1
回紇，其先匈奴之裔也。 在後魏時，號鐵勒部落。 其象微小，其俗驍強，依托高車，臣屬突厥，近謂之特勒。 無君長，居無恆所，隨水草流移。 人性兇忍，善騎射，貪婪尤甚，以寇抄為生。 自突厥有國，東西征討，皆資其用，以制北荒。 隋開皇末，晉王廣北征突厥，大破步迦可汗，特勒於是分散。 大業元年，突厥處羅可汗擊特勒諸部，厚斂其物。 又猜忌薛延陀，恐為變，遂集其渠帥數百人盡誅之，特勒由是叛。 特勒始有仆骨、同羅、回紇、拔野古、覆羅步，號俟斤，後稱回紇焉。 在薛延陀北境，居娑陵水側，去長安六千九百里。 隨逐水草，勝兵五萬，人口十萬人。 初，有特健俟斤死，有子曰菩薩，部落以為賢而立之。 貞觀初，菩薩與薛延陀侵突厥北邊，突厥頡利可汗遣子欲谷設率十萬騎討之。 菩薩領騎五千與戰，破之於馬鬣山。 因逐北至於天山，又進擊，大破之，俘其部眾，回紇由是大振。 因率其眾附於薛延陀，號菩薩為「活頡利發」，仍遣使朝貢。
The Huihe were originally of Xiongnu descent. During the Northern Wei they were known as the Tiele tribes. They were a minor power with a fierce martial culture, leaning on the Gaochar and owing allegiance to the Turks; more recently they were known as the Tiele. They had no single ruler and no permanent settlements, wandering with the pasturage. They were brutal by nature, expert horsemen and archers, and extraordinarily rapacious, living by plunder. Once the Turkic khaganate arose, it relied on them in every eastern and western campaign to hold the northern frontier. In the late Kaihuang period, Prince Yang Guang of Jin led a northern expedition against the Turks and routed Qaghan Buka, after which the Tiele split apart. In Daye 1 (605), the Turkic qaghan Chuluo attacked the Tiele tribes and exacted heavy tribute from them. Suspecting the Xueyantuo of plotting rebellion, he summoned several hundred of their chiefs and put them all to death, and the Tiele rose in revolt. The Tiele confederation initially comprised the Pugu, Tongluo, Huihe, Bayegu, and Fuluo tribes under the title irkin; in time they took the name Huihe. They lived north of the Xueyantuo along the Selenga River, some six thousand nine hundred li from Chang'an. They moved with the pastures; they could field fifty thousand warriors and numbered one hundred thousand people in all. In the beginning, when the chieftain Tekin irkin died, he left a son named Pusa. The tribes judged him capable and raised him to lead them. Early in the Zhenguan era, Pusa joined the Xueyantuo in raiding the Turks' northern frontier. Qaghan Jieli of the Turks dispatched his son Yugu she with a hundred thousand cavalry to chastise them. Pusa led five thousand horsemen to meet them and broke their force at Mount Mane. Pursuing north to the Heavenly Mountains, he struck again and shattered them, taking many captives. From that victory the Huihe gained tremendous momentum. He then led his people to submit to the Xueyantuo; they styled Pusa "Huojielifa" and still sent envoys to offer tribute at court.
2
菩薩勁勇，有膽氣，善籌策，每對敵臨陣，必身先士卒，以少制眾，常以戰陣射獵為務。 其母烏羅渾，主知爭訟之事，平反嚴明，部內齊肅。 回紇之盛，由菩薩之興焉。
Pusa was fierce and resolute, bold in counsel. In every clash he rode at the fore, beating larger hosts with smaller bands, and lived for the hunt and the battlefield. His mother Wuluohun presided over quarrels and lawsuits with stern, even-handed justice, and the tribe kept good order. The Huihe's ascent to greatness began with Pusa's rise.
3
貞觀中，擒降突厥頡利等可汗之後，北虜唯菩薩、薛延陀為盛。 太宗冊北突厥莫賀咄為可汗，遣統回紇、仆骨、同羅、思結、阿跌等部，回紇酋帥吐迷度與諸部大破薛延陀多彌可汗，遂並其部曲，奄有其地。
During Zhenguan, once qaghans like Jieli of the Turks had been taken and subdued, only Pusa and the Xueyantuo still held real power among the northern peoples. Emperor Taizong invested Moheduo of the Northern Turks as qaghan and set him over the Huihe, Pugu, Tongluo, Sijie, A-die, and other tribes. The Huihe leader Tumidu allied with them to crush Duomi, qaghan of the Xueyantuo, annexed his followers, and seized their territory.
4
貞觀二十年，南過賀蘭山，臨黃河，遣使入貢，以破薛延陀功，賜宴內殿。 太宗幸靈武，受其降款，因請回鶻已南置郵遞，通管北方。 太宗為置六府七州，府置都督，州置刺史，府州皆置長史、司馬已下官主之。 以回紇部為瀚海府，拜其俟利發吐迷度為懷化大將軍，兼瀚海都督。 時吐迷度已自稱可汗，署官號皆如突厥故事。 以多覽為燕然府，仆骨為金徽府，拔野古為幽陵府，同羅為龜林府，思結為盧山府，渾都為臯蘭州，斛薩為高闕州，阿跌為雞田州，契苾為榆溪州，跌結為雞鹿州，阿布思為歸林州，白霫為寘顏州。 又以回紇西北結骨為堅昆府，其北骨利幹為玄闕州，東北俱羅勃為燭龍州。 於故單於臺置燕然都護府統之，以導賓貢。
In Zhenguan 20 they moved south past Helan Mountain to the Yellow River and sent tribute. For their victory over the Xueyantuo the court feasted them within the inner palace. Taizong received their submission at Lingwu. They petitioned to run courier stations south of the Huihe homelands and to help govern the northern frontier. Taizong created six fu and seven zhou: each fu had a dudu (area commander), each zhou a cishi (prefect), and both were given secretaries, marshals, and subordinate officials. The Huihe were organized as Hanhai Fu. Their irkin Tumidu was named General Who Cherishes Transformation and concurrently Dudu of Hanhai. By then Tumidu had already taken the title of qaghan, and his official ranks mirrored Turkish practice. Duolan became Yanran Fu; Pugu, Jinwei Fu; Bayegu, Youling Fu; Tongluo, Guilin Fu; Sijie, Lushan Fu; Hundu, Gaolan Zhou; Husa, Gaoque Zhou; A-die, Jitian Zhou; Qibi, Yuxi Zhou; Diejie, Jilu Zhou; Abusi, Guilin Zhou; and the Baixi, Zhiyan Zhou. Northwest of the Huihe the Jiegu were made Jian Kun Fu; to their north the Guligan became Xuanque Zhou; to the northeast the Juluobo became Zhulong Zhou. At the former Chanyu Terrace the court set up the Yanran Protectorate to oversee them and channel their tribute.
5
貞觀二十二年，吐迷度為其侄烏紇所殺。 初，烏紇蒸其叔母，遂與俱陸莫賀達幹俱羅勃潛謀殺吐迷度以歸車鼻。 烏紇、俱羅勃，並車鼻之婿也，烏紇遂夜領騎十余劫吐迷度，殺之。 燕然副都護元禮臣遣人紿烏紇云：「將奏而為都督，替吐迷度也。」 烏紇輕騎至禮臣所，跪拜致謝； 禮臣擒而斬之以聞。
In Zhenguan 22 Tumidu was murdered by his nephew Wuhe. Wuhe had earlier married his uncle's widow. He then conspired with Julu Morihedagan of the Juluobo to assassinate Tumidu and go over to Chebi. Both Wuhe and Juluobo were Chebi's sons-in-law. One night Wuhe led barely a dozen riders, seized Tumidu, and slew him. Yuan Lichen, vice protector of Yanran, sent a man to deceive Wuhe, saying: "I will memorialize the throne to make you dudu in Tumidu's place." Wuhe rode in lightly to Lichen's camp, knelt, and thanked him. Lichen seized him, beheaded him, and reported to the court.
6
太宗恐回紇部落攜離，十月，遣兵部尚書崔敦禮往安撫之，仍以敦禮為金山道副將軍。 贈吐迷度左衛大將軍，賻物及衣服設祭甚厚。 以吐迷度子前左屯衛大將軍翊、左郎將婆閏為左驍衛大將軍、大俟利發、使持節回紇部落諸軍事、瀚海都督。 後俱羅勃來朝，太宗留之不遣。 詔西突厥可汗阿史那賀魯統五啜、五俟斤二十余部，居多羅斯水南，去西州馬行十五日程。 回紇不肯西屬突厥。
Fearing the Huihe might fracture, in the tenth month Taizong sent Cui Dunli, Minister of War, to pacify them and named him vice general of the Jingshan circuit. Tumidu was posthumously honored as General of the Left Guard, with generous funerary gifts and vestments for the mourning rites. His sons Yi, former General of the Left Garrison Guard, and Porun, Left Langjiang, were appointed Generals of the Left Xiaowei Guard, great irkin, commissioners with the staff over Huihe tribal forces, and Dudu of Hanhai. Later Juluobo presented himself at court; Taizong kept him and refused to let him leave. An edict placed the Western Turkish qaghan Ashina Helu over the five Zhu and more than twenty irkin tribes living south of the Duoluosi River, fifteen days' march west of Xizhou. The Huihe would not accept western Turkish overlordship.
7
永徽二年，賀魯破北庭，詔將軍梁建方、契苾何力領兵二萬，取回紇五萬騎，大破賀魯，收復北庭。 顯慶元年，賀魯又犯邊。 詔程知節、蘇定方、任雅相、蕭嗣業領兵並回紇大破賀魯於陰山，再破於金牙山，盡收所據之地，西遂至耶羅川。 賀魯西奔石國，婆閏隨蘇定方逐賀魯至石國西北蘇咄城，城主伊涅達幹執賀魯送洛陽。 以其地置濛池、昆陵府，以阿史那彌射、阿史那步真為二府都督，統十姓左廂五弩失畢、右廂五咄陸。 以賀魯種落分置州縣，西盡波斯。 加婆閏右衛大將軍、兼瀚海都督。
In Yonghui 2, Helu seized Beiting; Generals Liang Jianfang and Qibi Heli were sent with twenty thousand Tang troops and fifty thousand Huihe cavalry to crush Helu and retake Beiting. In Xianqing 1, Helu raided the frontier again. Cheng Zhijie, Su Dingfang, Ren Yaxiang, and Xiao Siye were ordered out with Huihe allies to rout Helu at Yinshan and again at Golden Tooth Mountain, reclaiming his lands and pushing west to the Yalu River. Helu fled west into the kingdom of Shiguo; Po Yen followed Su Dingfang to Sudu City northwest of Shiguo, where the lord Yiniedagan captured Helu and sent him to Luoyang. His territory was organized as the Mengchi and Kunling protectorates under Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen, who governed the ten tribes—the five Nushibi of the left wing and the five Tulu of the right. Helu's people were settled in prefectures and counties stretching west to Persia. Po Yen was further promoted to General of the Right Guard and retained command of Hanhai.
8
永徽六年，回鶻遣兵隨蕭嗣業討高麗。 龍朔中，婆閏死，妹比粟毒主領回鶻，與同羅、仆固犯邊。 高宗命鄭仁泰討平仆固等，比粟毒敗走，因以鐵勒本部為天山縣。 永隆中，獨解支，嗣聖中，伏帝匐。 開元中，承宗、伏帝難，並繼為酋長，皆受都督號，以統蕃州，左殺右殺分管諸部。
In Yonghui 6 the Huihe furnished troops to join Xiao Siye's campaign against Goguryeo. During Longshuo Porun died. His sister Bisudu led the Huihe and, with the Tongluo and Pugu, struck the frontier. Gaozong sent Zheng Rentai to crush the Pugu and their allies. Bisudu fled in defeat, and the Tiele homeland was organized as Tianshan County. Under Yonglong, Dujiezhi ruled; under Sisheng, Fudifu. In Kaiyuan, Chengzong and Funandu succeeded one another as chieftains, each holding a dudu title to govern Fanzhou, with left and right sha dividing the sub-tribes.
9
開元中，回鶻漸盛，殺涼州都督王君掞，斷安西諸國入長安路。 玄宗命郭知運等討逐，退保烏德健山，南去西城一千七百里。 西城即漢之高闕塞也。 西城北去磧石口三百里。
During Kaiyuan the Huihe waxed strong, slew Wang Juncuo, governor of Liangzhou, and severed the route from the Anxi protectorates to Chang'an. Xuanzong sent Guo Zhiyun and others against them. They fell back to Mount Wudejian, seventeen hundred li south of the western stronghold. That western city stood where the Han had placed Gaoque Pass. Three hundred li north of the city lay Qishi Pass.
10
有十一都督，本九姓部落：一曰藥羅葛，即可汗之姓； 二曰胡咄葛； 三曰咄羅勿； 四曰貊歌息訖； 五曰阿勿嘀； 六曰葛薩； 七曰斛嗢素； 八曰藥勿葛； 九曰奚耶勿。 每一部落一都督。 破拔悉密，收一部落，破葛邏祿，收一部落，各置都督五人，統號十一部落。 每行止鬥戰，常以二客部落為軍鋒。
They had eleven dudu drawn from nine "surname" tribes: first Yaoluoge, the qaghan's clan; second, Huduoge; third, Duoluowu; fourth, Mogexiqi; fifth, Awudi; sixth, Gesa; seventh, Huwasu; eighth, Yaowuge; ninth, Xiyawu. Each tribe had its own dudu. After crushing the Basmil and annexing one tribe, then the Karluk and another, they appointed five dudu apiece and took the collective name of the eleven tribes. On march or in battle they habitually placed two "guest" tribes at the army's point.
11
天寶初，其酋長葉護頡利吐發遣使入朝，封奉義王。 三載，擊破拔悉密，自稱骨咄祿毗伽闕可汗。 又遣使入朝，因冊為懷仁可汗。 及至德元載七月，肅宗於靈武即位。 遣故邠王男承采，封為燉煌王，將軍石定番，使於回紇，以修好征兵。 及至其牙，可汗以女嫁於承采，遣首領來朝，請和親，封回紇公主為毗伽公主。 肅宗在彭原，遇之甚厚。 二載二月，回紇又使首領大將軍多攬等十五人入朝。 九月戊寅，加承采開府儀同三司，拜宗正卿，納回紇公主為妃。 回紇遣其太子葉護領其將帝德等兵馬四千余眾，助國討逆。 肅宗宴賜甚厚。 又命元帥廣平王見葉護，約為兄弟，接之頗有恩義。 葉護大喜，謂王為兄。
Early in Tianbao their chief Yehu Telituofa sent envoys to court and was created Prince Who Upholds Righteousness. In year three they broke the Basmil and proclaimed Kutlug Bilge Köl Qaghan. They sent envoys again and were invested as Qaghan Who Cherishes Benevolence. By the seventh month of Zhide 1, Emperor Suzong had taken the throne at Lingwu. He dispatched the former Prince of Bin, Nan Chengcai, now Prince of Dunhuang, and General Shi Dingfan to the Huihe to renew the alliance and ask for soldiers. At the qaghan's camp the qaghan gave his daughter to Chengcai in marriage. Huihe leaders came to court to seal the alliance; the princess was titled Princess Piga. Suzong was at Pengyuan and treated them with exceptional honor. In the second month of year two the Huihe sent Great General Dolan and fifteen other leaders to court. On wuyin day in the ninth month Chengcai was made Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with an open office, appointed Director of the Imperial Clan, and married the Huihe princess. The Huihe sent Crown Prince Yehu with Generals Dide and others and somewhat more than four thousand horsemen to aid the dynasty against the rebels. Suzong feasted them and heaped rewards upon them. He had the commander-in-chief, the Prince of Guangping, receive Yehu and swear brotherhood; the welcome was warm with obligation and grace. Yehu was delighted and called the prince "elder brother."
12
戊子，回紇大首領達幹等一十三人先至扶風，與朔方將士見僕射郭子儀。 留之，宴設三日。 葉護太子曰：「國家有難，遠來相助，何暇食為！」 子儀固留之，宴畢便發。 其軍每日給羊二百口、牛二十頭、米四十碩。 及元帥廣平王率郭子儀等至香積寺東二十里，西臨澧水。 賊埋精騎於大營東，將襲我軍之背。 朔方左廂兵馬使仆固懷恩指回紇馳救之，匹馬不歸，因收西京。 十月，廣平王、副元帥郭子儀領回紇兵馬，與賊戰於陜西。
On wuzi day thirteen great Huihe chiefs including Dagan reached Fufeng first and were received by Minister Guo Ziyi of the Puguoyi faction. Guo detained them and held feasts for three days. The crown prince Yehu said: "The state is in peril and we have come from afar to help—how can we linger over food!" Guo Ziyi pressed them to stay, but as soon as the banquet ended they marched. Daily their force was rationed two hundred sheep, twenty oxen, and forty shi of grain. The Prince of Guangping, commander-in-chief, led Guo Ziyi and the host to a camp twenty li east of Xiangji Temple, with the Li River at their west. Rebel elite cavalry lay concealed east of the main camp, poised to hit the Tang force in the rear. Pugu Huai'en of the Puguoyi left wing sent the Huihe charging to the rescue. Not one horse came back from that ride—and with it they retook the Western Capital. In the tenth month the Prince of Guangping and vice commander Guo Ziyi led Huihe cavalry against the rebels at Shanxi.
13
初，次於曲沃，葉護使其將軍車鼻施吐撥裴羅等旁南山而東，遇賊伏兵於谷中，盡殪之。 子儀至新店，遇賊戰，軍卻數里。 回紇望見，逾山西嶺上曳白旗而趨擊之，直出其後，賊眾大敗，軍而北坑，逐北二十餘里，人馬相枕藉，蹂踐而死者不可勝數，斬首十余萬，伏屍三十里。 賊黨嚴莊馳告安慶緒，率其黨背東京北走渡河，而葉護從廣平王、僕射郭子儀入東京。
They first encamped at Quwo. Yehu sent Generals Chenbi, Shitupo, Peiluo, and others along the southern hills eastward and wiped out rebel ambushers in the ravines. At Xindian Guo Ziyi met the rebels in battle and the line gave ground several li. The Huihe saw it, surged over the western ridge with white banners flying, and struck the enemy from behind. The rebel army collapsed. Bodies choked the northern ditch as pursuit ran twenty li and more—men and horses heaped and trampled beyond reckoning; more than a hundred thousand heads were taken, and the dead carpeted the ground for thirty li. Rebel Yan Zhuang raced to warn An Qingxu, who fled north from the Eastern Capital across the river. Yehu entered the Eastern Capital with the Prince of Guangping and Guo Ziyi.
14
初，收西京，回紇欲入城劫掠，廣平王固止之。 及收東京，回紇遂入府庫收財帛，於市井村坊剽掠三日而止。 財物不可勝計，廣平王又賫之以錦罽寶貝，葉護大喜。 及肅宗還西京，十一月癸酉，葉護自東京至。 敕百官於長樂驛迎，上御宣政殿宴勞之。 葉護升殿，其余酋長列於階下，賜錦繡繒彩金銀器皿。 及辭歸蕃，上謂曰：「能為國家就大事成義勇者，卿等力也。」 葉護奏曰：「回紇戰兵，留在沙苑，今且須歸靈夏取馬，更收范陽，討除殘賊。」 己丑，詔曰：「功濟艱難，義存邦國，萬里絕域，一德同心，求之古今，所未聞也。 回紇葉護，特稟英姿，挺生奇略，言必忠信，行表溫良，才為萬人之敵，位列諸蕃之長。 屬匈醜亂常，中原未靖，以可汗有兄弟之約，與國家興父子之軍，奮其智謀，討彼兇逆，一鼓作氣，萬里摧鋒，二旬之間，兩京克定。 力拔山嶽，精貫風雲，蒙犯不以辭其勞，急難無以逾其分。 固可懸之日月，傳之子孫，豈惟裂土之封，誓河之賞而已矣！ 夫位之崇者，司空第一； 名之大者，封王最高。 可司空、仍封忠義王，每載送絹二萬匹至朔方軍，宜差使受領。」
When the Western Capital fell, the Huihe wanted to sack the city; the Prince of Guangping firmly refused. At the Eastern Capital they looted the treasuries and markets and villages for three days before they ceased. Wealth beyond measure changed hands; the Prince of Guangping added brocades, felts, and gems, and Yehu rejoiced. When Suzong came back to the Western Capital, on guiyou day in the eleventh month Yehu arrived from the Eastern Capital. An edict sent officials to welcome him at Changle Post; the emperor himself feasted and honored him in Xuanzheng Hall. Yehu mounted the hall while the other chiefs lined the steps below, receiving brocades, silks, gold, and silver ware. When they took leave to return to their lands the emperor said: "You who have done great deeds for the state with courage and righteousness—it is your strength that accomplished this." Yehu memorialized: "The Huihe battle troops remain at Shayuan; we must now return to Lingxia to fetch horses, then gather at Fanyang and exterminate the remaining rebels." On jichou day an edict declared: "Merit through hardship, loyalty to the realm—unity of heart across ten thousand li of wilderness—such a thing is unheard of in all annals. Yehu of the Huihe bore heroic grace and rare stratagem; his word was trust, his manner warm and just; one man worth ten thousand, first among the frontier peoples. While the northern foe threw the realm into chaos and the heartland still trembled, the qaghan, bound by brotherhood, fielded for the dynasty an army with a father's and son's devotion. With one rush of spirit he broke the enemy a thousand leagues away; within twenty days both capitals stood restored. Strength to move mountains, spirit to thread the clouds—he faced hardship without complaint and in crisis gave more than duty asked. Let this be set beside sun and moon and handed to sons and grandsons—not merely a fief or a covenant sworn by the Yellow River! Among exalted offices, Minister of Works ranks first; among great titles, prince is highest. Let him be Minister of Works and Prince of Loyal Righteousness; each year twenty thousand bolts of silk shall reach the Shuofang army for designated envoys to receive."
15
乾元元年五月壬申朔，回紇使多亥阿波八十人，黑衣大食酋長閣之等六人並朝見，至閣門爭長，通事舍人乃分為左右，從東西門並入。 六月戊戌，宴回紇使於紫宸殿前。
On renshen, first day of the fifth month of Qianyuan 1, eighty Huihe envoys under Duohe Abo and six Black-Robed Arab chiefs under Gezhi attended court. At the Phoenix Gate they disputed precedence; the relay secretary split them east and west and admitted them through both gates. On wuxu day in the sixth month the court feasted the Huihe envoys before Zichen Hall.
16
秋七月丁亥，詔以幼女封為寧國公主出降。 其降蕃日，仍以堂弟漢中郡王瑀為特進、試太常卿、攝御史大夫，充冊命英武威遠毗伽可汗使； 以堂侄左司郎中巽為兵部郎中、攝御史中丞、鴻臚卿，副之，兼充寧國公主禮會使。 特差重臣開府儀同三司、行尚書右僕射、冀國公裴冕送至界首。 癸巳，以冊立回紇英武威遠毗伽可汗，上御宣政殿，漢中王瑀受冊命。 甲午，肅宗送寧國公主至咸陽磁門驛，公主泣而言曰：「國家事重，死且無恨！」 上流涕而還。 及瑀至其牙帳，毗伽闕可汗衣赭黃袍，胡帽，坐於帳中榻上，儀衛甚盛，引瑀立於帳外，謂瑀曰：「王是天可汗何親？」 瑀曰：「是唐天子堂弟。」 又問：「於王上立者為誰？」 瑀曰：「中使雷盧俊。」 可汗又報曰：「中使是奴，何得向郎君上立？」 雷盧俊竦懼，跳身向下立定。 瑀不拜而立。 可汗報曰：「兩國主君臣有禮，何得不拜？」 瑀曰：「唐天子以可汗有功，故將女嫁與可汗結姻好，比者中國與外蕃親，皆宗室子女，名為公主。 今寧國公主，天子真女，又有才貌，萬里嫁與可汗。 可汗是唐家天子女婿，合有禮數。 豈得坐於榻上受詔命耶！」 可汗乃起奉詔，便受冊命。 翼日，冊公主為可敦，蕃酋歡欣曰：「唐國天子貴重，將真女來。」 瑀所送國信繒彩衣服金銀器皿，可汗盡分與衙官、酋長等。 及瑀回，可汗獻馬五百匹、貂裘、白赩。 八月，回紇使王子骨啜特勒及宰相帝德等驍將三千人助國討逆。 肅宗嘉其遠至，賜宴，命隨朔方行營使仆固懷恩押之。 九月甲申，回紇使大首領蓋將等謝公主下降，兼奏破堅昆五萬人，宴於紫宸殿，賜物有差。 十二月甲午，回紇使三婦人，謝寧國公主之聘也，賜宴紫宸殿。
On dinghai day in the seventh month an edict created a young imperial daughter Princess Ningguo to marry the qaghan. On the day she went to the frontier, the emperor's cousin Wang Yu, Prince of Hanzhong, was made Special Grand Master, Acting Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, and Acting Censor-in-Chief, commissioner to invest the heroic Piga Qaghan. The emperor's cousin's son Xun, Left Directorate Langzhong, became War Ministry Langzhong, Acting Vice Censor-in-Chief, and Grand Herald as deputy and commissioner for the princess's marriage ceremonies. The distinguished minister Pei Mian—Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with open office, Acting Right Vice Minister, Duke of Ji—was sent to escort her to the frontier. On guisi day, to invest the Huihe heroic Piga Qaghan, the emperor presided in Xuanzheng Hall while Wang Yu of Hanzhong received the investiture patent. On the day jiawu, Suzong escorted Princess Ningguo to Cimen Post Station at Xianyang; the princess wept and said: "State affairs weigh heavily—even death I shall not regret!" The emperor wept as he turned back. When Yu reached their royal tent, Qaghan Pigla wore a reddish-yellow robe and a Hu cap, sitting on a couch within the tent; guards and insignia were very grand. He had Yu stand outside the tent and said to Yu: "What kin is the king to the Heaven Qaghan?" Yu said, "He is the Tang Son of Heaven's younger cousin." He asked again, "Who is the one standing above the king?" Yu said, "The palace envoy Lei Lujun." The qaghan replied, "A palace envoy is a servant—how dare he stand above a lordling?" Lei Lujun, startled with fear, leapt down to a lower position and stood there. Yu did not prostrate himself but stood upright. The qaghan replied: "Between the rulers and ministers of two states there is ritual—why not bow?" Yu said, "The Tang Son of Heaven, because the qaghan has rendered great service, has given his daughter in marriage to the qaghan to cement an alliance. Hitherto when China allied with foreign states by marriage, the brides have been daughters of the imperial clan titled princesses. Yet Princess Ningguo is the Son of Heaven's own daughter, endowed besides with talent and beauty, sent ten thousand li to marry the qaghan. The qaghan is son-in-law to the Tang Son of Heaven and ought to observe the proper courtesies. How can he sit on a couch and receive an imperial edict!" The qaghan then rose, received the edict with due ceremony, and accepted the patent of investiture. The next day they invested the princess as khatun; the barbarian chieftains rejoiced, saying: "The Son of Heaven of Tang is august—he sends his true daughter." The silks, garments, gold, silver, and vessels Yu had brought as state gifts the qaghan divided entirely among his officers and chieftains. When Yu returned, the qaghan presented five hundred horses, sable furs, and white felt. In the eighth month, the Huihe sent the prince Guochuo tele, the chancellor Dide, and other fierce generals with three thousand men to aid the state in suppressing the rebels. Emperor Suzong commended their coming from afar, feasted them, and ordered Pugu Huai'en, commissioner of the Shuofang field headquarters, to take command of them. On the jiazi day of the ninth month, the Huihe envoys led by the great chieftain Gaijiang thanked the court for the princess's marriage and also reported crushing fifty thousand Jiankun warriors. A banquet was held in Zichen Hall and gifts were dispensed according to rank. On the jiawu day of the twelfth month, three Huihe women came as envoys to thank the court for betrothing Princess Ningguo. A banquet was held in Zichen Hall.
17
乾元二年，回紇骨啜特勒等率眾從郭子儀與九節度於相州城下戰，不利。 三月壬子，回紇王子骨啜特勒及宰相帝德等十五人自相州奔於西京，肅宗宴之於紫宸殿，賞物有差。 其月庚寅，回紇特勒辭還行營，上宴之於紫宸殿，賜物有差。 乙未，以回紇王子新除左羽林軍大將軍、員外置，骨啜特勒為銀青光祿大夫、鴻臚卿、員外置。
In the second year of Qianyuan, Guochuo tele of the Huihe and others led their forces to fight with Guo Ziyi and the nine military commissioners below Xiang Prefecture; the engagement went against them. On the renzi day of the third month, the Huihe prince Guochuo tele, Chancellor Dide, and fifteen others fled from Xiang Prefecture to the Western Capital. Emperor Suzong feasted them in Zichen Hall and rewarded them according to rank. That same month on the gengyin day, the Huihe tele took leave to return to the field camp. The emperor feasted them in Zichen Hall and bestowed gifts according to rank. On the yiwei day, the newly appointed Huihe prince, Grand General of the Left Winged Forest Army by extraordinary appointment, Guochuo tele, was given the title Silver-Gleaming Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and made Director of Honglu by extraordinary appointment.
18
夏四月，回紇毗伽闕可汗死。 長子葉護先被殺，乃立其少子登裏可汗，其妻為可敦。 六月丙午，以左金吾衛將軍李通為試鴻臚卿、攝御史中丞，充吊祭回紇使。 毗伽闕可汗初死，其牙官、都督等欲以寧國公主殉葬。 公主曰：「我中國法，婿死，即持喪，朝夕哭臨，三年行服。 今回紇娶婦，須慕中國禮。 若今依本國法，何須萬里結婚。」 然公主亦依回紇法，剺面大哭，竟以無子得歸。 秋八月，寧國公主自回紇還，詔百官於明鳳門外迎之。
In the fourth month of summer, Qaghan Pigla of the Huihe died. His eldest son Yehu had already been killed, so they enthroned his youngest son as Qaghan Dengli; his wife became khatun. On the bingwu day of the sixth month, Left Gold Crow Guard General Li Tong was made provisional Director of Honglu and Acting Censor to serve as envoy to condole and mourn with the Huihe. When Qaghan Pigla had just died, his yamen officers and dudu wished to have Princess Ningguo buried alive with him. The princess said, "By the law of my country, when one's husband dies one observes mourning, weeping morning and evening, and wears mourning garb for three years. Now that the Huihe have taken a wife, they ought to emulate Chinese rites. If now they follow their native state's law, what need to seek marriage ten thousand li away." Yet the princess also followed Huihe custom, slashing her face and weeping bitterly, and in the end, because she had borne no son, was allowed to return. In the eighth month of autumn, Princess Ningguo returned from the Huihe. An edict ordered the officials to welcome her outside Mingfeng Gate.
19
上元元年九月己丑，回紇九姓可汗使大臣俱陸莫達幹等入朝奉表起居。 乙卯，回紇使二十人於延英殿通謁，賜物有差。 十一月戊辰，回紇使延支伽羅等十人於延英殿謁見，賜物有差。
On the jichou day of the ninth month of the first year of Shangyuan, the envoy of the Nine Surname Qaghan of the Huihe, the minister Julumodagan and others, entered court with a memorial to inquire after the emperor's health. On the yimao day, twenty Huihe envoys presented themselves in Yanying Hall; gifts were dispensed according to rank. On the wuchen day of the eleventh month, ten Huihe envoys led by Yanzhijialuo were received in audience in Yanying Hall; gifts were dispensed according to rank.
20
寶應元年，代宗初即位，以史朝義尚在河洛，遣中使劉清潭征兵於回紇，又修舊好。 其秋，清潭入回紇庭，回紇已為史朝義所誘，雲唐家天子頻有大喪，國亂無主，請發兵來收府庫。 可汗乃領眾而南，已八月矣。 清潭賫敕書國信至，可汗曰：「我聞唐家已無主，何為更有敕書？」 中使對曰：「我唐家天子雖棄萬國，嗣天子廣平王天生英武，往年與回紇葉護兵馬同收兩京，破安慶緒，與可汗有故。 又每年與可汗繒絹數萬匹，可汗豈忘之耶？」 然回紇業已發至三城北，見荒城無戍卒，州縣盡為空壘，有輕唐色，乃遣使北收單於兵馬倉糧，又大辱清潭。 清潭發使來奏云：「回紇登裏可汗傾國自來，有眾十萬，羊馬不知其數。」 京師大駭。 上使殿中監藥子昂馳勞之。 及於太原北忻州南，子昂密數其丁壯，得四千人，老小婦人相兼萬余人，戰馬四萬匹，牛羊不紀。
In the first year of Baoying, when Emperor Daizong had just ascended the throne, because Shi Chaoyi still held the He-Luo region, he dispatched the palace envoy Liu Qingtan to levy troops among the Huihe and renew the old friendship. That autumn, when Qingtan entered the Huihe court, the Huihe had already been enticed by Shi Chaoyi, who said the Tang Son of Heaven had repeatedly suffered bereavements, the realm was in chaos and leaderless, and urged them to send troops south to seize the treasuries. The qaghan then led his people south—it was already the eighth month. Qingtan, bearing the edict and state credentials, arrived; the qaghan said: "I have heard the Tang house has no ruler—why is there still an edict?" The palace envoy replied, "Though our Tang Son of Heaven has left the myriad realms, the succeeding Son of Heaven, the Prince of Guangping, was born heroic and martial. In years past he joined forces with Qaghan Yehu of the Huihe to recover the two capitals and defeat An Qingxu; he and the qaghan are old allies. Moreover every year tens of thousands of rolls of silk are given the qaghan—has the qaghan forgotten?" Yet the Huihe had already marched as far as the Three Cities north of the frontier. Seeing desolate walled posts without garrison troops and prefectures and districts all reduced to empty forts, they looked down on Tang. They sent envoys north to gather the Chanyu garrison's troops, horses, and grain stores, and grossly insulted Qingtan. Qingtan dispatched a messenger to report: "Huihe Qaghan Dengli has brought the whole nation south; they have one hundred thousand men; sheep and horses beyond counting." The capital was thrown into great alarm. The emperor sent Director of the Palace Administration Yao Zi'ang posthaste to greet and comfort them. When he reached a point south of Xin Prefecture, north of Taiyuan, Zi'ang secretly counted their fighting men and found four thousand; with the aged, children, and women together, more than ten thousand; war horses forty thousand; cattle and sheep beyond reckoning.
21
先是，毗伽闕可汗請以子婚，肅宗以仆固懷恩女嫁之。 及是為可敦，與可汗同來，請懷恩及懷恩母相見。 上敕懷恩自汾州見之於太原。 懷恩又諫國家恩信不可違背。 初欲自蒲關入，取沙苑路，由潼關東向破賊，子昂說之云：「國家頻遭寇逆，州縣虛乏，難為供擬，恐可汗失望，不如取土門路入，直取邢、洺、衛、懷。 賊中兵馬盡在東京，可汗收其財帛，束裝南向，最為上策。」 可汗不從。 又說：「取懷州太行路，南據河陰之險，直扼賊之喉，亦上策也。」 可汗又不從。 又說：「取陜州太陽津路，食太原倉粟而東，與澤潞、河南、懷鄭節度同入，亦上策也。」 可汗從之。 子昂因入奏，上以雍王適為兵馬元帥，加懷恩同中書門下平章事。 又以子昂兼御史中丞，與前潞府兼御史中丞魏琚為左右廂兵馬使，以中書舍人韋少華充元帥判官、兼掌書記，給事中李進兼御史中丞，充元帥行軍司馬，東會回紇。 登裏可汗營於陜州黃河北。
Earlier, Qaghan Pigla had asked for a marriage alliance for his son, and Emperor Suzong gave him Pugu Huai'en's daughter in marriage. She now came as khatun together with the qaghan and asked to meet Huai'en and Huai'en's mother. The emperor ordered Huai'en to go from Fen Prefecture to meet them at Taiyuan. Huai'en also admonished that the state's grace and good faith must not be betrayed. They had initially intended to enter through Puguan Pass, take the Shayuan route, and break the rebels by advancing east from Tong Pass. Zi'ang urged them, saying, "The state has suffered repeated invasions; prefectures and districts are depleted and cannot easily supply your needs—lest the qaghan be disappointed, it would be better to take the Tumen route and strike directly at Xing, Ming, Wei, and Huai. The rebels' troops and horses are all at the Eastern Capital; let the qaghan gather their wealth and baggage and march south—that is the finest stratagem." The qaghan would not heed him. He urged again: "Take the Huai Prefecture Taihang route, hold south the strategic heights of Heyin, and seize the rebels' throat—that too is a superior plan." Again the qaghan would not heed him. He urged again: "Take the Shan Prefecture Taiyang Ford route, eat Taiyuan granary grain and march east, entering together with the Ze-Lu, Henan, and Huai-Zheng commissioners—that too is a superior plan." The qaghan agreed. Zi'ang then entered to report, and the emperor appointed Prince Yong, Li Shi, commander-in-chief and elevated Huai'en to co-minister in the Secretariat and Chancellery. He also made Zi'ang concurrent Censor-in-Chief, with the former Ze-Lu concurrent Censor Wei Ju as left and right wing military commissioners; Secretariat Draftsman Wei Shaohua served as the commander-in-chief's adjutant and recorder; Imperial Diagnostician Li Jin was concurrent Censor-in-Chief and army vice commander—they marched east to join the Huihe. Qaghan Dengli encamped north of the Yellow River in Shan Prefecture.
22
元帥雍王領子昂等從而見之。 可汗責雍王不於帳前舞蹈，禮倨。 子昂辭以元帥是嫡孫，兩宮在殯，不合有舞蹈，回紇宰相及車鼻將軍庭詰曰：「唐天子與登裏可汗約為兄弟，今可汗即雍王叔，叔侄有禮數，何得不舞蹈？」 子昂苦辭以身有喪禮，不合。 又報云：「元帥即唐太子也，太子即儲君也，豈有中國儲君向外國可汗前舞蹈。」 相拒久之，車鼻遂引子昂、李進、少華、魏琚各搒捶一百，少華、琚因搒捶，一宿而死。 以王少年未諳事，放歸本營。 而懷恩與回紇右殺為先鋒，及諸節度同攻賊，破之，史朝義率殘寇而走。 元帥雍王退歸靈寶。 回紇可汗繼進於河陽，列營而止數月。 去營百餘里，人被剽劫逼辱，不勝其弊。 懷恩常為軍殿。 及諸節度收河北州縣，仆固瑒與回紇之眾追躡二千餘里，至平州石城縣，梟朝義首而歸，河北悉平。 懷恩自相州西出崞口路而西，可汗自河陽北出澤、潞與懷恩會，歷太原。 遣使拔賀那上表賀收東京，並進逆賊史朝義旌旗等物。 辭還蕃，代宗引見於內殿，賜彩二百段。
Commander-in-Chief Prince Yong led Zi'ang and the others to visit him. The qaghan reproached Prince Yong for not performing the dance of homage before the tent, calling his bearing disrespectful. Zi'ang pleaded that the commander-in-chief was the legitimate grandson and the two palaces were in mourning—inappropriate to dance; the Huihe chancellor and General Chenbi pressed in open court: "The Tang Son of Heaven and Qaghan Dengli are bound as brothers; the qaghan is Prince Yong's uncle—uncle and nephew have courtesies—why not dance?" Zi'ang protested bitterly that personal mourning rites made it improper. He also replied: "The commander-in-chief is the Tang heir apparent; the heir apparent is the crown prince—how could a Chinese crown prince dance before a foreign qaghan?" After a long standoff, Chenbi had Zi'ang, Li Jin, Shaohua, and Ju each beaten a hundred strokes with the rod. Shaohua and Ju died of the beating within a single night. Because the prince was young and unfamiliar with affairs, he was released to return to his own camp. Meanwhile Huai'en and the Huihe yousha served as vanguard, and together with the various commissioners attacked the rebels, routed them, and Shi Chaoyi fled at the head of the remnant band. Commander-in-Chief Prince Yong withdrew to Lingbao. The Huihe qaghan pressed on to Heyang and encamped there for several months. More than a hundred li from the camp, people were plundered, harassed, and humiliated beyond endurance. Huai'en habitually brought up the rear of the army. When the commissioners reconquered the prefectures and districts of Hebei, Pugu Yang pursued with Huihe forces for more than two thousand li to Shicheng County in Ping Prefecture, took Shi Chaoyi's head, and returned; all Hebei was pacified. Huai'en marched west from Xiang Prefecture through the Guokou route; the qaghan marched north from Heyang through Ze and Lu to join Huai'en, passing through Taiyuan. They sent the envoy Bahana to present a memorial congratulating the recovery of the Eastern Capital and to submit rebel banners and other items of Shi Chaoyi. Taking leave to return to their realm, they were received by Daizong in the inner hall and given two hundred rolls of colored silk.
23
初，回紇至東京，以賊平，恣行殘忍，士女懼之，皆登聖善寺及白馬寺二閣以避之。 回紇縱火焚二閣，傷死者萬計，累旬火焰不止。 及是朝賀，又縱橫大辱官吏。 以陜州節度使郭英乂權知東都留守。 時東都再經賊亂，朔方軍及郭英乂、魚朝恩等軍不能禁暴，與回紇縱掠坊市及汝、鄭等州，比屋蕩盡，人悉以紙為衣，或有衣經者。
Earlier, when the Huihe reached the Eastern Capital, after the rebels were crushed they indulged in savage cruelty without restraint. Men and women feared them and climbed the two pagodas of Shengshan Temple and Baima Temple to escape. The Huihe set fire to both pagodas; the dead and wounded numbered in the tens of thousands, and the flames burned for many days without ceasing. When they came to offer congratulations at court, they again ran riot, grossly humiliating officials. Military Commissioner of Shan Prefecture Guo Yingyi was appointed acting eastern capital intendant. The eastern capital had twice passed through rebel chaos, and the Shuofang army together with the forces of Guo Yingyi and Yu Chao'en could not restrain the violence. Together with the Huihe they plundered the wards and markets and the prefectures Ru and Zheng until household after household was stripped bare; people all wore paper for clothing, or saffron monks' robes if they possessed even that.
24
代宗禦宣政殿，出冊文，加冊可汗為登裏頡咄登密施含俱錄英義建功毗伽可汗，可敦加冊為婆墨光親麗華毗伽可敦。 「頡咄」，華言「社稷法用」； 「登密施」，華言「封竟」； 「含俱錄」，華言「婁羅」； 「毗伽」，華言「足意智」。 「婆墨」，華言「得憐」。 以散騎常侍兼御史大夫王翊充使，就可汗行營行冊命焉。 可汗、可敦及左右殺、諸都督、內外宰相已下，共加實封二千戶，令王翊就牙帳前禮冊。 左殺封為雄朔王，右殺封為寧朔王，胡祿都督封金河王，拔覽將軍封為靜漠王，諸都督一十一人並封國公。
Emperor Daizong took his seat in Xuangu Hall and issued the investiture document, further investing the qaghan as Qaghan Dengli Ketuo Dengmishi Hujulu Yingyi Jiangong Pigla, and investing the khatun as Khatun Pomo Guangqin Lihua Pigla. "Ketuo," in Chinese speech, means "rites and implements of state"; "Dengmishi" means, in Chinese speech, "investiture completed"; "Hujulu" means, in Chinese speech, "to gather and collect"; "Pigla" means, in Chinese speech, "sufficient in wisdom"; "Pomo" means, in Chinese speech, "worthy of compassion." Attendant Cavalry Regular Wang Yi, concurrent Censor-in-Chief, was sent as envoy to perform the investiture at the qaghan's camp. The qaghan, khatun, left and right slash commanders, various dudu, and inner and outer chancellors and all below were collectively granted two thousand additional allotted households in perpetuity, with Wang Yi performing the investiture rite before the royal tent. The zuosha was enfeoffed as Prince Xiongshuo, the yousha as Prince Ningshuo, the dudu of the Helu as Prince Jinhe, General Balan as Prince Jingmo, and all eleven dudu were enfeoffed as state dukes.
25
尋而懷恩叛，投靈武，有朔方舊將任敷、張韶等，收合余燼，眾至數萬。 廣德二年秋，乃引吐蕃之眾數萬人至奉天縣，朔方節度郭子儀率眾拒之而退。 永泰元年秋，懷恩遣兵馬使範至誠、任敷將兵，又誘回紇、吐蕃、吐谷渾、党項、奴刺之眾二十余萬，以犯奉天、醴泉、鳳翔、同州等處，被其逆命。 先以郭子儀屯涇陽，渾日進屯奉天，數摧其鋒。 又聞懷恩死，吐蕃將馬重英等十月初引退，取邠州舊路而歸。 回紇首領羅達幹等率其眾二千余騎，詣涇陽請降。 子儀許之，率眾被甲持滿數千人。 回紇譯曰：「此來非惡心，要見令公。」 子儀曰：「我令公也。」 回紇曰：「請去甲。」 子儀便脫兜鍪槍甲，策馬挺身而前。 回紇酋長相顧曰：「是也。」 時太子太保李光進、兼御史大夫路嗣恭戎裝介馬在子儀之側。 子儀指視回紇曰：「此是渭北節度李太保。」 又曰：「此是朔方軍糧使路大夫。」 回紇便下馬羅拜，子儀亦下馬。 回紇之眾為左右翼，各數百人，漸進； 子儀麾下亦馳而至，子儀麾退之。 子儀命酒與之飲，贈之纏頭彩三千匹。 子儀執回紇大將可汗弟合胡祿都督藥羅葛等手，責讓之曰：「我國家知汝回紇有功，報汝大厚，汝何背約負信，犯我王畿？ 我須與汝戰，何乃降為！ 我一身挺入汝營，任汝拘縶，我麾下將士，須與汝戰。」 回紇又譯曰：「懷恩負心，來報可汗，雲唐國天子今已向江淮，令公亦不主兵，我是以敢來。 今知天可汗見在上郭，令公為將，懷恩天又殺之。 今請追殺吐蕃，收其羊馬，以報國恩。 然懷恩子，可敦兄弟，請勿殺之。」 合胡祿都督等與宰相磨咄莫賀達幹、宰相暾莫賀達幹、宰相護都毗伽將軍、宰相揭拉裴羅達幹、宰相梅錄大將軍羅達幹、平章事海盈闕達幹等，子儀先執杯，合胡祿都督請咒，子儀咒曰：「大唐天子萬萬歲！ 回紇可汗亦萬歲！ 兩國將相亦萬歲！ 若起負心違背盟約者，身死陣前，家口屠戮。」 合胡祿都督等失色，及杯至，即譯曰：「如令公盟約。」 皆喜曰：「初發本部來日，將巫師兩人來，云：『此行大安穩，然不與唐家兵馬鬥，見一大人即歸。』 今日領兵見令公，令公不為疑，脫去衣甲，單騎相見，誰有此心膽！ 是不戰鬥見一大人，巫師有征矣！」 歡躍久之。 子儀撫其背，首領等分纏頭彩以賞巫師，請諸將同擊吐蕃，子儀如其約。 翌日，使領回紇首領開府古野那等六人入京朝見。
Soon afterward Huai'en rebelled and fled to Lingwu. Former Shuofang generals Ren Fu, Zhang Shao, and others gathered the embers of defeat until their forces reached tens of thousands. In the autumn of the second year of Guangde they led several tens of thousands of Tibetans to Fengtian County. Shuofang Military Commissioner Guo Ziyi led troops to resist and drove them back. In the autumn of the first year of Yongtai, Huai'en dispatched military commissioners Fan Zhicheng and Ren Fu at the head of troops, and enticed more than two hundred thousand men of the Huihe, Tibetans, Tuyuhun, Tangut, and Nuci to attack Fengtian, Liquan, Fengxiang, Tong Prefecture, and other places in defiance of imperial command. Guo Ziyi was first stationed at Jingyang and Hun Rijin at Fengtian, repeatedly blunting their advance. When word came that Huai'en had died, the Tibetan generals including Ma Chongying withdrew in the tenth month by the old road through Bin Prefecture. The Huihe chieftain Luodagan and others led more than two thousand horsemen to Jingyang to offer surrender. Guo Ziyi assented and led several thousand men in armor with bows drawn full. The Huihe interpreter said: "We have come not with ill intent; we wish to see Lord Marshal." Guo Ziyi said, "I am Lord Marshal." The Huihe said, "Please lay aside your armor." Guo Ziyi immediately doffed helmet, spear, and armor, spurred his horse forward, and rode out alone. The Huihe chieftains looked at one another and said: "It is he." At that moment Li Guangjin, Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent and concurrent Censor-in-Chief, and Lu Sigong, both in armor and mounted, flanked Guo Ziyi. Guo Ziyi pointed toward the Huihe and said: "This is Li the Grand Protector, military governor of Weibei." He added, "This is Minister Lu, grain commissioner of the Shuofang army." The Huihe immediately dismounted and bowed in formation; Guo Ziyi dismounted too. Huihe warriors formed left and right wings of several hundred men each and advanced step by step; Guo Ziyi's own troops galloped forward as well, but he gestured them to withdraw. Guo Ziyi had wine brought for them and gave three thousand bolts of silk head-wraps as gifts. Guo Ziyi grasped the hand of the Huihe great general, the qaghan's younger brother Helu dudu Yaoluoge, and rebuked them: "Our empire knew your Huihe had rendered great service and lavished rewards upon you—why have you broken faith and invaded our capital region? If I were to fight you, why would you offer surrender? I alone have thrust myself into your camp; do as you will and seize me—but my officers and soldiers below will have to fight you." The interpreter spoke again for the Huihe: "Huai'en betrayed you; he told our qaghan that Tang's Son of Heaven had gone south to the Jiang-Huai and that Lord Marshal no longer held command—so we dared advance. Now we know the Heaven Qaghan remains at Shangguo and that you, Lord Marshal, command the army—and that Heaven has slain Huai'en. We ask leave to pursue the Tibetans, seize their herds, and repay the empire's kindness. Yet Huai'en's sons, the khatun's brothers—please do not kill them." Helu dudu, chancellors Modu mohadagan and Tumo mohadagan, the chancellor Hudu pigla general, chancellor Jiela feiluodagan, chancellor and Meilu great general Luodagan, and Pingzhangshi Haiyingque dagan were present. Guo Ziyi raised his cup first; Helu dudu requested an oath, and Guo Ziyi swore: "Long live the Son of Heaven of Great Tang! Long live the Huihe qaghan! Long live the generals and ministers of both realms! Whoever harbors a faithless heart and violates the covenant—may he die on the battlefield and his household be slaughtered." Helu dudu and the others turned pale; when the cup reached them, they at once interpreted: "As Lord Marshal's covenant." They all exclaimed in joy: "When we left our homeland we brought two shamans who said, 'This march will be wholly safe: you will not battle Tang forces—you will see a great man and turn back.' Today we came with an army and met Lord Marshal, who never doubted us, stripped off armor, and rode out alone to meet us—who else has such courage! We did not fight yet we saw the great man—the shamans spoke true!" They shouted and danced for a long time. Guo Ziyi clapped their shoulders; the chieftains shared the silks to reward the shamans, asked the Tang generals to strike the Tibetans with them, and Guo Ziyi honored the agreement. The next day he sent six Huihe chieftains, including Kaifu Guyena, to the capital for audience.
26
又五日，朔方先鋒兵馬使、開府、南陽郡王白元光與回紇兵馬合於涇州靈臺縣西五十里赤山嶺，共破吐蕃等十余萬眾，斬首五萬余級，生擒一萬余人，駝馬牛羊凡百里相繼，不可勝紀，收得蕃落五千余人。 初白元光等到靈臺縣西，探知賊勢，為月明，思少陰晦，回紇使巫師便致風雪。 及遲明戰，吐蕃盡寒凍，弓矢皆廢，披氈徐進，元光與回紇隨而殺之蔽野。 仆固名臣，懷恩之侄，尤為驍將，亦領千余騎來降。 尋而子儀又使回紇宰相護地毗伽將軍，宰相梅錄大將軍、開府儀同三司、試太常卿羅達幹等一百九十六人來見。 上賜宴於延英殿，錫賫甚厚。 閏月，子儀自涇陽領仆固名臣入奏，回紇進馬，及宴別，前後賫繒彩十萬匹而還。 時帑藏空虛，朝官無祿俸，隨月給手力，謂之資課錢。 稅朝官閏十月、十一月、十二月課以供之。
Five days later Bai Yuanguang, Shuofang vanguard commissioner, Kaifu, and Prince of Nanyang, united with Huihe troops at Chishan Ridge fifty li west of Lingtai in Jingzhou and together shattered a Tibetan host of over one hundred thousand, taking more than fifty thousand heads and over ten thousand prisoners; camels, horses, cattle, and sheep lined the road for a hundred li without end, and more than five thousand Tibetan tribespeople were captured. When Bai Yuanguang first reached the country west of Lingtai and scouted the enemy, the moon shone bright; wanting darker skies, the Huihe shamans summoned wind and snow. By dawn the Tibetans were numb with cold; bows and arrows failed them. Swathed in felts they crept forward; Yuanguang and the Huihe pressed after them and filled the plain with the slain. Pugu Mingchen, Huai'en's nephew and a notably fierce commander, also came over with more than a thousand cavalry. Soon afterward Guo Ziyi sent one hundred ninety-six Huihe dignitaries, including Chancellor Hudi pigla general and Chancellor Meilu great general Luodagan, Kaifu Yitong Sansi and provisional Taichang Qing, to present themselves. The emperor hosted them in Yanying Hall and lavished gifts upon them. In the intercalary month Guo Ziyi brought Pugu Mingchen from Jingyang to report at court. The Huihe offered horses, and after farewell banquets they departed with one hundred thousand bolts of colored silk. The treasury stood empty; officials received no regular salaries but monthly hand-money called zike. A levy on court officers' pay for the intercalary tenth, eleventh, and twelfth months was imposed to fund it.
27
大歷六年正月，回紇於鴻臚寺擅出坊市，掠人子女，所在官奪返，毆怒，以三百騎犯金光門、硃雀門。 是日，皇城諸門盡閉，上使中使劉清潭宣慰，乃止。
In the first month of Dali 6, Huihe burst from Honglu Temple into the city wards, abducting men and women. When officials recovered the captives, the Huihe in fury rode three hundred strong against Jinguang and Zhuque Gates. That day every gate of the Imperial City was closed. The emperor sent palace envoy Liu Qingtan to reassure them, and they desisted.
28
七年七月，回紇出鴻臚寺，入坊市強暴，逐長安令邵說於含光門之街，奪說所乘馬將去。 說脫身避走，有司不能禁。
In the seventh month of Dali 7, Huihe left Honglu Temple, rampaged through the markets, chased Chang'an magistrate Shao Yue along Hanguang Gate Street, and stole the horse he rode. Shuo escaped on foot; the authorities were powerless to stop them.
29
八年十一月，回紇一百四十人還蕃，以信物一千余乘。 回紇恃功，自乾元之後，屢遣使以馬和市繒帛，仍歲來市，以馬一匹易絹四十匹，動至數萬馬。 其使候遣繼留於鴻臚寺者非一，蕃得帛無厭，我得馬無用，朝廷甚苦之。 是時特詔厚賜遣之，示以廣恩，且俾知愧也。 是月，回紇使使赤心領馬一萬匹來求市，代宗以馬價出於租賦，不欲重困於民，命有司量入計許市六千匹。
In the eleventh month of Dali 8, one hundred forty Huihe departed for their homeland with more than a thousand loads of tribute goods. Counting on their services, from Qianyuan onward the Huihe sent envoys year after year to exchange horses for silk, one horse for forty bolts, often tens of thousands of animals at a time. Envoys waiting to be sent home lingered at Honglu Temple in droves; the tribes never had enough silk while the horses Tang received were of little use, and the court was sorely burdened. A special edict now richly rewarded and dismissed them, displaying imperial generosity and hoping to stir their shame. That month envoy Chixin brought ten thousand horses to sell. Daizong, unwilling to strain the people further since horse payments came from the land tax, ordered officials to reckon income and authorize purchase of six thousand.
30
十年九月，回紇白晝刺人於東市，市人執之，拘於萬年縣。 其首領赤心聞之，自鴻臚寺馳入縣獄，劫囚而出，斫傷獄吏。
In the ninth month of Dali 10, Huihe killed a man in daylight at the East Market; townspeople seized him and he was jailed in Wannian County. Chieftain Chixin heard and raced from Honglu Temple into the county jail, freed the prisoner, and wounded the guards.
31
十三年正月，回紇寇太原，過榆次、太谷，河東節度留後、太原尹、兼御史大夫鮑防與回紇戰於陽曲，我師敗績，死者千余人。 代州都督張光晟與回紇戰於羊武谷，破之，回紇引退。 先是，辛雲京守太原，回紇懼雲京，不敢窺並、代，知鮑防無武略，乃敢淩逼，賴光晟邀戰勝之，北人乃安。
In the first month of Dali 13 the Huihe struck Taiyuan, marching through Yuci and Taigu. Bao Fang, acting Hedong governor and Taiyuan intendant, met them at Yangqu; Tang forces were routed and more than a thousand perished. Daizhou governor Zhang Guangsheng fought the Huihe at Yangwu Valley, defeated them, and they retreated. Earlier, while Xin Yunjing held Taiyuan, the Huihe feared him and did not threaten Bing and Dai. Seeing Bao Fang as no soldier, they pressed in—only Zhang Guangsheng's victory restored calm in the north.
32
德宗初即位，使中官梁文秀告哀於回紇，且修舊好，可汗移地健不為禮。 而九姓胡素屬於回紇者，又陳中國便利以誘其心，可汗乃舉國南下，將乘我喪。 其宰相頓莫賀達幹諫曰：「唐，大國也，且無負於我。 前年入太原，獲羊馬數萬計，可謂大捷矣。 以道途艱阻，比及國，傷耗殆盡。 今若舉而不捷，將安歸乎？」 可汗不聽。 頓莫賀乘人之心，因擊殺之，並殺其親信及九姓胡所誘來者凡二千人。
When Dezong first ascended the throne he sent the palace official Liang Wenxiu to announce the mourning and renew the old alliance, but Qaghan Yidi Jian received him without courtesy. Sogdians long subject to the Huihe also painted China's riches before him, and the qaghan marched the whole nation south to exploit the dynasty's mourning. His chancellor Dun Mohedagan remonstrated: "Tang is a great power and has done us no wrong. Two years ago we entered Taiyuan and took tens of thousands of sheep and horses—a great victory already. The road home was hard, and by the time we reached our lands the spoils were nearly gone. If we now mobilize and do not succeed, where shall we return?" The qaghan would not heed him. Dun Mohe seized the moment, killed the qaghan, and slaughtered his confidants and the two thousand Sogdians who had urged the invasion.
33
頓莫賀自立號為合骨咄祿毗伽可汗，使其酋長建達幹隨文秀來朝。 命京兆尹源休持節冊為武義成功可汗。 貞元三年八月，回紇可汗遣首領墨啜達幹、多覽將軍合闕達幹等來貢方物，且請和親。 四年十月，回紇公主及使至自蕃，德宗禦延喜門見之。 時回紇可汗喜於和親，其禮甚恭，上言：「昔為兄弟，今為子婿，半子也。」 又詈辱吐蕃使者，及使大首領等妻妾凡五十六婦人來迎可敦，凡遣人千余，納聘馬二千。 德宗令朔州、太原分留七百人，其宰相首領皆至，分館鴻臚，將作。 癸巳，見於宣政殿。 乙未，德宗召回紇公主出，使者對於麟德殿，各有頒賜。 庚子，詔鹹安公主降回紇可汗，仍置府官屬視親王例。 以殿中監、嗣滕王湛然為鹹安公主婚禮使，關播檢校右僕射、送鹹安公主及冊回紇可汗使。 貞元五年十二月，回紇汨咄祿長壽天親毗伽可汗薨，廢朝三日，文武三品已上就鴻臚寺吊其來使。
Dunmohe proclaimed himself Qaghan Heigudulu Pigla and sent chieftain Jiandagan with Wenxiu to court. Yuan Xiu, Jingzhao intendant, was commissioned to invest him as Qaghan Wuyi Chenggong. In the eighth month of Zhenyuan 3 the Huihe qaghan sent chieftains Mochuo dagan and Dolan general Hequedagan with tribute and a request for marriage. In the tenth month of Zhenyuan 4 the Huihe princess and envoys arrived; Dezong received them at Yanxi Gate. The Huihe qaghan, delighted at the marriage, was very deferential in ritual and submitted: "Formerly we were brothers; now we are son-in-law—half a son." He insulted the Tibetan envoys as well. Great chieftains sent fifty-six wives to greet the khatun, over a thousand persons in all, and two thousand horses as bride-price. Dezong ordered Shuozhou and Taiyuan each to host seven hundred men. Chancellor-chieftains all came and were lodged at Honglu and Jiangzuo. On guisi they were received in Xuangu Hall. On yiwei Dezong presented the Huihe princess; envoys were received at Linde Hall and each given gifts. On gengzi an edict wed Princess Xian'an to the Huihe qaghan and established a princess household like that of an imperial prince. Palace Director Zhanran, Heir of Teng, became marriage ritual commissioner; Guan Bo, acting Right Censor-in-Chief, escorted Princess Xian'an and invested the qaghan. In the twelfth month of Zhenyuan 5 Qaghan Mizhulu Changshou Tianqin Pigla died. Mourning halted court for three days; officials of third rank and above condoled the envoys at Honglu Temple.
34
貞元六年六月，回紇使移職伽達幹歸蕃，賜馬價絹三十萬匹。 以鴻臚卿郭鋒兼御史大夫，充冊回紇忠貞可汗使。 是歲四月，忠貞可汗為其弟所殺而篡立。 時回紇大將頡幹迦斯西擊吐蕃未回，其次相率國人縱殺纂者而立忠貞之子為可汗，年方十六七。 及六月，頡幹迦斯西討回，將至牙帳，次相等懼其後有廢立，不欲漢使知之，留鋒數月而回。 頡幹迦斯之至也，可汗等出迎郊野，陳郭鋒所送國信器幣，可汗與次將相等皆俯伏自說廢立之由，且請命曰：「惟大相生死之。」 悉以所陳器幣贈頡幹迦斯以悅之。 可汗又拜泣曰：「兒愚幼無知，今幸得立，惟仰食於阿爹。」 可汗以子事之，頡幹迦斯以卑遜興感，乃相持號哭，遂執臣子之禮焉。 盡以所陳器幣頒賜左右諸從行將士，己無所取，自是其國稍安，乃遣達比特勒梅錄將軍告忠貞可汗之哀於我，且請冊新君。 使至，廢朝三日，仍令三品已上官就鴻臚寺吊其使。 是歲，吐蕃陷北庭都護府。
In the sixth month of Zhenyuan 6 envoy Yizhigedagan departed; thirty thousand bolts of silk were given as horse price. Guo Feng, Honglu Qing and concurrent Censor-in-Chief, was appointed to invest Qaghan Zhongzhen. That year in the fourth month Qaghan Zhongzhen was killed by his younger brother, who seized the throne. Great general Yaganjiasi was still west fighting Tibet. His deputies led the people in killing the usurper and raised Zhongzhen's son as qaghan, barely sixteen or seventeen. When Yaganjiasi neared the royal camp in the sixth month, vice-chancellors fearing future depositions kept Han envoys ignorant and held Feng for months. When Yaganjiasi arrived, the qaghan and others went out to welcome him in the suburbs, displaying the state gifts Guo Feng had brought; the qaghan and vice-generals all prostrated themselves explaining the deposition and installation, and requested orders: "Only the great chancellor decides life and death." They gave Yaganjiasi all the displayed gifts to win his favor. The qaghan also bowed weeping and said: "The boy is foolish and young, now fortunate to be established—I rely only on eating from Father's hand." The qaghan addressed him as father; moved, Yaganjiasi wept in his arms and they observed lord-and-son rites. He gave every gift to his officers and kept none. The realm calmed somewhat; they sent Tabitel Meilu general to announce Zhongzhen's death and seek investiture. When envoys arrived, court halted three days; officials third rank and above condoled at Honglu Temple. That year Tibet took Beiting Protectorate.
35
初，北庭、安西既假道於回紇以朝奏，因附庸焉。 回紇征求無厭，北庭差近，凡生事之資，必強取之。 又有沙陀部落六千余帳，與北庭相依，亦屬於回紇，肆行抄奪，尤所厭苦。 其先葛祿部落及白服突厥素與回紇通和，亦憾其侵掠。 因吐蕃厚賂見誘，遂附之。 於是吐蕃率葛祿、白服之眾去冬寇北庭，回紇大相頡幹迦斯率眾援之，頻敗。 吐蕃急攻之，北庭之人既苦回紇，乃舉城降焉，沙陀部落亦降。 節度使、檢校工部尚書楊襲古將麾下二千余眾出奔西州，頡幹利亦還。 十年秋，悉其國丁壯五萬人，召襲古，將復焉。 俄為所敗，死者大半。 頡幹利收合余燼，晨夜奔還。 襲古余眾僅百六十，將復入西州，頡幹迦斯紿之曰：「第與我同至牙帳，當送君歸本朝。」 既及牙帳，留而不遣，竟殺之。 自是安西阻絕，莫知存亡，唯西州之人，猶固守焉。 頡士迦斯敗，葛祿乘勝取回紇之浮圖川，回紇震恐，悉遷西北部落羊馬於牙帳之南以避之。
Beiting and Anxi had long used Huihe routes to reach court and thus fell under Huihe sway. The Huihe exacted endlessly; Beiting, being close, suffered forced seizures of every resource. More than six thousand Shatuo tents, tied to Beiting and subject to the Huihe, were plundered most bitterly. Karluks and White-Clad Turks, though allied with the Huihe, hated their predation. Tibet's rich bribes drew them over. Tibet then led Karluks and White-Clad Turks against Beiting that winter; great chancellor Yaganjiasi marched to relieve them and lost repeatedly. Under fierce Tibetan assault, Beiting's people, weary of the Huihe, opened the city; the Shatuo submitted too. Governor Yang Xigu fled west toward Xizhou with two thousand men; Yaganli withdrew as well. In autumn of Zhenyuan 10 he mobilized fifty thousand warriors and called Xigu to recover the protectorate. They were soon beaten; more than half perished. Yaganli gathered survivors and raced back night and day. Of Xigu's remnant barely one hundred sixty remained; as he was about to re-enter Xizhou, Yaganjiasi deceived him: "Just come with me to the royal tent and I will send you back to your court." At the royal camp he detained and finally killed him. Anxi was severed from the empire; none knew who lived. Only Xizhou still held out. After Yaganjiasi's defeat Karluks took Futuchuan; terrified, the Huihe drove northwestern tribes' herds south of the royal camp.
36
貞元七年五月庚申朔，以鴻臚少卿庾鋌兼御史大夫，冊回紇可汗及吊祭使。 是月，回紇遣使律支達幹等來朝，告小寧國公主薨。 廢朝三日，故，肅宗以寧國公主降回紇，又以榮王女媵之； 及寧國來歸，榮王女為可敦，回紇號為小寧國公主，歷配英武、英義二可汗。 及天親可汗立，出居於外，生英武二子，為天親可汗所殺。 無幾薨。 七年八月，回紇遣使獻敗吐蕃、葛祿於北庭所捷及其俘畜。 先是，吐蕃入靈州，為回紇所敗，夜以火攻，駭而退。 十二月，回紇遣殺支將軍獻吐蕃俘大首領結心，德宗禦延喜門觀之。 八年七月，以回紇藥羅葛靈檢校右僕射。 靈本唐人，姓呂氏，因入回紇，為可汗養子，遂以可汗姓為藥羅葛靈，在國用事。 因來朝，寵賚甚厚，仍給市馬絹七萬匹。 九年九月，遣使來朝貢。
On gengshen, first of the fifth month, Zhenyuan 7, Yu Duan, Honglu vice minister and Censor-in-Chief, was sent to invest the qaghan and mourn. That month envoys including Luzhidagan announced Princess Xiaoningguo's death. Court halted three days. Earlier Suzong had wed Princess Ningguo to the Huihe and sent Prince Rong's daughter as companion; when Ningguo came home, Prince Rong's daughter became khatun, styled Princess Xiaoningguo, wife to Qaghans Yingwu and Yingyi. Under Tianqin Qaghan she lived apart; two sons by Yingwu were killed by Tianqin Qaghan. Soon she died. In the eighth month of Zhenyuan 7 Huihe envoys brought news of victory over Tibet and Karluks at Beiting with captives and herds. Earlier Tibet had entered Lingzhou, been beaten by the Huihe, and fled in panic under a night fire assault. In the twelfth month the Huihe killing-branch general presented the great Tibetan captive chieftain Jiexin; Dezong watched from Yanxi Gate. In the seventh month of Zhenyuan 8 Yaoluoge Ling of the Huihe was appointed acting Right Censor-in-Chief. Ling was born a Tang subject, family name Lu; entering Huihe service he became the qaghan's adopted son and took the royal surname Yaoluoge Ling, wielding power at court. On this court visit he was showered with gifts, including seventy thousand bolts of silk for buying horses. In the ninth month of Zhenyuan 9 envoys arrived with tribute.
37
貞元十一年六月庚寅，冊拜回紇騰裏邏羽錄沒密施合祿胡毗迦懷信可汗。 元和四年，藹德曷裏祿沒弭施合密毗迦可汗遣使改為回鶻，義取回旋輕捷如鶻也。 八年四月，回鶻請和親，使伊難珠還蕃，宴於三殿，賜以銀器繒帛。 是歲，回鶻數千騎至䴙鵜泉，邊軍戒嚴。 十二月二日，宴歸國回鶻摩尼八人，令至中書見宰臣。 先是，回鶻請和親，憲宗使有司計之。 禮費約五百萬貫，方內有誅討，未任其親，以摩尼為回鶻信奉，故使宰臣言其不可。 乃詔宗正少卿李孝誠使於回鶻，太常博士殷侑副之，諭其來請之意。
On gengyin in the sixth month of Zhenyuan 11 he was invested as Qaghan Tengli Luoyulu Momishi Helu Hu Pigla Huaixin. In Yuanhe 4 Qaghan Aide Helilu Momishi Hemi Pigla renamed the people Huihu—"wheeling swift as a hawk." In the fourth month of Yuanhe 8 the Huihu sought marriage; envoy Yinanzhu was feasted in the Three Halls and given silver and silks on departure. That year several thousand Huihu riders reached Pipiquan; frontier garrisons went on alert. On the second of the twelfth month eight returning Huihu Manichaeans were feasted and sent to meet chancellors at the Secretariat. Earlier, when the Huihu asked to marry, Xianzong ordered officials to tally expenses. Ceremonies would cost some five million strings; campaigns still raged at home, so the match was deferred, and because the Huihu revered Mani, chancellors argued against the union. An edict dispatched Li Xiaocheng, vice director of the imperial clan office, to the Huihu with Taichang doctor Yin You as deputy to explain the court's response.
38
長慶元年，毗迦保義可汗薨，輟朝三日，仍令諸司三品已上官就鴻臚寺吊其使者。 四月，正衙冊回鶻君長為登羅羽錄密施句主錄毗伽可汗，以少府監裴通為檢校左散騎常侍、兼御史大夫，持節冊立、兼吊祭使。 五月，回鶻宰相、都督、公主、摩尼等五百七十三人入朝迎公主，於鴻臚寺安置。 敕：「太和公主出降回鶻為可敦，宜令中書舍人王起赴鴻臚寺宣示； 以左金吾衛大將軍胡證檢校戶部尚書，持節充送公主入回鶻及冊可汗使； 光祿卿李憲加兼御史中丞，充副使； 太常博士殷侑改殿中侍御史，充判官。」 吐蕃犯青塞堡，以回紇和親故也。 鹽州刺史李文悅發兵擊退之。 回鶻奏：「以一萬騎出北庭，一萬騎出安西，拓吐蕃以迎太和公主歸國。」 其月敕：「太和公主出降回紇，宜持置府，其官屬宜視親王例。」
In Changqing 1 Qaghan Pigla Baoyi died; court halted three days while officials third rank and above condoled envoys at Honglu Temple. In the fourth month the Huihu leader was invested as Qaghan Dengruoyulu Mishi Gouzhulu Pigla in the main audience hall; Pei Tong, vice minister of the palace store, was made acting Left Regular Attendant and Censor-in-Chief to invest and mourn. In the fifth month five hundred seventy-three Huihu chancellors, dudu, princesses, and Manichaeans entered court to greet the princess and were lodged at Honglu Temple. Edict: "Princess Taihe shall wed the Huihu qaghan as khatun; Zhongshu attendant Wang Qi shall proclaim this at Honglu Temple; Left Jinwuwei great general Hu Zheng, acting minister of revenue, shall escort the princess into Huihu and invest the qaghan; Director of imperial banquets Li Xian, additionally vice censor-in-chief, shall serve as deputy; Taichang Doctor Yin You was changed to Palace Attendant Censor and made judge." Tibet struck Qingsai Fort in reaction to the Huihu marriage. Yanzhou governor Li Wenyue sent troops and repulsed them. Huihu memorialized: "With ten thousand horsemen out of Beiting and ten thousand out of Anxi, we will expand against Tibet to welcome Princess Taihe home." That month an edict added: "Princess Taihe weds the Huihu; establish her household with officials on the model of an imperial prince."
39
回紇自鹹安公主歿後，屢歸款請繼前好，久未之許。 至元和末，其請彌切，憲宗以北虜有勛勞於王室，又西戎比歲為邊患，遂許以妻之。 既許而憲宗崩。 穆宗即位，逾年乃封第十妹為太和公主，將出降，回紇登邏骨沒密施合毗伽可汗遣使伊難珠、句錄都督思結並外宰相、駙馬、梅錄司馬，兼公主一人、葉護公主一人，及達幹並駝馬千余來迎。 太和公主發赴回紇國，穆宗禦通化門左個臨送，使百僚章敬寺前立班，儀衛甚盛，士女傾城觀焉。 十一月，振武節度張惟清奏：「準詔發兵三千赴蔚州，數內已發一千人訖，余二千人，待太和公主出界即發遣。」 又奏：「天德轉牒云：回鶻七百六十人將駝馬及車，相次至黃蘆泉迎候公主。」 豐州刺史李祐奏：「迎太和公主回鶻三千於卿泉下營拓吐蕃。」
After Princess Xian'an's death the Huihu repeatedly sued to renew the old tie, but permission was long withheld. By late Yuanhe their pleas grew desperate; Xianzong, mindful of northern service to the throne and western raids, at last agreed to a princess. Consent had barely been given when Xianzong died. A year into Muzong's reign his tenth sister was made Princess Taihe. Qaghan Dengruogumu Mishi Hepigla sent Yinanzhu, Judu dudu Sijie, outer chancellors, a son-in-law, Meilu sima, a princess, a Yehu princess, and dagan with over a thousand camels and horses to meet her. Taihe departed for the Huihu realm; Muzong saw her off at Tonghua Gate's left wing with officials lined before Zhangjing Temple in splendid array while the city watched. In the eleventh month Zhenwu governor Zhang Weiqing memorialized: "Per edict, three thousand troops are sent to Weizhou; within the quota one thousand have already been dispatched; the remaining two thousand will march once Princess Taihe crosses the border." He added: "Tiande relays that seven hundred sixty Huihu with camels, horses, and carts are reaching Huangluquan in turn to greet her." Fengzhou governor Li You reported: "Three thousand Huihu escorts camp below Qingquan to press Tibet."
40
二年二月，賜回紇馬價絹五萬匹。 三月，又賜馬價絹七萬匹。 是月，裴度招討幽、鎮之亂，回鶻請以兵從度討伐。 朝議以寶應初回紇收復兩京，恃功驕恣難制，鹹以為不可，遂命中使止回紇令歸。 會其已上豐州北界，不從。 上詔發繒帛七萬匹賜之，方還。 五月，命使冊立登啰骨沒密施合毗伽禮可汗，遣品官田務豐領國信十二車使回鶻，賜可汗及太和公主。
In the second month of year 2, fifty thousand bolts of silk were granted as horse price. In the third month another seventy thousand bolts followed as horse price. That month Pei Du campaigned against the You-Zhen rebels; the Huihu offered troops under his command. Court debate recalled Baoying days when Huihe retook the capitals yet grew insolent with pride—all counseled refusal, and a palace envoy ordered them back. They had already passed Fengzhou's northern border and refused. Only after an edict granted seventy thousand bolts of silk did they turn back. In the fifth month envoys invested Qaghan Dengruogumu Mishi Hepigla Li; palace officer Tian Wufeng brought twelve carts of imperial gifts to the qaghan and Princess Taihe.
41
長慶二年閏十月，金吾大將軍胡證、副使光祿卿李憲、婚禮使衛尉卿李銳、副使宗正少卿李子鴻、判官虞部郎中張敏、太常博士殷侑送太和公主至自回紇，皆云：初，公主去回紇牙帳尚可信宿，可汗遣數百騎來請與公主先從他道去。 胡證曰：「不可。」 虜使曰：「前鹹安公主來時，去花門數百里即先去，今何獨拒我？」 證曰：「我天子詔送公主以投可汗，今未見可汗，豈宜先往！」 虜使乃止。 既至虜庭，乃擇吉日，冊公主為回鶻可敦。 可汗先升樓東向坐，設氈幄於樓下以居公主，使群胡主教公主以胡法。 公主始解唐服而衣胡服，以一嫗侍，出樓前西向拜。 可汗坐而視，公主再俯拜訖，復入氈幄中，解前所服而披可敦服，通裾大襦，皆茜色，金飾冠如角，前指後出樓，俯拜可汗如初禮。 虜先設大輿曲扆，前設小座，相者引公主升輿，回紇九姓相分負其輿，隨日右轉於庭者九，公主乃降輿升樓，與可汗俱東向坐。 自此臣下朝謁，並拜可敦。 可敦自有牙帳，命二相出入帳中。 證等將歸，可敦宴之帳中，留連號啼者竟日，可汗因贈漢使以厚貺。
In the intercalary tenth month of Changqing 2, Hu Zheng, Li Xian, Li Rui, Li Zihong, Zhang Min, and Yin You escorted Princess Taihe from the Huihu—all recounted: when she first left the royal camp the qaghan sent hundreds of riders asking her to take another road ahead. Hu Zheng said: "Impossible." The envoy protested: "When Princess Xian'an came she went ahead hundreds of li from Huamen—why block us?" Zheng replied: "The Son of Heaven commands us to deliver the princess to the qaghan; until he is seen, she cannot go ahead!" The envoy desisted. At the Huihu court they chose an auspicious day to invest her as khatun. The qaghan sat east-facing atop the tower; a felt pavilion below housed the princess while Hu elders taught her their customs. She shed Tang robes for Hu garb; attended by an old woman she bowed west before the tower. The qaghan watched as she bowed twice, returned to the pavilion, donned khatun robes of madder-red full skirts and a horned gold crown, and bowed again. They placed a great curtained carriage with a small seat; nine Huihu clans bore it, circling right nine times in the yard; she then mounted the tower and sat east with the qaghan. Thereafter courtiers bowed to the khatun as well. The khatun kept her own camp; two chancellors attended her tent. As Zheng's party prepared to leave, the khatun feasted them in her tent, weeping all day; the qaghan sent lavish parting gifts.
42
太和元年，命中使以絹二十萬匹付鴻臚寺宣賜回鶻充馬價。 三年正月，中使以絹二十三萬匹賜回紇充馬價。 七年三月，回紇李義節等將駝馬到，且報可汗三月二十七日薨，已冊親弟薩特勒。 廢朝三日，仍令諸司文武三品、尚書省四品以上官就鴻臚寺吊其使者。 以左驍衛將軍、皇城留守唐弘實為金吾將軍兼御史大夫，持節充入回鶻吊祭冊立使。 九年六月，入朝回鶻進太和公主所獻馬射女子七人，沙陀小兒二人。 開成初，其相有安允合者，與特勒柴草欲篡薩特勒可汗，薩特勒可汗覺，殺柴草及安允合。 又有回鶻相掘羅勿者，擁兵在外，怨誅柴草、安允合，又殺薩特勒可汗，以馺特勒為可汗。 有將軍句錄末賀恨掘羅勿，走引黠戛斯領十萬騎破回鶻城，殺馺，斬掘羅勿，燒蕩殆盡，回鶻散奔諸蕃。 有回鶻相馺職者，擁外甥龐特勒及男鹿並遏粉等兄弟五人、一十五部西奔葛邏祿，一支投吐蕃，一支投安西，又有近可汗牙十三部，以特勒烏介為可汗，南來附漢。
In Taihe 1 a palace envoy delivered two hundred thousand bolts of silk through Honglu Temple as Huihu horse price. In the first month of Taihe 3 a palace envoy granted two hundred thirty thousand bolts to the Huihe as horse price. In the third month of Taihe 7 Li Yijie arrived with herds reporting the qaghan died on the twenty-seventh of the third month; younger brother Sateler was invested. Court halted three days; officials third rank and above and Secretariat fourth rank and above condoled at Honglu Temple. Tang Hongshi, left Xiaowei general and imperial city defender, was made Jinwu general and censor-in-chief to mourn, invest, and establish the new qaghan. In the sixth month of Taihe 9 visiting Huihu presented seven horse-archery women from Princess Taihe and two Shatuo boys. Early in Kaicheng chancellor Anyunhe and teli Chaicao plotted against Qaghan Sateler; Sateler discovered and executed them. Chancellor Jueluowu, commanding troops abroad, resented those killings, slew Sateler, and raised Sa Teli as qaghan. General Juluomohe, hating Jueluowu, fled and brought Kirghiz with one hundred thousand riders to smash the Huihu capital, killed Sa, slew Jueluowu, burned the city, and sent Huihu fleeing to every quarter. Chancellor Sazhi fled west with Teli Pangteli, Nanlu, Efen, five brothers, and fifteen divisions toward the Karluks; one branch went to Tibet, one to Anxi; thirteen divisions near the old camp made Teli Wujie qaghan and came south to Tang.
43
初，黠戛斯破回鶻，得太和公主。 黠戛斯自稱李陵之後，與國同姓，遂令達幹十人送公主至塞上。 烏介途遇黠戛斯使，達幹等並被殺。 太和公主卻歸烏介可汗，乃質公主同行，南渡大磧。 至天德界，奏請天德城與太和公主居。 有回鶻相赤心者，與連位相姓仆固者，與特勤那頡啜擁部眾，不賓烏介。 赤心欲犯塞，烏介遣其屬霡沒斯先布誠於天德軍使田牟，然後誘赤心宰相同謁烏介可汗，戮赤心於可汗帳下並仆固二人。 那頡戰勝，全占赤心下七千帳，東瞰振武、大同，據室韋、黑沙、榆林，東南入幽州雄武軍西北界。 幽州節度使張仲武遣弟仲至率兵大破那頡之眾，全收七千帳，殺戮收擒老小近九萬人。 那頡中箭，透駝群潛脫，烏介獲而殺之。
When the Kirghiz shattered the Huihu they took Princess Taihe. Claiming descent from Li Ling and kinship with Tang, the Kirghiz sent ten dagan to escort her to the frontier. Wujie met the Kirghiz escort on the road and killed the dagan. Taihe returned to Wujie, who kept her as hostage and crossed the great desert south with her. Reaching Tiande, they asked to lodge at Tiande city with Princess Taihe. Chancellor Chixin and chancellor Pugu with teli Nanechuo held tribes loyal not to Wujie. Chixin planned a border raid; Wujie sent Meimosi to pledge good faith to Tian Mou at Tiande, then lured Chixin and chancellors to Wujie's tent and killed Chixin and two Pugu men. Nanechuo seized all seven thousand tents of Chixin, eyed Zhenwu and Datong, held Shiwei, Heisha, and Yulin, and pressed the northwest marches of Youzhou's Xiongwu Army. Youzhou governor Zhang Zhongwu sent brother Zhongzhi, routed Nanechuo, retook seven thousand tents, and killed or captured nearly ninety thousand. Nanechuo, arrow-struck, hid among camels and escaped; Wujie caught and killed him.
44
烏介諸部猶稱十萬眾，駐牙大同軍北閭門山，時會昌二年秋，頻劫東陜已北，天德、振武、雲朔，比罹俘戮。 詔諸道兵悉至防捍，以河東節度使劉沔充南面招控回鶻使； 以幽州節度使張仲武充東面招控回鶻使。
Wujie still claimed one hundred thousand warriors, camped north of Datong at Lümen Mountain; in autumn Huichang 2 they raided east Shaanxi, Tiande, Zhenwu, and Yunshuo. Edicts massed frontier troops; Hedong governor Liu Yan became southern commissioner against the Huihu; Youzhou governor Zhang Zhongwu became eastern commissioner.
45
二年冬，三年春，回鶻特勒龐俱遮、阿敦寧二部，回鶻公主密羯可敦一部，外相諸洛固阿跌一部，及牙帳大將曹磨你等七部，共三萬眾，相次降於幽州，詔配諸道。 有特勒霡沒斯、阿歷支、習勿啜三部，回鶻相愛耶勿弘順、回鶻尚書呂衡等諸部降振武，三部首領皆賜姓李氏，及名思忠、思貞、思惠、思恩，充歸義使。 有特勒葉被沽兄李二部南奔吐蕃，有特勒可質力二部東北奔大室韋，有特勒荷勿啜東討契丹，戰死。
Winter Huichang 2 through spring 3, teli Pangjuzhe, Adingning, Princess Mijie khatun's division, outer chancellor Zhuoluogu Adie, great general Caomonini, and seven divisions—thirty thousand total—surrendered at Youzhou and were distributed. Meimosi, Alizhi, Xiwuchuo, chancellor Hongshun, secretary Lu Heng, and others surrendered at Zhenwu; three chiefs received the Li surname and names Sizhong, Sizhen, Sihui, Sien as commissioners of allegiance. Teli Yebegu brother Li's two divisions fled to Tibet; Kezhili's two divisions fled to great Shiwei; Hewuchuo attacked the Khitan eastward and fell in battle.
46
會昌三年，回鶻尚書仆固繹到幽州，約以太和公主歸幽州，烏介去幽州界八十里下營。 其親信骨肉及摩尼誌凈等四人已先入振武軍。 是夜，河東劉沔率兵奄至烏介營，烏介驚走東北約四百里外，依和解室韋下營，不及將太和公主同走。 豐州刺史石雄兵遇太和公主帳，因迎歸國。 烏介部眾至大中元年詣幽州降，留者漂流餓凍，眾十萬，所存止三千已下。 烏介嫁妹與室韋，托附之。 為回鶻相美權者逸隱啜逼諸回鶻殺烏介於金山，以其弟特勒遏撚為可汗，復有眾五千以上，其食用糧羊皆取給於奚王碩舍朗。
In Huichang 3 secretary Pugu Yi reached Youzhou to arrange Princess Taihe's return; Wujie camped eighty li from Youzhou. His kin and Manichaean Zhijing plus four others had already entered Zhenwu. That night Liu Yan stormed Wujie's camp; Wujie fled four hundred li northeast to Shiwei allies without Taihe. Fengzhou governor Shi Xiong met Taihe's camp and brought her home. Wujie's people surrendered at Youzhou in Dazhong 1; survivors of the hundred thousand numbered barely three thousand. Wujie married his sister into the Shiwei and clung to them. Chancellor Meiquanzhe Yiyinchuo forced Huihu to kill Wujie at Jinshan and made brother Teli Enian qaghan; five thousand remained, fed by Xi king Shuoshelang.
47
大中元年春，張仲武大破奚眾，其回鶻無所取給，日有耗散。 至二年春，唯存名王貴臣五百人已下，依室韋。 張鐘武因賀正室韋經過幽州，仲武卻令還蕃，遣送遏撚等來向幽州，遏撚等懼，是夜與妻葛祿、子特勒毒斯等九騎西走，余眾奔之不及，回鶻諸相達官老幼大哭。 室韋分回鶻余眾為七分，七姓室韋各占一分。 經三宿，黠戛斯相阿播領諸蕃兵稱七萬，從西南天德北界來取遏撚及諸回鶻，大敗室韋。 回鶻在室韋者，阿播皆收歸磧北。 在外猶數帳，散藏諸山深林，盜劫諸蕃，皆西向傾心望安西龐勒之到。 龐勒已自稱可汗，有磧西諸城。 其後嗣君弱臣強，居甘州，無復昔時之盛。 到今時遣使入朝，進玉馬二物及本土所產，交易而返。
In spring Dazhong 1 Zhang Zhongwu crushed the Xi; the Huihu, bereft of supplies, melted away daily. By spring Dazhong 2 barely five hundred nobles remained with the Shiwei. Zhongwu sent Shiwei home from Youzhou's New Year rites; Enian was marched toward Youzhou but fled west that night with wife, son Dusi, and nine riders; left behind, Huihu officials wept. Shiwei split the remnant Huihu seven ways among seven clans. After three nights Kirghiz chancellor A'bo led seventy thousand from southwest of Tiande to seize Enian and crushed the Shiwei. Huihu left with the Shiwei were all reclaimed north of the desert. Scattered tents hid in forests, raiding tribes—all looked west for Anxi's Pangle. Pangle already called himself qaghan, holding western desert cities. Later rulers grew weak while ministers grew strong, seated at Ganzhou without former glory. To this day they still send envoys with jade horses and local goods, trade, and return.
48
史臣曰：自三代以前，兩漢之後，西羌、北狄，互興部族，其名不同，為患一也。 蔡邕云：「邊陲之患，為手足之疥； 中國之困，為胸背之疽。 突厥為煬帝之患深矣，隋竟滅； 中國之困，其理昭然。」 自太宗平突厥，破延陀，而回紇興焉。 太宗幸靈武以降之，置州府以安之，以名爵玉帛以恩之。 其義何哉？ 蓋以狄不可盡，而以威惠羈縻之。 開元中，三綱正，百姓足，四夷八蠻，翕然向化，要荒之外，畏威懷惠，不其盛矣！ 天寶末，奸臣弄權於內，逆臣跋扈於外，內外結釁而車駕遽遷，華夷生心而神器將墜。 肅宗誘回紇以復京畿。 代宗誘回紇以平河朔。 戡難中興之功，大即大矣！ 然生靈之膏血已幹，不能供其求取； 朝廷之法令並弛，無以抑其憑陵。 忍恥和親，姑息不暇。 仆固懷恩為叛，尤甚阽危； 郭子儀之能軍，終免侵軼。 比昔諸戎，於國之功最大，為民之害亦深。 及勢利日隆，盛衰時變，冰消瓦解，如存若亡，竟為手足之疥焉。 僖、昭之世，黃、硃叠興，竟為胸背之疽焉。 手疥背疽，誠為確論。
The historian writes: From antiquity through Han, western Qiang and northern Di rose under many names yet brought the same harm. Cai Yong wrote: "Frontier trouble is a rash upon the limbs; the empire's affliction is a boil upon the vitals. The Turks ravaged Sui Yangdi's reign and Sui at last fell; China's distress—the principle is clear." After Taizong subdued the Turks and shattered the Yantuo, the Huihe came to prominence. Taizong himself went to Lingwu to accept their submission, set up prefectures to settle them, and honored them with ranks, seals, and silks. What was the reasoning behind this? Simply put, the northern peoples could not be destroyed outright; they had to be harnessed through power and kindness. Under Kaiyuan the moral order stood firm and the people were content; far tribes turned toward civilization, and beyond the marches they feared Tang might yet welcomed its grace—was that not greatness! By late Tianbao corrupt ministers held sway at court and rebel warlords abroad; court and frontier collided, the emperor fled, hearts divided across the empire, and the throne itself trembled. Suzong enlisted the Huihe to retake the capital. Daizong enlisted the Huihe to pacify the Hebei region. Their service in saving the dynasty from ruin was immense—immense indeed! Yet the people's substance was already drained and could not satisfy their demands; imperial law had grown lax and could not curb their arrogance. The court swallowed humiliation in marriage alliances; indulgence knew no pause. Pugu Huai'en's rebellion brought the gravest danger; only Guo Ziyi's generalship at last kept invasion at bay. Among all frontier peoples, they aided the state most—and harmed the people most. As their power swelled and fortunes turned, they dissolved like ice, broke like tile, seeming to exist yet not—until at last they were no more than a rash upon the limbs. Under emperors Xizong and Zhaozong, Huang Chao and Zhu Wen arose in turn—the true carbuncle on chest and back. A rash on the limbs, a boil on the vitals—the analogy holds.
49
贊曰：土德初隆，比屋可封。 朝綱中否，邊鄙興戎。 安、史亂國，回紇恃功。 恃功伊何？ 咸議姑息。 民不聊生，國殫其力。 華夷有截，盛衰如織。 彼既長惡，我乃修德，疽疥之義，百代可則。
Praise runs: When earthly virtue first ascended, every hearth seemed worthy of honor. When the court's order failed, the marches took up arms. An Lushan and Shi Siming wrecked the realm; the Huihe traded on their service. What did that reliance mean? Every voice counseled appeasement. The people had no peace; the empire spent its last strength. Han and tribal worlds stood apart; glory and ruin interwove like threads. They persisted in wrong; we turned to virtue—the lesson of boil and rash may instruct a hundred generations.