Volume 137 Biographies 87: Xu Hao, Zhao Juan, Liu Taizhen, Li Shu, Shao Shuo, Yu Shao, Cui Yuanhan, Yu Gongyi, Lu Wei, Zheng Yunkui, Li Yi, Li He

舊唐書卷一百四十一‧列傳第九十一--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Old Book of Tang, Volume 141, Biographies 91

田承嗣姪悅子緒緒子季安田弘正子布牟布子在宥張孝忠子茂昭茂昭子克勤弟茂宗茂和陳楚附

Biographies of Tian Chengsi, his nephew Tian Yue, his son Tian Xu and Xu's son Tian Ji'an, Tian Hongzheng and his sons Tian Bu, Tian Mou, and Bu's son Tian Zaiyou, Zhang Xiaozhong and his son Zhang Maozhao, Maozhao's son Zhang Keqin, Zhang's younger brothers Maozong and Maohe, with Chen Chu appended

=田承嗣=田承嗣，平州人，世事盧龍軍為裨校。祖璟、父守義，以豪俠聞於遼、碣。承嗣，開元末為軍使安祿山前鋒兵馬使，累俘斬奚、契丹功，補左清道府率，遷武衛將軍。祿山構逆，承嗣與張忠志等為前鋒，陷河洛。祿山敗，史朝義再陷洛陽，承嗣為前導，偽授魏州刺史。代宗遣朔方節度使僕固懷恩引迴紇軍討平河朔。帝以二兇繼亂，郡邑傷殘，務在禁暴戢兵，屢行赦宥，凡為安、史詿誤者，一切不問。時懷恩陰圖不軌，慮賊平寵衰，欲留賊將為援，乃奏承嗣及李懷仙、張忠志、薛嵩等四人分帥河北諸郡，乃以承嗣檢校戶部尚書、鄭州刺史。俄遷魏州刺史、貝博滄瀛等州防禦使。居無何，授魏博節度使。

Tian Chengsi, a native of Pingzhou, came from a family that had served for generations in the Lulong Army as deputy commandants. His grandfather Tian Jing and his father Tian Shouyi were renowned throughout Liao and Jie as men of heroic daring. Late in the Kaiyuan reign, Chengsi served as vanguard military commissioner under An Lushan. He won repeated credit for capturing and killing Xi and Khitan foes, was appointed commander of the Left Qingdao Guard, and was then promoted to Defender-General of the Martial Guards. When An Lushan rose in rebellion, Chengsi marched with Zhang Zhizhi and others in the vanguard and helped overrun the He and Luo heartland. After Lushan's fall, Shi Chaoyi seized Luoyang once more. Chengsi led the way and was given the bogus appointment of prefect of Weizhou. Emperor Daizong dispatched Pugu Huai'en, military commissioner of Shuofang, to bring Uyghur forces and pacify Hebei. With the two rebel regimes having ravaged the realm in succession and the counties left broken, the emperor sought above all to halt violence and quiet the armies. He issued repeated amnesties and would not pursue anyone who had been drawn into the An-Shi cause. Huai'en meanwhile harbored treacherous designs, fearing that once the rebels were crushed his standing at court would fade. He wanted to keep rebel commanders at hand as allies, and so memorialized that Chengsi, Li Huaixian, Zhang Zhizhi, Xue Song, and three others should each hold command over Hebei prefectures. Chengsi was appointed acting Minister of Revenue and prefect of Zhengzhou. He was soon made prefect of Weizhou and defense commissioner over Bei, Bo, Cang, and Ying. Before long he received appointment as military commissioner of Weibo.

承嗣不習教義，沉猜好勇，雖外受朝旨，而陰圖自固，重加稅率，修繕兵甲，計戶口之衆寡，而老弱事耕稼，丁壯從征役，故數年之間，其衆十萬。仍選其魁偉強力者萬人以自衛，謂之衙兵。郡邑官吏，皆自署置，戶版不籍於天府，稅賦不入於朝廷，雖曰藩臣，實無臣節。代宗以黎元久罹寇虐，姑務優容，累加檢校尚書僕射、太尉、同中書門下平章事，封鴈門郡王，賜實封千戶。及升魏州為大都督府，以承嗣為長史，仍以其子華尚永樂公主，冀以結固其心，庶其悛革；而生於朔野，志性兇逆，每王人慰安，言詞不遜。

Chengsi had little regard for civil norms. Suspicious by nature and eager for martial glory, he accepted court orders in public while secretly strengthening his own power. He raised taxes sharply, refurbished arms and armor, and tallied households so that the old and weak worked the fields while able-bodied men served on campaign. Within a few years his forces numbered one hundred thousand. He further chose ten thousand of the tallest and strongest men to serve as his personal guard, whom he called the yamen troops. He appointed all prefectural and county officials himself. Household registers were never sent to the central registers, and taxes never reached the court. Though styled a frontier vassal, in practice he owed the throne no subject's loyalty. Because the common people had suffered so long under the rebels, Daizong chose for the moment to treat Chengsi with forbearance. He repeatedly promoted him—to acting Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, Grand Marshal, and Grand Councilor—and enfeoffed him as Prince of Yanmen with a substantive fief of one thousand households. When Weizhou was elevated to a metropolitan prefecture, Chengsi was made its chief administrator, and his son Hua was married to Princess Yongle in the hope of winning his loyalty and turning him toward reform. Raised on the northern frontier, however, he was by nature violent and defiant. Whenever court envoys came to reassure him, his replies were openly insolent.

大曆八年，相衛節度使薛嵩卒，其弟崿欲邀旄節；及用李承昭代嵩，衙將裴志清謀亂逐崿，崿率衆歸於承嗣。十年，薛崿歸朝，承嗣使親黨扇惑相州將吏謀亂，遂將兵襲擊，謬稱救應。代宗遣中使孫知古使魏州宣慰，令各守封疆。承嗣不奉詔，遣大將盧子期攻洺州，楊光朝攻衛州，殺刺史薛雄，仍逼知古令巡磁、相二州，諷其大將割耳剺面，請承嗣為帥，知古不能詰。四月，詔曰：

In the eighth year of the Dali era, Xue Song, military commissioner of Xiangwei, died, and his younger brother Xue E sought to seize the command. When Li Chengzhao was appointed to replace Xue Song, the yamen officer Pei Zhiqing stirred up a mutiny to drive Xue E out, and E led his forces over to Chengsi. In the tenth year, after Xue E had submitted to the court, Chengsi sent relatives and clients to stir up the officers of Xiangzhou. He then marched in force on a pretended rescue. Daizong sent the palace envoy Sun Zhigu to Weizhou with words of reassurance and orders that each commander keep within his own territory. Chengsi refused to obey. He sent Lu Ziqi against Mingzhou and Yang Guangchao against Weizhou, killed the prefect Xue Xiong, and forced Zhigu to tour Ci and Xiang while his officers mutilated themselves and begged that Chengsi be made their commander. Zhigu could not call them to account. In the fourth month the throne issued an edict:

詔下，承嗣懼，而麾下大將，復多攜貳，倉黃失圖，乃遣牙將郝光朝奉表請罪，乞束身歸朝。代宗重勞師旅，特恩詔允，并姪悅等悉復舊官，仍詔不須入覲。

When the edict arrived, Chengsi was frightened. Many of his senior officers wavered again, and in confusion he lost his bearings. He sent the yamen officer Hao Guangchao with a memorial begging forgiveness and offering to surrender himself to the court. Daizong, reluctant to weary the armies further, granted the plea as a special favor. Nephew Yue and the others had their former offices restored, and they were told they need not come to court in person.

十一年，汴將李靈曜據城叛，詔近鎮加兵。靈曜求援於魏，承嗣令田悅率衆五千赴之，為馬燧、李忠臣逆擊敗之，悅僅而獲免，兵士死者十七八，復詔誅之。十二年，承嗣復上章請罪，又赦之，復其官爵。承嗣有貝、博、魏、衛、相、磁、洺等七州，復為七州節度使，於是承嗣弟廷琳及從子悅、承嗣子綰、緒等皆復本官，仍令給事中杜亞宣諭，賜鐵券。十三年九月，卒，時年七十五。有子十一人：維、朝、華、繹、綸、綰、緒、繪、純、紳、縉等。維為魏州刺史；朝，神武將軍；華，太常少卿、駙馬都尉，尚永樂公主，再尚新都公主；餘子皆幼。而悅勇冠軍中，承嗣愛其才，及將卒，命悅知軍事，而諸子佐之。姪悅悅初為魏博中軍兵馬使、檢校右散騎常侍、魏府左司馬。大曆十三年，承嗣卒，朝廷用悅為節度留後。驍勇有膂力，性殘忍好亂，而能外飾行義，傾財散施，人多附之，故得兵柄。尋拜檢校工部尚書、御史大夫，充魏博七州節度使。大曆末，悅尚恭順。建中初，黜陟使洪經綸至河北，方聞悅軍七萬。經綸素昧時機，先以符停其兵四萬，令歸農畝。悅偽亦順命，即依符罷之，旣而大集所罷將士，激怒之曰：「爾等久在軍戎，各有父母妻子，旣為黜陟使所罷，如何得衣食自資？」衆遂大哭。悅乃盡出其家財帛衣服以給之，各令還其部伍，自此魏博感悅而怨朝廷。

In the eleventh year the Bianzhou general Li Lingyao rebelled and held his city. Nearby commands were ordered to raise troops against him. Lingyao asked Wei for help, and Chengsi sent Tian Yue with five thousand men. Ma Sui and Li Zhongchen met them and routed the force. Yue barely escaped, and seven or eight soldiers in ten were killed. The court again ordered their punishment. In the twelfth year Chengsi again begged forgiveness in a memorial. He was pardoned once more and had his rank and titles restored. Chengsi held seven prefectures—Bei, Bo, Wei, Weizhou, Xiang, Ci, and Ming—and was again confirmed as their military commissioner. His younger brother Tinglin, his nephew Yue, and his sons Wan and Xu were all restored to office. The Attendant within the Gates Du Ya was sent to announce the court's will, and Chengsi received an iron certificate of mercy. He died in the ninth month of the thirteenth year, at the age of seventy-five. He had eleven sons: Wei, Chao, Hua, Yi, Lun, Wan, Xu, Hui, Chun, Shen, Jin, and the rest. Wei served as prefect of Weizhou; Chao as General of Divine Martiality; Hua as Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and Commandant of Horse for the Son-in-Law, who married Princess Yongle and later Princess Xindu; the other sons were still young. Yue, however, was the boldest fighter in the army, and Chengsi admired his ability. On his deathbed he put Yue in charge of military affairs, with his sons to assist him. Nephew Tian Yue: Yue had first served as military commissioner of the Weibo central army, acting Right Regular Attendant, and Left Staff Officer of the Wei prefectural staff. When Chengsi died in the thirteenth year of Dali, the court named Yue acting military commissioner. He was fierce, strong, and by nature cruel and restless for trouble, yet he could feign righteousness abroad and scatter his wealth freely. Many rallied to him, and so he won control of the army. He was soon made acting Minister of Works and Censor-in-Chief and confirmed as military commissioner of the seven Weibo prefectures. Through the end of the Dali era Yue still appeared obedient to the court. Early in the Jianzhong era the promotion-and-demotion commissioner Hong Jinglun reached Hebei and learned for the first time that Yue commanded seventy thousand men. Jinglun had never understood political timing. He at once issued orders disbanding forty thousand troops and sending them back to farming. Yue pretended to comply and dismissed the men as ordered. Then he assembled the discharged troops and provoked them: 'You have served for years. Each of you has parents, wives, and children. Now that the commissioner has sent you home, how will you live?' The men broke into loud weeping. Yue then distributed his entire household store of silks and clothing among them and sent each man back to his unit. From that day Weibo was devoted to Yue and angry with the court.

居無何，或謬稱車駕將東封，而李勉增廣汴州城。李正己聞而猜懼，以兵萬人屯曹州，遣使說悅，同為拒命。悅乃與正己、梁崇義等謀各阻兵，以判官王侑、扈萼、許士則為腹心，邢曹俊、孟希祐、李長春、符璘、康愔為爪牙。建中二年，鎮州李寶臣卒，子惟岳求襲節鉞，俄而淄青李正己卒，子納亦求節鉞，朝廷皆不允，遂與惟岳、李納同謀叛逆。時朝廷遣張孝忠等討恒州，悅將孟希祐率兵五千援之。又遣將康愔率兵八千圍邢州，楊朝光五千人營於邯鄲西北盧家砦，絕昭義糧餉之路，悅自將兵甲數萬繼進。邢州刺史李洪、臨洺將張伾為賊所攻，禦備將竭，詔河東節度使馬燧、河陽李芃與昭義軍討悅。七月三日，師自壺關東下，收賊盧家砦，大破賊於雙岡，邢州解圍，悅衆遁走，保洹水。馬燧等三帥距悅軍三十里為壘，李納遣兵八千人助悅。

Soon afterward rumors spread that the emperor would perform the eastern feng rite, while Li Mian was enlarging the walls of Bianzhou. Li Zhengji heard this and grew suspicious and afraid. He posted ten thousand men at Caozhou and sent envoys urging Yue to defy the court together. Yue then joined Zhengji, Liang Chongyi, and others in a plan for each to keep his army in readiness. He relied on the staff officers Wang You, Hu E, and Xu Shize as his inner circle, and on Xing Caojun, Meng Xiyou, Li Changchun, Fu Lin, and Kang Yin as his fighting chiefs. In the second year of Jianzhong, Li Baochen of Zhenzhou died and his son Li Weiyue asked to succeed him. Soon afterward Li Zhengji of Ziqing died and his son Li Na made the same request. When the court refused both, Yue joined Weiyue and Li Na in plotting rebellion. The court then sent Zhang Xiaozhong and others against Hengzhou, and Yue's general Meng Xiyou marched five thousand men to reinforce the rebels. He also sent Kang Yin with eight thousand men to besiege Xingzhou and Yang Chaoguang with five thousand to hold Lujia Stockade northwest of Handan, cutting Zhaoyi's supply lines. Yue himself followed with tens of thousands of armored troops. The prefect of Xingzhou, Li Hong, and the Linming commander Zhang Pi were hard pressed by the rebels. The court ordered Ma Sui of Hedong, Li Peng of Heyang, and the Zhaoyi forces to campaign against Yue. On the third day of the seventh month the imperial army marched east from Huguan, retook Lujia Stockade, and routed the rebels at Shuanggang. The siege of Xingzhou was lifted, and Yue's forces fled to the Huan River. Ma Sui and the other three commanders pitched camp thirty li from Yue's army. Li Na sent eight thousand reinforcements to his aid.

魏將邢曹俊者，承嗣之舊將，老而多智，頗知兵法，悅昵於扈萼，以曹俊為貝州刺史。及悅拒官軍於臨洺，大為王師所破，悅乃召曹俊而問計焉，曹俊曰：「兵法十倍則攻，尚書以逆犯順，勢且不侔。宜於口置兵萬人以遏西師，則河北二十四州悉為尚書有矣。今於臨洺、武安設攻城之計，糧竭卒盡，危凶立至，未見其可也。」祐等以其異己，咸譖毀，悅復令守貝州。

The Wei officer Xing Caojun had been one of Chengsi's veterans—aged, shrewd, and skilled in warfare. Yue favored Hu E instead and relegated Caojun to the prefecture of Bei. After Yue was badly beaten by the imperial army at Linming, he summoned Caojun for advice. Caojun said: 'The art of war tells us to attack only with tenfold strength. You, Minister, are rebelling against the throne—the odds cannot favor you. Post ten thousand men at the strategic pass to block the western armies, and all twenty-four Hebei prefectures would be yours. Instead you lay siege to Linming and Wu'an. When grain runs out and your men are spent, ruin will come at once. I see no wisdom in that.' Wang You and the others slandered him for dissenting, and Yue again sent him back to guard Beizhou.

悅與淄青兵三萬餘人陣於洹水，馬燧等三帥與神策將李晟等來攻，悅之衆復敗，死傷二萬計。悅收合殘卒奔魏州，至南郭外，大將李長春拒關不內，以俟官軍。三帥雖進，頓兵於魏州南平邑浮圖，咸遲留不進，長春乃開門內之。悅持佩刀立於軍門，謂軍士百姓曰：「悅藉伯父餘業，久與卿等同事，今旣敗喪相繼，不敢圖全。然悅所以堅拒天誅者，特以淄青、恒冀二大人在日，為悅保薦於先朝，方獲承襲。今二帥云亡，子弟求襲，悅旣不能報効，以至興師。今軍旅敗亡，士民塗炭，此皆悅之罪也。以母親之故，不能自剄，公等當斬悅首以取功勳，無為俱死也！」乃自馬投地，衆皆憐之。或前撫持悅曰「久蒙公恩，不忍聞此！今士民之衆，猶可一戰，生死以之。」悅收涕言曰：「諸公不以悅喪敗，猶願同心，悅縱身死，寧忘厚意於地下乎！」悅乃自割一髻，以為要誓，於是將士自斷其髻，結為兄弟，誓同生死。其將符璘、李再春、李瑤、悅從兄昂，相次以郡邑歸國。璘等家在魏州者，無少長悉為悅所害。悅觀城內兵仗罄乏，士衆衰減，甚為惶駭，乃復召邢曹俊與之謀。旣至，完整徒旅，繕修營壁，人心復堅。經旬餘日，馬燧等進至城下。向使燧等乗勝長驅，襲其未備，則魏城屠之久矣，識者痛惜之。

Yue drew up more than thirty thousand men from Ziqing on the Huan River. Ma Sui's three armies, with the Divine Strategy general Li Sheng, attacked and routed him again. Some twenty thousand of his men were killed or wounded. Yue rallied the survivors and fled to Weizhou. At the outer south gate the general Li Changchun refused him entry, hoping to hold the city for the court. The three commanders advanced but halted at the Pingyi pagoda south of Weizhou and lingered without pressing the attack. Changchun then opened the gates and let Yue in. Yue drew his sword and stood at the camp gate, addressing soldiers and townspeople: 'I built on my uncle's legacy and have long shared your fortunes. Now defeat follows defeat, and I no longer dare hope to survive. The reason I resisted the court's punishment was that the lords of Ziqing and Hengji, while they lived, secured my succession from the late emperor. Now both are dead, and their sons ask to succeed them. I could not repay their kindness, and so war followed. Our armies are ruined and the people suffer. All of this is my fault. For my mother's sake I cannot kill myself. You should cut off my head and win reward from the court—do not die with me!' He then flung himself from his horse to the ground, and all were moved to pity. Someone stepped forward to steady him and said: 'We have long owed you our loyalty—we cannot bear to hear this! Our soldiers and people can still fight one more battle. We will live or die together.' Yue wiped away his tears and said: 'You do not abandon me in defeat, and still stand with me. Even in death I shall not forget your loyalty below!' He cut off a lock of his hair as a sworn pledge. The officers and soldiers cut their hair in turn, bound themselves as brothers, and swore to live and die together. His generals Fu Lin, Li Zaichun, Li Yao, and his cousin Ang surrendered their districts to the court one after another. Yue slaughtered every member of their families still in Weizhou, young and old alike. Seeing the city's arms depleted and its forces dwindling, Yue was terrified and again summoned Xing Caojun for counsel. When Caojun arrived he reorganized the troops, repaired the walls and camps, and morale hardened again. More than ten days later Ma Sui and the others reached the city. Had Ma Sui pressed his victory and struck before the city was ready, Weizhou would have fallen long before. Men of judgment mourned the lost chance.

會王武俊殺李惟岳，朱滔攻深州下之，朝廷以武俊為恒州刺史，又以寶臣故將康日知為深趙二州觀察使。是以武俊怨賞功在日知下，朱滔怨不得深州，二將有憾於朝廷。悅知其可間，遣判官王侑、許士則使於北軍，說朱滔曰：「昨者司徒奉詔征伐，徑趨賊境，旬朔之內，拔束鹿，下深州，惟岳勢蹙，故王大夫獲殄兇渠，皆因司徒勝勢。又聞司徒離幽州日，有詔得惟岳郡縣，使隷本鎮，今割深州與日知，是國家無信於天下也。且今上英武獨斷，有秦皇、漢武之才，誅夷豪傑，欲掃除河朔，不令子孫嗣襲。又朝臣立功立事如劉晏輩，皆被屠滅；昨破梁崇義，殺三百餘口，投之漢江，此司徒之所明知也。如馬燧、抱真等破魏博後，朝廷必以儒德大臣以鎮之，則燕、趙之危可翹足而待也。若魏博全，則燕、趙無患，田尚書必以死報恩義。合從連衡，救災卹患，春秋之義也。春秋時諸侯有危者，桓公不能救則耻之。今司徒聲振宇宙，雄略命世，救隣之急，非徒立義，且有利也。尚書以貝州奉司徒，命某送孔目，惟司徒熟計之。」滔旣有貳於國，欣然從之，乃命判官王郢與許士則同往恒州說王武俊，仍許還武俊深州。武俊大喜，即令判官王巨源報滔，仍知深州事。武俊又說張孝忠同援悅，孝忠不從，恐為後患，乃遣小校鄭築壘於北境，以拒孝忠；仍令其子士真為恒、冀、深三州留後，以兵圍趙州。

About then Wang Wujun killed Li Weiyue, and Zhu Tao captured Shenzhou. The court made Wujun prefect of Hengzhou and appointed Baochen's former officer Kang Rizhi observation commissioner over Shen and Zhao. Wujun resented seeing Rizhi rewarded above him, and Zhu Tao resented losing Shenzhou. Both nursed grievances against the court. Yue saw his opening and sent Wang You and Xu Shize to the northern armies with a message for Zhu Tao: 'When you marched under imperial orders, you took Shulu and Shenzhou within a fortnight. Weiyue was cornered, and Wang Wujun could destroy him only because of your victories. When you left Youzhou you were promised Weiyue's districts for your own command. Now Shenzhou is given to Rizhi instead. The court has shown the world that its word cannot be trusted. The present emperor is resolute and formidable, with the ambition of the First Emperor and Emperor Wu. He destroys powerful men and means to sweep Hebei clean, leaving no inheritance for our sons. Court ministers who served with distinction, men like Liu Yan, have been destroyed; when Liang Chongyi was defeated, more than three hundred of his people were killed and thrown into the Han River. You know this well. Once Ma Sui and Bao Zhen crush Weibo, the court will send civil officials to govern here, and the danger to Yan and Zhao will follow at once. If Weibo stands, Yan and Zhao are safe, and Minister Tian will repay you with his life. To ally against a common foe and relieve a neighbor's distress is the teaching of the Spring and Autumn Annals. In the Spring and Autumn era, Duke Huan was shamed if he failed to rescue a lord in peril. Your fame fills the realm and your strategy is unmatched. To rescue a neighbor is not only righteous—it is to your advantage. Minister Tian offers you Beizhou and sends me with the registers. Please weigh this carefully.' Zhu Tao, already wavering in loyalty, agreed eagerly. He sent Wang Ying with Xu Shize to Hengzhou to win over Wang Wujun and promised to restore Shenzhou to him. Wujun was delighted and sent his officer Wang Juyuan to answer Zhu Tao, while retaining control of Shenzhou. Wujun also tried to bring Zhang Xiaozhong into the alliance, but Xiaozhong refused. Fearing him as a future threat, Wujun posted a junior officer named Zheng to build a fort on the northern border against him; and appointed his son Shizhen acting commander of Heng, Ji, and Shen while sending troops to besiege Zhao prefecture.

三年五月，悅以救軍將至，率其衆出戰於御河之上，大敗而還。四月，朱滔、武俊蒐軍於寧晉縣，共步騎四萬。五月十四日，起軍南下，次宗城，滔判官鄭雲逵及弟方逵背滔歸馬燧。六月二十八日，滔、武俊之師至魏州，會神策將李懷光軍亦至。懷光銳氣不可遏，堅欲與賊戰，遂徑薄朱滔陣，殺千餘人。王武俊與騎將趙琳、趙萬敵等二千騎橫擊懷光陣，滔軍繼踵而進，禁軍大敗，人相蹈藉，投屍於河三十里，河水為之不流。馬燧等收軍保壘。是夜，王武俊決河水入王莽故河，欲隔官軍，水已深三尺，糧餉路絕。王師計無從出，乃遣人告朱滔曰：「鄙夫輒不自量，與諸人合戰。王大夫善戰，天下無敵，司徒五郎與王君圖之，放老夫歸鎮，必得聞奏，以河北之事委五郎。」時武俊戰勝，滔心忌之，即曰：「大夫二兄敗官軍，馬司徒卑屈若此，不宜迫人於險也。」武俊曰：「燧等連兵十萬，皆是國之名臣，一戰而北，貽國之耻，不知此等何面見天子耶！然吾不惜放還，但不行五十里，必反相拒。」燧等至魏縣，軍於河西，武俊等三將壁於河東，兩軍相持，自七月至十月，勝負未決。

In the fifth month of the third year, expecting relief armies, Yue led his forces out to fight on the Imperial River and was routed. In the fourth month Zhu Tao and Wang Wujun mustered at Ningjin County a combined force of forty thousand foot and horse. On the fourteenth day of the fifth month they marched south and halted at Zongcheng. Zhu Tao's staff officer Zheng Yunkui and his younger brother Fangkui defected to Ma Sui. On the twenty-eighth of the sixth month the forces of Zhu Tao and Wang Wujun reached Weizhou, where they encountered the army of Shence General Li Huaiguang arriving on the scene as well. Huaiguang's troops were in such high spirits that none could restrain him; determined to engage the enemy, he drove straight at Zhu Tao's formation and killed more than a thousand. Wang Wujun, with the cavalry commanders Zhao Lin and Zhao Wandi and two thousand horsemen, swung into Huaiguang's flank while Zhu Tao's troops pressed on from behind. The imperial army was routed; men crushed each other underfoot, and dead bodies piled in the river for thirty li until the water could scarcely run. Ma Sui and his fellow commanders pulled their forces back behind their ramparts. That night Wang Wujun diverted the river into Wang Mang's old channel to isolate the imperial troops. The water stood three feet deep, and all supply lines were severed. The imperial commanders saw no way out and sent an envoy to Zhu Tao with a message: "We overreached ourselves in offering battle to you all. Commander Wang is invincible in the field; let Minister Tao and Lord Wang work this out among yourselves. Send us back to our posts and we shall report to the throne, leaving Hebei affairs in your hands, Fifth Brother. Zhu Tao, already jealous of Wang Wujun's victory, replied at once: "Commander, you and your brother have crushed the imperial army. Minister Ma has abased himself enough—let us not push a foe to the wall." Wang Wujun answered: "Sui and the rest command a hundred thousand men, every one a renowned servant of the realm. One defeat has disgraced the dynasty—how can they ever look the Son of Heaven in the face? I am willing to let them go—but if you release them before they have marched fifty li, they will turn and fight again. Ma Sui and his allies encamped at Weixian on the river's west bank, while Wang Wujun and the other two rebel generals fortified the east. From the seventh month through the tenth neither side could claim the upper hand.

悅感朱滔救助，欲推為盟主。滔判官李子牟、武俊判官鄭儒等議曰：「古有戰國連衡誓約以抗秦，請依周末七雄故事，並建國號為諸侯，用國家正朔，今年號不可改也。」於是朱滔稱冀王，悅稱魏王，武俊稱趙王，又請李納稱齊王。十一月一日，築壇於魏縣中，告天受之。滔為盟主，稱孤；武俊、悅、納稱寡人。滔以幽州為范陽府，恒州為真定府，魏州為大名府，鄆州為東平府，皆以長子為元帥。偽冊之日，其軍上有雲物稍異，馬燧等望而笑曰：「此雲無知，乃為賊瑞。」又其營地前三年土長高三尺餘，魏州戶曹韋稔為土長頌曰：「益土之兆也。」

Moved by Zhu Tao's aid in his hour of need, Tian Yue sought to make him chief of their alliance. Zhu Tao's staff officer Li Zimu and Wang Wujun's staff officer Zheng Ru proposed: "In the Warring States age the six states joined in alliance against Qin. Let us revive that precedent: each shall proclaim himself a feudal prince under his own title, yet still observe the court calendar and reign title—we need not change the current era name. Zhu Tao took the title Prince of Ji, Tian Yue Prince of Wei, Wang Wujun Prince of Zhao, and Li Na was invited to become Prince of Qi. On the first of the eleventh month they raised an altar in Weixian and received their titles with rites before Heaven. As head of the alliance, Zhu Tao styled himself gu. Wang Wujun, Tian Yue, and Li Na styled themselves gua ren. Zhu Tao renamed Youzhou Fanyang Prefecture, Hengzhou Zhending, Weizhou Daming, and Yanzhou Dongping, placing an eldest son at the head of each. On the day of their bogus enthronement strange clouds gathered above their camp. Ma Sui and his colleagues looked up and laughed: "Clouds have no sense of their own—they take omens for traitors. Three years earlier the ground at their camp had swelled upward more than three feet. Wei Ren, a registrar of Wei Prefecture, praised the mound as an augury of expanding lands." So ended their reading of the omen.

四年十月，涇師犯闕，諸帥各還本鎮。悅、滔、武俊互相疑惑，各去王號，遣使歸國，悅亦致書於抱真，遣使聞奏。興元元年正月，加悅檢校尚書右僕射，封濟陽王，使並如故，仍令給事中、兼御史大夫孔巢父往魏州宣慰。時悅阻兵四年，身雖驍猛，而性愎無謀，以故頻致破敗，士衆死者十七八。魏人苦於兵革，願息肩焉，聞巢父至，莫不舞忭。悅方宴巢父，為其從弟緒所殺。子緒緒，承嗣第六子。大曆末，授京兆府參軍。承嗣卒時，緒年幼稚。承嗣慮諸子不任軍政，以從子悅便弓馬，性狡黠，故任遇之，俾代為帥守。及緒年長，悅以承嗣委遇之厚，待緒等無間，令主衙軍。緒兇險多過，悅不忍，嘗笞而拘之，緒頗怨望，常俟釁隟。會興元元年，朝廷宥悅，仍令孔巢父往宣慰。悅旣順命，門階徹警。悅宴巢父夜歸，緒率左右數十人先殺悅腹心蔡濟、扈萼、許士則等，挺劒而入。其兩弟止之，緒斬止者，遂徑升堂。悅方沉醉，緒手刃悅并悅妻高氏，又入別院殺悅母馬氏。自河北諸盜殘害骨肉，無酷於緒者。緒懼衆不附，奔出北門，邢曹俊、孟希祐等領徒數百追及之，遙呼之曰「節度使須郎君為之，他人固不可也。」乃以緒歸衙，推為留後。明日，歸罪於扈萼，以其首徇，然後稟於孔巢父，遣使以聞。時緒兄綸居長，為亂兵所殺，遂以緒為留後。朝廷授緒銀青光祿大夫、魏州大都督府長史、兼御史大夫、魏博節度使。時朱滔率兵兼引迴紇之衆南侵，緒遣兵助王武俊、李抱真，大破朱滔于經城，以功授檢校工部尚書。貞元元年，以嘉誠公主出降緒，加駙馬都尉。尋遷檢校左僕射，封常山郡王，食邑三千戶。改封鴈門郡王，食實封五百戶。尋加同平章事。

In the tenth month of the fourth year, when mutinous troops from Jingzhou stormed the capital, every rebel commander pulled back to his own territory. Tian Yue, Zhu Tao, and Wang Wujun turned suspicious of one another, renounced their royal titles, and sent envoys to renew allegiance to the court. Yue also wrote Li Bao Zhen and dispatched messengers to inform the emperor. In the first month of Xingyuan 1 the court promoted Tian Yue to acting Right Vice Director of State Affairs, created him Prince of Jiyang, and confirmed his existing posts, while dispatching Palace Attendant and concurrent Censor-in-Chief Kong Chaofu to Weizhou to announce the imperial favor. Tian Yue had defied the court with armed force for four years. Personally fierce in battle, he was stubborn and devoid of strategy, and defeat followed defeat until seven or eight soldiers in ten had perished. The people of Wei were exhausted by war and longed for peace; when word came that Kong Chaofu was on his way, they rejoiced as if dancing. While entertaining Kong Chaofu at a banquet, Tian Yue was slain by his cousin Tian Xu. His son Tian Xu was the sixth son of Tian Chengsi. At the end of the Dali period he received an appointment as aide in the Jingzhao prefectural administration. Tian Xu was still a child when Tian Chengsi died. Fearing that none of his own sons could handle military command, Chengsi turned to his nephew Yue, who was adept at riding and archery and sharp-witted by nature. He entrusted him with power and made him de facto ruler of the province. After Xu came of age, Yue— mindful of the great trust Chengsi had placed in him— showed Xu equal favor with his own brothers and put him in charge of the headquarters guard. Xu was vicious and unruly, and when Yue could stand it no longer he had him flogged and imprisoned. Xu nursed a grievance and watched continually for his chance. It was the first year of Xingyuan; the throne pardoned Tian Yue and once again sent Kong Chaofu to bring the imperial message of favor. Once Yue had accepted the court's terms, the guards at his gate were dismissed entirely. After the banquet Tian Yue saw Kong Chaofu home at night. Xu led a few dozen followers, cut down Yue's closest advisers—Cai Ji, Hu E, and Xu Shize— and stormed inside sword in hand. Two younger brothers tried to halt him; Xu killed them on the spot and marched straight into the main hall. Tian Yue was dead drunk. Xu ran him through with his own hand, killed Yue's wife Lady Gao, then entered the side courtyard and murdered his mother Lady Ma. Among all the Hebei warlords who butchered their own kin, none matched Xu's brutality. Xu, fearing the troops would not follow him, fled through the north gate. Xing Caojun, Meng Xiyou, and several hundred men caught up with him and shouted from a distance: "Only you, sir, can command this army—no one else will do. They escorted Xu back to headquarters and proclaimed him acting military commissioner. The next day they pinned the crime on Hu E, paraded his head as a warning, reported the matter to Kong Chaofu, and sent messengers to notify the court. Xu's eldest brother Lun, who stood first in line, had been killed in the mutiny, so Xu was confirmed as acting commissioner. The court invested Xu as Silver Blue-Glitter Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, chief administrator of Weizhou, concurrent Censor-in-Chief, and Weibo military commissioner. When Zhu Tao marched south with Uyghur allies, Xu sent troops to support Wang Wujun and Li Bao Zhen and routed Zhu Tao at Jingcheng. For this victory he was made acting Minister of Works. In Zhenyuan 1 Princess Jiacheng was given to him in marriage, and he received the post of Captain of the Feathered Forest. He was soon promoted to acting Left Vice Director of State Affairs, created Prince of Changshan with an estate of three thousand households. His title was changed to Prince of Yanmen with a substantive fief of five hundred households. Shortly afterward he was appointed Grand Councilor.

初，田悅性儉嗇，衣服飲食，皆有節度，而緒等兄弟，心常不足。緒旣得志，頗縱豪侈，酒色無度。貞元十二年四月，暴卒，時年三十三，贈司空，賻賚加等。子三人：季和、季直、季安。季和為澶州刺史；季直為衙將；季安最幼，為嫡嗣。孫季安季安字夔。母微賤，嘉誠公主蓄為己子，故寵異諸兄。年數歲，授左衛冑曹參軍，改著作佐郎、兼侍御史，充魏博節度副大使；累加至試光祿少卿、兼御史大夫。緒卒時，季安年纔十五，軍人推為留後，朝廷因授起復左金吾衛將軍，兼魏州大都督府長史、魏博節度營田觀察處置等使。服闋，拜銀青光祿大夫、檢校尚書右僕射，進位檢校司空，襲封鴈門郡王。未幾，加金紫光祿大夫，以本官同中書門下平章事。

In the beginning Tian Yue lived frugally, regulating every garment and meal, yet Xu and his brothers were never content. Once in power, Xu gave himself over to extravagance, wine, and women without restraint. In the fourth month of Zhenyuan 12 he died suddenly at thirty-three. The court posthumously made him Minister of Works and granted enhanced funeral gifts. He left three sons: Jihe, Jizhi, and Ji'an. Jihe served as prefect of Chanszhou; Jizhi was a headquarters officer; Ji'an, the youngest, was the legitimate heir. Ji'an— styled Kui— was the grandson in the direct line. His birth mother was of humble rank, but Princess Jiacheng reared him as her own, and so he was favored above his brothers. While still a small child he was made an aide in the Left Guard armory, then Assistant Editing Secretary and concurrent palace censor, and appointed deputy Weibo commissioner; he rose cumulatively to acting Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and concurrent Censor-in-Chief. When Xu died Ji'an was only fifteen; the troops chose him acting commissioner, and the court appointed him Left Gold Crow Guard general without requiring him to leave mourning— along with the posts of chief administrator of Weizhou and full Weibo military and civil commissioner. After mourning he received Silver Blue-Glitter Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, acting Right Vice Director of State Affairs, acting Minister of Works, and inherited the title Prince of Yanmen. Before long he was further promoted to Golden Purple-Glitter Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and Grand Councilor while retaining his existing offices.

季安幼守父業，懼嘉誠之嚴，雖無他才能，亦粗修禮法；及公主薨，遂頗自恣，擊鞠、從禽色之娛。其軍中政務，大抵任徇情意，賔僚將校，言皆不從。免公主喪，加檢校司徒。元和中，王承宗擅襲戎帥，憲宗命吐突承璀為招撫使，會諸軍進討。季安亦遣大將率兵赴會，仍自供糧餉。師還，加太子太保。

While young Ji'an held to his father's legacy and, in awe of Princess Jiacheng's strictness, observed propriety as best he could despite little talent of his own; but after the princess died he indulged freely in ball games, hunting, and the pleasures of wine and women. Army affairs he handled entirely by whim; neither staff nor generals could sway him. When the mourning period for the princess ended, he was made acting Minister of Education. In the Yuanhe period Wang Chengzong seized command without authorization; Emperor Xianzong appointed Tuzu Chenghui pacification commissioner and gathered allied armies to march against him. Ji'an sent a senior general with troops to join the campaign and supplied the rations himself. After the troops came home he was made Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent.

季安性忍酷，無所畏懼。有進士丘絳者，嘗為田緒從事，及季安為帥，絳與同職侯臧不恊，相持爭權。季安怒，斥絳為下縣尉，使人召還，先掘坎於路左，旣至坎所，活排而瘞之，其兇暴如此。元和七年卒，時年三十二，贈太尉。子懷諫、懷禮、懷詢、懷讓。

Ji'an was ruthless and feared nothing. A jinshi named Qiujiang had served on Tian Xu's staff; when Ji'an took command, Qiujiang feuded with his colleague Hou Zang over power. Enraged, Ji'an banished Qiujiang to a lowly county post, then recalled him— only to have a pit dug beside the road. When Qiujiang arrived he was thrown in alive and buried. Such was his savagery. He died in Yuanhe 7 at the age of thirty-two; the court posthumously named him Grand Preceptor. His sons were Huaijian, Huaili, Huaixun, and Huairang.

懷諫母，元誼女。及季安卒，元氏召諸將欲立懷諫，衆皆唯唯。懷諫幼，未能御事，軍政無巨細皆取決於私白身蔣士則，數以愛憎移易將校。衙軍怒，取前臨清鎮將田興為留後，遣懷諫歸第，殺蔣士則等十餘人。田興葬季安畢，送懷諫於京師，乃起復授右監門衛將軍，賜第一區，芻米甚厚。田氏自承嗣據魏州至懷諫，四世相傳襲四十九年，而田興代焉。

Huaijian's mother was a daughter of Yuan Yi. When Ji'an died, Yuan Yi summoned the generals to install Huaijian, and they murmured their assent. Huaijian was too young to rule; all military affairs, great and small, fell to a private citizen named Jiang Shize, who reshuffled commanders according to his personal likes and dislikes. The headquarters guard rebelled, chose the former Linqing commander Tian Xing as acting commissioner, sent Huaijian home, and killed Jiang Shize and more than a dozen others. After burying Ji'an, Tian Xing sent Huaijian to the capital, where the court restored him from mourning as Right Gate Guard general, gave him a mansion, and granted lavish provisions. From Tian Chengsi's seizure of Weizhou through Huaijian the Tian family held power for four generations and forty-nine years— until Tian Xing took their place.

=田弘正=田弘正，本名興。祖延惲，魏博節度使承嗣之季父也，位終安東都護府司馬。延惲生廷玠，幼敦儒雅，不樂軍職，起家為平舒丞，遷樂壽、清池、束城、河間四縣令，所至以良吏稱。大曆中，累官至太府卿、滄州別駕，遷滄州刺史、兼御史中丞，充橫海軍使。承嗣與淄青李正己、恒州李寶臣不恊，承嗣旣令廷玠守滄州，而寶臣、朱滔聯兵攻擊，欲兼其土宇。廷玠嬰城固守，連年受敵，兵盡食竭，人易子而食，卒無叛者，卒能保全城守。朝廷嘉之，遷洺州刺史，又改相州。屬薛崿之亂，承嗣蠶食薛嵩所部；廷玠守正字民，不以宗門回避而改節。建中初，族姪悅代承嗣領軍政，志圖兇逆，慮廷玠不從，召為節度副使。悅姦謀頗露，廷玠謂悅曰：「爾藉伯父遺業，可稟守朝廷法度，坐享富貴，何苦與恒、鄆同為叛臣？自兵亂已來，謀叛國家者，可以歷數，鮮有保完宗族者。爾若狂志不悛，可先殺我，無令我見田氏之赤族也。」乃謝病不出。悅過其第而謝之，廷玠杜門不納，將吏請納。建中三年，鬱憤而卒。

Tian Hongzheng — whose original name was Xing. His grandfather Tian Yanyun was the youngest uncle of military commissioner Tian Chengsi and ended his career as aide in the Andong Protectorate. Yanyun's son Tingjie was raised on the classics and shunned military life. He began as magistrate of Pingshu and served successively as magistrate of Leshou, Qingchi, Shucheng, and Hejian, winning praise as an upright administrator wherever he went. During the Dali reign he rose to Grand Custodian of the Imperial Treasury and vice prefect of Cangzhou, then became prefect of Cangzhou, vice censor-in-chief, and Henghai army commissioner. Chengsi was at odds with Li Zhengji of Ziqing and Li Baochen of Hengzhou. After posting Tingjie to defend Cangzhou, Baochen and Zhu Tao joined forces to seize his territory. Tingjie held the city through years of siege until arms and grain were gone and men traded their children for food. Yet no one deserted him, and the walls stood. The court commended his defense and moved him to prefect of Luozhou, then of Xiangzhou. During the turmoil following Xue E's rebellion, Chengsi gradually swallowed the lands once held by Xue Song; Tingjie governed with integrity and never softened his rule out of family loyalty. Early in the Jianzhong reign his kinsman Tian Yue succeeded Chengsi and plotted rebellion. Expecting Tingjie would not go along, Yue recalled him as deputy commissioner. When Yue's designs grew plain, Tingjie warned him: "You hold power your uncle left you. Obey the court's laws and live in honor— why join the rebels of Heng and Yan? Since the wars began, traitors have been beyond counting, and scarcely one has saved his entire house. If you will not abandon this mad course, kill me first— do not make me watch the Tian family wiped out. With that he pleaded illness and refused to appear. Yue came to his door to apologize, but Tingjie shut him out. His staff urged him to relent. In Jianzhong 3 he died of grief and indignation.

弘正，廷玠之第二子。少習儒書，頗通兵法，善騎射，勇而有禮，伯父承嗣愛重之。當季安之世，為衙內兵馬使。季安惟務侈靡，不卹軍務，屢行殺罰，弘正每從容規諷，軍中甚賴之。季安以人情歸附，乃出為臨清鎮將，欲捃摭其過害之。弘正假以風痺請告，灸灼滿身，季安謂其無能為。及季安病篤，其子懷諫幼騃，乃召弘正署其舊職。

Tian Hongzheng was the second son of Tian Tingjie. He studied the classics in youth, knew military arts, rode and shot well, and combined courage with courtesy; his uncle Chengsi prized him highly. Under Ji'an he served as commander of the headquarters guard cavalry. Ji'an cared only for luxury and neglected military duties, imposing executions and punishments at will; Hongzheng gently counseled him in indirect remonstrance, and the troops came to depend on him greatly. Because the men had grown attached to Hongzheng, Ji'an transferred him to command the Linqing garrison, hoping to collect evidence of misconduct and destroy him. Hongzheng feigned rheumatism to take sick leave, his body covered with moxibustion scars, and Ji'an concluded he posed no threat. As Ji'an lay dying and his son Huaijian proved young and inept, he recalled Hongzheng to his former command.

季安卒，懷諫委家僮蔣士則改易軍政，人情不悅，咸曰：「都知兵馬使田興可為吾帥也。」衙兵數千詣興私第陳請，興拒關不出，衆呼噪不已。興出，衆環而拜，請入府署。興頓仆於地，久之，度終不免，乃令於軍中曰：「三軍不以興不肖，令主軍務，欲與諸軍前約，當聽命否？」咸曰：「惟命是從。」興曰：「吾欲守天子法，以六州版籍請吏，勿犯副大使，可乎？」皆曰：「諾。」是日，入府視事，殺蔣士則十數人而已。晚自府歸第，其兄融責興曰：「爾卒不能自晦，取禍之道也。」翌日，具事上聞，憲宗嘉之，加興銀青光祿大夫、檢校工部尚書、魏州大都督府長史、兼御史大夫、上柱國、沂國公，充魏、博等州節度觀察處置支度營田等使，仍賜名弘正。仍令中書舍人裴度使魏州宣慰，賜魏博三軍賞錢一百五十萬貫。

After Ji'an's death, Huaijian put his house slave Jiang Shize in charge of reshaping military administration; the troops grew restless and declared, 'Army Commissioner Tian Xing ought to be our commander. Several thousand guard soldiers went to Xing's private residence to petition him, but he barred the gates and refused to emerge as the crowd clamored without cease. When Xing finally emerged, the men surrounded him and kowtowed, begging him to enter headquarters and take command. Xing collapsed to the ground; after a long while, seeing no escape, he addressed the army: 'You do not disdain my unworthiness by putting me in charge. Before we go forward I want a prior agreement with you all—will you obey my orders? They all answered, 'We will obey whatever you command.' Xing said, 'I wish to uphold the emperor's law and offer the six prefectures' registers to the civil officials—and not harm the vice commissioner. Is that acceptable?' They all said, 'Agreed.' That day he entered headquarters to take up command, executing only Jiang Shize and about ten others. That evening, returning from headquarters to his residence, his elder brother Rong rebuked him: 'You ultimately cannot hide your light—this is the way to invite disaster. The next day he reported everything to the throne; Emperor Xianzong praised him and promoted Xing to Silver Blue Light Grand Master, Acting Minister of Works, chief administrator of Weizhou metropolitan prefecture, concurrent Censor-in-chief, Upper Pillar of State, and Duke of Yi, appointing him military governor and commissioner over Wei, Bo, and other prefectures, and bestowing the name Hongzheng. The court also dispatched Secretariat Drafting Academician Pei Du to Weizhou to deliver imperial consolation and granted the Wei-Bo armies a reward of 1.5 million strings of cash.

弘正旣受節鉞，上表曰：「臣聞君臣父子，是謂大倫，爰立紀綱，以正上下。其或子不為子，臣不為臣，覆載莫可得容，幽明所宜共殛。臣家本邊塞，累代唐人，從乃祖乃父以來，沐文子文孫之化。臣幸因宗族，早列偏裨，驅馳戎馬之鄉，不睹朝廷之禮。惟忠與孝，天與臣心，常思奮不顧生，以身殉國，無由上達，私自感傷。豈意命偶昌時，事緣難故，白刃之下，謬見推崇。天慈遽臨，免書罪累，朝章荐及，仍委旂旄。錫封壤於全藩，列班榮於八座，君父之恩已極，絲毫之効未伸，但以靦冒知羞，低徊自愧。是知功榮所著，必俟危亂之時；徼幸之來，却在清平之日。循涯揣分，以寵為憂。伏自天寶已還，幽陵肇亂，山東奧壤，悉化戎墟。外撫車馬，內懷梟獍，官封代襲，刑賞自專，國家含垢匿瑕，垂六十載。臣每思此事，當食忘餐。若稍假天年，得奉宸算，兼弱攻昧，批亢擣虛，竭鷹犬之資，展獲禽之用，導揚和氣，洗滌偽風，然後退歸田園，以避賢路。臣懷此志，陛下察之。」優詔襃美。

Once invested with the commander's seals and banners, Hongzheng memorialized: 'Your subject has heard that lord and minister, father and son, are the great bonds of human society, by which order is established to set high and low aright. If a son is not a son and a subject not a subject, heaven and earth can no longer shelter him, and the spirits above and below ought jointly to destroy him. My family originates on the frontier; for generations we have been men of Tang, and from my grandfathers and fathers downward I have bathed in the civilizing rule of cultured generations. Fortunate through clan ties, I early took rank among junior officers, racing through lands of warhorses without ever seeing the court's rites. Heaven had planted loyalty and filial piety in my heart; I often dreamed of charging forward heedless of death to give my body for the state, yet with no way to reach Your Majesty I could only grieve in private. Who would have thought that my lot would meet a flourishing age and that affairs would turn on difficult circumstances—under drawn blades I was mistakenly raised up. Heaven's grace suddenly descended, pardoning my accumulated faults; court honors heaped upon me, and the command banners were placed in my hands. Fief granted over a whole commandery, rank listed among the eight chief ministers—the grace of lord and father has reached its limit, yet I have rendered not the slightest service; I only blush at my presumption and hang my head in shame. From this one learns that merit and glory are won only in times of peril and disorder; undeserved fortune, by contrast, arrives in days of peace and order. Measuring myself against the limits of my worth, I take favor as cause for anxiety. Since the Tianbao era, Youling first rebelled, and the rich lands east of the mountains all became martial wasteland. Outwardly they placated chariots and horses; inwardly they harbored wolfish hearts; office and fief passed by inheritance, punishments and rewards were their own—the state swallowed affronts and hid flaws for nearly sixty years. Each time I reflect on this, I forget my meal while eating. If Heaven grants me a few more years to serve Your Majesty's long design—to join the weak in attacking the blind, strike the throat and raid the empty places, exhaust the strength of hawk and hound to display the use of captured quarry, guide and spread harmonious qi, and wash away false custom—then I would retire to field and garden and yield the path for the worthy. Your subject holds this resolve—may Your Majesty see it clearly. The emperor replied with an edict of commendation.

弘正樂聞前代忠孝立功之事，於府舍起書樓，聚書萬餘卷，視事之隟，與賔佐講論古今言行可否。今河朔有沂公史例十卷，弘正客為弘正所著也。魏州自承嗣已來，館宇服玩有踰常制者，悉命徹毀之，以正廳大侈不居，乃視事于採訪使廳。賔僚參佐，請之於朝。頗好儒書，尤通史氏，左傳、國史，知其大略。

Hongzheng delighted in accounts of loyalty, filial piety, and achievement from earlier ages; in his headquarters he built a book tower, gathered more than ten thousand scrolls, and in intervals between handling affairs discussed with guests and aides whether conduct ancient and modern was right or wrong. Today in Hebei there survives Records of Duke Yi in Ten Scrolls, compiled by Hongzheng's retainers on his behalf. Since Chengsi's time in Weizhou, buildings, furnishings, and trappings that exceeded ordinary standards were all ordered dismantled and destroyed; finding the main hall too extravagantly large to occupy, he conducted business from the Recruitment Commissioner hall. He requested guests, staff, and aides from the court. He greatly favored Confucian texts and was especially versed in historical works, knowing the general outlines of the Zuo Commentary and the National Histories.

自弘正歸國，幽、恒、鄆、蔡有齒寒之懼，屢遣客間說，多方誘阻，而弘正終始不移其操。裴度明理體，詞說雄辯，弘正聽其言，終夕不倦，遂深相結納，由是奉上之意逾謹。元和十年，朝廷用兵討吳元濟，弘正遣子布率兵三千進討，屢戰有功。李師道以弘正効忠，又襲其後，不敢顯助元濟，故絕其掎角之援，王師得致討焉。俄而王承宗叛，詔弘正以全師壓境，承宗懼，遣使求救於弘正，遂表其事，承宗遂納二子，獻德、棣二州以自解。

Since Hongzheng returned to allegiance, You, Heng, Yun, and Cai felt the chill of neighboring teeth; they repeatedly sent envoys to intrigue and in many ways tried to lure and obstruct him, yet Hongzheng from beginning to end did not shift his principles. Pei Du grasped principles and governance, his discourse forceful and eloquent; Hongzheng listened all night without tiring, and they formed a deep bond—whereupon his devotion to the throne grew ever more scrupulous. In the tenth year of Yuanhe the court raised troops against Wu Yuanji; Hongzheng sent his son Bu at the head of three thousand men to join the campaign, winning repeated victories. Because Li Shidao saw Hongzheng serving loyally and striking at his rear, he dared not openly aid Yuanji, thus cutting off pincer support and allowing the imperial armies to mount their campaign. Before long Wang Chengzong rebelled; the edict ordered Hongzheng to press the border with his full army. Chengzong feared this and sent envoys begging Hongzheng for rescue; Hongzheng reported the matter, and Chengzong thereupon surrendered two sons and offered De and Di prefectures to extricate himself.

十三年，王師加兵於鄆，詔弘正與宣武、義成、武寧、橫海等五鎮之師會軍齊進。十一月，弘正自帥全師自楊劉渡河築壘，距鄆四十里。師道遣大將劉悟率重兵以抗弘正，結壘相望。前後合戰，魏軍大捷，而李愬、李光顏三面進攻，賊皆挫敗，其勢將危。十四年三月，劉悟以河上之衆倒戈入鄆，斬師道首，詣弘正請降。淄青十二州平，論功加檢校司徒、同中書門下平章事。是年八月，弘正入覲，憲宗待之隆異，對於麟德殿，參佐將校二百餘人皆有頒錫，進加檢校司徒、兼侍中，實封三百戶。仍以其兄檢校刑部尚書、相州刺史融為太子賔客，東都留司。弘正三上章，願留闕下，憲宗勞之曰：「昨韓弘至朝，稱疾懇辭戎務，朕不得不從。今卿復請留，意誠可尚，然魏土樂卿之政，隣境服卿之威，為我長城，不可辭也。可亟歸藩。」弘正每懼有一旦之憂，嗣襲之風不革，兄弟子姪，悉仕於朝，憲宗皆擢居班列，朱紫盈庭，當時榮之。

In the thirteenth year the imperial armies reinforced at Yun; Hongzheng was ordered to unite with the forces of five commands—Xuanwu, Yicheng, Wuning, and Henghai—and advance together. In the eleventh month Hongzheng personally led his full army across the Yellow River at Yangliu and built fortifications forty li from Yun. Shidao dispatched his great general Liu Wu with a heavy force to oppose Hongzheng; the two sides built opposing camps facing each other. After repeated engagements the Wei army won great victories, while Li Su and Li Guangyan pressed in from three sides; the rebels were everywhere broken, and their position grew desperate. In the third month of the fourteenth year Liu Wu turned the troops on the river in mutiny, entered Yun, beheaded Shidao, and came to Hongzheng to surrender. The twelve prefectures of Ziqing were pacified; for his merit he was promoted to Acting Grand Mentor and Co-Director of the Chancellery. That year in the eighth month Hongzheng entered court audience; Emperor Xianzong received him with extraordinary honor, holding audience at Linde Hall; over two hundred aides and generals all received bestowments; he was further promoted Acting Grand Mentor and Concurrent Palace Secretary, with three hundred taxable households as permanent fief. His elder brother Rong, Acting Minister of Punishments and prefect of Xiangzhou, was appointed Crown Prince's Guest and Eastern Capital Remission Officer. Hongzheng thrice submitted memorials begging to remain at court; Emperor Xianzong comforted him, saying, 'Yesterday Han Hong came to court and earnestly pleaded illness to decline military affairs—I had no choice but to grant it. Now you again ask to remain; your intention is truly admirable. Yet the people of Wei delight in your governance, neighboring borders respect your authority—you are my long wall; you cannot decline. Return at once to your post. Hongzheng always feared sudden calamity and that the custom of hereditary succession would not change; brothers, sons, and nephews all took office at court, and Xianzong raised them all to court ranks—purple and vermilion filled the hall, and men of the time honored this.

十五年十月，鎮州王承宗卒，穆宗以弘正檢校司徒、兼中書令、鎮州大都督府長史，充成德軍節度、鎮冀深趙觀察等使。弘正以新與鎮人戰伐，有父兄之怨，乃以魏兵二千為衛從。十一月二十六日，至鎮州，時賜鎮州三軍賞錢一百萬貫，不時至，軍衆諠騰以為言。弘正親自撫喻，人情稍安，仍表請留魏兵為紀綱之僕，以持衆心，其糧賜請給於有司。時度支使崔倰不知大體，固阻其請，凡四上表不報。明年七月，歸卒於魏州，是月二十八日夜軍亂，弘正并家屬、參佐、將吏等三百餘口並遇害，穆宗聞之震悼，冊贈太尉，賵賻加等。弘正孝友慈惠，骨肉之恩甚厚。兄弟子姪在兩都者數十人，競為崇飾，日費約二十萬，魏、鎮州之財，皆輦屬於道。河北將卒心不平之，故不能盡變其俗，竟以此致亂。弘正子布、群、牟。子布布，弘正第三子。始，弘正為田季安裨將，鎮臨清，布年尚幼，知季安身世必危，密白其父帥其所鎮之衆歸朝，弘正甚奇之。及弘正節制魏博，布掌親兵，國家討淮、蔡，布率偏師隷嚴綬，軍於唐州，授檢校秘書監、兼殿中侍御史。前後十八戰，破凌雲柵，下郾城，布皆有功，擢授御史中丞。時裴度為宣撫使，嘗觀兵於沱口，賊將董重質領驍騎遽至，布以二百騎突出溝中擊之，俄而諸軍大集，賊乃退去。淮西平，拜左金吾衛將軍、兼御史大夫。十三年，丁母憂，起復舊官。十五年冬，弘正移鎮成德軍，仍以布為河陽三城懷節度使，父子俱擁節旄，同日拜命。時韓弘亦與子公武俱為節度使，然人以忠勤多田氏。

In the tenth month of the fifteenth year Wang Chengzong of Zhenzhou died; Emperor Muzong appointed Hongzheng Acting Grand Mentor, Concurrent Chancellery Director, chief administrator of Zhenzhou metropolitan prefecture, and military governor of Chengde with oversight of Zhen, Ji, Shen, and Zhao. Hongzheng, having recently fought the men of Zhen, knew they nursed grudges like those who had lost fathers and elder brothers; he therefore took two thousand Wei troops as personal guard. On the twenty-sixth day of the eleventh month he reached Zhenzhou; the promised reward of one million strings for the Zhenzhou armies had not yet arrived, and the troops raised an uproar. Hongzheng personally comforted and addressed them until sentiment gradually settled; he still memorialized asking to retain Wei troops as disciplined retainers to hold the hearts of the masses, with their grain and rewards supplied by the relevant offices. At the time Finance Commissioner Cui Jun did not grasp the larger picture and stubbornly blocked his request; four memorials went unanswered. The next seventh month the Wei troops returned to Weizhou; on the twenty-eighth night of that month the army mutinied, and Hongzheng together with family, aides, and officers—more than three hundred souls—were all killed. Muzong was shaken and grieved; he posthumously enfeoffed him Grand Marshal and augmented the funeral gifts. Hongzheng was filial, fraternal, benevolent, and kind; affection among kin ran very deep. Brothers, sons, and nephews in the two capitals numbered several tens, competing in extravagance, with daily expenses of roughly two hundred thousand; wealth from Wei and Zhenzhou was all carted along the roads to them. Hebei generals and soldiers resented this in their hearts; therefore he could not fully change their customs, and ultimately disorder came from this. Hongzheng's sons were Bu, Qun, and Mou. Son Bu—Bu was Hongzheng's third son. At first, when Hongzheng was Tian Ji'an's deputy general garrisoning Linqing, Bu was still young; foreseeing that Ji'an's line was doomed, he secretly urged his father to lead the troops under his command back to the court—Hongzheng marveled at this. When Hongzheng took command of Wei-Bo, Bu commanded the personal guard; when the state campaigned against Huai and Cai, Bu led a detached division under Yan Shou, encamped at Tangzhou, and was appointed Acting Secretariat Director and Concurrent Palace Censor. In eighteen engagements he broke Lingyun stockade and took Yancheng—Bu distinguished himself in all; he was promoted Imperial Censor. At that time Pei Du was pacification commissioner; he once reviewed troops at Tuokou when the rebel general Dong Chongzhi led elite cavalry suddenly upon them; Bu with two hundred riders burst from the ditch to strike them; soon the various armies massed and the rebels withdrew. After the pacification of Huai West he was appointed Left Golden Guard general and Concurrent Censor-in-chief. In the thirteenth year he entered mourning for his mother; he was recalled from mourning to his former post. In the winter of the fifteenth year Hongzheng transferred to Chengde command and Bu was made military governor of Heyang Three Cities Huaijie; father and son both held command banners and received their commissions the same day. At the time Han Hong and his son Gongwu were both military governors, yet people judged the Tian clan the more devoted and diligent.

長慶元年春，移鎮涇原。其秋，鎮州軍亂，害弘正，都知兵馬使王廷湊為留後。時魏博節度使李愬病不能軍，無以捍廷湊之亂，且以魏軍田氏舊旅，乃急詔布至，起復為魏博節度使，仍遷檢校工部尚書，令布乗傳之鎮。布喪服居堊室，去旌節導從之飾；及入魏州，居喪御事，動皆得禮。其祿俸月入百萬，一無所取，又籍魏中舊產，無巨細計錢十餘萬貫，皆出之以頒軍士。牙將史憲誠出己麾下，謂必能輸誠報効，用為先鋒兵馬使，精銳悉委之。時屢有急詔促令進軍。十月，布以魏軍三萬七千討之，結壘於南宮縣之南。十二月，進軍，下賊二柵。時朱克融囚張弘靖，據幽州，與廷湊掎角拒命。河朔三鎮，素相連衡，憲誠陰有異志。而魏軍驕侈，怯於格戰，又屬雪寒，糧餉不給，以此愈無鬬志，憲誠從而間之。俄有詔分布軍與李光顏合勢，東救深州，其衆自潰，多為憲誠所有，布得其衆八千。是月十日，還魏州。十一日，會諸將復議興師，而將卒益倨，咸曰：「尚書能行河朔舊事，則死生以之；若使復戰，皆不能也。」布以憲誠離間，度衆終不為用，嘆曰：「功無成矣！」即日，密表陳軍情，且稱遺表，略曰：「臣觀衆意，終負國恩，臣旣無功，不敢忘死。伏願陛下速救光顏、元翼，不然，則義士忠臣，皆為河朔屠害。」奉表號哭，拜授其從事李石，乃入啟父靈，抽刀自刺，曰：「上以謝君父，下以示三軍。」言訖而絕。時議以布才雖不足，能以死謝家國，心志決烈，得燕、趙之古風焉。

In the spring of the first year of Changqing he transferred to Jingyuan command. That autumn the Zhenzhou army mutinied, killed Hongzheng, and the army-commissioner Wang Tingcou became acting commander. At the time Wei-Bo military governor Li Su was too ill to take the field and could not resist Tingcou's rebellion; moreover, because the Wei army was Tian's old troops, an urgent edict summoned Bu, recalled from mourning as Wei-Bo military governor, further promoted Acting Minister of Works, and ordered Bu to travel post-haste to command. Bu wore mourning in a thatched hut, stripping away banners, seals, and escort finery; Upon entering Weizhou he handled affairs while in mourning, every act conforming to rites. His monthly salary of one million he took none of; he also inventoried old family property in Wei—more than one hundred thousand strings in all—and distributed it entirely to the soldiers. Staff commander Shi Xiancheng, drawn from his own subordinates and judged sure to render sincere service, was made vanguard army commissioner, and all elite troops were entrusted to him. Repeated urgent edicts pressed him to advance. In the tenth month Bu marched thirty-seven thousand Wei troops against them and built fortifications south of Nangong county. In the twelfth month he advanced, capturing two rebel stockades. At that time Zhu Kerong held Zhang Hongjing prisoner and occupied Youzhou, coordinating with Tingcou in pincer defiance. The three Hebei commands had always been allied; Xiancheng secretly harbored different intentions. Moreover the Wei army was proud and extravagant, cowardly in close combat; with snow and cold their provisions failed—thus they lost fighting will all the more, and Xiancheng took advantage to sow discord. Soon an edict ordered Bu to divide his army and join forces with Li Guangyan to rescue Shenzhou in the east; the troops dissolved on their own, most falling to Xiancheng's control; Bu retained only eight thousand men. On the tenth of that month he returned to Weizhou. On the eleventh he convened the generals to discuss again raising the army, but officers and soldiers grew ever more arrogant, all saying, 'If the Minister can act in the old Hebei ways, we will follow him to life or death; If you make us fight again, none of us can. Bu, seeing Xiancheng's sowing of discord and judging the men would never serve, sighed, 'Merit will not be achieved!' That same day he secretly memorialized reporting army conditions and also submitted what he called a final testament, stating in brief, 'Your subject observes the men's intent—they will ultimately betray the state's grace; having achieved no merit, I dare not forget death. I humbly pray Your Majesty swiftly rescue Guangyan and Yuanyi; otherwise loyal men and true subjects will all be slaughtered by Hebei.' Weeping he presented the memorial and entrusted it to his aide Li Shi; then he entered before his father's spirit tablet, drew a knife and stabbed himself, saying, 'Above, to repay lord and father; below, to show the three armies.' When the words ended he expired. Contemporary opinion held that though Bu's talent was insufficient, he could give his death to repay family and state—his resolve fierce, capturing the ancient spirit of Yan and Zhao.

穆宗聞之駭嘆，廢朝三日，詔曰：

Muzong on hearing this was appalled and sighed; he suspended court for three days and issued an edict:

故魏博節度使、起復寧遠將軍、檢校工部尚書、兼魏州大都督府長史、御史大夫、賜紫金魚袋田布，朕以寡昧，臨御萬邦，威刑不能禁干紀之徒，道化不能馴多僻之俗，致使上公罹禍，田氏銜冤。爰整旅以徂征，每終食而浩嘆，自茲弔伐，驟歷寒暄。雖良將銳師，率皆恊力；而俟時觀釁，未即齊驅。嗟我誠臣，結其哀憤，引遷延之咎以自刻責，奮決烈之志以謝君親。白刃置於肝心，鴻毛論其生死，忠臣孝子，一舉兩全。晉稱卞氏之門，漢表尸鄉之節，比方於布，今古為隣。況其臨命須臾，處之不撓，載形章表，益深衷悃。問使發緘，悼心疾首。從先臣於厚載，爾則無愧；睹遺像於麟閣，予何所堪。端拱崇名，職垂彝典，據斯以報，聊攄永懷。可贈尚書右僕射。

The late Wei-Bo military governor, recalled-from-mourning general of Ningyuan, Acting Minister of Works, concurrent chief administrator of Weizhou metropolitan prefecture, Censor-in-chief, granted purple robe and gold fish tally—Tian Bu: We, weak and unenlightened, preside over the myriad realms; might and punishment cannot restrain those who violate discipline, and moral transformation cannot tame a people grown wayward—thereby causing the high duke to suffer calamity and the Tian clan to bear grievance. I have mustered armies to march forth; at every unfinished meal I sigh deeply; since this punitive campaign began, seasons have swiftly turned. Though good generals and sharp armies for the most part all exert themselves together; Yet they waited for the right moment and watched for openings, without advancing in unison at once. Alas, my loyal minister gathered grief and righteous anger, shouldered the fault for delay, and summoned a resolute spirit to repay sovereign and kin. He set the naked blade to his heart, treating life and death as lightly as a feather, fulfilling loyalty and filial piety in a single deed. The Jin exalted the house of Bian; the Han enshrined the martyrdom at Shixiang—in both ages Bu stands their equal, ancient and present side by side. All the more so in that final fleeting moment he met death unflinching; set down in memorials, his heartfelt devotion shines the more deeply. When the envoy broke the seal, grief pierced my heart and wracked my brow. To join the former ministers beneath the earth—you have nothing to be ashamed of; To gaze upon your portrait in the Qilin Pavilion—how can I endure it? With dignified honor and a lofty posthumous name, his office enshrined in enduring statute—by this I repay him and give brief voice to my lasting grief. He is to be posthumously granted the post of Vice Director of the Right of the Department of State Affairs.

布子在宥，大中年為安南都護，頗立邊功。子群群，大和八年為少府少監，充入吐蕃使，歷棣州刺史、安南都護。子牟牟，會昌初為豐州刺史、天德軍使，歷武寧軍節度使，大中朝為兗海節度使，移鎮天平軍。諸子皆以邊上立功，累更藩鎮，以忠義為談者所稱。

Bu's son Zaiyou served as Protector-General of Annan in the Dazhong era and won considerable merit on the frontier. His son Qun, in the eighth year of the Dahe reign served as Vice Director of the Palace Storehouses, went as envoy to Tibet, and later served as prefect of Di and Protector-General of Annan. His son Mou, at the opening of Huichang, was prefect of Feng and commissioner of the Tiande Army; he later served as military commissioner of Wuning; in the Dazhong reign he became military commissioner of Yanhai and was transferred to Tianping. All his sons won merit on the frontier, served in turn at one military prefecture after another, and were praised by contemporaries for their loyalty and righteousness.

=張孝忠=張孝忠，本奚之種類。曾祖靖、祖遜，代乙失活部落酋帥。父謐，開元中以衆歸國，授鴻臚卿同正，以孝忠貴，贈戶部尚書。孝忠以勇聞於燕、趙。時號張阿勞、王沒諾干，二人齊名。阿勞，孝忠本字；沒諾干，王武俊本字。孝忠形體魁偉，長六尺餘，性寬裕，事親恭孝。天寶末，以善射授內供奉。安祿山奏為偏將，破九姓突厥，先登陷陣，以功授果毅折衝。祿山、史思明繼陷河洛，孝忠皆為其前鋒。史朝義敗，入李寶臣帳下。上元中，奏授左領軍郎將，累加左金吾衛將軍同正、試殿中監，仍賜名孝忠，歷飛狐、高陽二軍使。李寶臣以孝忠謹重驍勇，甚委信之，以妻妹昧谷氏妻焉，仍悉以易州諸鎮兵馬令其統制。前後居城鎮十餘年，甚著威惠。

Zhang Xiaozhong belonged to the Xi people by origin. His great-grandfather Jing and grandfather Xun had been chieftains of the Yishihuo tribe for generations. His father Mi, in the Kaiyuan era led his people to submit to the dynasty and was appointed Acting Director of the Court of Banquets; when Xiaozhong rose to prominence, Mi was posthumously granted Minister of Revenue. Xiaozhong was famed throughout Yan and Zhao for his courage. At the time he was known as Zhang Alao and Wang Wujun as Meinuogan—the two were equally famed. 'Alao' was the courtesy name Zhang Xiaozhong bore from birth; 'Meinuogan' was Wang Wujun's original courtesy name. Xiaozhong was imposing in build, more than six feet tall, open-handed by nature, and reverently filial toward his parents. Late in the Tianbao era he was appointed an inner palace attendant for his skill in archery. An Lushan recommended him as a subordinate general; in defeating the Nine Surname Turks he was first to scale the walls and break the enemy lines, and for this merit was granted the post of guoyi zhechong. When Lushan and Shi Siming in turn overran the He and Luo heartland, Xiaozhong served each time as their vanguard. When Shi Chaoyi was defeated, he entered Li Baochen's service. In the Shangyuan era he was memorialized and appointed Left Lingjun Captain; he rose in turn to Acting Left Jinwu Guard General and Acting Director of the Palace Administration, was granted the name Xiaozhong, and served as commissioner of the Feihu and Gaoyang garrisons. Li Baochen, finding Xiaozhong prudent, steadfast, and fiercely brave, trusted him deeply; he gave Xiaozhong his wife's sister of the Megu clan in marriage and put all the garrison troops of Yizhou's border posts under his command. For more than ten years he held these border posts and won great renown for both stern authority and generous kindness.

田承嗣之寇冀州也，寶臣俾孝忠以精騎數千禦之。承嗣見其整肅，歎曰：「張阿勞在焉，冀州未易圖也。」乃焚營宵遁。及寶臣與朱滔戰於瓦橋，常慮滔來攻，故以孝忠為易州刺史，選精騎七千配焉，使扞幽州。奏授太子賔客、兼御史中丞，封范陽郡王。旣而寶臣疑忌大將，殺李獻誠等四五人，使召孝忠，孝忠懼不往。寶臣使孝忠弟孝節召焉，孝忠命孝節復命曰：「諸將無狀，連頸受戮，孝忠懼死不敢往，亦不敢叛，猶公之不覲於朝，慮禍而已，無他志也。」孝節泣曰：「兄不行，吾歸死矣。」孝忠曰：「偕往則并命，吾留無患也。」乃歸，果無患。

When Tian Chengsi raided Jizhou, Baochen sent Xiaozhong against him with several thousand elite horsemen. Chengsi saw how disciplined his forces were and sighed, "With Zhang Alao here, Jizhou will not be easy to take. He thereupon burned his camp and fled under cover of night. When Baochen fought Zhu Tao at Waqiao, he constantly feared Tao would strike at him, and so made Xiaozhong prefect of Yi, assigned him seven thousand elite horsemen, and had him hold the line against Youzhou. He memorialized the court, and Xiaozhong was appointed Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent and concurrent Vice Censor-in-Chief, enfeoffed as Prince of Fanyang. Before long Baochen grew suspicious of his senior generals, killed Li Xiancheng and four or five others, and sent for Xiaozhong; Xiaozhong was afraid and did not go. Baochen sent Xiaozhong's younger brother Xiaojie to summon him; Xiaozhong told Xiaojie to report back, "The generals have misbehaved and been beheaded in succession; Xiaozhong fears death and dares not come, yet he dares not rebel either—it is like your lord not appearing at court, dreading disaster and nothing more, with no other design. Xiaojie wept and said, "If you will not go, brother, I return to my death." Xiaozhong said, "If we go together we die together; if I stay, there will be no trouble." So he returned, and indeed there was no trouble.

無幾，寶臣死，其子惟岳阻兵不受命，朝廷詔幽州節度使討之。滔以孝忠宿將善戰，有精兵八千在易州，慮軍興則撓其後，乃使判官蔡雄說孝忠曰：「惟岳小子驕貴，不達人事，輒拒朝命。滔奉命伐罪，使君何用助逆，不自求多福耶！今昭義、河東攻破田悅，淮西李僕射收下襄陽，梁崇義投井而卒，臨漢江而誅者五千人，即河南軍計日北首，趙、魏滅亡可見也。使君誠能去逆効順，必受重任，有先歸國之功矣。」孝忠然之，乃遣衙官隨雄報滔，又遣易州錄事參軍董稹入朝。德宗嘉之，授孝忠檢校工部尚書、恒州刺史、兼御史大夫，充成德軍節度使，便令與滔合兵攻惟岳，仍賜實封二百戶。其弟孝義及孝忠三女已適人在恒州者，悉為惟岳所害。孝忠甚德滔之保薦，以其子茂和聘滔之女，契約甚密，遂合兵破惟岳之師於束鹿，惟岳遁歸恒州。滔請乗勝襲之，孝忠仍引軍西北，還營義豐，滔大駭。孝忠將佐曰：「尚書布赤心於朱司徒，相信至矣。今逆寇已潰，不終其功，竊所未喻。」孝忠曰：「本求破賊，賊已破矣。然恒州宿將尚多，迫之則困獸猶鬬，緩之必翻然改圖。又朱滔言大識淺，可以慮始，難與守成。吾壁義豐，坐待惟岳之殄滅耳。」旣而朱滔屯束鹿，不敢進軍。月餘，王武俊果斬惟岳首以獻，如孝忠所料。後定州刺史楊政義以州降，孝忠遂有易、定之地。時旣誅惟岳，分四州各置觀察使，武俊得恒州，康日知得深、趙二州，孝忠得易州。以成德軍額在恒州，孝忠旣降政義，朝廷乃於定州置義武軍，以孝忠檢校兵部尚書，為義武軍節度、易定滄等州觀察等使。

Before long Baochen died; his son Weiyue raised troops and refused to obey orders; the court ordered the Youzhou military commissioner to suppress him. Tao, knowing Xiaozhong was a seasoned general skilled in battle with eight thousand elite troops at Yizhou, feared that once the campaign began Xiaozhong would strike from the rear; he therefore sent his aide Cai Xiong to persuade Xiaozhong, saying, "Weiyue is a young man grown proud and high-born, ignorant of the ways of the world, who rashly defies the court's orders. Tao has been ordered to punish the guilty—why should you aid the rebel instead of seeking your own good fortune! Zhaoyi and Hedong have already broken Tian Yue; Vice Director Li of Huainan has taken Xiangyang; Liang Chongyi threw himself into a well and died; five thousand were executed beside the Han River; the Henan armies will within days turn north—the fall of Zhao and Wei is already in sight. If you truly cast off rebellion and submit in loyalty, you will surely receive heavy responsibility and the credit of being first to return to the dynasty. Xiaozhong agreed; he sent a yamen officer with Xiong to report to Tao, and also dispatched Dong Zhen, registrar of Yizhou, to the capital. Dezong commended this and appointed Xiaozhong Acting Minister of Works, prefect of Hengzhou, and concurrent Censor-in-Chief, with appointment as military commissioner of the Chengde Army; he was ordered at once to join Tao in attacking Weiyue and was granted an actual fief of two hundred households. His younger brother Xiaoyi and Xiaozhong's three married daughters who were living in Hengzhou were all killed by Weiyue. Xiaozhong was deeply grateful to Tao for recommending him; he betrothed his son Maohe to Tao's daughter, their alliance grew very close, and together they broke Weiyue's army at Shulu; Weiyue fled back to Hengzhou. Tao urged a pursuit to crush Weiyue, but Xiaozhong pulled his army northwest and encamped at Yifeng, to Tao's great alarm. Xiaozhong's staff officers said, "Minister, you have laid your loyal heart bare before Vice Director Zhu, and your mutual trust is complete. Now the rebel force is already routed— not to finish the victory, we cannot understand. Xiaozhong said, "I sought only to break the rebels—the rebels are already broken. Many seasoned officers still hold Hengzhou. Press them too hard and even a cornered beast will fight; give them breathing room and they will turn on their own. Besides, Zhu Tao talks big but sees little—good at starting schemes, poor at finishing them. I shall fortify Yifeng and sit waiting for Weiyue's destruction." Soon Zhu Tao was stuck at Shulu and dared not advance. After more than a month Wang Wujun indeed beheaded Weiyue and presented his head, just as Xiaozhong had predicted. Later Yang Zhengyi, prefect of Dingzhou, surrendered his prefecture, and Xiaozhong then held Yi and Ding. With Weiyue dead, the four prefectures were divided: Wujun took Hengzhou, Kang Rizhi took Shen and Zhao, and Xiaozhong took Yi. Because the Chengde Army title lay at Hengzhou and Xiaozhong had accepted Zhengyi's surrender, the court established the Yiwu Army at Dingzhou, appointing Xiaozhong Acting Minister of War as military commissioner of Yiwu and observation commissioner of Yi, Ding, Cang, and other prefectures.

及朱滔、王武俊謀叛，將救田悅於魏州，慮孝忠踵後，滔軍將發，復遣蔡雄往說之。孝忠曰：「李惟岳背國作逆，孝忠歸國，今為忠臣。孝忠性直，業已効忠，不復助逆矣。往與武俊同行，且孝忠與武俊俱出蕃部，少長相狎，深知其心僻，能翻覆，語司徒，當記鄙言，忽有蹉跌，始相憶也！」滔又啗以金帛，終拒而不從。易定居二兇之間，四面受敵，孝忠修峻溝壘，感勵將士，竟不受二兇之熒惑，議者多之。又加檢校左僕射，實封至三百戶。後孝忠為朱滔侵逼，詔神策兵馬使李晟、中官竇文場率師援之。孝忠以女妻晟子憑，與晟戮力同心，整訓士衆，竟全易定，賊不敢深入。及上幸奉天，令大將楊榮國提銳卒六百從晟入關赴難，收京城，榮國有功。

When Zhu Tao and Wang Wujun plotted rebellion and were about to rescue Tian Yue at Weizhou, fearing Xiaozhong from the rear, Tao sent Cai Xiong again to persuade him as his army prepared to march. Xiaozhong said, "Li Weiyue rebelled against the state; Xiaozhong returned to the dynasty and is now a loyal minister. I am a plain-spoken man. Having already turned loyal, I will not aid rebels again. In the past I marched with Wujun, and Xiaozhong and Wujun both came from tribal backgrounds and have been close since youth; I know well his crooked heart and his capacity for reversal—tell the Vice Director to remember my humble words: when a stumble comes, then you will recall them! Tao also tried to entice him with gold and silk, but he ultimately refused. Yiding lay between two rebel leaders and was threatened on every side; Xiaozhong built steep ditches and ramparts, roused and encouraged his troops, and in the end was not swayed by their enticements; many commentators praised him. The court further promoted him to Acting Left Vice Director and raised his substantive fief to three hundred households. Later, when Xiaozhong was pressed by Zhu Tao's invasion, an edict ordered Shence Army commissioner Li Sheng and the eunuch Dou Wenchang to lead troops to his relief. Xiaozhong gave his daughter in marriage to Sheng's son Ping; he and Sheng worked with one heart, trained and disciplined the troops, and in the end fully preserved Yi and Ding; the rebels did not dare penetrate deep. When the emperor went to Fengtian, he ordered Major General Yang Rongguo to lead six hundred crack troops to follow Sheng through the pass to the throne's rescue and recover the capital; Rongguo distinguished himself.

興元元年正月，詔以本官同平章事。滄州本隷成德軍，旣移隷義武，其刺史李固烈者，惟岳妻兄也，請還恒州。是歲，孝忠遣牙將程華往滄州交檢府藏。固烈輜車數十乗上路，滄州軍士呼曰：「士皆菜色，刺史不垂賑卹，乃稛載而歸，官物不可得也！」殺固烈而剽之。程華聞亂，由竇而遁，將士追之，謂曰：「固烈貪暴，已誅之矣，押牙且知州務。」孝忠即令攝刺史事。及朱滔、王武俊稱偽國，華與孝忠阻絕，不能相援。華嬰城拒賊，一州獲全，朝廷嘉之，乃拜華滄州刺史、御史中丞，充橫海軍使，仍改名日華，令每歲以滄州稅錢十二萬貫供義武軍。

In the first month of the first Xingyuan year an edict named him Grand Councilor while retaining his existing offices. Cangzhou had once belonged to the Chengde command. After it passed to Yiwu, its prefect Li Gulei—Weiyue's brother-in-law—asked to return to Hengzhou. That year Xiaozhong dispatched his yamen general Cheng Hua to Cangzhou to take formal receipt of the treasury. Gulei loaded dozens of supply carts and set out on the road; the soldiers of Cangzhou cried out, "The troops are all gaunt with hunger, yet the prefect will not grant relief—instead he loads up and leaves; the official goods cannot be taken! They killed Gulei and plundered his goods. Cheng Hua heard the turmoil, escaped through a breach in the wall, and was pursued by the troops; they told him, "Gulei was greedy and violent and has already been executed; you, as yamen aide, shall for now manage the prefectural affairs. Xiaozhong at once appointed him acting prefect. When Zhu Tao and Wang Wujun declared rebel states, Hua and Xiaozhong were cut off from each other and could not aid one another. Hua closed the city and resisted the rebels, preserving the whole prefecture; the court commended this and appointed him prefect of Cangzhou and Vice Censor-in-Chief, with appointment as commissioner of the Trans-Hai Army; he was also renamed Rihua and ordered to supply the Yiwu Army each year with one hundred twenty thousand strings of Cangzhou tax money.

貞元二年，河北蝗旱，米斗一千五百文，復大兵之後，民無蓄積，餓殍相枕。孝忠所食，豆而已，其下皆甘粗糲，人皆服其勤儉，孝忠為一時之賢將也。三年，加檢校司空，仍以其子茂宗尚義章公主。孝忠遣其妻鄧國夫人昧谷氏入朝，執親迎之禮，上嘉之，賞賚隆厚。五年七月，為將佐所惑，以兵入蔚州；尋詔歸鎮，仍以擅興削檢校司空。七年三月卒，時年六十二，廢朝三日，追封上谷郡王，贈太傅，再贈魏州大都督，冊贈太師，謚曰貞武。子茂昭、茂宗、茂和。子茂昭茂昭，本名昇云。幼有志氣，好儒書，以父蔭累官至檢校工部尚書。貞元七年，孝忠卒，德宗以邕王謜為義武軍節度大使、易定觀察使；以昇雲為定州刺史，起復左金吾衛大將軍，充節度觀察留後，仍賜名茂昭。九年正月，授節度使，累遷檢校僕射、司空。二十年十月，入朝，累陳奏河北及西北邊事，詞情忠切，德宗聳聽，嘆曰：「恨見卿之晚！」錫宴於麟德殿，賜良馬、甲第、器用、珍幣甚厚，仍以其第三男克禮尚晉康郡主。德宗方欲委之以邊任，明年晏駕，茂昭入臨於太極殿，每朝晡預列，聲哀氣咽，人皆獎其忠懇。順宗聽政，加中書門下平章事，且令還鎮，賜女樂二人，三表辭讓，及中使押犢車至第，茂昭立謂中使曰：「女樂出自禁中，非臣下所宜目睹。昔汾陽、咸寧、西平、北平嘗受此賜，不讓為宜。茂昭無四賢之功，述職入覲，人臣常禮，奈何當此寵賜！後有立功之臣，陛下何以加賞？」順宗聞之，深加禮異，允其所讓。又錫安仁里第，亦固讓不受。元和二年，又請入覲，五上章懇切，憲宗許之。冬十月，至京師，留數月，詔令歸鎮。茂昭願奉朝請於闕下，不許，加太子太保，復令還鎮。

In the second year of Zhenyuan, locusts and drought struck Hebei; rice cost one thousand five hundred cash per dou; coming after years of war, the people had no reserves, and the starving dead lay one upon another. Xiaozhong himself ate nothing but beans, and his men willingly shared the coarsest fare. All admired his thrift—he was counted among the finest generals of the age. In the third year he was made Acting Grand Marshal, and his son Maozong married Princess Yizhang. Xiaozhong sent his wife, the Lady of Dengguo of the Megu clan, to court to perform the bride-receiving rites in person. The emperor praised this and lavished rewards upon them. In the seventh month of the fifth year his staff misled him into marching troops into Weizhou; An edict soon recalled him to his post, but he was stripped of Acting Grand Marshal for campaigning without authorization. In the third month of the seventh year he died, aged sixty-two; court was suspended for three days; he was posthumously enfeoffed as Prince of Shangu Commandery, granted Grand Tutor, then again granted Grand Protector of Weizhou, enfeoffed by patent as Grand Preceptor, with the posthumous name Zhenwu. He left three sons: Maozhao, Maozong, and Maohe. His son Maozhao, whose original name was Shengyun. From youth he had ambition and spirit, loved Confucian books, and by his father's patronage rose in succession to Acting Minister of Works. When Xiaozhong died in the seventh year of Zhenyuan, Dezong named Prince Yong Yuan grand military commissioner of Yiwu and observation commissioner of Yi and Ding; Shengyun was made prefect of Ding, recalled from mourning as Left Jinwu Guard Major General, named acting commissioner, and granted the name Maozhao. In the first month of the ninth year he received full appointment as military commissioner and rose through Acting Vice Director to Grand Marshal. In the tenth month of the twentieth year he entered court and repeatedly memorialized on Hebei and northwest frontier affairs with loyal and earnest words; Dezong listened intently and sighed, "I regret meeting you so late! The court feasted him in the Qinde Hall and gave him fine horses, a mansion, utensils, and rich gifts; his third son Keli was married to the Princess of Jinkang. Dezong was on the point of giving him a frontier command when he died the following year. Maozhao mourned at the Taiji Hall, standing in the dawn and dusk processions with voice broken by grief, and all praised his devotion. When Shunzong assumed rule, Maozhao was added as co-chief minister of the Secretariat and Chancellery and ordered to return to his post; he was granted two female musicians; thrice he memorialized to decline; when the palace envoy escorted the calf cart to his residence, Maozhao stood and said to the envoy, "Female musicians come from within the forbidden palace—not something a subject should gaze upon. Formerly the Prince of Fenyang, the Prince of Xianning, the Prince of Xiping, and the Prince of Beiping received this gift—it was fitting that they did not decline. I lack the merit of those four great ministers. Reporting to court is a subject's ordinary duty—how can I accept such extraordinary favor! When other ministers later win merit, what reward will Your Majesty have left to give them? Shunzong heard this and treated him with exceptional honor, granting his refusal. He was again offered a mansion in Anren Ward, but once more steadfastly refused to accept it. In the second year of Yuanhe he again petitioned to come to court, submitting five earnest memorials until Emperor Xianzong consented. In the tenth month of winter he reached the capital, stayed several months, and was then ordered by edict to return to his post. Maozhao asked to remain at court as an attendant, but was refused; instead he was made Grand Guardian of the Crown Prince and once again sent back to his command.

四年，王承宗叛，詔河東、河中、振武三鎮之師，合義武軍，為恒州北道招討。茂昭創廩廄，開道路，以待西軍。屬正月望夜，軍吏請曰：「舊例，上元前後三夜，不止行人，不閉里門；今外道軍戎方集，請如軍令。」茂昭曰：「三鎮兵馬，官軍也，安得言外道！放燈一如常歲。」使長男克讓與諸軍分道並進。克讓渡木刀溝，與賊接戰屢勝。茂昭親擐甲冑，為諸軍前鋒，累獻戎捷，幾覆承宗。會朝廷洗雪承宗，乃詔班師，加檢校太尉，兼太子太傅。

In the fourth year Wang Chengzong rebelled, and the court ordered the forces of Hedong, Hezhong, and Zhenwu, together with the Yiwu Army, to form the Northern Route Pacification force against Hengzhou. Maozhao built granaries and stables, cleared roads, and prepared to receive the western armies. It happened to be the full moon of the first month when military officers petitioned: "By longstanding custom, for the three nights around the Lantern Festival travelers are not halted and neighborhood gates stay open; but outer-circuit troops are now gathering here—we ask that military regulations be enforced instead. Maozhao replied: "The forces of the three commands are imperial troops—how can you speak of them as outsiders! Release the lanterns as in any other year. He dispatched his eldest son Kerang to lead the armies forward along separate routes. Kerang crossed Mudao Gully and fought the rebels again and again, winning each engagement. Maozhao himself donned armor and led the vanguard, reporting victory after victory until he nearly brought Chengzong down. Just then the court reconciled with Chengzong and ordered the armies withdrawn; Maozhao was promoted to acting Grand Commandant and made Grand Tutor of the Crown Prince.

自安、史之亂，兩河藩帥多阻命自固，父死子代；唯茂昭表請舉族還朝，隣藩累遣遊客間說，茂昭志意堅決，拜表求代者數四。上乃命左庶子任迪簡為其行軍司馬，乗驛赴之。以兩郡之簿書、管鑰、符印付迪簡，遣其妻季氏、男克讓克恭等先就路，將行，誡之曰：「吾使爾曹侍親出易者，庶後之子孫不為風俗所染，則吾無恨矣。」時五年冬也。行及晉州，拜檢校太尉、兼中書令，充河中晉絳慈隰等州節度觀察等使。十二月十二日，至京師。故事雙日不坐，是日特開延英殿對茂昭，五刻乃罷。又上表請遷祖考之骨墓于京兆。在朝兩月，未之鎮。六年二月，疽發於首，卒，時年五十。廢朝五日，冊贈太師，賻絹三千匹、布一千端、米粟三千石，喪事所須官給，詔京兆尹監護，謚曰獻武。

Since the An Lushan–Shi Siming Rebellion, most military governors north of the Yellow River had defied the throne to hold their domains, passing command from father to son; only Maozhao petitioned to bring his entire clan back to court. Neighboring commands sent envoys again and again to dissuade him, but his purpose never wavered, and he submitted four memorials asking to be replaced. The emperor then named Ren Dijian, Left Sub-director of the Crown Prince's Household, as his campaign deputy, and Dijian rode post-haste to join him. He entrusted Dijian with the ledgers, keys, seals, and tallies of the two prefectures, sent his wife Lady Ji and his sons Kerang and Kegong ahead on the road, and as they were about to leave admonished them: "I am sending you to accompany your elders out of Yi in the hope that future generations will not be corrupted by frontier ways—then I shall die without regret. This took place in the winter of the fifth year. When he reached Jin Prefecture he was appointed acting Grand Commandant and Director of the Secretariat, and made military governor and surveillance commissioner over Hezhong, Jin, Jiang, Ci, Xi, and the other prefectures of the circuit. On the twelfth day of the twelfth month he reached the capital. By custom the emperor did not hold audience on even-numbered days, but on this occasion he specially opened Yanying Hall to receive Maozhao; the session lasted five watches. He also petitioned to have the remains and tombs of his ancestors and father reinterred in the Jingzhao district. He stayed at court for two months and never took up his new post. In the second month of the sixth year a carbuncle erupted on his head and he died at the age of fifty. Court mourning lasted five days. He was posthumously enfeoffed as Grand Preceptor, with condolence gifts of three thousand bolts of silk, one thousand bolts of cloth, and three thousand shi of grain; all funeral expenses were met by the state, the Jingzhao intendant was ordered to oversee the rites, and he was given the posthumous title Xianwu.

憲宗念其忠藎，諸昆仲子姪皆居職秩，仍詔每年給絹二千匹，春秋分給。克讓、克恭官至諸衛大將軍。小男克勤，長慶中左武衛大將軍。時有赦文許一子五品官，克勤以子幼，請準近例迴授外甥。狀至中書，下吏部員外郎判廢置，裴夷直斷曰：「一子官，恩在念功，貴於延賞；若無己子，許及宗男。今張克勤自有息男，妄以外甥奏請，移於他族，知是何人，儻涉賣官，實為亂法。雖援近日勑例，難破著定格文，國章旣在必行，宅相恐難虛授。具狀上中書門下，克勤所請，望宜不允。」遂為定例。子茂宗茂宗以父蔭累官至光祿少卿同正。貞元三年，許尚公主，拜銀青光祿大夫、本官駙馬都尉，以公主幼待年。十三，屬茂宗母亡，遺表請終嘉禮。德宗念茂昭之勳，即日授雲麾將軍，起復授左衛將軍同正、駙馬都尉。諫官蔣乂等論曰：「自古以來，未聞有駙馬起復而尚公主者。」上曰：「卿所言，古禮也；如今人家往往有借吉為婚嫁者，卿何苦固執？」又奏曰：「臣聞近日人家有不甚知禮教者，或女居父母服，家旣貧乏，且無強近至親，即有借吉以就親者。至於男子借吉婚娶，從古未聞，今忽令駙馬起復成禮，實恐驚駭物聽。況公主年幼，更俟一年出降，時旣未失，且合禮經。」太常博士韋彤、裴堪曰：「伏見駙馬都尉張茂宗猶在母喪，聖恩念其亡母遺表所請，許公主出降，仍令茂宗即吉就婚者。伏以夫婦之義，人倫大端，所以關雎冠於詩首者，王化所先也。天屬之親，孝行為本，所以齊斬五服之重者，人道之厚也。聖人知此二端為訓人之本，不可變也，故制婚禮，上以承宗廟，下以繼後嗣。至若墨衰奪情，事緣金革。若使茂宗釋衰服而衣冕裳，去堊室而為親迎，雖云輟哀借吉，是亦以凶瀆嘉。伏願抑茂宗亡母之請，顧典章不易之義，待其終制，然後賜婚。」德宗不納，竟以義章公主降茂宗。自是以戚里之親，頗承恩顧。

Mindful of his loyal service, Xianzong placed all his brothers and nephews in official posts and decreed an annual grant of two thousand bolts of silk, paid in spring and autumn. Kerang and Kegong rose to the rank of grand generals in the palace guard regiments. The youngest son, Keqin, served during the Changqing era as Grand General of the Left Martial Guard. An amnesty edict at the time allowed one son to receive a fifth-rank office; because Keqin's son was still young, he asked, following recent precedent, to redirect the grant to a nephew. When the petition reached the Secretariat it was referred to the vice director of the Ministry of Personnel for a ruling. Pei Yizhi decided: "The grant of office to one son is grace that honors past merit and extends reward to one's line; Only when one has no son of one's own may it pass to a male relative of the clan. Zhang Keqin already has a living son, yet he groundlessly petitions on behalf of a nephew, shifting the benefit to another clan. Who can say who that person really is? If this opens the door to selling offices, it would truly corrupt the law. Recent edict precedents cannot override fixed statutory text. National regulations must be enforced, and a nephew's grant of office cannot be handed out lightly. Submit the full report to the Secretariat and Chancellery. Keqin's request should not be approved. This ruling then became a fixed precedent. Son: Maozong. Through his father's patronage Maozong rose by stages to Vice Director of the Imperial Banquets with regular appointment. In the third year of Zhenyuan he was permitted to marry an imperial princess and was appointed Silver-Glitter Grand Master for Imperial Banquets while retaining his post as Commander of the Princess's Household; because the princess was still young, the marriage was deferred until she came of age. Thirteen years later, when Maozong's mother died, she left a deathbed memorial asking that the wedding rites be completed. Mindful of Maozhao's service, Dezong that same day appointed him General of Cloud Pennons and, by resumption from mourning, made him Left Guard General with regular appointment and Commander of the Princess's Household. Remonstrance officials Jiang Yi and others argued: "From antiquity to the present, no imperial son-in-law has ever left mourning early in order to marry a princess. The emperor replied: "What you say follows the ancient rites; but nowadays many families borrow an auspicious day to marry during mourning—why be so stubborn? They memorialized again: "We have heard that among families poorly versed in ritual lately, some daughters still in mourning for their parents—impoverished households with no powerful kin nearby—sometimes borrow an auspicious day to marry. As for a man borrowing an auspicious day to marry, nothing of the kind has ever been heard since antiquity. To order an imperial son-in-law to leave mourning and complete the wedding rites would surely shock all who hear of it. Moreover the princess is still young. To wait one more year would miss no proper season and would accord with the ritual canon. Grand Masters of Sacrificial Rites Wei Tong and Pei Kan said: "We observe that Commander of the Princess's Household Zhang Maozong is still in mourning for his mother, yet in grace to his deceased mother's deathbed request the princess's marriage has been permitted and Maozong ordered to leave mourning and marry at once. The bond of husband and wife is the great foundation of human relations; that "Guan Ju" opens the Classic of Poetry shows that royal civilization begins here. Heaven-given kinship takes filial conduct as its root; the weight of qi and zhan mourning among the five grades of garments shows how deeply humanity binds us. The sages knew these two foundations to be the root of moral instruction and beyond alteration; therefore they established marriage rites to serve the ancestral temple above and continue the lineage below. Dispensation from mourning in wartime, wearing simplified black garments, applies only when arms are taken up. If Maozong casts off mourning garments for ceremonial robes, leaves the mourning chamber to receive his bride in person, and though it be called setting grief aside and borrowing an auspicious day, he would still be polluting a joyous rite with inauspicious mourning. We respectfully ask that you set aside the request of Maozong's deceased mother, uphold the unchanging force of the statutes, wait until his mourning is complete, and only then grant the marriage. Dezong would not listen, and in the end Princess Yizhang was given in marriage to Maozong. From then on, as a member of the imperial affinal kin, he enjoyed considerable favor at court.

元和中，為閑廄使。國家自貞觀中至於麟德，國馬四十萬匹在河、隴間。開元中尚有二十七萬，雜以牛羊雜畜，不啻百萬，置八使四十八監，占隴右、金城、平涼、天水四郡，幅員千里，自長安至隴右，置七馬坊，為會計都領。岐、隴間善水草及腴田，皆屬七馬坊。至德以後，西戎陷隴右，國馬盡散，監牧使與七馬坊名額盡廢，其地利因歸於閑廄使。寶應中，鳳翔節度使請以監牧賦給貧民為業，土著相承，十數年矣。又有別勑賜諸寺觀凡千餘頃。及茂宗掌閑廄，與中尉吐突承璀善，遂恃恩舉舊事，並以監牧地租歸閑廄司。茂宗又奏麟遊縣有岐陽馬坊，按舊圖地方三百四十頃，制下閑廄司檢計。百姓紛紜論訴，節度使李惟簡具事上聞，詔監察御史孫革往按問之。革還奏曰：「天興縣東五百有隋故岐陽馬坊，地在其側，蓋因監為名，與今岐陽所指百姓侵占處不相接，皆有明驗。」茂宗怒，恃有中助，誣革所奏不實。又令侍御史范傳式覆按，乃附茂宗，盡翻前奏，遂奪居人田業，皆屬閑廄，乃罷革官。長慶初，岐人論訴不已，詔御史按驗明白，乃復以其地還百姓，貶傳式官。

During the Yuanhe era he served as Commissioner of the Imperial Stud. From the Zhenguan era through Linde the state maintained four hundred thousand government horses in the He and Long regions. In the Kaiyuan era there were still two hundred seventy thousand horses; together with cattle, sheep, and other livestock the herds numbered well over a million. Eight commissioners and forty-eight stud offices were established across Longyou, Jincheng, Pingliang, and Tianshui—an area a thousand li across—and seven horse pastures were set up from Chang'an to Longyou as the central accounting office. The best pasture and the richest farmland between Qi and Long all belonged to the seven horse pastures. After the Zhide era the western tribes overran Longyou, the state herds were scattered, the Stud Pasturage Commissioner and the seven horse pastures were abolished in name and fact, and their profitable lands passed to the Commissioner of the Imperial Stud. During the Baoying era the Fengxiang military governor petitioned to grant stud-pasture tax lands to poor people as their livelihood; local residents had held them in succession for more than ten years. Separate edicts had also granted more than a thousand qing to various monasteries and temples. When Maozong took charge of the Imperial Stud and cultivated ties with Palace Commander Tuhu Chenghui, he relied on imperial favor to revive old claims and channel all stud-pasture land rents back to the Imperial Stud office. Maozong further memorialized that Linyou County contained the Qiyang Horse Pasture, which old maps showed as covering three hundred forty qing, and an order was issued to the Imperial Stud office to survey and calculate the land. Common people protested in confusion; Military Governor Li Weijian reported the full matter to the throne, and the emperor ordered Investigating Censor Sun Ge to go and investigate. On his return Ge memorialized: "Five hundred li east of Tianxing County lies the former Sui Qiyang Horse Pasture; the land beside it took its name from the stud office and does not connect with the Qiyang site now claimed where common people have encroached. The evidence is clear on all points. Maozong was furious; counting on support from the palace commander, he accused Ge's report of being false. He also had Attending Censor Fan Chuanshi reinvestigate; Fan sided with Maozong, overturned the earlier findings entirely, seized residents' fields and estates for the Imperial Stud, and Ge was dismissed from office. At the beginning of the Changqing era the people of Qi kept protesting without end; censors were ordered to verify the matter clearly, the land was restored to the common people, and Fan Chuanshi was demoted.

茂宗俄授左金吾衛大將軍。長慶二年，檢校工部尚書，兼兗州刺史、御史大夫，充兗海沂節度等使，加檢校兵部尚書。大和五年，入為左金吾衛大將軍，充左衛使，轉左龍武統軍卒。子茂和茂和，元和中為左武衛將軍。裴度為淮西行營處置，用兵討吳元濟，建牙赴行營，奏用茂和為都押衙。茂和嘗以膽氣才略自贊於相府，故度奏用之。茂和慮度無功，淮、蔡不可平，乃辭之以疾。度怒甚，奏請斬茂和以勵行者，憲宗曰：「予以其家門忠順，為卿遠貶。」後復用為諸衛將軍，卒。附陳楚陳楚者，定州人，茂昭之甥。少有武幹，為義勇牙將，事茂昭，每出征伐，必令典精卒。隨茂昭入朝，授諸衛大將軍。元和十二年，義武軍節度使渾鎬喪師，定州兵亂，乃除楚易定節度，令馳傳赴任。亂猶未彌，楚夜馳入州城。楚家世久在定州，軍中部校皆楚之舊卒，人情大悅，軍卒帖然。轉河陽三城懷節度使。前後亟立戰功，入為龍武統軍。長慶三年卒。

Before long Maozong was named Grand General of the Left Golden Guard Regiment. In the second year of Changqing he was made acting Minister of Works, concurrently Prefect of Yanzhou and Censor-in-Chief, and military governor of Yan, Hai, and Yi; he was further promoted to acting Minister of War. In the fifth year of Taihe he entered court as Grand General of the Left Golden Guard Regiment, served as Commissioner of the Left Guard, was transferred to Commander of the Left Dragon Martial Guard, and died in that post. Son: Maohe. During the Yuanhe era Maohe served as General of the Left Martial Guard. When Pei Du was appointed to direct the Huaixi campaign against Wu Yuanji, he raised his command flag and went to the field headquarters, memorializing to appoint Maohe as chief adjutant. Maohe had once commended himself to the chancellery for courage, spirit, talent, and strategic ability, and so Pei Du memorialized to employ him. Maohe doubted that Pei Du would succeed and that Huai and Cai could be pacified, and declined the appointment on grounds of illness. Pei Du was furious and memorialized asking that Maohe be executed to encourage the army; Xianzong said: "Out of regard for his family's loyal service, I will have him demoted far away for your sake. He was later reappointed as a general in the guard regiments and died in office. Appendix: Chen Chu. Chen Chu was a native of Dingzhou and Maozhao's nephew. From youth he showed military talent. As a junior officer in the righteous army he served Maozhao, and whenever campaigns were launched Maozhao always put him in command of elite troops. When Maozhao went to court, Chen Chu accompanied him and was appointed grand general of the guard regiments. In the twelfth year of Yuanhe, Yiwu Army Military Governor Hun Hao lost his army and the troops at Dingzhou mutinied; Chu was then appointed military governor of Yiding and ordered to ride post-haste to his post. The disorder had not yet subsided when Chu rode through the night into the prefectural city. Chu's family had long lived in Dingzhou, and the officers and commanders in the army were all his old soldiers; the people were greatly pleased and the troops settled down at once. He was transferred to military governor of Heyang, San Cheng, and Huai. He won repeated military honors and later entered court as Commander of the Dragon Martial Guard. He died in the third year of the Changqing era.

=【論】=史臣曰：朝廷治亂，在法制當否，形勢得失而已。秦人叛上，法制失也；漢道勃興，形勢得也。臣觀開元之政舉，坐制百蠻；天寶之法衰，遂淪四海。玄宗一失其勢，橫流莫救，地分於群盜，身播於九夷。河朔二十餘州，竟為盜穴，諸田兇險，不近物情。而弘正、孝忠，頗達人臣之節，沂國力善無報，殆天意之好亂惡治歟！茂昭忠梗有禮，明禍福大端，近代之賢侯也。

=Commentary= The historiographer writes: Whether the court is well governed or in disorder depends only on whether its laws and institutions are sound and on the gain or loss of strategic advantage. When the people of Qin turned against their ruler, it was because institutions and laws had failed; when the Han dynasty rose in power, it was because strategic advantage had been secured. Your subject observes that under Kaiyuan's successful governance the court sat at ease and kept the hundred barbarian peoples in check; when Tianbao's laws decayed, the realm sank into chaos across the four seas. Once Xuanzong lost his strategic advantage, the flood could not be held back: the land was carved up among bandit armies and his person was driven among the nine barbarian regions. More than twenty prefectures north of the Yellow River became in the end dens of bandits; the Tian clan were vicious and treacherous, utterly alien to ordinary human feeling. Yet Hongzheng and Xiaozhong fairly understood a minister's duty; the Lord of Yi's strenuous virtue went unrewarded—perhaps heaven truly favors chaos and hates good order! Maozhao was loyal, upright, and courteous; he saw clearly the great turning points of fortune and ruin—a worthy regional lord of recent times.

贊曰：田宗不令，禍淫無應。謂天輔仁，胡覆弘正。茂昭知止，終以善勝。孰生厲階，上失威柄。

In praise: The Tian clan lacked virtue, yet punishment for excess found no answer. If heaven truly aids the humane, why was Hongzheng destroyed? Maozhao knew when to stop, and in the end prevailed through goodness. Who raised the ladder of calamity? The ruler lost the handle of power.

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