1
回紇，其先匈奴之裔也。 在後魏時，號鐵勒部落。 其象微小，其俗驍強，依托高車，臣屬突厥，近謂之特勒。 無君長，居無恆所，隨水草流移。 人性兇忍，善騎射，貪婪尤甚，以寇抄為生。 自突厥有國，東西征討，皆資其用，以制北荒。 隋開皇末，晉王廣北征突厥，大破步迦可汗，特勒於是分散。 大業元年，突厥處羅可汗擊特勒諸部，厚斂其物。 又猜忌薛延陀，恐為變，遂集其渠帥數百人盡誅之，特勒由是叛。 特勒始有仆骨、同羅、回紇、拔野古、覆羅步，號俟斤，後稱回紇焉。 在薛延陀北境，居娑陵水側，去長安六千九百里。 隨逐水草，勝兵五萬，人口十萬人。
The Huihe were originally of Xiongnu descent. During the Northern Wei they were known as the Tiele tribes. They were a minor power with a fierce martial culture, leaning on the Gaochar and owing allegiance to the Turks; more recently they were known as the Tiele. They had no single ruler and no permanent settlements, wandering with the pasturage. They were brutal by nature, expert horsemen and archers, and extraordinarily rapacious, living by plunder. Once the Turkic khaganate arose, it relied on them in every eastern and western campaign to hold the northern frontier. In the late Kaihuang period, Prince Yang Guang of Jin led a northern expedition against the Turks and routed Qaghan Buka, after which the Tiele split apart. In Daye 1 (605), the Turkic qaghan Chuluo attacked the Tiele tribes and exacted heavy tribute from them. Suspecting the Xueyantuo of plotting rebellion, he summoned several hundred of their chiefs and put them all to death, and the Tiele rose in revolt. The Tiele confederation initially comprised the Pugu, Tongluo, Huihe, Bayegu, and Fuluo tribes under the title irkin; in time they took the name Huihe. They lived north of the Xueyantuo along the Selenga River, some six thousand nine hundred li from Chang'an. They moved with the pastures; they could field fifty thousand warriors and numbered one hundred thousand people in all.
2
初，有特健俟斤死，有子曰菩薩，部落以為賢而立之。 貞觀初，菩薩與薛延陀侵突厥北邊，突厥頡利可汗遣子欲谷設率十萬騎討之。 菩薩領騎五千與戰，破之於馬鬣山。 因逐北至於天山，又進擊，大破之，俘其部眾，回紇由是大振。 因率其眾附於薛延陀，號菩薩為「活頡利發」，仍遣使朝貢。
When Irkin Tekin died, his son Pusa was judged capable by the tribe and made their chief. Early in the Zhenguan era, Pusa joined the Xueyantuo in attacking the Turks' northern frontier; Qaghan Jieli dispatched his son Yugu She with one hundred thousand cavalry to chastise them. Pusa led five thousand horsemen into battle and routed the Turks at Mount Mane. He pursued them north to the Heavenly Mountains, struck again, and won a crushing victory, taking many captives; from this the Huihe grew mighty. He then brought his people under the Xueyantuo, who gave Pusa the title Qol Ilteber, while he continued to send tribute missions to the Tang court.
3
菩薩勁勇，有膽氣，善籌策，每對敵臨陣，必身先士卒，以少制眾，常以戰陣射獵為務。 其母烏羅渾，主知爭訟之事，平反嚴明，部內齊肅。 回紇之盛，由菩薩之興焉。
Pusa was fierce and courageous, a shrewd strategist who always led the charge and repeatedly defeated larger forces; war and the hunt were his constant pursuits. His mother Wuluo Hun handled legal disputes with stern impartiality, and the tribe was kept in good order. The Huihe owed their greatness to Pusa's rise.
4
貞觀中，擒降突厥頡利等可汗之後，北虜唯菩薩、薛延陀為盛。 太宗冊北突厥莫賀咄為可汗，遣統回紇、仆骨、同羅、思結、阿跌等部，回紇酋帥吐迷度與諸部大破薛延陀多彌可汗，遂並其部曲，奄有其地。
After the Tang captured and subjugated Qaghan Jieli and the other Turkic rulers in the Zhenguan era, only Pusa's Huihe and the Xueyantuo remained powerful among the northern peoples. Taizong invested Mohe Duo of the northern Turks as qaghan to lead the Huihe, Pugu, Tongluo, Sijie, Adie, and allied tribes; the Huihe leader Tumidu joined them in crushing the Xueyantuo qaghan Duomi, absorbed his people, and took over his lands.
5
貞觀二十年，南過賀蘭山，臨黃河，遣使入貢，以破薛延陀功，賜宴內殿。 太宗幸靈武，受其降款，因請回鶻已南置郵遞，通管北方。 太宗為置六府七州，府置都督，州置刺史，府州皆置長史、司馬已下官主之。 以回紇部為瀚海府，拜其俟利發吐迷度為懷化大將軍，兼瀚海都督。 時吐迷度已自稱可汗，署官號皆如突厥故事。 以多覽為燕然府，仆骨為金徽府，拔野古為幽陵府，同羅為龜林府，思結為盧山府，渾都為臯蘭州，斛薩為高闕州，阿跌為雞田州，契苾為榆溪州，跌結為雞鹿州，阿布思為歸林州，白為寘顏州。 又以回紇西北結骨為堅昆府，其北骨利幹為玄闕州，東北俱羅勃為燭龍州。 於故單於臺置燕然都護府統之，以導賓貢。
In Zhenguan 20 they crossed south of Helan Mountain to the Yellow River and sent tribute; rewarded for defeating the Xueyantuo, they were feasted in the inner palace. Taizong went to Lingwu to receive their submission; they then asked that postal stations be set up south of their territory so the north could be brought under regular administration. Taizong organized six protectorates and seven prefectures for them, each with a commander or prefect and a full staff of Tang officials down to vice administrators. The Huihe were constituted as the Hanhai Protectorate, and their irkin Tumidu was made General Who Pacifies Transformation and commander of Hanhai. By then Tumidu had already taken the title of qaghan and organized his government on the Turkic model. Duolan became Yanran Protectorate, Pugu Jinwei, Bayegu Youling, Tongluo Guilin, Sijie Lushan; Hundu, Husa, Adie, Qibi, Diejie, Abu Si, and Bai were made the prefectures of Gaolan, Gaoque, Jitian, Yuxi, Jilu, Guilin, and Zhiyan respectively. The Kirghiz northwest of the Huihe were organized as Jiankun Protectorate; the Guligan to their north as Xuanque Prefecture; and the Jurubo in the northeast as Zhulong Prefecture. A Yanran Protectorate-General was set up at the old Chanyu Terrace to supervise them and channel their tribute to court.
6
貞觀二十二年，吐迷度為其侄烏紇所殺。 初，烏紇蒸其叔母，遂與俱陸莫賀達幹俱羅勃潛謀殺吐迷度以歸車鼻。 烏紇、俱羅勃，並車鼻之婿也，烏紇遂夜領騎十余劫吐迷度，殺之。 燕然副都護元禮臣遣人紿烏紇云：「將奏而為都督，替吐迷度也。」 烏紇輕騎至禮臣所，跪拜致謝； 禮臣擒而斬之以聞。
In Zhenguan 22, Tumidu was murdered by his nephew Wuhe. Wuhe had married his uncle's widow and conspired with Julu Mohe Daghan Jurubo to assassinate Tumidu and submit to Chebi Khan. Both Wuhe and Jurubo were sons-in-law of Chebi; Wuhe led a little over ten horsemen in a night raid and killed Tumidu. Yuan Lichen, vice protector of Yanran, sent a man to trick Wuhe with the promise: "I will recommend you to the throne as commander in Tumidu's place. Wuhe rode in lightly to Lichen's camp and knelt in gratitude; Lichen seized and beheaded him, then reported the matter to court.
7
太宗恐回紇部落攜離，十月，遣兵部尚書崔敦禮往安撫之，仍以敦禮為金山道副將軍。 贈吐迷度左衛大將軍，賻物及衣服設祭甚厚。 以吐迷度子前左屯衛大將軍翊、左郎將婆閏為左驍衛大將軍、大俟利發、使持節回紇部落諸軍事、瀚海都督。 後俱羅勃來朝，太宗留之不遣。 詔西突厥可汗阿史那賀魯統五啜、五俟斤二十余部，居多羅斯水南，去西州馬行十五日程。 回紇不肯西屬突厥。
Fearing the Huihe might break apart, Taizong sent Minister of War Cui Dunli in the tenth month to reassure them and named him deputy commander of the Jinshan Circuit. Tumidu was posthumously made General of the Left Guard, with lavish funeral goods, robes, and sacrificial offerings. Tumidu's sons Yi, former general of the Left Garrison Guard, and Po Yen, Left Gentleman-Attendant, were appointed General of the Left Valiant Cavalry, great irkin, commissioner over Huihe military affairs, and commander of Hanhai. When Jurubo later came to court, Taizong kept him at the capital and refused to let him leave. The Western Turkic qaghan Ashina Helu was ordered to lead the five Chu and five Irkin—more than twenty tribes—south of the Ili River, fifteen days' ride from Xizhou. The Huihe refused to place themselves under Turkic rule in the west.
8
永徽二年，賀魯破北庭，詔將軍梁建方、契苾何力領兵二萬，取回紇五萬騎，大破賀魯，收復北庭。 顯慶元年，賀魯又犯邊。 詔程知節、蘇定方、任雅相、蕭嗣業領兵並回紇大破賀魯於陰山，再破於金牙山，盡收所據之地，西遂至耶羅川。 賀魯西奔石國，婆閏隨蘇定方逐賀魯至石國西北蘇咄城，城主伊涅達幹執賀魯送洛陽。 以其地置濛池、昆陵府，以阿史那彌射、阿史那步真為二府都督，統十姓左廂五弩失畢、右廂五咄陸。 以賀魯種落分置州縣，西盡波斯。 加婆閏右衛大將軍、兼瀚海都督。
In Yonghui 2, Helu seized Beiting; Generals Liang Jianfang and Qibi Heli were sent with twenty thousand Tang troops and fifty thousand Huihe cavalry to crush Helu and retake Beiting. In Xianqing 1, Helu raided the frontier again. Cheng Zhijie, Su Dingfang, Ren Yaxiang, and Xiao Siye were ordered out with Huihe allies to rout Helu at Yinshan and again at Golden Tooth Mountain, reclaiming his lands and pushing west to the Yalu River. Helu fled west into the kingdom of Shiguo; Po Yen followed Su Dingfang to Sudu City northwest of Shiguo, where the lord Yiniedagan captured Helu and sent him to Luoyang. His territory was organized as the Mengchi and Kunling protectorates under Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen, who governed the ten tribes—the five Nushibi of the left wing and the five Tulu of the right. Helu's people were settled in prefectures and counties stretching west to Persia. Po Yen was further promoted to General of the Right Guard and retained command of Hanhai.
9
永徽六年，回鶻遣兵隨蕭嗣業討高麗。 龍朔中，婆閏死，妹比粟毒主領回鶻，與同羅、仆固犯邊。 高宗命鄭仁泰討平仆固等，比粟毒敗走，因以鐵勒本部為天山縣。 永隆中，獨解支，嗣聖中，伏帝匐。 開元中，承宗、伏帝難，並繼為酋長，皆受都督號，以統蕃州，左殺右殺分管諸部。
In Yonghui 6 the Huihe sent forces with Xiao Siye against Goguryeo. During Longshuo, Po Yen died and his sister Bisudu led the Huihe in border raids alongside the Tongluo and Pugu. Gaozong sent Zheng Rentai to crush the Pugu and their allies; Bisudu was routed and fled, and the old Tiele heartland was organized as Tianshan County. Dujiezhi led them in the Yonglong era; Fudifu in the Sisheng era. Under Kaiyuan, Chengzong and then Fudinan became chiefs in succession, each invested as commander to govern the frontier prefectures, with left and right sha officers overseeing the tribes.
10
開元中，回鶻漸盛，殺涼州都督王君掞，斷安西諸國入長安路。 玄宗命郭知運等討逐，退保烏德健山，南去西城一千七百里。 西城即漢之高闕塞也。 西城北去磧石口三百里。
In the Kaiyuan era the Huihe grew steadily stronger, killed Liangzhou commander Wang Junpan, and severed the routes from the Western Regions to Chang'an. Xuanzong sent Guo Zhiyun and others to drive them back; they retreated to Wudejian Mountain, seventeen hundred li south of Xicheng. Xicheng is the site of the Han dynasty's Gaoque Pass. Qishi Pass lies three hundred li north of Xicheng.
11
有十一都督，本九姓部落：一曰藥羅葛，即可汗之姓； 二曰胡咄葛； 三曰咄羅勿； 四曰貊歌息訖； 五曰阿勿嘀； 六曰葛薩； 七曰斛嗢素； 八曰藥勿葛； 九曰奚耶勿。 每一部落一都督。 破拔悉密，收一部落，破葛邏祿，收一部落，各置都督五人，統號十一部落。 每行止鬥戰，常以二客部落為軍鋒。
They had eleven commanders drawn from nine original tribes: first, the Yaoluoge, the qaghan's clan; second, the Huduge; third, the Duoluowu; fourth, the Mogexiqi; fifth, the Awudi; sixth, the Gesa; seventh, the Huwasu; eighth, the Yaowuge; ninth, the Xiyawu. Each tribe had its own commander. After defeating the Baximi and Geluolu and absorbing one tribe from each, they appointed five commanders apiece, bringing the confederation to eleven tribes in all. On campaign they habitually placed the two subject tribes in the vanguard.
12
天寶初，其酋長葉護頡利吐發遣使入朝，封奉義王。 三載，擊破拔悉密，自稱骨咄祿毗伽闕可汗。 又遣使入朝，因冊為懷仁可汗。 及至德元載七月，肅宗於靈武即位。 遣故邠王男承采，封為燉煌王，將軍石定番，使於回紇，以修好征兵。 及至其牙，可汗以女嫁於承采，遣首領來朝，請和親，封回紇公主為毗伽公主。 肅宗在彭原，遇之甚厚。 二載二月，回紇又使首領大將軍多攬等十五人入朝。 九月戊寅，加承采開府儀同三司，拜宗正卿，納回紇公主為妃。 回紇遣其太子葉護領其將帝德等兵馬四千余眾，助國討逆。 肅宗宴賜甚厚。 又命元帥廣平王見葉護，約為兄弟，接之頗有恩義。 葉護大喜，謂王為兄。
Early in the Tianbao era their chief Yehu Jieli Tufa sent envoys to court and was created Prince of Fengyi. In Tianbao 3 he crushed the Baximi and proclaimed himself Qaghan Kutlug Bilge Kül. He sent envoys again and was invested as Qaghan Huairen (Benevolent and Humane). In the seventh month of Zhide 1 (756), Emperor Suzong ascended the throne at Lingwu. He dispatched Chengcai, son of the former Prince of Bin, created Prince of Dunhuang, with General Shi Dingfan as envoys to the Huihe to renew ties and request military aid. At the qaghan's court the qaghan gave Chengcai his daughter in marriage and sent chiefs to court seeking an imperial marriage; the Huihe princess was created Princess Pijia. Suzong, then at Pengyuan, received them with exceptional favor. In the second month of Zhide 2 the Huihe sent fifteen leaders to court, headed by the great general Duolan. On wuyin day in the ninth month Chengcai was made Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with an independent office, appointed Director of the Imperial Clan, and married the Huihe princess. The Huihe sent Crown Prince Yehu with Generals Dide and others and more than four thousand troops to help the dynasty crush the rebellion. Suzong entertained and rewarded them lavishly. He also had the commander-in-chief, the Prince of Guangping, meet Yehu and swear brotherhood, treating him with warm generosity. Yehu was delighted and addressed the prince as elder brother.
13
戊子，回紇大首領達幹等一十三人先至扶風，與朔方將士見僕射郭子儀。 留之，宴設三日。 葉護太子曰：「國家有難，遠來相助，何暇食為！」 子儀固留之，宴畢便發。 其軍每日給羊二百口、牛二十頭、米四十碩。 及元帥廣平王率郭子儀等至香積寺東二十里，西臨澧水。 賊埋精騎於大營東，將襲我軍之背。 朔方左廂兵馬使仆固懷恩指回紇馳救之，匹馬不歸，因收西京。 十月，廣平王、副元帥郭子儀領回紇兵馬，與賊戰於陜西。
On wuzi day thirteen senior Huihe chiefs including Daghan reached Fufeng ahead of the main force and were received with the Shuofang troops by Pushe Guo Ziyi. Ziyi kept them and feasted them for three days. Crown Prince Yehu said: "Your realm is in crisis and we have come from far away to help — how can we linger over feasts! Ziyi insisted on keeping them, but as soon as the banquet ended they marched out. Their army was rationed daily with two hundred sheep, twenty cattle, and forty hu of grain. When the Prince of Guangping advanced with Guo Ziyi and others to a camp twenty li east of Xiangji Temple, facing the Li River to the west. The rebels had concealed elite cavalry east of the main camp to attack the Tang army from behind. Pugu Huai'en of Shuofang led the Huihe in a charge to the rescue; not one rebel horse escaped, and the Western Capital was retaken. In the tenth month the Prince of Guangping and deputy commander Guo Ziyi led Huihe forces against the rebels at Shanxi.
14
初，次於曲沃，葉護使其將軍車鼻施吐撥裴羅等旁南山而東，遇賊伏兵於谷中，盡殪之。 子儀至新店，遇賊戰，軍卻數里。 回紇望見，逾山西嶺上曳白旗而趨擊之，直出其後，賊眾大敗，軍而北坑，逐北二十餘里，人馬相枕藉，蹂踐而死者不可勝數，斬首十余萬，伏屍三十里。 賊黨嚴莊馳告安慶緒，率其黨背東京北走渡河，而葉護從廣平王、僕射郭子儀入東京。
While encamped at Quwo, Yehu sent Generals Chenbi, Tupo, and Peiluo east along the southern hills; they found rebel ambushers in a valley and wiped them out. At Xindian Guo Ziyi met the rebels in battle and his line fell back several li. Seeing this, the Huihe crossed the ridge to the west, waved white banners from the heights, and charged into the enemy rear; the rebels were routed into the northern ravine and pursued more than twenty li. Men and horses lay heaped in piles; countless were trampled to death. More than one hundred thousand heads were taken, and the dead covered the ground for thirty li. Yan Zhuang raced to warn An Qingxu, who fled north from Luoyang across the river with his followers, while Yehu entered the Eastern Capital with the Prince of Guangping and Guo Ziyi.
15
初，收西京，回紇欲入城劫掠，廣平王固止之。 及收東京，回紇遂入府庫收財帛，於市井村坊剽掠三日而止。 財物不可勝計，廣平王又賫之以錦罽寶貝，葉護大喜。 及肅宗還西京，十一月癸酉，葉護自東京至。 敕百官於長樂驛迎，上御宣政殿宴勞之。 葉護升殿，其余酋長列於階下，賜錦繡繒彩金銀器皿。 及辭歸蕃，上謂曰：「能為國家就大事成義勇者，卿等力也。」 葉護奏曰：「回紇戰兵，留在沙苑，今且須歸靈夏取馬，更收范陽，討除殘賊。」 己丑，詔曰：「功濟艱難，義存邦國，萬里絕域，一德同心，求之古今，所未聞也。 回紇葉護，特稟英姿，挺生奇略，言必忠信，行表溫良，才為萬人之敵，位列諸蕃之長。 屬匈醜亂常，中原未靖，以可汗有兄弟之約，與國家興父子之軍，奮其智謀，討彼兇逆，一鼓作氣，萬里摧鋒，二旬之間，兩京克定。 力拔山嶽，精貫風雲，蒙犯不以辭其勞，急難無以逾其分。 固可懸之日月，傳之子孫，豈惟裂土之封，誓河之賞而已矣！ 夫位之崇者，司空第一； 名之大者，封王最高。 可司空、仍封忠義王，每載送絹二萬匹至朔方軍，宜差使受領。」
When Chang'an was first retaken, the Huihe wanted to sack the city, but the Prince of Guangping firmly forbade it. After Luoyang fell, the Huihe looted the treasuries and plundered the markets and neighborhoods for three days. The booty was incalculable, and the prince further rewarded them with brocades, felts, and jewels, to Yehu's great delight. When Suzong returned to Chang'an, on guiyou day in the eleventh month Yehu arrived from Luoyang. The emperor ordered officials to receive them at Changle Post Station and entertained them at Xuanzheng Hall. Yehu was received in the hall while the other chiefs waited on the steps below; they were rewarded with brocades, silks, and gold and silver vessels. As they prepared to return home, the emperor told them: "It is through your strength that great deeds of righteousness and courage are accomplished for the state. Yehu replied: "Our fighting men remain at Shayuan; we must first return to Lingxia for horses, then retake Fanyang and destroy the remaining rebels." On jichou day an edict declared: "Merit that rescues the realm in hardship and loyalty that upholds the state — unity of purpose across ten thousand li of distant lands is unmatched in all history. Yehu of the Huihe was endowed with heroic presence and rare strategic gifts; his words were always faithful, his conduct gentle, his talent the equal of ten thousand men, and he ranked first among the frontier peoples. When the northern rebels threw the realm into chaos and the heartland was still unsettled, the qaghan honored his sworn brotherhood with the dynasty, raised an army that fought like kin, and with one great effort smashed the rebels across ten thousand li, recovering both capitals within twenty days. His strength seemed to move mountains, his spirit to pierce the clouds; he never shrank from hardship, and in crisis none bore a heavier share of the burden. His fame should shine like the sun and moon and pass to posterity — far more than mere grants of territory or oaths sworn at the river could repay. Among the highest offices, Minister of Works ranks first; among great honors, princely enfeoffment is supreme. He is appointed Minister of Works and created Prince of Zhongyi; twenty thousand bolts of silk shall be sent yearly to the Shuofang army for designated envoys to receive." Thus ended the edict.
16
乾元元年五月壬申朔，回紇使多亥阿波八十人，黑衣大食酋長閣之等六人並朝見，至閣門爭長，通事舍人乃分為左右，從東西門並入。 六月戊戌，宴回紇使於紫宸殿前。
On the first day of the fifth month of Qianyuan 1, eighty Huihe envoys under Duohe Abo and six chiefs of the Black-robed Arabs including Gezhi came to court; at Ge Gate they quarreled over precedence, so the interpreters split them and admitted them through the eastern and western gates. On wuxu day in the sixth month the Huihe envoys were entertained before Zichen Hall.
17
秋七月丁亥，詔以幼女封為寧國公主出降。 其降蕃日，仍以堂弟漢中郡王瑀為特進、試太常卿、攝御史大夫，充冊命英武威遠毗伽可汗使； 以堂侄左司郎中巽為兵部郎中、攝御史中丞、鴻臚卿，副之，兼充寧國公主禮會使。 特差重臣開府儀同三司、行尚書右僕射、冀國公裴冕送至界首。 癸巳，以冊立回紇英武威遠毗伽可汗，上御宣政殿，漢中王瑀受冊命。 甲午，肅宗送寧國公主至咸陽磁門驛，公主泣而言曰：「國家事重，死且無恨！」 上流涕而還。 及瑀至其牙帳，毗伽闕可汗衣赭黃袍，胡帽，坐於帳中榻上，儀衛甚盛，引瑀立於帳外，謂瑀曰：「王是天可汗何親？」 瑀曰：「是唐天子堂弟。」 又問：「於王上立者為誰？」 瑀曰：「中使雷盧俊。」 可汗又報曰：「中使是奴，何得向郎君上立？」 雷盧俊竦懼，跳身向下立定。 瑀不拜而立。 可汗報曰：「兩國主君臣有禮，何得不拜？」 瑀曰：「唐天子以可汗有功，故將女嫁與可汗結姻好，比者中國與外蕃親，皆宗室子女，名為公主。 今寧國公主，天子真女，又有才貌，萬里嫁與可汗。 可汗是唐家天子女婿，合有禮數。 豈得坐於榻上受詔命耶！」 可汗乃起奉詔，便受冊命。 翼日，冊公主為可敦，蕃酋歡欣曰：「唐國天子貴重，將真女來。」 瑀所送國信繒彩衣服金銀器皿，可汗盡分與衙官、酋長等。 及瑀回，可汗獻馬五百匹、貂裘、白赩。 八月，回紇使王子骨啜特勒及宰相帝德等驍將三千人助國討逆。 肅宗嘉其遠至，賜宴，命隨朔方行營使仆固懷恩押之。 九月甲申，回紇使大首領蓋將等謝公主下降，兼奏破堅昆五萬人，宴於紫宸殿，賜物有差。 十二月甲午，回紇使三婦人，謝寧國公主之聘也，賜宴紫宸殿。
On dinghai day in the seventh month an edict created a young daughter Princess of Ningguo and sent her in marriage to the Huihe. For her departure the emperor's cousin, Prince Yu of Hanzhong, was appointed Special Advancement, acting Minister of Ceremonies, and acting Censor-in-Chief, as envoy to invest the Qaghan Yingwu Weiyuan Pijia. His cousin's son Xun of the Left Secretariat was made Director in the Ministry of War, acting Vice Censor-in-Chief, and Minister of Hospitality as deputy, and also served as master of ceremonies for the princess. The senior minister Pei Mian, Duke of Ji, acting Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, was specially dispatched to escort her to the frontier. On guisi day the court invested the Huihe Qaghan Yingwu Weiyuan Pijia; the emperor presided at Xuanzheng Hall while Prince Yu of Hanzhong received the patent of investiture. On jiawu day Suzong escorted the Princess of Ningguo to Cimen Post Station at Xianyang; weeping, she said: "The needs of the state are paramount — I would not regret even death! The emperor wept and turned back. At the qaghan's court, Qaghan Pijia Kül sat on a couch in the tent in ochre robes and a fur cap, surrounded by a great guard; Yu was kept outside and asked: "What relation are you to the Son of Heaven? Yu answered: "I am the Tang emperor's cousin." He asked again: "Who is standing above you?" Yu named the palace envoy Lei Lujun. The qaghan retorted: "A palace envoy is a servant — how dare he stand above a prince?" Lei Lujun started in fear and jumped down to stand below. Yu stood without bowing. The qaghan said: "Between sovereigns and their ministers there is proper ceremony — why will you not bow? Yu replied: "Because the qaghan has served the dynasty well, the emperor gives him his daughter in marriage. Usually when China marries into the frontier, the brides are imperial clanswomen styled princesses. But the Princess of Ningguo is the emperor's own daughter, gifted and beautiful, sent ten thousand li to marry the qaghan. As the Tang emperor's son-in-law, the qaghan ought to observe proper ceremony. How can he receive the imperial patent while seated on a couch!" The qaghan then rose to receive the edict and accepted investiture. The next day the princess was invested as qatun; the chiefs rejoiced, saying: "The Tang emperor is truly exalted — he has sent his own daughter. The qaghan distributed all the silks, robes, and gold and silver vessels Yu had brought as state gifts among his officials and chiefs. When Yu departed, the qaghan presented five hundred horses, sable furs, and white felt. In the eighth month the Huihe sent Prince Guchuo Tejin, Chancellor Dide, and three thousand fierce warriors to help crush the rebellion. Suzong welcomed their long journey, feasted them, and placed them under the Shuofang commander Pugu Huai'en. On jiashen day in the ninth month the Huihe chief Gaijiang thanked the court for the princess's marriage and reported defeating fifty thousand Kirghiz; they were feasted at Zichen Hall and rewarded accordingly. On jiawu day in the twelfth month three Huihe women came to thank the court for the princess's betrothal and were entertained at Zichen Hall.
18
乾元二年，回紇骨啜特勒等率眾從郭子儀與九節度於相州城下戰，不利。 三月壬子，回紇王子骨啜特勒及宰相帝德等十五人自相州奔於西京，肅宗宴之於紫宸殿，賞物有差。 其月庚寅，回紇特勒辭還行營，上宴之於紫宸殿，賜物有差。 乙未，以回紇王子新除左羽林軍大將軍、員外置，骨啜特勒為銀青光祿大夫、鴻臚卿、員外置。
In Qianyuan 2, Guchuo Tejin led Huihe forces with Guo Ziyi and nine commissioners to battle below Xiangzhou, but the engagement went badly. On renzi day in the third month Prince Guchuo Tejin, Chancellor Dide, and thirteen others fled from Xiangzhou to Chang'an; Suzong feasted them at Zichen Hall and rewarded them accordingly. That month on gengyin day the Huihe tegin departed for camp; the emperor entertained them at Zichen Hall and gave rewards. On yiwei day Prince Guchuo Tejin, newly made supernumerary General of the Left Feathered Forest Army, was appointed Grand Master for Splendid Happiness with Silver Seal and supernumerary Minister of Hospitality.
19
夏四月，回紇毗伽闕可汗死。 長子葉護先被殺，乃立其少子登裏可汗，其妻為可敦。 六月丙午，以左金吾衛將軍李通為試鴻臚卿、攝御史中丞，充吊祭回紇使。 毗伽闕可汗初死，其牙官、都督等欲以寧國公主殉葬。 公主曰：「我中國法，婿死，即持喪，朝夕哭臨，三年行服。 今回紇娶婦，須慕中國禮。 若今依本國法，何須萬里結婚。」 然公主亦依回紇法，剺面大哭，竟以無子得歸。 秋八月，寧國公主自回紇還，詔百官於明鳳門外迎之。
In the fourth month Qaghan Pijia Kül of the Huihe died. The eldest son Yehu had already been killed, so they enthroned the younger son as Qaghan Dengli, with his wife as qatun. On bingwu day in the sixth month General Li Tong of the Left Golden Crow Guard was appointed acting Minister of Hospitality and acting Vice Censor-in-Chief as condolence envoy to the Huihe. When Qaghan Pijia Kül died, his officials and commanders wanted the Princess of Ningguo to follow him in death. The princess said: "By Chinese law, when a husband dies his wife enters mourning, weeping at his bier morning and evening for three years. Since the Huihe have taken a Chinese wife, they must honor Chinese custom. If you follow your own customs now, why marry a bride from ten thousand li away? She also followed Huihe custom by slashing her face and wailing loudly, and in the end was allowed to return because she had borne no son. In the eighth month the Princess of Ningguo returned from the Huihe, and officials were ordered to welcome her outside Mingfeng Gate.
20
上元元年九月己丑，回紇九姓可汗使大臣俱陸莫達幹等入朝奉表起居。 乙卯，回紇使二十人於延英殿通謁，賜物有差。 十一月戊辰，回紇使延支伽羅等十人於延英殿謁見，賜物有差。
On jichou day in the ninth month of Shangyuan 1, envoys of the nine-surname Huihe qaghan, led by Minister Julu Modagan, came to court with a memorial to inquire after the emperor's health. On yimao day twenty Huihe envoys were received at Yanying Hall and rewarded accordingly. On wuchen day in the eleventh month ten Huihe envoys including Yanzhi Jialuo were received at Yanying Hall and rewarded.
21
寶應元年，代宗初即位，以史朝義尚在河洛，遣中使劉清潭征兵於回紇，又修舊好。 其秋，清潭入回紇庭，回紇已為史朝義所誘，雲唐家天子頻有大喪，國亂無主，請發兵來收府庫。 可汗乃領眾而南，已八月矣。 清潭賫敕書國信至，可汗曰：「我聞唐家已無主，何為更有敕書？」 中使對曰：「我唐家天子雖棄萬國，嗣天子廣平王天生英武，往年與回紇葉護兵馬同收兩京，破安慶緒，與可汗有故。 又每年與可汗繒絹數萬匹，可汗豈忘之耶？」 然回紇業已發至三城北，見荒城無戍卒，州縣盡為空壘，有輕唐色，乃遣使北收單於兵馬倉糧，又大辱清潭。 清潭發使來奏云：「回紇登裏可汗傾國自來，有眾十萬，羊馬不知其數。」 京師大駭。 上使殿中監藥子昂馳勞之。 及於太原北忻州南，子昂密數其丁壯，得四千人，老小婦人相兼萬余人，戰馬四萬匹，牛羊不紀。
In Baoying 1, soon after Daizong's accession, with Shi Chaoyi still holding the He-Luo region, he sent the palace envoy Liu Qingtan to request Huihe troops and renew the old alliance. That autumn, when Qingtan reached the Huihe court, they had already been swayed by Shi Chaoyi, who told them the Tang emperor had suffered repeated bereavements, the realm was leaderless in chaos, and invited them south to seize the imperial treasuries. The qaghan then led his people south — it was already the eighth month. When Qingtan arrived with the imperial edict and credentials, the qaghan said: "I have heard the Tang no longer has a ruler — why do edicts still come? The envoy replied: "Though the late emperor has passed, the new emperor, the Prince of Guangping, is a born warrior; years ago he and your Yehu together recovered both capitals and defeated An Qingxu — he is an old ally of the qaghan. And every year tens of thousands of bolts of silk are sent to the qaghan — has he forgotten that?" But the Huihe had already reached the north of the Three Cities; seeing ruined towns without garrisons and empty prefectural seats, they looked down on Tang, sent envoys north to seize Chanyu stores of horses and grain, and grossly insulted Qingtan. Qingtan sent word to court: "Qaghan Dengli of the Huihe has come with his entire nation — one hundred thousand warriors and countless sheep and horses. The capital was thrown into panic. The emperor sent Palace Director Yao Zi'ang posthaste to greet them. North of Taiyuan and south of Xinzhou, Zi'ang secretly counted them: four thousand fighting men, more than ten thousand including women, children, and the aged, forty thousand war horses, and untold sheep and cattle.
22
先是，毗伽闕可汗請以子婚，肅宗以仆固懷恩女嫁之。 及是為可敦，與可汗同來，請懷恩及懷恩母相見。 上敕懷恩自汾州見之於太原。 懷恩又諫國家恩信不可違背。 初欲自蒲關入，取沙苑路，由潼關東向破賊，子昂說之云：「國家頻遭寇逆，州縣虛乏，難為供擬，恐可汗失望，不如取土門路入，直取邢、洺、衛、懷。 賊中兵馬盡在東京，可汗收其財帛，束裝南向，最為上策。」 可汗不從。 又說：「取懷州太行路，南據河陰之險，直扼賊之喉，亦上策也。」 可汗又不從。 又說：「取陜州太陽津路，食太原倉粟而東，與澤潞、河南、懷鄭節度同入，亦上策也。」 可汗從之。 子昂因入奏，上以雍王適為兵馬元帥，加懷恩同中書門下平章事。 又以子昂兼御史中丞，與前潞府兼御史中丞魏琚為左右廂兵馬使，以中書舍人韋少華充元帥判官、兼掌書記，給事中李進兼御史中丞，充元帥行軍司馬，東會回紇。 登裏可汗營於陜州黃河北。
Earlier Qaghan Pijia Kül had asked for a bride for his son, and Suzong gave him Pugu Huai'en's daughter. Now qatun, she came with the qaghan and asked to see Huai'en and his mother. The emperor ordered Huai'en to travel from Fenzhou to Taiyuan for the meeting. Huai'en also urged that the dynasty's pledges of favor and good faith must not be broken. They first planned to enter by Tong Pass along the Shayuan road and strike east from Tong Pass; Zi'ang urged: "The realm has been ravaged and the prefectures cannot feed your army — the qaghan may be disappointed. Better enter by the Tumen route and march directly on Xing, Ming, Wei, and Huai. The rebels' forces are all at Luoyang; the qaghan can seize their wealth, pack up, and march south — that is the best course. The qaghan refused. He urged again: "Take the Taihang road from Huai Prefecture, hold the Heyin crossing, and strike at the rebels' throat — that too is an excellent plan. Again the qaghan refused. He urged a third plan: "Cross at Taiyang Ford from Shanzhou, draw on Taiyuan's granaries, and advance east with the Ze-Lu, Henan, and Huai-Zheng commissioners — that too is excellent. The qaghan accepted this plan. Zi'ang reported to court; the emperor made Prince Shi of Yong commander-in-chief and appointed Huai'en Fellow of the Secretariat and Chancellery. Zi'ang was also made Vice Censor-in-Chief; he and former Lu Prefecture Vice Censor Wei Ju became left and right wing commissioners; Secretariat Drafter Wei Shaohua served as adjutant and recorder; Attendant Li Jin became campaign marshal; they marched east to join the Huihe. Qaghan Dengli pitched camp on the north bank of the Yellow River at Shanzhou.
23
元帥雍王領子昂等從而見之。 可汗責雍王不於帳前舞蹈，禮倨。 子昂辭以元帥是嫡孫，兩宮在殯，不合有舞蹈，回紇宰相及車鼻將軍庭詰曰：「唐天子與登裏可汗約為兄弟，今可汗即雍王叔，叔侄有禮數，何得不舞蹈？」 子昂苦辭以身有喪禮，不合。 又報云：「元帥即唐太子也，太子即儲君也，豈有中國儲君向外國可汗前舞蹈。」 相拒久之，車鼻遂引子昂、李進、少華、魏琚各搒捶一百，少華、琚因搒捶，一宿而死。 以王少年未諳事，放歸本營。 而懷恩與回紇右殺為先鋒，及諸節度同攻賊，破之，史朝義率殘寇而走。 元帥雍王退歸靈寶。 回紇可汗繼進於河陽，列營而止數月。 去營百餘里，人被剽劫逼辱，不勝其弊。 懷恩常為軍殿。 及諸節度收河北州縣，仆固瑒與回紇之眾追躡二千餘里，至平州石城縣，梟朝義首而歸，河北悉平。 懷恩自相州西出崞口路而西，可汗自河陽北出澤、潞與懷恩會，歷太原。 遣使拔賀那上表賀收東京，並進逆賊史朝義旌旗等物。 辭還蕃，代宗引見於內殿，賜彩二百段。
Commander-in-chief the Prince of Yong went with Zi'ang and others to meet him. The qaghan rebuked the Prince of Yong for refusing to dance before his tent, calling his manners arrogant. Zi'ang pleaded that the commander was the legitimate heir and both imperial palaces were in mourning; the Huihe chancellor and General Chenbi pressed him: "The Tang emperor and Qaghan Dengli are sworn brothers — the qaghan is the prince's uncle; how can a nephew refuse to dance for his uncle? Zi'ang insisted that mourning made dancing improper. He replied: "The commander is the Tang crown prince and heir — how can China's heir dance before a foreign qaghan? After a long dispute, Chenbi had Zi'ang, Li Jin, Shaohua, and Wei Ju each flogged one hundred times; Shaohua and Wei Ju died overnight from the beating. Because the prince was young and inexperienced, they sent him back to his camp. Huai'en and the Huihe right sha led the vanguard; with the commissioners they routed the rebels and Shi Chaoyi fled with the survivors. The Prince of Yong withdrew to Lingbao. The Huihe qaghan advanced to Heyang, encamped, and remained there for months. Within a hundred li of the camp people were robbed and abused beyond endurance. Huai'en usually brought up the rear. As the commissioners recovered Hebei, Pugu Chang and the Huihe pursued more than two thousand li to Shicheng in Ping Prefecture, took Chaoyi's head, and returned; Hebei was fully pacified. Huai'en marched west from Xiangzhou by the Goukou road; the qaghan went north from Heyang through Ze and Lu to join him, passing Taiyuan. He sent envoy Bahana to congratulate the court on retaking Luoyang and present the rebel Shi Chaoyi's banners and other trophies. On their departure Daizong received them in the inner palace and gave two hundred lengths of colored silk.
24
初，回紇至東京，以賊平，恣行殘忍，士女懼之，皆登聖善寺及白馬寺二閣以避之。 回紇縱火焚二閣，傷死者萬計，累旬火焰不止。 及是朝賀，又縱橫大辱官吏。 以陜州節度使郭英乂權知東都留守。 時東都再經賊亂，朔方軍及郭英乂、魚朝恩等軍不能禁暴，與回紇縱掠坊市及汝、鄭等州，比屋蕩盡，人悉以紙為衣，或有衣經者。
When the Huihe first entered Luoyang after the rebels' defeat, they ran wild; terrified citizens climbed the pavilions of Shengshan and Baima temples to hide. The Huihe torched both pavilions, killing and wounding tens of thousands; the fires burned on for weeks without stopping. At the congratulatory court audience they again ran riot, openly humiliating officials. Guo Yingyi, commissioner of Shaanzhou, was made acting resident commissioner of the Eastern Capital. Luoyang had already been ravaged twice by rebels, and neither the Shuofang troops nor the forces of Guo Yingyi and Yu Chao'en could check the violence. Together with the Huihe they plundered the wards and markets of Luoyang and the prefectures of Ru and Zheng until every household was stripped bare; people wore paper for clothes, and some wrapped themselves in sutra scrolls.
25
代宗禦宣政殿，出冊文，加冊可汗為登裏頡咄登密施含俱錄英義建功毗伽可汗，可敦加冊為婆墨光親麗華毗伽可敦。 「頡咄」，華言「社稷法用」； 「登密施」，華言「封竟」； 「含俱錄」，華言「婁羅」； 「毗伽」，華言「足意智」。 「婆墨」，華言「得憐」。 以散騎常侍兼御史大夫王翊充使，就可汗行營行冊命焉。 可汗、可敦及左右殺、諸都督、內外宰相已下，共加實封二千戶，令王翊就牙帳前禮冊。 左殺封為雄朔王，右殺封為寧朔王，胡祿都督封金河王，拔覽將軍封為靜漠王，諸都督一十一人並封國公。
Daizong presided at Xuanzheng Hall and issued patents of investiture, elevating the qaghan to Qaghan Dengli Ezhu Deng Mishi Hanjulü Yingyi Jianggong Pijia and the qatun to Qatun Pomo Guangqin Lihua Pijia. "Ezhu" means in Chinese "the law and use of the state altars"; "Deng Mishi" means in Chinese "investiture fulfilled"; "Hanjulü" means in Chinese "louluo"; "Pijia" means in Chinese "fully wise in purpose." "Pomo" means in Chinese "worthy of compassion." Wang Yi, Regular Attendant-in-Ordinary and concurrent Censor-in-Chief, was sent to the qaghan's camp to confer investiture. The qaghan, qatun, left and right sha, commanders, and inner and outer chancellors all received an additional two thousand real fief households; Wang Yi was to invest them in ceremony before the royal tent. The left sha was made Prince of Xiongshuo, the right sha Prince of Ningshuo, the Hulü commander Prince of Jinhe, the Balan general Prince of Jingmo, and all eleven commanders were enfeoffed as grand dukes.
26
尋而懷恩叛，投靈武，有朔方舊將任敷、張韶等，收合余燼，眾至數萬。 廣德二年秋，乃引吐蕃之眾數萬人至奉天縣，朔方節度郭子儀率眾拒之而退。 永泰元年秋，懷恩遣兵馬使範至誠、任敷將兵，又誘回紇、吐蕃、吐谷渾、党項、奴刺之眾二十余萬，以犯奉天、醴泉、鳳翔、同州等處，被其逆命。 先以郭子儀屯涇陽，渾日進屯奉天，數摧其鋒。 又聞懷恩死，吐蕃將馬重英等十月初引退，取邠州舊路而歸。 回紇首領羅達幹等率其眾二千余騎，詣涇陽請降。 子儀許之，率眾被甲持滿數千人。 回紇譯曰：「此來非惡心，要見令公。」 子儀曰：「我令公也。」 回紇曰：「請去甲。」 子儀便脫兜鍪槍甲，策馬挺身而前。 回紇酋長相顧曰：「是也。」 時太子太保李光進、兼御史大夫路嗣恭戎裝介馬在子儀之側。 子儀指視回紇曰：「此是渭北節度李太保。」 又曰：「此是朔方軍糧使路大夫。」 回紇便下馬羅拜，子儀亦下馬。 回紇之眾為左右翼，各數百人，漸進； 子儀麾下亦馳而至，子儀麾退之。 子儀命酒與之飲，贈之纏頭彩三千匹。 子儀執回紇大將可汗弟合胡祿都督藥羅葛等手，責讓之曰：「我國家知汝回紇有功，報汝大厚，汝何背約負信，犯我王畿？ 我須與汝戰，何乃降為！ 我一身挺入汝營，任汝拘縶，我麾下將士，須與汝戰。」 回紇又譯曰：「懷恩負心，來報可汗，雲唐國天子今已向江淮，令公亦不主兵，我是以敢來。 今知天可汗見在上郭，令公為將，懷恩天又殺之。 今請追殺吐蕃，收其羊馬，以報國恩。 然懷恩子，可敦兄弟，請勿殺之。」 合胡祿都督等與宰相磨咄莫賀達幹、宰相暾莫賀達幹、宰相護都毗伽將軍、宰相揭拉裴羅達幹、宰相梅錄大將軍羅達幹、平章事海盈闕達幹等，子儀先執杯，合胡祿都督請咒，子儀咒曰：「大唐天子萬萬歲！ 回紇可汗亦萬歲！ 兩國將相亦萬歲！ 若起負心違背盟約者，身死陣前，家口屠戮。」 合胡祿都督等失色，及杯至，即譯曰：「如令公盟約。」 皆喜曰：「初發本部來日，將巫師兩人來，云：『此行大安穩，然不與唐家兵馬鬥，見一大人即歸。』 今日領兵見令公，令公不為疑，脫去衣甲，單騎相見，誰有此心膽！ 是不戰鬥見一大人，巫師有征矣！」 歡躍久之。 子儀撫其背，首領等分纏頭彩以賞巫師，請諸將同擊吐蕃，子儀如其約。 翌日，使領回紇首領開府古野那等六人入京朝見。
Before long Huai'en rebelled and fled to Lingwu; old Shuofang officers Ren Fu, Zhang Shao, and others rallied the scattered survivors until their force numbered in the tens of thousands. In the autumn of Guangde 2 he brought several tens of thousands of Tibetans to Fengtian; Guo Ziyi, commissioner of Shuofang, met them with his army and drove them back. In the autumn of Yongtai 1 Huai'en sent Fan Zhicheng and Ren Fu at the head of his troops and drew more than two hundred thousand Huihe, Tibetan, Tuyuhun, Tangut, and Nuci warriors against Fengtian, Liquan, Fengxiang, Tong Prefecture, and other targets under his rebel orders. Guo Ziyi first held Jingyang and Hun Rijin Fengtian, repeatedly beating back their advance. Learning that Huai'en was dead, the Tibetan commander Ma Chongying and others withdrew in the tenth month by the old road through Bin Prefecture. The Huihe leader Luodagan and others came to Jingyang with more than two thousand riders to offer surrender. Ziyi accepted and went out with several thousand armored men, bows at the ready. Through an interpreter the Huihe said: "We come without hostile intent—we wish to see the Commandant. Ziyi answered: "I am he." The Huihe replied: "Then lay aside your armor." Ziyi stripped off helmet, spear, and armor, spurred his horse forward, and rode out alone. The Huihe chiefs looked at one another: "This is he. Grand Mentor Li Guangjin and concurrent Censor-in-Chief Lu Sigong stood beside him in armor, mounted. Ziyi indicated them to the Huihe: "This is Grand Mentor Li, commissioner of Weibei." And this," he added, "is Commissioner Lu, quartermaster of the Shuofang army." The Huihe dismounted and prostrated themselves; Ziyi dismounted as well. Huihe warriors formed wings of several hundred on each flank and pressed forward; Ziyi's men galloped up too, but he waved them back. Ziyi had wine brought and shared a cup with them, then gave three thousand lengths of colored head-cloth silk. Taking the hand of the Huihe general Yeluoge, the qaghan's brother and Hulü commander, Ziyi rebuked them: "The court knows the Huihe have served us well and has rewarded you richly—why break faith and raid the capital region? I should be fighting you—why come to surrender! I came alone into your camp—seize me if you will—but my officers and men will still have to fight you. The interpreter spoke again: "Huai'en deceived us. He told the qaghan the Tang emperor had gone south to the Jianghuai and that you no longer held command—that is why we came. Now we see the Son of Heaven is still at Chang'an and you are in command, and Heaven has already killed Huai'en. We ask now to pursue the Tibetans, take their herds, and repay the dynasty's kindness. But Huai'en's son is the qatun's brother—please spare him." Hulü Commander and the chancellors Modu Mohedagan, Tun Mohedagan, Hudu Pijia, Jiela Feiluodagan, Meilu Grand General Luodagan, and Associate Chancellor Haiyingquedagan joined the rite. Ziyi raised the cup first; Hulü Commander asked for an oath, and Ziyi swore: "Long live the Tang emperor! Long live the Huihe qaghan! Long live the generals and ministers of both realms! Whoever breaks faith and betrays this pact—let him die in battle and his family be destroyed. Hulü Commander and the others paled; when the cup came to them they swore through the interpreter: "We accept the Commandant's oath." They rejoiced and said: "When we left our homeland we brought two shamans who foretold: 'This march will go safely—you will not fight Tang troops, but when you see a great man you will turn back. Today we came with an army and met the Commandant, who without suspicion stripped off his armor and rode out alone to us—who else has such courage! We met a great man without fighting—the shamans were proved right!" They exulted for a long while. Ziyi clapped them on the back; the chiefs shared out the head-cloth silk to reward their shamans and asked the Tang generals to join them against the Tibetans, and Ziyi agreed. The next day he sent six Huihe chiefs, including Kai Fu Guyena, to the capital for audience.
27
又五日，朔方先鋒兵馬使、開府、南陽郡王白元光與回紇兵馬合於涇州靈臺縣西五十里赤山嶺，共破吐蕃等十余萬眾，斬首五萬余級，生擒一萬余人，駝馬牛羊凡百里相繼，不可勝紀，收得蕃落五千余人。 初白元光等到靈臺縣西，探知賊勢，為月明，思少陰晦，回紇使巫師便致風雪。 及遲明戰，吐蕃盡寒凍，弓矢皆廢，披氈徐進，元光與回紇隨而殺之蔽野。 仆固名臣，懷恩之侄，尤為驍將，亦領千余騎來降。 尋而子儀又使回紇宰相護地毗伽將軍，宰相梅錄大將軍、開府儀同三司、試太常卿羅達幹等一百九十六人來見。 上賜宴於延英殿，錫賫甚厚。 閏月，子儀自涇陽領仆固名臣入奏，回紇進馬，及宴別，前後賫繒彩十萬匹而還。 時帑藏空虛，朝官無祿俸，隨月給手力，謂之資課錢。 稅朝官閏十月、十一月、十二月課以供之。
Five days later Bai Yuanguang, Prince of Nanyang and Shuofang vanguard commander, joined Huihe forces at Chishan Ridge fifty li west of Lingtai in Jing Prefecture. Together they routed more than one hundred thousand Tibetans and allies, took fifty thousand heads and ten thousand prisoners, and seized herds of camels, horses, sheep, and cattle stretching a hundred li—more than could be counted—and five thousand tribal settlements. When Bai Yuanguang's force reached the west of Lingtai they scouted the enemy; the moon was bright and they wanted darkness, so the Huihe shamans summoned wind and snow. At dawn they fought; the Tibetans were frozen stiff and their bows useless. Wrapped in felt they advanced slowly, and Yuanguang and the Huihe cut them down until the plain was heaped with dead. Pugu Mingchen, Huai'en's nephew and a noted fierce commander, also came over with more than a thousand riders. Soon afterward Ziyi sent one hundred ninety-six Huihe envoys to audience, including Chancellor Hudi Pijia, Chancellor Meilu Grand General Luodagan—Kai Fu with rank equal to the Three Excellencies and acting Minister of Ceremonies—and others. The emperor feasted them in Yanying Hall and rewarded them lavishly. In the intercalary month Ziyi brought Pugu Mingchen from Jingyang to report at court; the Huihe presented horses, and at the farewell banquet they received one hundred thousand lengths of silk in all before departing. The treasury was empty; court officials received no regular salaries but monthly labor allowances called zike money. Officials' allowances for the intercalary tenth, eleventh, and twelfth months were taxed to pay for it.
28
大歷六年正月，回紇於鴻臚寺擅出坊市，掠人子女，所在官奪返，毆怒，以三百騎犯金光門、硃雀門。 是日，皇城諸門盡閉，上使中使劉清潭宣慰，乃止。
In the first month of Dali 6 Huihe at the Ministry of Hospitality left their quarters without leave, abducted men and women, and when officials recovered the captives they flew into a rage and three hundred riders stormed Jinguang and Zhuque gates. That day every gate of the Imperial City was shut; the emperor sent the palace envoy Liu Qingtan to soothe them, and the disturbance ended.
29
七年七月，回紇出鴻臚寺，入坊市強暴，逐長安令邵說於含光門之街，奪說所乘馬將去。 說脫身避走，有司不能禁。
In the seventh month of Dali 7 Huihe left the Ministry of Hospitality and ran wild in the wards, chasing Magistrate Shao Shuo down Hanguang Gate Street and seizing his horse. Shuo got away, and the authorities could not stop them.
30
八年十一月，回紇一百四十人還蕃，以信物一千余乘。 回紇恃功，自乾元之後，屢遣使以馬和市繒帛，仍歲來市，以馬一匹易絹四十匹，動至數萬馬。 其使候遣繼留於鴻臚寺者非一，蕃得帛無厭，我得馬無用，朝廷甚苦之。 是時特詔厚賜遣之，示以廣恩，且俾知愧也。 是月，回紇使使赤心領馬一萬匹來求市，代宗以馬價出於租賦，不欲重困於民，命有司量入計許市六千匹。
In the eleventh month of Dali 8 one hundred forty Huihe departed for their homeland with more than one thousand loads of gifts. Trading on their wartime service, the Huihe after Qianyuan sent envoys year after year to exchange horses for silk at forty bolts per horse, often tens of thousands of horses at a time. Envoys waiting dispatch piled up at the Ministry of Hospitality; the Huihe never had enough silk, while the horses were useless to the court, and the government found it deeply burdensome. The court then issued a special edict granting them generous parting gifts—both to show magnanimity and to shame them. That month the Huihe envoy Chixin arrived with ten thousand horses for trade. Daizong, unwilling to strain the people further since horse payments came from taxes, ordered officials to budget the exchange and allow only six thousand horses.
31
十年九月，回紇白晝刺人於東市，市人執之，拘於萬年縣。 其首領赤心聞之，自鴻臚寺馳入縣獄，劫囚而出，斫傷獄吏。
In the ninth month of Dali 10 Huihe stabbed people in broad daylight at the Eastern Market; townspeople seized them and they were held in Wannian County jail. Chixin, their leader, heard of it and galloped from the Ministry of Hospitality to the county jail, broke the prisoners out, and wounded the jailers.
32
十三年正月，回紇寇太原，過榆次、太谷，河東節度留後、太原尹、兼御史大夫鮑防與回紇戰於陽曲，我師敗績，死者千余人。 代州都督張光晟與回紇戰於羊武谷，破之，回紇引退。 先是，辛雲京守太原，回紇懼雲京，不敢窺並、代，知鮑防無武略，乃敢淩逼，賴光晟邀戰勝之，北人乃安。
In the first month of Dali 13 the Huihe raided Taiyuan, passing through Yuci and Taigu. Bao Fang, acting commissioner of Hedong and prefect of Taiyuan, met them at Yangqu; the Tang force was routed and more than a thousand men were killed. Zhang Guangsheng, protector-general of Daizhou, defeated the Huihe at Yangwu Valley and drove them back. Earlier, while Xin Yunjing held Taiyuan, the Huihe feared him and did not dare threaten Bing and Dai. Seeing that Bao Fang lacked military skill, they pressed the attack; only Zhang Guangsheng's victory restored peace to the north.
33
德宗初即位，使中官梁文秀告哀於回紇，且修舊好，可汗移地健不為禮。 而九姓胡素屬於回紇者，又陳中國便利以誘其心，可汗乃舉國南下，將乘我喪。 其宰相頓莫賀達幹諫曰：「唐，大國也，且無負於我。 前年入太原，獲羊馬數萬計，可謂大捷矣。 以道途艱阻，比及國，傷耗殆盡。 今若舉而不捷，將安歸乎？」 可汗不聽。 頓莫賀乘人之心，因擊殺之，並殺其親信及九姓胡所誘來者凡二千人。
When Dezong first ascended the throne he sent the palace official Liang Wenxiu to announce the mourning and renew the old alliance, but Qaghan Yidi Jian received him without courtesy. Sogdians long subject to the Huihe also painted China's riches before him, and the qaghan marched the whole nation south to exploit the dynasty's mourning. His chancellor Dun Mohedagan remonstrated: "Tang is a great power and has done us no wrong. Two years ago we entered Taiyuan and took tens of thousands of sheep and horses—a great victory already. The road home was hard, and by the time we reached our lands the spoils were nearly gone. If we march now and fail, where shall we go back to? The qaghan would not heed him. Dun Mohe seized the moment, killed the qaghan, and slaughtered his confidants and the two thousand Sogdians who had urged the invasion.
34
頓莫賀自立號為合骨咄祿毗伽可汗，使其酋長建達幹隨文秀來朝。 命京兆尹源休持節冊為武義成功可汗。 貞元三年八月，回紇可汗遣首領墨啜達幹、多覽將軍合闕達幹等來貢方物，且請和親。 四年十月，回紇公主及使至自蕃，德宗禦延喜門見之。 時回紇可汗喜於和親，其禮甚恭，上言：「昔為兄弟，今為子婿，半子也。」 又詈辱吐蕃使者，及使大首領等妻妾凡五十六婦人來迎可敦，凡遣人千余，納聘馬二千。 德宗令朔州、太原分留七百人，其宰相首領皆至，分館鴻臚，將作。 癸巳，見於宣政殿。 乙未，德宗召回紇公主出，使者對於麟德殿，各有頒賜。 庚子，詔鹹安公主降回紇可汗，仍置府官屬視親王例。 以殿中監、嗣滕王湛然為鹹安公主婚禮使，關播檢校右僕射、送鹹安公主及冊回紇可汗使。 貞元五年十二月，回紇汨咄祿長壽天親毗伽可汗薨，廢朝三日，文武三品已上就鴻臚寺吊其來使。
Dun Mohe proclaimed himself Qaghan He Gutulu Pijia and sent his chieftain Jiandagan with Wenxiu to court. The court sent Yuan Xiu, prefect of Jingzhao, with credentials to invest him as Qaghan Wuyi Chenggong. In the eighth month of Zhenyuan 3 the Huihe qaghan sent Mochuo Dagan, General Duolan Hequedagan, and others with tribute and a request for a marriage alliance. In the tenth month of Zhenyuan 4 the Huihe princess and her envoys arrived from the steppe; Dezong received them at Yanxi Gate. The Huihe qaghan was delighted with the match and showed great deference, writing: "Once we were brothers; now I am your son-in-law—half a son. He also insulted the Tibetan envoys and sent fifty-six wives and concubines of his great chiefs to welcome the qatun, more than a thousand people in all, with two thousand horses as betrothal gifts. Dezong kept seven hundred of them at Shuozhou and Taiyuan; the chancellors and chiefs all came and were quartered at the Ministry of Hospitality and the Directorate of Palace Buildings. On guisi day they were received at Xuanzheng Hall. On yiwei day Dezong presented the Huihe princess; the envoys were received at Qinde Hall and each was rewarded. On gengzi day an edict gave Princess Xian'an in marriage to the Huihe qaghan and established a household staff for her on the model of an imperial prince. Zhanran, Director of the Palace Domestic Service and heir of the Prince of Teng, was appointed marriage envoy for Princess Xian'an; Guan Bo, acting Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, was sent to escort the princess and invest the Huihe qaghan. In the twelfth month of Zhenyuan 5 Qaghan Mochulu Changshou Tianqin Pijia of the Huihe died; court mourning lasted three days, and officials of third rank and above went to the Ministry of Hospitality to condole with the envoys.
35
貞元六年六月，回紇使移職伽達幹歸蕃，賜馬價絹三十萬匹。 以鴻臚卿郭鋒兼御史大夫，充冊回紇忠貞可汗使。 是歲四月，忠貞可汗為其弟所殺而篡立。 時回紇大將頡幹迦斯西擊吐蕃未回，其次相率國人縱殺纂者而立忠貞之子為可汗，年方十六七。 及六月，頡幹迦斯西討回，將至牙帳，次相等懼其後有廢立，不欲漢使知之，留鋒數月而回。 頡幹迦斯之至也，可汗等出迎郊野，陳郭鋒所送國信器幣，可汗與次將相等皆俯伏自說廢立之由，且請命曰：「惟大相生死之。」 悉以所陳器幣贈頡幹迦斯以悅之。 可汗又拜泣曰：「兒愚幼無知，今幸得立，惟仰食於阿爹。」 可汗以子事之，頡幹迦斯以卑遜興感，乃相持號哭，遂執臣子之禮焉。 盡以所陳器幣頒賜左右諸從行將士，己無所取，自是其國稍安，乃遣達比特勒梅錄將軍告忠貞可汗之哀於我，且請冊新君。 使至，廢朝三日，仍令三品已上官就鴻臚寺吊其使。 是歲，吐蕃陷北庭都護府。
In the sixth month of Zhenyuan 6 the Huihe envoy Yizhi Jiadagan departed for the steppe with three hundred thousand bolts of silk as payment for horses. Guo Feng, Minister of Hospitality and concurrent Censor-in-Chief, was appointed envoy to invest Qaghan Zhongzhen of the Huihe. That April Qaghan Zhongzhen was killed by his younger brother, who seized the throne. The Huihe general Egan Jiasi was campaigning against Tibet in the west and had not returned; the vice chancellors rallied the people, killed the usurper, and enthroned Zhongzhen's son, barely sixteen or seventeen years old. In the sixth month Egan Jiasi returned from the west and was nearing the royal camp; fearing he might overturn the succession, the vice chancellors kept Guo Feng for months so the Tang envoy would not learn of the coup. When Egan Jiasi arrived the qaghan and his court went out to meet him in the open country and displayed the state gifts Guo Feng had brought. The qaghan and vice generals prostrated themselves, explained the succession crisis, and pleaded: "Only the great chancellor holds the power of life and death. They gave him all the displayed gifts to win his favor. The qaghan bowed and wept again: "I am young and ignorant, lucky merely to have been enthroned; I live only at Father's hand. The qaghan treated him as a son treats a father. Moved by this humility, Egan Jiasi embraced him and they wept together; he then performed the rites owed a subject and son. He distributed all the displayed gifts among the officers and soldiers who had accompanied them, keeping nothing for himself. From then on the realm grew somewhat calmer. He sent the Tabid, Tüg Tegin, and General Milu to announce Qaghan Zhongzhen's death to the court and request investiture of the new ruler. When the envoys arrived, court mourning lasted three days, and officials of third rank and above were sent to the Ministry of Hospitality to condole with them. That year the Tibetans took Beiting Protectorate.
36
初，北庭、安西既假道於回紇以朝奏，因附庸焉。 回紇征求無厭，北庭差近，凡生事之資，必強取之。 又有沙陀部落六千余帳，與北庭相依，亦屬於回紇，肆行抄奪，尤所厭苦。 其先葛祿部落及白服突厥素與回紇通和，亦憾其侵掠。 因吐蕃厚賂見誘，遂附之。 於是吐蕃率葛祿、白服之眾去冬寇北庭，回紇大相頡幹迦斯率眾援之，頻敗。 吐蕃急攻之，北庭之人既苦回紇，乃舉城降焉，沙陀部落亦降。 節度使、檢校工部尚書楊襲古將麾下二千余眾出奔西州，頡幹利亦還。 十年秋，悉其國丁壯五萬人，召襲古，將復焉。 俄為所敗，死者大半。 頡幹利收合余燼，晨夜奔還。 襲古余眾僅百六十，將復入西州，頡幹迦斯紿之曰：「第與我同至牙帳，當送君歸本朝。」 既及牙帳，留而不遣，竟殺之。 自是安西阻絕，莫知存亡，唯西州之人，猶固守焉。 頡士迦斯敗，葛祿乘勝取回紇之浮圖川，回紇震恐，悉遷西北部落羊馬於牙帳之南以避之。
Beiting and Anxi had long relied on passage through Huihe territory to reach the court, and thus became dependent vassals. The Huihe extorted without end. Beiting lay close at hand, and they forcibly seized whatever supplies the garrison needed. More than six thousand Shatuo tents depended on Beiting and likewise answered to the Huihe, who plundered freely—the greatest source of their misery. The Karluks and White-dressed Turks had long been on friendly terms with the Huihe, yet resented their relentless raids. Lured by lavish Tibetan bribes, they defected to Tibet. The Tibetans, leading the Karluks and White-dressed Turks, raided Beiting the previous winter. The Huihe great chancellor Egan Jiasi marched to relieve the city but was defeated again and again. Under fierce Tibetan assault, the Beiting garrison—already exhausted by Huihe exactions—surrendered the city, and the Shatuo followed suit. Commissioner and acting Minister of Works Yang Xigu fled west to Xizhou with some two thousand men; Eganli withdrew as well. That autumn he mustered fifty thousand fighting men, summoned Yang Xigu, and prepared to retake Beiting. They were soon routed, with more than half the force killed. Eganli regrouped the survivors and raced back day and night. Yang Xigu's remnant force numbered barely one hundred sixty. As he prepared to re-enter Xizhou, Egan Jiasi deceived him: "Come with me to the royal camp first, and I will send you home to the Tang court. Once at the royal camp he detained Yang Xigu and refused to release him—and finally had him killed. Anxi was cut off thereafter, its fate unknown; only Xizhou continued to hold out. After Egan Jiasi's defeat the Karluks seized the Huihe Fotu River lands. Terrified, the Huihe drove all northwestern tribes' flocks and herds south of the royal camp to escape them.
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貞元七年五月庚申朔，以鴻臚少卿庾鋌兼御史大夫，冊回紇可汗及吊祭使。 是月，回紇遣使律支達幹等來朝，告小寧國公主薨。 廢朝三日，故，肅宗以寧國公主降回紇，又以榮王女媵之； 及寧國來歸，榮王女為可敦，回紇號為小寧國公主，歷配英武、英義二可汗。 及天親可汗立，出居於外，生英武二子，為天親可汗所殺。 無幾薨。 七年八月，回紇遣使獻敗吐蕃、葛祿於北庭所捷及其俘畜。 先是，吐蕃入靈州，為回紇所敗，夜以火攻，駭而退。 十二月，回紇遣殺支將軍獻吐蕃俘大首領結心，德宗禦延喜門觀之。 八年七月，以回紇藥羅葛靈檢校右僕射。 靈本唐人，姓呂氏，因入回紇，為可汗養子，遂以可汗姓為藥羅葛靈，在國用事。 因來朝，寵賚甚厚，仍給市馬絹七萬匹。 九年九月，遣使來朝貢。
On the gengshen new moon of the fifth month of Zhenyuan 7, Vice Minister of Hospitality Yu Tie, concurrent Censor-in-Chief, was appointed to invest the Huihe qaghan and serve as condolence envoy. That month the Huihe envoy Luzhi Jiadagan and others came to court announcing the death of Princess Lesser Ningguo. Court mourning lasted three days. In the past Suzong had given Princess Ningguo to the Huihe in marriage, with a daughter of the Prince of Rong as her attendant; When Princess Ningguo returned to Tang, the Prince of Rong's daughter became qatun; the Huihe called her Princess Lesser Ningguo, and she was married in turn to Qaghans Yingwu and Yingyi. When Qaghan Tianqin took the throne she was sent to live apart. She had borne two sons to Yingwu, and Tianqin had them killed. She died soon after. In the eighth month of Zhenyuan 7 the Huihe presented tribute commemorating their victory over the Tibetans and Karluks at Beiting, along with captives and herds. Earlier the Tibetans had invaded Lingzhou but were routed by the Huihe, who drove them off with a night attack of fire. In the twelfth month the Huihe general Shazhi presented the Tibetan captive chieftain Jiexin; Dezong reviewed them at Yanxi Gate. In the seventh month of Zhenyuan 8 the Huihe Yao Luoge Ling was appointed acting Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs. Ling was originally a Tang subject named Lü. He entered Huihe service, was adopted by the qaghan, took the royal surname Yao Luoge, and wielded great influence at court. He came to court and was richly rewarded, receiving seventy thousand bolts of silk for horse purchases. In the ninth month of Zhenyuan 9 envoys arrived with tribute.
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貞元十一年六月庚寅，冊拜回紇騰裏邏羽錄沒密施合祿胡毗迦懷信可汗。 元和四年，藹德曷裏祿沒弭施合密毗迦可汗遣使改為回鶻，義取回旋輕捷如鶻也。 八年四月，回鶻請和親，使伊難珠還蕃，宴於三殿，賜以銀器繒帛。 是歲，回鶻數千騎至䴙鵜泉，邊軍戒嚴。 十二月二日，宴歸國回鶻摩尼八人，令至中書見宰臣。 先是，回鶻請和親，憲宗使有司計之。 禮費約五百萬貫，方內有誅討，未任其親，以摩尼為回鶻信奉，故使宰臣言其不可。 乃詔宗正少卿李孝誠使於回鶻，太常博士殷侑副之，諭其來請之意。
On gengyin day of the sixth month of Zhenyuan 11 the Huihe ruler was invested as Qaghan Tengli Luoyulu Mo Mishi Heluhu Pijia Huaixin. In Yuanhe 4 Qaghan Aide Helilu Mo Mishi Hemi Pijia sent envoys asking that the name be changed to Huihe—signifying swift wheeling flight like a goshawk. In the fourth month of Yuanhe 8 the Huihe sought a marriage alliance. Envoy Yinanzhu was banqueted in the Three Halls and sent home with silver vessels and silks. That year several thousand Huihe cavalry reached Piti Spring, and border garrisons went on alert. On the second of the twelfth month eight Manichaeans returning with the Huihe embassy were banqueted and presented to the chief ministers at the Secretariat. When the Huihe had requested a marriage alliance, Xianzong ordered the ministries to estimate the expense. The ceremony would cost some five million strings of cash, and with punitive campaigns under way the court would not approve the match. Because the Huihe followed Manichaeism, the chief ministers were instructed to refuse. Li Xiaocheng, Vice Director of the Imperial Clan, was sent to the Huihe with Yin You, Doctor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, as deputy, to explain why the request could not be granted.
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長慶元年，毗迦保義可汗薨，輟朝三日，仍令諸司三品已上官就鴻臚寺吊其使者。 四月，正衙冊回鶻君長為登羅羽錄密施句主錄毗伽可汗，以少府監裴通為檢校左散騎常侍、兼御史大夫，持節冊立、兼吊祭使。 五月，回鶻宰相、都督、公主、摩尼等五百七十三人入朝迎公主，於鴻臚寺安置。 敕：「太和公主出降回鶻為可敦，宜令中書舍人王起赴鴻臚寺宣示； 以左金吾衛大將軍胡證檢校戶部尚書，持節充送公主入回鶻及冊可汗使； 光祿卿李憲加兼御史中丞，充副使； 太常博士殷侑改殿中侍御史，充判官。」 吐蕃犯青塞堡，以回紇和親故也。 鹽州刺史李文悅發兵擊退之。 回鶻奏：「以一萬騎出北庭，一萬騎出安西，拓吐蕃以迎太和公主歸國。」 其月敕：「太和公主出降回紇，宜持置府，其官屬宜視親王例。」
In Changqing 1 Qaghan Pijia Baoyi died; court mourning lasted three days, and officials of third rank and above were sent to the Ministry of Hospitality to condole with the envoys. In the fourth month the Huihe chieftain was invested at court as Qaghan Dengluo Yulu Mi Shi Goulü Pijia. Pei Tong, Director of the Palace Storehouses, was appointed acting Left Regular Attendant and concurrent Censor-in-Chief, commissioner for investiture and condolence mission. In the fifth month five hundred seventy-three Huihe dignitaries—including chancellors, commanders, princesses, and Manichaeans—arrived to escort the princess and were lodged at the Ministry of Hospitality. An edict ordered: "Princess Taihe is given in marriage to the Huihe as qatun. Secretariat Drafting Officer Wang Qi shall announce this at the Ministry of Hospitality; General Hu Zheng of the Left Golden Bough Guard, acting Minister of Revenue, shall bear the staff as envoy to escort the princess to the Huihe and invest the qaghan; Minister of Imperial Sacrifices Li Xian was additionally appointed Vice Censor-in-Chief and deputy envoy; Doctor Yin You of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices was made Palace Attendant Censor and judge-advocate. Tibet attacked Qingsai Fort in reprisal for the Tang-Huihe marriage alliance. Yanzhou Prefect Li Wenyue sent troops and repulsed them. The Huihe reported: "We shall dispatch ten thousand horsemen from Beiting and ten thousand from Anxi to drive back the Tibetans and escort Princess Taihe home. That month an edict declared: "Princess Taihe is given to the Huihe in marriage; a household shall be established for her on the model of an imperial prince. Thus the edict concluded.
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回紇自鹹安公主歿後，屢歸款請繼前好，久未之許。 至元和末，其請彌切，憲宗以北虜有勛勞於王室，又西戎比歲為邊患，遂許以妻之。 既許而憲宗崩。 穆宗即位，逾年乃封第十妹為太和公主，將出降，回紇登邏骨沒密施合毗伽可汗遣使伊難珠、句錄都督思結並外宰相、駙馬、梅錄司馬，兼公主一人、葉護公主一人，及達幹並駝馬千余來迎。 太和公主發赴回紇國，穆宗禦通化門左個臨送，使百僚章敬寺前立班，儀衛甚盛，士女傾城觀焉。 十一月，振武節度張惟清奏：「準詔發兵三千赴蔚州，數內已發一千人訖，余二千人，待太和公主出界即發遣。」 又奏：「天德轉牒云：回鶻七百六十人將駝馬及車，相次至黃蘆泉迎候公主。」 豐州刺史李祐奏：「迎太和公主回鶻三千於卿泉下營拓吐蕃。」
After Princess Xian'an's death the Huihe repeatedly sought to renew their alliance, but the court long refused. By the end of Yuanhe their pleas grew urgent. Xianzong, mindful of the northern allies' service to the throne and of mounting Tibetan border raids, agreed to the marriage. Permission was granted, but Xianzong died before the marriage could take place. A year after Muzong's accession he enfeoffed his tenth sister as Princess Taihe. As she prepared to depart, Qaghan Dengluogul Mo Mishi Hepijia of the Huihe sent Yinanzhu, Commander Sijie, external chancellors, imperial sons-in-law, and the Meilu chief of staff, along with a princess and Princess Yehu, plus Jiadagan and more than a thousand camels and horses to meet her. Princess Taihe departed for the Huihe realm. Muzong himself saw her off at the left wing of Tonghua Gate while officials lined up before Zhangjing Temple in splendid procession; the city turned out to watch. In the eleventh month Zhenwu commissioner Zhang Weiqing reported: "Per edict, three thousand troops are assigned to Weizhou; one thousand have already been sent, and the remaining two thousand will march once Princess Taihe crosses the frontier. He also reported that Tiande had relayed word that seven hundred sixty Huihe with camels, horses, and wagons had reached Huanglu Spring in succession to meet the princess. Fengzhou Prefect Li You reported that three thousand Huihe escorting Princess Taihe had encamped below Qingquan to fight off the Tibetans. Thus the memorial concluded.
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二年二月，賜回紇馬價絹五萬匹。 三月，又賜馬價絹七萬匹。 是月，裴度招討幽、鎮之亂，回鶻請以兵從度討伐。 朝議以寶應初回紇收復兩京，恃功驕恣難制，鹹以為不可，遂命中使止回紇令歸。 會其已上豐州北界，不從。 上詔發繒帛七萬匹賜之，方還。 五月，命使冊立登啰骨沒密施合毗伽禮可汗，遣品官田務豐領國信十二車使回鶻，賜可汗及太和公主。
In the second month of Changqing 2 the court granted the Huihe five hundred thousand bolts of silk as payment for horses. In the third month another seven hundred thousand bolts of silk were granted as horse payment. That month, as Pei Du marched against the rebellion in You and Zhen, the Huihe offered troops to join his campaign. The court feared a repeat of Baoying, when the Huihe, after recapturing the two capitals, had grown arrogant and uncontrollable. All agreed to refuse; a palace envoy was sent to halt the Huihe and order them home. By then they had already crossed north of Fengzhou and refused to turn back. The emperor ordered seven hundred thousand bolts of silk sent as a gift before they would withdraw. In the fifth month the court invested Qaghan Dengluogul Mo Mishi Hepijia Li and sent Palace Attendant Tian Wufeng with twelve carts of state gifts to the Huihe for the qaghan and Princess Taihe.
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長慶二年閏十月，金吾大將軍胡證、副使光祿卿李憲、婚禮使衛尉卿李銳、副使宗正少卿李子鴻、判官虞部郎中張敏、太常博士殷侑送太和公主至自回紇，皆云：初，公主去回紇牙帳尚可信宿，可汗遣數百騎來請與公主先從他道去。 胡證曰：「不可。」 虜使曰：「前鹹安公主來時，去花門數百里即先去，今何獨拒我？」 證曰：「我天子詔送公主以投可汗，今未見可汗，豈宜先往！」 虜使乃止。 既至虜庭，乃擇吉日，冊公主為回鶻可敦。 可汗先升樓東向坐，設氈幄於樓下以居公主，使群胡主教公主以胡法。 公主始解唐服而衣胡服，以一嫗侍，出樓前西向拜。 可汗坐而視，公主再俯拜訖，復入氈幄中，解前所服而披可敦服，通裾大襦，皆茜色，金飾冠如角，前指後出樓，俯拜可汗如初禮。 虜先設大輿曲扆，前設小座，相者引公主升輿，回紇九姓相分負其輿，隨日右轉於庭者九，公主乃降輿升樓，與可汗俱東向坐。 自此臣下朝謁，並拜可敦。 可敦自有牙帳，命二相出入帳中。 證等將歸，可敦宴之帳中，留連號啼者竟日，可汗因贈漢使以厚貺。
In the intercalary tenth month of Changqing 2, Hu Zheng, General of the Golden Bough Guard; Li Xian, Minister of Imperial Sacrifices and deputy envoy; Li Rui, Minister of Court Ceremonies and marriage envoy; Li Zihong, Vice Director of the Imperial Clan and deputy marriage envoy; Zhang Min, Director of the Bureau of Works and judge-advocate; and Yin You, Doctor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, escorted Princess Taihe back from the Huihe. All reported that when the princess first left the Huihe royal camp—still only a day's journey away—the qaghan had sent several hundred horsemen asking that she go ahead by another route. Hu Zheng refused: "That will not do. The envoy protested: "When Princess Xian'an came, she was sent ahead several hundred li short of Huamen—why refuse us now?" Zheng replied: "The Son of Heaven's edict commands us to deliver the princess to the qaghan. We have not yet met him—how can she go on ahead!" The envoy relented. On reaching the Huihe court they chose an auspicious day and invested the princess as qatun. The qaghan mounted a tower and sat facing east while a felt pavilion was erected below for the princess. Huihe chiefs were assigned to instruct her in steppe customs. The princess shed her Tang robes for Huihe dress, attended by a single old woman, and emerged before the tower to bow facing west. The qaghan watched as she bowed twice and prostrated herself, then re-entered the pavilion, changed into qatun robes of madder-red full skirts, and put on a horned gold crown before emerging to bow and prostrate again as before. They first prepared a great carriage with a curved screen and a small seat before it. Escorts helped the princess into the carriage, which the nine Huihe clans bore on their shoulders, turning sunwise nine times in the courtyard. She then descended, mounted the tower, and sat facing east with the qaghan. Thereafter subjects bowed to the qatun at court audiences. The qatun received her own royal tent, with two chancellors authorized to attend her. As Zheng and his party prepared to depart, the qatun feasted them in her tent and wept all day. The qaghan then sent the Tang envoys away with lavish gifts.
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太和元年，命中使以絹二十萬匹付鴻臚寺宣賜回鶻充馬價。 三年正月，中使以絹二十三萬匹賜回紇充馬價。 七年三月，回紇李義節等將駝馬到，且報可汗三月二十七日薨，已冊親弟薩特勒。 廢朝三日，仍令諸司文武三品、尚書省四品以上官就鴻臚寺吊其使者。 以左驍衛將軍、皇城留守唐弘實為金吾將軍兼御史大夫，持節充入回鶻吊祭冊立使。 九年六月，入朝回鶻進太和公主所獻馬射女子七人，沙陀小兒二人。 開成初，其相有安允合者，與特勒柴草欲篡薩特勒可汗，薩特勒可汗覺，殺柴草及安允合。 又有回鶻相掘羅勿者，擁兵在外，怨誅柴草、安允合，又殺薩特勒可汗，以馺特勒為可汗。 有將軍句錄末賀恨掘羅勿，走引黠戛斯領十萬騎破回鶻城，殺馺，斬掘羅勿，燒蕩殆盡，回鶻散奔諸蕃。 有回鶻相馺職者，擁外甥龐特勒及男鹿並遏粉等兄弟五人、一十五部西奔葛邏祿，一支投吐蕃，一支投安西，又有近可汗牙十三部，以特勒烏介為可汗，南來附漢。
In Taihe 1 a palace envoy was ordered to deliver two hundred thousand bolts of silk through the Ministry of Hospitality to the Huihe as payment for horses. In the first month of Taihe 3 a palace envoy granted the Huihe two hundred thirty thousand bolts of silk as horse payment. In the third month of Taihe 7 Li Yijie and other Huihe envoys arrived with camels and horses, reporting that the qaghan had died on the twenty-seventh of the third month and his younger brother Sateler had already been enthroned. Court mourning lasted three days, and civil and military officials of third rank and above were sent to the Ministry of Hospitality to condole with the envoys. Tang Hongshi, General of the Left Valiant Cavalry Guard and Palace City Commandant, was appointed General of the Golden Bough Guard and concurrent Censor-in-Chief, commissioner to the Huihe for condolence and investiture. In the sixth month of Taihe 9 the Huihe embassy presented seven mounted archer women and two Shatuo boys sent by Princess Taihe. Early in Kaicheng the chancellor An Yunhe and Tegin Chaicao plotted to usurp Qaghan Sateler; Sateler discovered the plot and killed Chaicao and An Yunhe. Another chancellor, Juoluowu, commanded troops in the field and, angered by the executions of Chaicao and An Yunhe, killed Qaghan Sateler and enthroned Teler in his place. General Goulumohe, enraged at Juoluowu, fled and brought the Kirghiz with one hundred thousand horsemen to smash the Huihe capital, kill Sa, behead Juoluowu, and burn the realm nearly to ashes; the Huihe scattered among neighboring peoples. Chancellor Sazhi led his nephew Pang Teler, Nanlu, Efen, and four brothers—five men of fifteen tribes—west to the Qarlug. One branch submitted to Tibet, another to Anxi; thirteen tribes near the royal camp enthroned Teler Wujie as qaghan and came south to submit to Tang.
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初，黠戛斯破回鶻，得太和公主。 黠戛斯自稱李陵之後，與國同姓，遂令達幹十人送公主至塞上。 烏介途遇黠戛斯使，達幹等並被殺。 太和公主卻歸烏介可汗，乃質公主同行，南渡大磧。 至天德界，奏請天德城與太和公主居。 有回鶻相赤心者，與連位相姓仆固者，與特勤那頡啜擁部眾，不賓烏介。 赤心欲犯塞，烏介遣其屬霡沒斯先布誠於天德軍使田牟，然後誘赤心宰相同謁烏介可汗，戮赤心於可汗帳下並仆固二人。 那頡戰勝，全占赤心下七千帳，東瞰振武、大同，據室韋、黑沙、榆林，東南入幽州雄武軍西北界。 幽州節度使張仲武遣弟仲至率兵大破那頡之眾，全收七千帳，殺戮收擒老小近九萬人。 那頡中箭，透駝群潛脫，烏介獲而殺之。
When the Kirghiz destroyed the Huihe they captured Princess Taihe. The Kirghiz, claiming descent from Li Ling and kinship with the Tang imperial surname, sent ten Jiadagan to escort the princess to the border. Wujie intercepted the Kirghiz escort on the road and killed all the Jiadagan. Princess Taihe fell back into Wujie's hands; he took her hostage and marched south across the great desert. At the Tiande frontier he petitioned for Tiande city to shelter Princess Taihe. Chancellor Chixin, Vice Chancellor Pugu, and Tegin Nejiechuo led their tribes in refusing to submit to Wujie. When Chixin planned to raid the frontier, Wujie sent Meimosi ahead to pledge good faith to Tiande commander Tian Mou, then lured Chixin and the vice chancellor to an audience and executed Chixin in the royal tent along with the two Pugu men. Najie won the battle and took all seven thousand tents formerly under Chixin, threatening Zhenwu and Datong from the east, holding Shiwei, Heisha, and Yulin, and pressing southeast toward the northwestern border of Youzhou's Xiongwu Army. Zhang Zhongwu, military commissioner of Youzhou, sent his brother Zhongzhi at the head of an army to crush Najie's host, taking all seven thousand tents and killing or capturing nearly ninety thousand people, old and young alike. Najie took an arrow wound and slipped away hidden among the camels, yet Wujie caught him and put him to death.
45
烏介諸部猶稱十萬眾，駐牙大同軍北閭門山，時會昌二年秋，頻劫東陜已北，天德、振武、雲朔，比罹俘戮。 詔諸道兵悉至防捍，以河東節度使劉沔充南面招控回鶻使； 以幽州節度使張仲武充東面招控回鶻使。
Wujie's followers still numbered one hundred thousand in their claims, camped at Lümen Mountain north of Datong Army. That autumn, the second year of Huichang, they raided again and again north of eastern Shaanxi; Tiande, Zhenwu, and Yunshuo alike were ravaged by capture and killing. The throne ordered every circuit to muster troops for defense and named Liu Mian, commissioner of Hedong, Commissioner for Attracting and Controlling the Huihe on the southern front. Zhang Zhongwu, commissioner of Youzhou, was named Commissioner for Attracting and Controlling the Huihe on the eastern front.
46
二年冬，三年春，回鶻特勒龐俱遮、阿敦寧二部，回鶻公主密羯可敦一部，外相諸洛固阿跌一部，及牙帳大將曹磨你等七部，共三萬眾，相次降於幽州，詔配諸道。 有特勒霡沒斯、阿歷支、習勿啜三部，回鶻相愛耶勿弘順、回鶻尚書呂衡等諸部降振武，三部首領皆賜姓李氏，及名思忠、思貞、思惠、思恩，充歸義使。 有特勒葉被沽兄李二部南奔吐蕃，有特勒可質力二部東北奔大室韋，有特勒荷勿啜東討契丹，戰死。
Over the winter of Huichang 2 and the spring of Huichang 3, thirty thousand Huihe in seven groups—the Teler tribes of Pang Juzhe and Aduning, Princess Mojie Khatun's following, Foreign Chancellor Zhuluogu's A-Die band, and the seven camps led by royal-camp general Caomoni—surrendered to Youzhou one after another, and an edict distributed them among the circuits. The three Teler bands of Meimosi, Alizhi, and Xiwuchuo, together with Chancellor Aiyewu Hongshun, Minister Lu Heng, and other Huihe groups, surrendered to Zhenwu. Their three chiefs received the imperial surname Li and the names Sizhong, Sizhen, Sihui, and Si'en, and were made Guyi envoys. Two Teler bands under Yebegu and Li fled south into Tibet; two under Kezhili fled northeast to the Great Shiwei; and Teler Hewuchuo marched east against the Khitan and fell in battle.
47
會昌三年，回鶻尚書仆固繹到幽州，約以太和公主歸幽州，烏介去幽州界八十里下營。 其親信骨肉及摩尼誌凈等四人已先入振武軍。 是夜，河東劉沔率兵奄至烏介營，烏介驚走東北約四百里外，依和解室韋下營，不及將太和公主同走。 豐州刺史石雄兵遇太和公主帳，因迎歸國。 烏介部眾至大中元年詣幽州降，留者漂流餓凍，眾十萬，所存止三千已下。 烏介嫁妹與室韋，托附之。 為回鶻相美權者逸隱啜逼諸回鶻殺烏介於金山，以其弟特勒遏撚為可汗，復有眾五千以上，其食用糧羊皆取給於奚王碩舍朗。
In Huichang 3, Huihe minister Pugu Yi came to Youzhou and arranged for Princess Taihe to be returned there; Wujie pitched camp eighty li from the Youzhou frontier. His closest kin, together with the Manichaean priest Zhijing and three companions, had already gone ahead into Zhenwu Army. That night Liu Mian of Hedong struck Wujie's camp by surprise. Wujie fled in panic some four hundred li to the northeast and camped among the Hejie Shiwei, too late to carry Princess Taihe away with him. Shi Xiong, prefect of Fengzhou, came upon Princess Taihe's camp and escorted her home. Wujie's people surrendered at Youzhou in Dazhong 1. Those left behind wandered, starved, and froze; of a host that had once reached one hundred thousand, fewer than three thousand remained. Wujie gave his sister in marriage to the Shiwei and sought refuge with them. Yiyinchuo, the Huihe chancellor then holding power, forced the tribes to kill Wujie at Jinshan and enthroned his brother Teler Enian as qaghan. They mustered more than five thousand men again, and all their grain, sheep, and provisions came from Xi king Shuoshelang.
48
大中元年春，張仲武大破奚眾，其回鶻無所取給，日有耗散。 至二年春，唯存名王貴臣五百人已下，依室韋。 張鐘武因賀正室韋經過幽州，仲武卻令還蕃，遣送遏撚等來向幽州，遏撚等懼，是夜與妻葛祿、子特勒毒斯等九騎西走，余眾奔之不及，回鶻諸相達官老幼大哭。 室韋分回鶻余眾為七分，七姓室韋各占一分。 經三宿，黠戛斯相阿播領諸蕃兵稱七萬，從西南天德北界來取遏撚及諸回鶻，大敗室韋。 回鶻在室韋者，阿播皆收歸磧北。 在外猶數帳，散藏諸山深林，盜劫諸蕃，皆西向傾心望安西龐勒之到。 龐勒已自稱可汗，有磧西諸城。 其後嗣君弱臣強，居甘州，無復昔時之盛。 到今時遣使入朝，進玉馬二物及本土所產，交易而返。
In the spring of Dazhong 1, Zhang Zhongwu routed the Xi. Cut off from supplies, the Huihe dwindled daily. By the spring of Dazhong 2, no more than five hundred princes and high officials were left, clinging to the Shiwei. When the Shiwei passed through Youzhou for the New Year audience, Zhang Zhongwu sent them back to their lands but ordered Enian and his party toward Youzhou. Terrified, Enian fled west that night with nine riders—his wife Gelu, his son Teler Dusi, and others—while the rest could not follow. Huihe chancellors, officials, old and young alike, broke into loud weeping. The Shiwei split the surviving Huihe seven ways, one share for each of the seven Shiwei clans. Three days later, Kirghiz chancellor A'bo marched in from the southwest with a host of various tribes said to number seventy thousand, crossed north of Tiande, seized Enian and the other Huihe, and routed the Shiwei. A'bo gathered every Huihe still among the Shiwei and took them back north of the desert. A few bands still at large hid in mountain forests and preyed on neighboring peoples, all turning west in hope that Pang Le of Anxi would come. Pang Le had already proclaimed himself qaghan and controlled the cities of the Western Regions. Afterward weak rulers and powerful ministers held Ganzhou, and the Huihe never regained their old eminence. Even now they send envoys to court with jade, horses, and local goods, trade, and go home.
49
史臣曰：自三代以前，兩漢之後，西羌、北狄，互興部族，其名不同，為患一也。 蔡邕云：「邊陲之患，為手足之疥； 中國之困，為胸背之疽。 突厥為煬帝之患深矣，隋竟滅； 中國之困，其理昭然。」 自太宗平突厥，破延陀，而回紇興焉。 太宗幸靈武以降之，置州府以安之，以名爵玉帛以恩之。 其義何哉？ 蓋以狄不可盡，而以威惠羈縻之。 開元中，三綱正，百姓足，四夷八蠻，翕然向化，要荒之外，畏威懷惠，不其盛矣！ 天寶末，奸臣弄權於內，逆臣跋扈於外，內外結釁而車駕遽遷，華夷生心而神器將墜。 肅宗誘回紇以復京畿。 代宗誘回紇以平河朔。 戡難中興之功，大即大矣！ 然生靈之膏血已幹，不能供其求取； 朝廷之法令並弛，無以抑其憑陵。 忍恥和親，姑息不暇。 仆固懷恩為叛，尤甚阽危； 郭子儀之能軍，終免侵軼。 比昔諸戎，於國之功最大，為民之害亦深。 及勢利日隆，盛衰時變，冰消瓦解，如存若亡，竟為手足之疥焉。 僖、昭之世，黃、硃叠興，竟為胸背之疽焉。 手疥背疽，誠為確論。
The historiographer writes: From antiquity through the Two Han, Western Qiang and Northern Di tribes rose in turn under many names, yet the threat they posed was always the same. Cai Yong observed: "Frontier troubles are no more than scabs on the hands and feet; but the affliction of the Central Realm is a carbuncle on the chest and back. The Turks brought Emperor Yang deep ruin, and Sui was destroyed altogether; the truth that inner distress is the greater peril stands plainly revealed." After Emperor Taizong subdued the Turks and shattered the Yenisei Kirghiz, the Huihe rose to power. Taizong went in person to Lingwu to accept their surrender, set up prefectures to settle them, and bound them with titles, honors, jade, and silk. What was the reasoning behind this policy? Surely because the northern peoples could not be wiped out, the court restrained them through a blend of force and favor. Under Kaiyuan, the three bonds stood straight, the people were secure, and the four quarters and eight wilds turned willingly toward civilization; even beyond the farthest marches, all feared Tang power and cherished its grace—was any age more glorious? At the close of Tianbao, scheming ministers seized power at court while rebels swaggered abroad; inner and outer strife broke out, the emperor was driven from the capital, hearts turned against the throne among both Chinese and barbarians, and the dynasty itself seemed ready to fall. Emperor Suzong enlisted the Huihe to win back the capital. Emperor Daizong drew on the Huihe again to pacify the north. The service they rendered in quelling rebellion and restoring the dynasty was immense indeed! Yet the people's lifeblood had already been drained dry and could not meet their demands. Court law had gone slack and could no longer check their arrogance. The court swallowed humiliation through marriage alliances and had no time even to recover. When Pugu Huai'en rebelled, the danger was especially grave. Only Guo Ziyi's command at last kept outright invasion at bay. Among all the frontier peoples of earlier ages, none did more for the dynasty—or cost the people more. As fortune shifted with the times, their power melted away like ice and crumbled like tile, until they seemed almost to vanish—and in the end they proved no more than the scab Cai Yong had described. Under Emperors Xizong and Zhaozong, Huang Chao and Zhu Wen rose in turn and became the chest-and-back carbuncle of which Cai Yong had warned. The distinction between a hand-scab and a back-carbuncle was no mere figure of speech, but sober truth.
50
贊曰：土德初隆，比屋可封。 朝綱中否，邊鄙興戎。 安、史亂國，回紇恃功。 恃功伊何？ 咸議姑息。 民不聊生，國殫其力。 華夷有截，盛衰如織。 彼既長惡，我乃修德，疽疥之義，百代可則。
In praise: When Tang virtue first flourished, every household seemed worthy of enfeoffment. When court discipline failed, the frontiers took up arms. An Lushan and Shi Siming plunged the realm into chaos, and the Huihe traded on their wartime service. On what did they trade? On nothing but appeasement. The people could barely survive; the state spent itself to the bone. Chinese and barbarian realms stood in order, yet glory and decline wove together like threads on a loom. They grew ever more wicked while we turned to virtue—the lesson of carbuncle and scab remains a standard for a hundred generations.