zhangsun, and she sent four hundred thousand cash and four hundred bolts of silk to Zheng's house. He was soon promoted to duke of the commandery. In the seventh year he replaced Wang Gui as palace attendant; stalled lawsuits in the Department of State Affairs were referred to him for judgment. Untrained in law, he judged by principle and human feeling — and all accepted his decisions. An earlier edict had assigned Linghu Defen and Cen Wenben the History of Zhou, Kong Yingda and Xu Jingzong the History of Sui, Yao Silian the histories of Liang and Chen, and Li Baiyao the History of Qi. Zheng was ordered to oversee the compilation, revising heavily for clarity and correctness. He wrote the introductory essays of the History of Sui and general essays for Liang, Chen, and Qi — histories praised as models. When the histories were finished he was made left grand master of the palace, promoted to Duke of Zheng, and given two thousand lengths of goods.
6
滿 便 便
Zheng felt he had won office by argument alone and, fearing excess, repeatedly asked to retire on account of eye disease. Taizong said, "I raised you from among enemies and gave you a pivotal post; you never failed to correct my faults. Gold in the ore — what is it worth? Forged by a good smith it becomes treasure; I compare myself to the ore and you to the smith. You are ill but not old — how can you leave so soon?" That year he asked again in person; Taizong made him supernumerary counselor while he continued to direct the Department of the Chancellery. He then submitted four memorials on the state of governance. The first reads:
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The second reads:
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The third reads:
9
便 滿
To see whether a face is fair or foul, one looks into still water; to judge a state's safety or peril, one takes a fallen state as mirror. The Odes say, "The mirror of Yin is not far — it is in the age after Xia." It also says, "Cutting a handle, cutting a handle — the model is near at hand." I ask that in all You do today You take the Sui as mirror — then survival, destruction, order, and chaos may be known. Think on what brought peril and there will be safety; think on what brought disorder and there will be order; think on what brought destruction and there will be survival. Survival lies in restraining desire and following the people. Cut hunting, cease luxury, drop non-urgent tasks, and guard against partial hearing and anger. Keep honest men near, flatterers far; reject pleasing falsehood, hear bitter truth. Remove easy climbers; treat rare goods lightly. Take Yao and Shun's boards of criticism, Yu and Tang's confession of fault, spare ten households' livelihood, and follow the people's hearts. Measure others by oneself and treat them with forbearance. Know that humility brings gain and complacency brings loss. Act, and the myriad things harmonize; speak, and the realm answers — surpassing former sages and planting fame for posterity. This is the sage-emperor's great pattern — and once achieved, it rests on careful preservation alone. Preserving is easy; winning is hard — having learned how hard winning is, can You not keep what is easy to preserve? If preservation fails, arrogance, luxury, and excess undo it. Be as careful at the end as at the beginning — can You not strive for this! The Changes say, "The noble man in safety does not forget danger, in survival does not forget ruin, in order does not forget chaos — thus his person is secure and the state preserved." These words cannot be examined too deeply. Your will to do good is no less than before, but You hear faults and correct them somewhat less readily than once. If in today's peace You practiced the reverence and frugality of earlier days, perfection would be complete — nothing would remain to praise.
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The fourth reads:
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使 使 使 使
Ruler and minister can fulfill ritual and loyalty only when neither harbors private interest and both trust each other. Without trust above, the ruler cannot employ men below; without trust below, ministers cannot serve. How great is the meaning of trust! Heaven assists it, and fortune comes without harm. Duke Huan of Qi asked Guan Zhong, "If my wine rots in the cup and my meat on the tray, would that harm hegemony?" Guan Zhong said, "That is far from good, yet it would not harm hegemony either." The duke asked, "What would harm hegemony?" He said, "Not knowing men harms hegemony; knowing them but not using them harms hegemony; using them but not trusting them harms hegemony; and trusting them yet letting petty men interfere harms hegemony." In Jin, Mu Bo of Zhonghang besieged Gu for a year without success; Jian Lun of Kui said, "I know Gu's intendant — do not weary the officers and Gu can be taken." Mu Bo did not answer. His attendants said, "Not a halberd broken nor a soldier hurt, yet Gu can be taken — why not accept?" Mu Bo said, "Jian Lun is flatterer and inhumane. If Jian Lun took Gu, I would have to reward him. Rewarding him would reward a flatterer. If flatterers prosper, Jin's officers will abandon humaneness for flattery — even with Gu, what would it profit?" Mu Bo was a feudal grandee and Guan Zhong a hegemon's aide — yet they were so careful of trust and so wary of flatterers; how much more for the lord of the four seas and sage of a thousand ages — can towering virtue be marred? To keep noble and petty, right and wrong, from mingling, embrace men with virtue, treat them with trust, steel them with righteousness, and restrain them with ritual — then approve the good, punish the evil, and petty men will cease their flattery while noble men strengthen themselves without ceasing. Rule by non-action — how far off is it? If You approve the good yet cannot promote it, hate the evil yet cannot remove it, punish the guilty insufficiently, and fail to reward merit, peril may not be kept off. Forever bestowing blessings on Your line — upon what can one set hope?
12
耀
Taizong wrote a personal edict praising and accepting them. He once told Zhangsun Wuji, "At the start of my reign some memorialists said, 'The ruler must wield power alone and not delegate to his ministers'; others wanted to display arms and overawe the four quarters. Only Wei Zheng urged me, 'Lay down arms and raise culture, spread virtue and grace — secure the heartland and distant peoples will submit of themselves. I followed him, and the realm was greatly at peace. Distant lords came to court; barbarian envoys lined the roads with repeated translation. This is all Wei Zheng's doing.""
13
西
Taizong once resented the flood of sealed memorials as unrealistic and wished to punish their authors. Zheng memorialized: "Antiquity erected boards for slander because rulers wished to hear their faults. Today's sealed memorials are their lineal descendants. If Your Majesty wishes to hear truth, let them speak freely. If they are sincere, You benefit; if not, the state is unharmed." Taizong said, "That is right." He comforted the memorialists and sent them away. Later at Luoyang Palace, at a banquet by Jicui Pond when wine had gone deep, each minister was to compose on a theme. Taizong composed on the Documents: "The sun declines and I enjoy the hundred chapters; by lamplight I unroll the Five Canons. Xia Kang already gave himself to ease; Shang Xin drifted in indulgence. Dark lords who indulged themselves were many; enlightened lords who restrained themselves were few. Ruin the person by accumulated evil; win a name by accumulated good." Zheng composed on Western Han: "Receiving surrender at Zhidao, contending for precedence at Hong Gate. Driving relay at Weiqiao, reviewing troops at Xiiliu camp. Feasting by night at Bai Valley, touring by day from Du Plain. Only through Shusun Tong's ritual did he learn the emperor's honor." Taizong said, "Whenever Zheng speaks, he binds me with ritual." Soon, when one son was to be enfeoffed for revising the Five Rites, he asked that the title go to his late elder brother's son Shuci. Taizong said warmly, "This heart of yours can move custom." He granted the request. In the twelfth year Minister of Rites Wang Gui reported, "Officials of third rank and above dismount when meeting imperial princes on the road — an unlawful show of respect contrary to ritual." Taizong said, "Are you elevating yourselves and demeaning my sons?" Zheng replied, "From antiquity until now imperial princes have ranked below the Three Excellencies. Third-rank officials are the Son of Heaven's chief ministers and heads of the eight seats — princes should not dismount for them. There is no precedent; and to practice it today violates the constitution." Taizong said, "The state establishes a crown prince because he is meant to become ruler. A man's worth is not in age; without a crown prince, a younger brother by the same mother succeeds next. By that logic, how can I slight my sons?" Zheng said, "The Yin valued substance and allowed a younger brother to succeed an elder brother; from Zhou onward the legitimate heir must be the eldest — to cut off secondary sons' ambitions and block the root of disorder is what every state deeply guards." Gui's memorial was approved. When an imperial grandson was born, Taizong banqueted the high ministers and said, "Before Zhenguan, in pacifying the realm through hardship, Xuanling's achievement had no rival. After Zhenguan, giving his whole heart, offering loyal remonstrance, settling the state and benefiting the people, correcting my errors — only Wei Zheng. Compared with famous ministers of old, who could surpass him!" He personally unfastened his belt knife and gave it to the two men.
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Finding Dai Sheng's Record of Rites poorly arranged, Zheng compiled Categorized Rites in twenty scrolls, grouping by topic, cutting repetition, and choosing the best earlier commentary — work of several years. Taizong approved it, gave a thousand lengths of goods, had copies made for the crown prince and other princes, and stored the work in the secret treasury.
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使西使 輿 西 便使 退 輿 綿使 殿使 輿 西
Envoys had been sent to the Western Regions to install Ashina as qaghan; before they returned, more envoys were sent with gold, silk, and cloth to buy horses throughout the region. Zheng remonstrated: "You name the mission installation of the qaghan, yet before he is settled You send men to buy horses — they will think You care for horses, not for installing the qaghan. If the qaghan is installed, he will not feel deep obligation. The border peoples will think China values profit over faith — You may not get the horses and will lose righteousness. Emperor Wen of Han, offered a thousand-li horse, said, "On ill-omened days I travel thirty li, on good days fifty; with the imperial carriage before and attendants behind, where would I ride a thousand-li horse alone? He paid the journey's cost and sent it back. Emperor Guangwu, offered a thousand-li horse and precious sword, used the horse for the drum carriage and gave the sword to a cavalryman. In all You do You already surpass the Three Kings — why in this wish to fall below Wen and Guangwu? When Emperor Wen of Wei wished to buy a great pearl from the Western Regions, Su Ze said, 'If Your Majesty's grace reaches the four seas, it will come unbidden; what must be sought is not worth prizing.' Your Majesty may not emulate Emperor Wen of Han — can You not heed Su Ze's words?"" Taizong accepted and stopped the mission. When the high ministers all urged the feng and shan rites, only Zheng opposed them. Taizong said, "Speak to the utmost. Is my merit not high? Is my virtue not deep? Is the heartland not yet at peace? Do distant peoples not admire righteousness? Have auspicious omens not come? Have harvests not been good? Why then can it not be done?" Zheng replied, "Your achievement is high, yet the people have not yet felt grace; Your virtue is deep, yet its bounty has not spread abroad; the heartland is at peace, yet cannot bear the burden; distant peoples admire You, yet their demands cannot be met; though omens have come, the prisons remain crowded; though harvests have been good, the granaries are still empty — that is why I say it cannot be done. I cannot argue from distant examples — let me borrow a likeness from ordinary life. Suppose a man has been ill ten years; though treatment has nearly cured him, flesh and bone barely hold together — to make him carry a picul of rice and walk a hundred li in a day is impossible. Sui's disorder lasted more than ten years; You have been the good physician — though the sickness is eased, the body is not yet restored; to report completion to Heaven and Earth, I have doubts. If You perform the eastern feng, all states will gather; from the wilds none will fail to hurry. From the Yi and Luo eastward to the sea and Mount Dai, for a thousand li through marsh and waste, human habitation ceases and neither cock nor dog is heard; roads are desolate and travel hard — how can You lead barbarians there and show weakness? Exhausting wealth to reward them will not satisfy distant expectations; adding tax relief will not repay the people's labor. If flood, drought, or untimely weather follow, common talk will turn to regret with no remedy. This is not my earnestness alone — the marketplaces already murmur it." Taizong could not refute him. When the right vice directorship fell vacant, the emperor wished to appoint him, but Zheng firmly declined and the appointment stopped. When Crown Prince Chengqian neglected virtue and Prince Wei Tai's favor grew, officials inside and outside were uneasy. Taizong, displeased, told his ministers, "Among today's blunt loyal ministers none surpasses Wei Zheng; I send him to tutor the crown prince and cut off the realm's false hopes." In the sixteenth year he was made grand preceptor of the crown prince while continuing to direct the Department of the Chancellery. Zheng reported illness; the edict replied, "Han's crown prince had the Four Whiteheads as help — my reliance on you is the same. Knowing you are ill, tutor him from your bed." That year he was failing; palace envoys came in succession. Zheng's house had no main hall; Taizong halted materials for a small palace hall and built one for him in five days, sending plain bedding as Zheng preferred. At his crisis the emperor visited twice, wept, and asked his last words; Zheng said, "A widow does not grieve for her weaving but for the fall of Zhou." Days later Taizong dreamed of Zheng as in life; at dawn came word of his death — he was sixty-four. Taizong came in person and mourned; court was suspended five days; Zheng was posthumously made Minister of Works and area commander of Xiangzhou, with posthumous title Wenzhen. He received feather-canopy music, forty sword guards, a thousand lengths of silk and cloth, a thousand piculs of grain, and burial near Zhaoling. As the funeral was to set out, Lady Pei said, "Zheng lived frugally; first-rank burial with such splendor is not his wish." She declined all honors and carried the bier in a plain cloth carriage without ornament. Taizong from the park's western tower watched the funeral and wept, and ordered officials to escort it beyond the suburbs. The emperor wrote the inscription and carved the stone himself. Later, remembering him without cease, he granted his fief nine hundred households in actual revenue. He once told his ministers at court, "With bronze as mirror one can straighten cap and gown; with antiquity as mirror one can know rise and fall; with men as mirror one can see gain and loss. I keep these three mirrors to guard against my faults. Now Wei Zheng is dead — I have lost a mirror! After Zheng's death the emperor sent a man to his house; from his papers came one memorial — a first draft, barely legible — whose opening lines read, 'Affairs under Heaven have good and evil; employ good men and the state is secure, employ evil men and the state is disordered.' Among high ministers love and hate exist; haters see only evil, lovers see only good. Between love and hate be careful; love yet know a man's faults, hate yet know his virtues, remove the wicked without doubt and employ the worthy without hesitation, and the state can flourish. His final memorial was thus — yet I fear I cannot avoid this failing. High ministers and attendants — write it on your tablets and remonstrate when you must." Zheng looked no more than average, yet he was bold and wise; when he remonstrated to the emperor's face, even under sudden rage his expression did not change. He once secretly recommended Du Zhenglun, vice director of the Secretariat, and Hou Junji, minister of personnel, as chancellor material. After Zheng's death Zhenglun was dismissed for offense and Junji executed for rebellion; Taizong then suspected Zheng of faction. Zheng had also recorded his remonstrances and replies and showed them to diarist Chu Suiliang; Taizong, learning this, was still less pleased. Having promised Princess Hengshan to his eldest son Shuyu, he now wrote an edict stopping the marriage, and Zheng's house gradually declined. Zheng had four sons — Shuwan, Shulin, and Shuyu — besides the heir Shuyu.
16
祿
Shuyu the heir inherited the ducal title and rose to vice director of the Palace Library; Shuyu became prefect of Lu; Shulin became vice minister of rites and under Empress Wu was killed by cruel officials. At the start of Shenlong, Shuyu's son Ying was enfeoffed as Duke of Zheng in succession.
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Shuyu's son Hua was right vice mentor of the crown prince at the start of Kaiyuan.
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The historian says: I once read the Han History biography of Liu Gengsheng, who memorialized against Wang Mang's usurpation while Emperor Cheng failed to understand; Gengsheng wandered in distress and spoke without regard for peril — how loyal and thorough his service was! In Gengsheng's day remonstrators were many. Gu Yong and Yang Xing plotted profit and guided traitors; Mei Fu and Wang Ji spoke in an antique vein but missed the point. To accept remonstrance and employ the worthy is no easy thing! I have read the Record of Duke Wei and his discussions with Emperor Taizong on government — several hundred thousand words in all. In correcting faults, drawing apt comparisons, and linking categories, he surpassed remonstrators of former ages. Rooted in righteousness, issuing as law, upright in person and firm in heart — he failed no lord above, flattered no favorite below, enlarged no kin, formed no faction, changed no integrity for the times, and sold no loyalty for office. His four preserved memorials can serve as law for kings of ten thousand generations. Han's Liu Xiang, Wei's Xu Miao, Jin's Shan Tao, and Song's Xie Tiao had talent — yet beside Wenzhen's upright Way, do they not leave conduct wanting? Among remonstrating ministers of former ages, there is only one such man.
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Encomium: The wise do not remonstrate; remonstrators may not be wise. When the wise speak fully, the state benefits. Duke Zheng reached integrity; his talent encompassed statecraft. Taizong employed him; his line lasted generations.
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