1
張全義，字國維，濮州臨濮人。 初名居言，賜名全義，梁祖改為宗奭； 莊宗定河南，復名全義。 祖璉，父誠，世為田農。 全義為縣嗇夫，嘗為令所辱。 乾符末，黃巢起冤句，全義亡命入巢軍。 巢入長安，以全義為吏部尚書，充水運使。 巢敗，依諸葛爽於河陽，累遷至裨校，屢有戰功，爽表為澤州刺史。 光啟初，爽卒，其子仲方為留後。 部將劉經與李罕之爭據洛陽，罕之敗經於聖善寺，乘勝欲攻河陽，營於洛口。 經遣全義拒之，全義乃與罕之同盟結義，返攻經於河陽，為經所敗，收合餘眾，與罕之據懷州，乞師於武皇。 武皇遣澤州刺史安金俊助之，進攻河陽，劉經、仲方委城奔汴，罕之遂自領河陽，表全義為河南尹。
Zhang Quanyi, whose courtesy name was Guowei, came from Linpu in Puzhou. He was originally named Juyan, was granted the name Quanyi, and the Liang Founder renamed him Zongyi; After Emperor Zhuangzong secured Henan, his name was restored to Quanyi. His grandfather Lian and his father Cheng had been farmers for generations. Quanyi worked as a county grain clerk and had once been humiliated by the local magistrate. When Huang Chao rebelled at Yuanqu in the final years of Qianfu, Quanyi fled and joined his forces. After Chao took Chang'an, he made Quanyi Minister of the Civil Office and Superintendent of Water Transport. When Chao fell, Quanyi attached himself to Zhuge Shuang at Heyang, rose through the ranks to junior officer with repeated distinctions in battle, and Shuang recommended him as prefect of Zezhou. Early in Guangqi, Shuang died and his son Zhongfang took over as acting governor. Subordinate Liu Jing and Li Hanzhi fought over Luoyang; Hanzhi defeated Liu at Shenshan Temple and, pressing his advantage, moved to attack Heyang, encamping at Luokou. Liu sent Quanyi to oppose him, but Quanyi instead allied with Hanzhi and turned on Liu at Heyang; defeated, he regrouped, joined Hanzhi in holding Huaizhou, and sought aid from the Martial Emperor. The Martial Emperor sent An Jinjun, prefect of Zezhou, to help; they attacked Heyang; Liu and Zhongfang abandoned the city for Bian; Hanzhi took Heyang himself and recommended Quanyi as Intendant of Henan.
2
全義性勤儉，善撫軍民，雖賊寇充斥，而勸耕務農，由是倉儲殷積。 〈（王始至洛，於麾下百人中，選可使者一十八人，命之曰屯將。 每人給旗一口，榜一道，於舊十八縣中，令招農戶，令自耕種，流民漸歸。 王於百人中，又選可使者十八人，命之曰屯副，民之來者撫綏之，除殺人者死，餘但加杖而已，無重刑，無租稅，流民之歸漸眾。 王又於麾下選書計一十八人，命之曰屯判官。 不一二年，十八屯中每屯戶至數千。 王命農隙，每選丁夫授以弓矢槍劍，為坐作進退之法。 行之一二年，每屯增戶。 大者六七千，次者四千，下之二三千，共得丁夫閑弓矢、槍劍者二萬餘人。 有賊盜即時擒捕之，刑寬事簡，遠近歸之如市。 五年之內，號為富庶，於是奏每縣除令簿主之。）〉 罕之貪暴不法，軍中乏食，每取給於全義。 二人初相得甚歡，而至是求取無厭，動加淩轢，全義苦之。 文德元年四月，罕之出軍寇晉、絳，全義乘其無備，潛兵襲取河陽，全義乃兼領河陽節度。 〈（《洛陽搢紳舊聞記》云：罕之鎮三城，知王專以教民耕織為務，常宣言於眾曰：「田舍翁何足憚。」 王聞之，蔑如也。 每飛尺書於王，求軍食及縑帛，王曰：「李太傅所要，不得不奉之。」 左右及賓席咸以為不可與，王曰：「第與之。」 似若畏之者，左右不曉。 罕之謂王畏己，不設備。 因罕之舉兵收懷、澤，王乃密召屯兵，潛師夜發，遲明入三城。 罕之乃逃遁投河東，朝廷即授王兼鎮三城。）〉 罕之求援於武皇，武皇復遣兵助攻河陽，會汴人救至而退。 梁祖以丁會守河陽，全義復為河南尹、檢校司空。 全義感梁祖援助之恩，自是依附，皆從其制。
By nature industrious and frugal, Quanyi excelled at governing soldiers and civilians alike; despite banditry everywhere, he promoted farming, and his storehouses grew full. (When the Prince first came to Luoyang, he picked eighteen capable men from his hundred followers and appointed them Garrison Commanders. Each received a banner and a proclamation; across the old eighteen counties they were to recruit farmers and let them till the land themselves, and refugees gradually came back. From the same hundred men he chose eighteen more as Garrison Deputies to settle newcomers; only murderers were executed, all other offenses meriting no more than a beating; there were no harsh penalties and no taxes, and the returning population swelled. He also chose eighteen clerks from his staff and made them Garrison Administrative Officers. Within a year or two, each of the eighteen garrisons had several thousand households. During the farming off-season he selected able-bodied men, armed them with bows, arrows, spears, and swords, and drilled them in formation movements. After a year or two of this practice, every garrison gained more households. The largest garrisons had six or seven thousand people, the middling ones four thousand, the smallest two or three thousand; altogether more than twenty thousand men stood ready with bows, arrows, spears, and swords. Bandits were captured on the spot; with lenient law and light administration, people flocked in from far and near as to a market. Within five years the region was accounted prosperous, and he then memorialized that each county should have a magistrate and clerks appointed to govern it.)〉 Hanzhi was greedy and brutal; his troops were short of food and constantly drew supplies from Quanyi. They had begun on excellent terms, but now Hanzhi's demands were endless and his bullying constant, and Quanyi was worn down by it. In the fourth month of Wende 1, Hanzhi marched out to raid Jin and Jiang; Quanyi struck while he was unprepared, seized Heyang by surprise, and took the Heyang command as well. (According to 《Old Tales of Luoyang Gentry》, Hanzhi held the Three Cities and knew the Prince cared only for teaching farming and weaving; he would tell his men, "What is there to fear from a country bumpkin." The Prince heard this and paid it no heed. Whenever Hanzhi sent urgent demands for provisions and silk, the Prince would say, "Whatever Grand Mentor Li wants, we must provide it." His attendants and guests all objected, but the Prince said, "Give it to him anyway." He seemed to be afraid of Hanzhi, and his men could not fathom why. Hanzhi concluded the Prince feared him and let his guard down. When Hanzhi marched out to recover Huai and Ze, the Prince secretly mobilized his garrison troops, marched by night, and at dawn took the Three Cities. Hanzhi fled to Hedong, and the court promptly gave the Prince concurrent command of all three cities.)〉 Hanzhi appealed to the Martial Emperor, who sent troops to help retake Heyang, but they withdrew when Bian reinforcements arrived. The Liang Founder put Ding Hui in charge of Heyang, and Quanyi was restored as Intendant of Henan and Acting Minister of Works. Grateful for the Liang Founder's support, Quanyi from then on submitted to him in all things.
3
初，蔡賊孫儒、諸葛爽爭據洛陽，迭相攻伐，七八年間，都城灰燼，滿目荊榛。 全義初至，惟與部下聚居故市，井邑窮民，不滿百戶。 全義善於撫納，課部人披榛種藝，且耕且戰，以粟易牛，歲滋墾辟，招復流散，待之如子。 每農祥勸耕之始，全義必自立畎畝，餉以酒食，政寬事簡，吏不敢欺。 數年之間，京畿無閑田，編戶五六萬。 乃築壘於故市，建置府署，以防外寇。 〈（《洛陽縉紳舊聞記》：王每喜民力耕織者，某家今年蠶麥善，去都城一舍之內，必馬足及之，悉召其家老幼，親慰勞之，賜以酒食茶彩，丈夫遺之布褲，婦人裙衫，時民間尚衣青，婦人皆青絹為之。 取其新麥新繭，對之喜動顏色，民間有竊言者曰：「大王見好聲妓，等閑不笑，惟見好蠶麥即笑爾。」 其真樸皆此類。 每觀秋稼，見田中無草者，必下馬命賓客觀之，召田主慰勞之，賜之衣物。 若見禾中有草，地耕不熟，立召田主集眾決責之。 若苗荒地生，詰之，民訴以牛疲或闕人耕鋤，則田邊下馬，立召其鄰仵責之曰：「此少人牛，何不眾助之。」 鄰仵皆伏罪，即赦之。 自是洛陽之民無遠近，民之少牛者相率助之，少人者亦然。 田夫田婦，相勸以耕桑為務，是以家有蓄積，水旱無饑民。 王誠信，每水旱祈祭，必具湯沐，素食別寢，至祠祭所，儼然若對至尊，容如不足。 遇旱，祈禱未雨，左右必曰：「王可開塔」，即無畏師塔也，在龍門廣化寺。 王即依言而開塔，未嘗不澍雨，故當時俚諺云：「王禱雨，買雨具。」）〉
Earlier, the Cai rebel Sun Ru and Zhuge Shuang had fought over Luoyang for seven or eight years until the capital lay in ashes and brambles covered the land. When Quanyi first arrived, he and his men settled in the old market district among fewer than a hundred destitute households. Skilled at winning people over, he had his men clear the brambles and plant crops, farming between battles and trading grain for oxen; each year brought more land under cultivation, and he drew back the displaced and treated them like his own children. At the start of each planting season he worked the fields himself and feasted the farmers; with lenient rule and simple administration, his officials dared not cheat. Within a few years no land around the capital lay fallow, and registered households numbered fifty or sixty thousand. He then built fortifications in the old market, set up government offices, and defended against outside raiders. (《Old Tales of Luoyang Gentry》 records that whenever a household excelled at farming and weaving, if their silkworms and wheat were good that year and they lived within a day's ride of the capital, he would go in person, summon the whole family, comfort them, and give wine, food, tea, and gifts—trousers for the men, skirts for the women, all in the blue silk the people then favored. Presented with fresh wheat and cocoons, his face lit up with joy; people whispered, "The Prince never smiles for fine entertainers, but good silkworms and wheat always make him smile." Such was his unaffected nature in every respect. When inspecting the autumn harvest, if he saw a weedless field he would dismount with his guests to admire it, summon the farmer, praise him, and give him clothes. If he found weeds in the grain or poorly tilled soil, he would summon the farmer at once and have the neighbors decide his punishment. If crops grew on neglected land, he questioned why; when farmers said their oxen were worn out or labor was short, he would dismount at the field edge, call the neighbors together, and scold them: "This household lacks oxen and hands—why haven't you all helped." The neighbors would confess and be forgiven at once. After that, throughout Luoyang, households short of oxen or labor helped one another by common agreement. Farmers and their wives urged one another to devote themselves to agriculture and sericulture, so that every household had reserves and no one went hungry in flood or drought. Deeply devout, whenever he prayed in drought or flood he bathed, ate vegetarian food in a separate room, and at the shrine conducted himself with the solemnity due a sovereign, humble in every gesture. In drought, before rain came his attendants would say, "Your Highness should open the pagoda"—meaning the pagoda of Master Wuwei at Guanghua Temple on Longmen. He would open it as advised, and rain invariably followed; hence the saying, "When the Prince prays for rain, buy yourself an umbrella.")〉
4
梁祖迫昭宗東遷，命全義繕治洛陽宮城，累年方集。 昭宗至洛陽，梁祖將圖禪代，慮全義心有異同，乃以判官韋震為河南尹，遂移全義為天平軍節度使、守中書令、東平王。 〈（《洛陽搢紳舊聞記》：齊王與梁祖互為中書令、尚書令，及梁祖兼四鎮，齊王累表讓兼鎮，蓋潛識梁祖奸雄，避其權位，欲圖自全之計。 梁祖經營霸業，外則干戈屢動，內則帑庾俱虛，齊王悉心盡力，傾竭財資助之。）〉 其年八月，昭宗遇弑，輝王即位。 十月，復以全義為河南尹，兼忠武軍節度使、判六軍諸衛事。 梁祖建號，以全義兼河陽節度使，封魏王。 開平二年，冊拜太保、兼陝虢節度使、河陽尹。 四年，冊拜太傅、河南尹、判六軍，兼鄭、滑等州節度使。 乾化元年，冊拜太師。 二年，朱友珪篡逆，以全義為守太尉、河南尹、宋亳節度使兼國計使。 梁末帝嗣位於汴，以全義為洛京留守，兼鎮河陽。 未幾，授天下兵馬副元帥。
When the Liang Founder compelled Emperor Zhaozong to move east, he ordered Quanyi to restore the Luoyang palace, a task that took years to complete. When Zhaozong reached Luoyang, the Founder planned his takeover and feared Quanyi's loyalty; he replaced him with his aide Wei Zhen as Intendant of Henan and moved Quanyi to the Tianping command as Guardian Minister of the Central Secretariat and Prince of Dongping. (《Old Tales of Luoyang Gentry》 notes that the Prince of Qi and the Liang Founder had both served as central secretariat ministers; when the Founder took four commands concurrently, the Prince repeatedly asked to yield his concurrent posts, having sensed the Founder's ambition and seeking to keep himself safe. As the Founder built his empire, wars abroad and empty treasuries at home, the Prince of Qi gave his full support and poured out his wealth to sustain him.)〉 That August, Zhaozong was assassinated and Prince Hui took the throne. In the tenth month Quanyi was restored as Intendant of Henan, with the Zhongwu command and authority over the Six Armies and palace guards. When the Liang Founder proclaimed his dynasty, Quanyi received the Heyang command as well and was enfeoffed as Prince of Wei. In Kaiping 2 he was appointed Grand Guardian, with the Shan-Guo command and the Heyang intendancy. In year 4 he became Grand Tutor, Intendant of Henan, administrator of the Six Armies, and military governor of Zheng, Hua, and neighboring prefectures. In Qianhua 1 he was appointed Grand Preceptor. In year 2, after Zhu Yougui's coup, Quanyi was made Guardian Grand Commandant, Intendant of Henan, governor of Song and Bo, and Commissioner of National Accounts. When the Last Liang Emperor succeeded at Bian, Quanyi became garrison commander of the Luoyang capital and held Heyang as well. Soon after he was named Deputy Commander-in-Chief of all forces.
5
末帝季年，趙、張用事，段凝為北面招討使，驟居諸將之右。 全義知其不可，遣使啟梁末帝曰：「老臣受先朝重顧，蒙陛下委以副元帥之名。 臣雖遲暮，尚可董軍，請付北面兵柄，庶分宵旰。 段凝晚進，德未服人，恐人情不和，敗亂國政。」 不聽。 全義托朱氏垂三十年，梁祖末年，猜忌宿將，欲害全義者數四，全義單身曲事，悉以家財貢奉。 洎梁祖河朔喪師之後，月獻鎧馬，以補其軍； 又以服勤盡瘁，無以加諸，故竟免於禍。 全義妻儲氏，明敏有才略。 梁祖自柏鄉失律後，連年親征河朔，心疑全義，或左右讒間，儲氏每入宮，委曲伸理。 有時怒不可測，急召全義，儲氏謁見梁祖，厲聲言曰：「宗奭種田叟耳，三十餘年，洛城四面，開荒劚棘，招聚軍賦，資陛下創業。 今年齒衰朽，指景待盡，而大家疑之，何也？」 梁祖遽笑而謂曰：「我無惡心，嫗勿多言。」 〈（《齊王外傳》云：梁祖猜忌王，慮為後患，前後欲殺之者數四，夫人儲氏麵請梁祖得免，梁祖遂以其子福王納齊王之女。）〉
In the Last Emperor's final years Zhao and Zhang dominated court affairs; Duan Ning was made northern campaign commander and suddenly ranked above all other generals. Quanyi saw this would not work and sent word to the Last Emperor: "Your servant received great favor from the former court and was honored with the post of Deputy Commander-in-Chief. Though I am old, I can still command troops; please give me the northern command so I may lighten Your Majesty's burdens. Duan Ning is a newcomer whose virtue has not won men's hearts; I fear discord will disrupt the state." His plea went unheeded. Quanyi had served the Zhu clan for nearly thirty years; in the Founder's last years, suspicious of veteran generals, he tried four times to have Quanyi killed; Quanyi humbled himself alone and offered up his entire fortune in tribute. After the Founder lost his Hebei campaign, Quanyi sent armor and horses every month to replenish the army; and through such tireless devotion there was nothing more to ask of him, and so he escaped harm in the end. Quanyi's wife, Lady Chu, was intelligent and resourceful. After the disaster at Baxiang the Founder campaigned in Hebei year after year and grew suspicious of Quanyi, with courtiers sometimes slandering him; Lady Chu would visit the palace and patiently set matters straight. When the Founder's anger was unpredictable and he urgently summoned Quanyi, Lady Chu confronted him and said sharply, "Zongyi is nothing but a farmer; for thirty years he cleared the land around Luoyang, gathered supplies, and funded Your Majesty's rise to power. Now he is old and near death—why does Your Majesty still doubt him?" The Founder laughed abruptly and said, "I mean him no harm; old woman, say no more." (《Unofficial Biography of the Prince of Qi》 records that the Founder suspected the Prince and tried four times to kill him; Lady Chu pleaded with him in person and saved her husband; the Founder then had his son the Prince of Fu marry the Prince of Qi's daughter.)〉
6
莊宗平梁，全義自洛赴覲，泥首待罪。 莊宗撫慰久之，以其年老，令人掖而升殿，宴賜盡歡，詔皇子繼岌、皇弟存紀等皆兄事之。 先是，天祐十五年，梁末帝自汴趨洛，將祀於圓丘。 時王師攻下楊劉，徇地曹、濮，梁末帝懼，急歸於汴，其禮不遂，然其法物咸在。 至是，全義乃奏曰：「請陛下便幸洛陽，臣已有郊禮之備。」 翌日，製以全義復為尚書令、魏王、河南尹。 明年二月，郊禋禮畢，以全義為守太尉中書令、河南尹，改封齊王，兼領河陽。 先是，朱梁時供禦所費，皆出河南府，其後孔謙侵削其權，中官各領內司使務，或豪奪其田園居第，全義乃悉錄進納。 四年，落河南尹，授忠武軍節度使、檢校太師、尚書令。 會趙在禮據魏州，都軍進討無功。 時明宗已為群小間諜，端居私第。 全義以臥疾聞變，憂懼不食，薨於洛陽私第，時年七十五。 天成初，冊贈太師，諡曰忠肅。
When Emperor Zhuangzong conquered Liang, Quanyi came from Luoyang to court, prostrating himself to await judgment. The emperor comforted him at length, had attendants help the old man up the hall, feasted him generously, and ordered Prince Jiji, Prince Cunji, and others to treat him as an elder brother. Earlier, in Tianyou 15, the Last Liang Emperor had hurried from Bian to Luoyang to perform the Round Mound sacrifice. When the Tang army took Yangliu and advanced into Cao and Pu, the Last Emperor fled back to Bian and the ceremony was never held, but all the ritual implements remained. Now Quanyi memorialized, "I beg Your Majesty to come to Luoyang at once; I have already prepared everything for the suburban sacrifice. The next day he was restored as Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, Prince of Wei, and Intendant of Henan. The following second month, after the suburban sacrifices were completed, he was made Guardian Grand Commandant and Minister of the Central Secretariat, Intendant of Henan, enfeoffed as Prince of Qi, and given Heyang as well. Under the Liang, imperial expenses had all been borne by the Henan prefecture; later Kong Qian stripped his authority, eunuchs took over inner bureau affairs, and some seized his estates by force; Quanyi then registered everything and turned it all over to the court. In year 4 he relinquished the Henan intendancy and was given the Zhongwu command as Acting Grand Preceptor and Minister of the Imperial Secretariat. When Zhao Zaili seized Weizhou, the imperial army's campaign against him failed. By then Emperor Mingzong had been isolated by petty men and was living quietly at home. Bedridden, Quanyi heard of the upheaval, grew so anxious he would not eat, and died at his home in Luoyang at the age of seventy-five. Early in Tiancheng he was posthumously honored as Grand Preceptor with the posthumous name Loyal and Solemn.
7
全義曆守太師、太傅、太尉、中書令，封王，邑萬三千戶。 凡領方鎮洛、鄆、陝、滑、宋，三蒞河陽，再領許州，內外官曆二十九任，尹正河、洛，凡四十年，位極人臣，善保終吉者，蓋一人而已。 全義樸厚大度，敦本務實，起戰士而忘功名，尊儒業而樂善道。 家非士族，而獎愛衣冠，開幕府辟士，必求望實，屬邑補奏，不任吏人。 位極王公，不衣羅綺，心奉釋、老，而不溺左道。 如是數者，人以為難。 自莊宗至洛陽，趨向者皆由徑以希恩寵，全義不改素履，盡誠而已。 言事者以梁祖為我世讎，宜斫棺燔柩，全義獨上章申理，議者嘉之。
Over his career Quanyi served as Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, Grand Commandant, and Minister of the Central Secretariat, was created a prince, and received a fief of thirteen thousand households. He governed the circuits of Luoyang, Yanzhou, Shanzhou, Huazhou, and Songzhou; thrice held Heyang and twice Xuzhou; filled twenty-nine posts at court and in the provinces; for forty years directed the Yellow River and Luo regions; rose to the summit of power—and of those who kept fortune and a peaceful death, he may have stood alone. Plain, generous, and grounded in practical work, he had risen from the ranks yet cared little for glory, honored scholarship, and took pleasure in doing good. Though no aristocrat by birth, he favored men of learning, opened his staff only to those of real standing, and when filling county posts submitted his own nominees rather than leave the choice to routine bureaucrats. At the height of princely rank he still shunned silks, honored Buddhism and Daoism in private, yet never fell into occult excess. In such matters people thought him hard to match. When Emperor Zhuangzong reached Luoyang, courtiers scrambled for favor by every shortcut; Quanyi kept his old ways and offered only straightforward loyalty. Memorialists urged that the Liang Founder's body be disinterred and burned as the dynasty's ancient enemy; Quanyi alone memorialized in defense of proper treatment, and critics applauded him.
8
劉皇后嘗從莊宗幸其第，奏云：「妾孩幼遇亂，失父母，欲拜全義為義父。」 許之。 全義稽首奏曰：「皇后萬國之母儀，古今未有此事，臣無地自處。」 莊宗敦逼再三，不獲已，乃受劉後之拜。 既非所願，君子不以為非。 然全義少長軍中，立性樸滯，凡百姓有詞訟，以先訴者為得理，以是人多枉濫，為時所非。 又嘗怒河南縣令羅貫，因憑劉後譖於莊宗，俾貫非罪而死，露屍於府門，冤枉之聲，聞於遠近，斯亦良玉之微瑕也。 〈（《五代史闕文》：梁乾化元年七月辛丑，梁祖幸全義私第。 甲辰，歸大內。 梁史稱：「上不豫，厭秋暑，幸宗奭私第數日，宰臣視事於仁政亭，崇政諸司並止於河南府廨署。」 世傳梁祖亂全義之家，婦女悉皆進禦，其子繼祚不勝憤恥，欲事刂刃於梁祖。 全義止之曰：「吾頃在河陽，遭李罕之之難，引太原軍圍閉經年，啖木屑以度朝夕，死在頃刻，得他救援，以至今日，此恩不可負也。」 其子乃止。 梁史云云者，諱國惡也。 臣謹案，《春秋》莊二年，《經》曰：「十有二月，夫人薑氏會齊侯於禚。」 《傳》曰：「書奸也。」 夫《經》言會者，諱惡，禮也； 《傳》書奸者，暴其罪以垂誡也。 又《莊》二十二年，《傳》書：陳完飲桓公酒，公曰：「以火繼之。」 辭曰：「臣卜其晝，未卜其夜。」 豈有天子幸人臣之家，留止數日，奸亂萌矣。 況全義本出巢賊，敗依河陽節度使諸葛爽，爽用為澤州刺史，及爽死，全義事爽子仲方，即與李罕之同逐仲方，罕之帥河陽，全義為河南尹，未幾，又逐罕之，自據河陽，其翻覆也如此。 自是托跡朱梁，斫喪唐室，惟勤勸課，其實斂民附賊，以固恩寵。 梁時，月進鎧馬，以補軍實。 及梁祖為友珪所弑，首進錢一百萬，以助山陵。 莊宗平中原，全義合與敬翔、李振等族誅，又通賂於劉皇后，乘莊宗幸洛，言臣已有郊天費用。 夫全義匹夫也，豈能自殖財賦，其剝下奉上也又如此。 晚年保證明宗，欲為子孫之福，師方渡河，鄴都兵亂，全義憂憾不食，終以餓死。 未死前，其子繼業訟弟汝州防禦使繼孫，莊宗貶房州司戶，賜自盡。 其制略曰：「侵奪父權，惑亂家事，繼鳥獸之行，畜梟獍之心。」 其禦家無法也又如此。 河南令羅貫，方正文章之士，事全義稍慢，全義怒告劉皇后，斃貫於枯木之下，朝野冤之。 洛陽監軍使嘗收得李太尉平泉莊醒酒石，全義求之，監軍不與，全義立殺之，其附勢作威也又如此。 蓋亂世賊臣耳，得保首領，為幸已多。 晉天福中，其子繼祚謀反伏誅，識者知餘殃在其子孫也。 臣讀《莊宗實錄》，見史官敘《全義傳》，虛美尤甚，至今負俗無識之士，尚以全義為名臣，故因補闕文，粗論事跡雲。）〉
Empress Liu once accompanied Zhuangzong to his house and said, "In childhood I was orphaned by the wars and wish to take Quanyi as my adoptive father." The emperor agreed. Quanyi kowtowed and protested, "The Empress is mother to the realm; such a thing is unheard of in history, and I have no place to put myself." Zhuangzong pressed him repeatedly until he could not refuse and accepted the Empress's bow. Because he had not wanted it, fair-minded readers do not hold it against him. Yet he had grown up in the army and was slow by nature: in lawsuits whoever came first was deemed right, so many suffered injustice and contemporaries faulted him for it. He also took offense at Luo Guan, magistrate of Henan County, and through Empress Liu's slander had him executed without cause and his body left at the prefecture gate; the cry of injustice spread far and wide—a small stain on an otherwise fine reputation. (Supplemental Texts of the Five Dynasties: On the xinchou day of the seventh month of Liang's first Qianhua year, the Liang Founder visited Quanyi at his private residence. On jiachen he returned to the palace. The Liang History says, "The emperor was unwell and, weary of the autumn heat, stayed several days at Zongyi's home while the chief ministers handled affairs at the Hall of Benevolent Government and Chongzheng offices were lodged at the Henan prefecture." Tradition holds that the Liang Founder ravaged Quanyi's household, that all the women were taken for the palace, and that his son Jizuo, shamed beyond bearing, meant to strike the Founder down. Quanyi stopped him, saying, "At Heyang I once endured Li Hanzhi's siege for a year, eating wood shavings day to day and expecting death at any moment until another saved me and brought me to today—that debt cannot be repaid with betrayal." His son desisted. The Liang History's bland account is a cover for national disgrace. I note that the Spring and Autumn Annals for Duke Zhuang's second year records in the Classic, "In the twelfth month the Lady Jiang met the Marquis of Qi at Zhen." The Commentary explains, "This records adultery." When the Classic says "met," it euphemizes the crime—that is ritual propriety; when the Commentary writes "adultery," it exposes the sin as a warning to posterity. Again, in Duke Zhuang's twenty-second year the Commentary tells how Chen Wan drank with Duke Huan, who said, "Let the lamps follow." Chen declined, "I divined for the day, not for the night." Can a Son of Heaven lodge for days in a subject's house without scandal taking root? Moreover Quanyi had begun among Huang Chao's rebels, then attached himself to Zhuge Shuang of Heyang, who made him prefect of Zezhou; after Shuang's death he served Shuang's son Zhongfang, then with Li Hanzhi expelled Zhongfang; when Hanzhi held Heyang, Quanyi became Intendant of Henan, and soon expelled Hanzhi to seize Heyang himself—so fickle was his course. Thereafter he cast his lot with the Zhu Liang, helped ruin the Tang, and though he preached diligence in farming, in truth he taxed the people dry and clung to the usurpers for favor. Under the Liang he sent armored horses every month to fill the army's needs. When the Liang Founder was murdered by Zhu Yougui, he was the first to offer a million cash toward the imperial burial. When Zhuangzong conquered the Central Plain, Quanyi deserved execution with Jing Xiang, Li Zhen, and their kin; he bribed Empress Liu and, when Zhuangzong came to Luoyang, claimed he already had funds for the suburban sacrifice. A commoner like Quanyi could not have amassed such wealth on his own; he extorted the people to court the throne just as before. In old age he backed Mingzong, hoping to secure his line; when the Yedu mutiny broke out as the army crossed the river, he grieved himself into refusing food and starved to death. Before he died his son Jiye denounced his brother Jisun, defender of Ruzhou; Zhuangzong reduced Jisun to registrar at Fangzhou and ordered him to take his own life. The edict in brief read, "He usurped his father's authority, threw the household into disorder, followed the ways of beasts, and harbored a treacherous heart." So little command did he have over his own house. Luo Guan of Henan, a principled scholar-official, showed Quanyi slight disrespect; Quanyi complained to Empress Liu and had him killed under a dead tree, to the outrage of court and country. When the Luoyang army supervisor acquired the sobering stone from Chancellor Li Deyu's Pingquan estate, Quanyi demanded it; refused, he had the man killed on the spot—another instance of bullying by power. He was nothing but a rebel minister of chaotic times; keeping his head was luck enough. In Later Jin's Tianfu era his son Jizuo rebelled and was executed, and observers knew the family's punishment was not yet spent. Reading Zhuangzong's Veritable Records, I find the historians' account of Quanyi extravagantly flattering; vulgar men even now call him a great minister—hence this supplement, a rough review of his career.)〉
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朱友謙，字德光，許州人，本名簡。 祖岩，父琮，世為陳、許小校。 廣明之亂，簡去鄉里，事澠池鎮將柏夔為部隸。 嘗為盜於石壕、三鄉之間，剽劫行旅。 後事陝州節度使王珙，積勞至軍校。 珙性嚴急，禦下無恩，牙將李璠者，珙深所倚愛，小有違忤，暴加箠擊，璠陰銜之。 光化元年，珙與弟河中節度使珂相持，干戈日尋，珙兵屢敗，部伍離心。 二年六月，璠殺珙，歸附汴人，梁祖表璠為陝州節度使。 璠亦苛慘，軍情不葉，簡復攻璠，璠冒刃獲免，逃歸於汴。 三年，梁祖表簡為陝州留後。 九月，天子授以旄鉞。 車駕在鳳翔，梁祖往來，簡事之益謹，奏授平章事。 天復末，昭宗遷都洛陽，駐蹕於陝。 時朝士經亂，簪裳不備，簡獻上百副，請給百官，朝容稍備。 以迎奉功，遷檢校侍中。 簡與梁祖同宗，乃陳情於梁祖曰：「仆位崇將相，比無勳勞，皆元帥令公生成之造也。 願以微生灰粉為效，乞以姓名，肩隨宗室。」 梁祖深賞其心，乃名之為友謙，編入屬籍，待遇同於己子。 友謙亦盡心葉讚，功烈居多。
Zhu Youqian, courtesy name Deguang, came from Xuzhou; he was originally named Jian. His grandfather Yan and his father Cong had for generations served as minor officers in Chen and Xu. During the Guangming upheaval he left home and joined the Mianchi garrison commander Bai Kui as a company man. He had once robbed travelers between Shihao and Sanxiang. He later entered the service of Wang Hong, military governor of Shanzhou, and rose by merit to regimental commander. Wang Hong was harsh and graceless toward his men; Li Fan, a favored staff officer, bore the brunt of his rage at the slightest offense and secretly nursed a grudge. In 898 Wang Hong and his brother Ke, military governor of Hezhong, fell into open war; Hong's armies kept losing and his troops lost heart. In the sixth month of the following year Fan killed Hong, went over to the Liang, and the Liang Founder had him appointed military governor of Shanzhou. Fan proved cruel as well and lost the army's loyalty; Jian attacked him again; Fan barely escaped the blades and fled to Bian. In the third year the Liang Founder appointed Jian acting governor of Shanzhou. In the ninth month the emperor formally invested him with the command. While the court was at Fengxiang and the Liang Founder shuttled back and forth, Jian served him with growing devotion and was recommended for Grand Councilor. Late in Tianfu, Emperor Zhaozong moved the capital to Luoyang and paused at Shanzhou. Courtiers still lacked proper dress after the wars; Jian presented a hundred sets of regalia for the officials, and the court's appearance was partly restored. For escorting the emperor he was promoted to Acting Palace Attendant. Sharing the Zhu clan, Jian appealed to the Founder, saying, "I stand among the highest ministers yet have earned no merit; all I am I owe to Your Excellency's grace. I would lay down my life in your service and beg to take a name and rank beside your house." The Founder was deeply moved, renamed him Youqian, enrolled him in the imperial clan, and treated him like his own son. Youqian in turn served him wholeheartedly and won many victories.
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梁祖建號，移授河中節度使、檢校太尉，累拜中書令，封冀王。 及朱友珪弑逆，友謙意不懌，雖勉奉偽命，中懷怏怏。 友珪征之，友謙辭以北面侵軼，謂賓友曰：「友珪是先帝假子，敢行大逆，餘位列維城，恩逾父子，論功校德，何讓伊人，詎以平生附托之恩，屈身於逆豎之手！」 遂不奉命。 其年八月，友珪遣大將牛存節、康懷英、韓攻之，友謙乞師於莊宗。 莊宗親總軍赴援，與汴軍遇於平陽，大破之。 〈（《歐陽史》：晉王出澤潞以救之，追懷英於解縣，大敗之。 追至白逕嶺，夜秉炬擊之，懷英又敗。）〉 因與友謙會於猗氏，友謙盛陳感慨，願敦盟約，莊宗歡甚。 友謙乘醉鼾寢於帳中，莊宗熟視之，謂左右曰：「冀王真貴人也，但恨其臂短耳。」 及梁末帝嗣位，以恩禮結其心； 友謙亦遜辭稱藩，行其正朔。
When the Liang Founder took the throne, he was made military governor of Hezhong and Acting Grand Commandant, later Minister of the Central Secretariat and Prince of Ji. When Zhu Yougui murdered his father, Youqian was displeased; though he outwardly obeyed the usurper, inwardly he seethed. When Yougui marched against him, Youqian pleaded northern incursions and told his staff, "Yougui is only the late emperor's adopted son yet dares regicide; I rank among the empire's bulwarks and have been honored beyond father and son—in merit and virtue I yield to no one. Shall lifelong trust make me bow to a usurper?" He refused the order. That eighth month Yougui sent Niu Cunjie, Kang Huaiying, and Han against him; Youqian appealed to Zhuangzong for aid. Zhuangzong led the army in person, met the Bian forces at Pingyang, and routed them. (Ouyang Xiu's History: The Prince of Jin marched through Ze and Lu to relieve him, pursued Kang Huaiying to Jie County, and crushed him. He pursued to Baijing Ridge and attacked by torchlight at night; Huaiying was beaten again.)〉 He then met Youqian at Yishi; Youqian poured out his feelings and asked for a firm alliance, and Zhuangzong was delighted. Youqian fell asleep snoring in his tent; Zhuangzong studied him and said to his attendants, "The Prince of Ji is a man of true nobility—only pity his arms are short." When the Last Liang Emperor succeeded, he won him back with courtesy; Youqian in turn submitted as a vassal and observed the Liang calendar.
11
天祐十七年，友謙襲取同州，以其子令德為帥，請節鉞於梁，不獲。 友謙即請之於莊宗，令幕客王正言以節旄賜之，梁將劉鄩、尹皓攻同州，友謙來告急，莊宗遣李嗣昭、李存審將兵赴之，敗汴軍於滑北，解圍而還。 初，劉鄩兵至蒲中，倉儲匱乏，人心離貳，軍民將校，鹹欲歸梁。 友謙諸子令錫等亦說其父曰：「晉王雖推心於我，然懸兵赴援，急維相應，寧我負人，擇福宜重。 請納款於梁，候劉鄩兵退後，與晉王修好。」 友謙曰：「晉王親赴予急，夜半秉燭戰賊，麵為盟誓，不負初心。 昨聞吾告難，命將星行，助我資糧，分我衣屨，而欲翻覆背惠，所謂鄧祁侯云『人將不食吾餘』也。」 及破梁軍，加守太尉、西平王。
In 920 Youqian seized Tongzhou, installed his son Lingde as commander, and asked the Liang for formal investiture but was refused. He then asked Zhuangzong, who had his aide Wang Zhengyan grant the commission; when Liang generals Liu Yan and Yin Hao besieged Tongzhou, Youqian appealed for help; Zhuangzong sent Li Sizhao and Li Cunshen, who defeated the Bian army north of Huazhou and lifted the siege. When Liu Yan first reached central Pu, stores ran low, morale split, and soldiers and civilians alike wanted to go over to the Liang. Youqian's sons, including Lingxi, also urged him, "The Prince of Jin may trust us, but his army is far away and the crisis is near—better to wrong a friend than miss our chance; choose the stronger side. Submit to the Liang now, and after Liu Yan withdraws restore friendship with Jin." Youqian replied, "The Prince of Jin came in person to my aid, fought the enemy by candlelight at midnight, and swore face to face—I will not betray that bond. When I called for help he sent his generals at once, supplied my army, and shared his own clothing—yet you would turn traitor to such kindness? That is the warning of Duke Qi of Deng: men will refuse the leavings of one who breaks faith." After the Liang army was defeated, he was made Guardian Grand Commandant and Prince of Xiping.
12
同光元年，莊宗滅梁，友謙覲於洛陽。 莊宗置宴饗勞，寵錫無算，親酌觴屬友謙曰：「成吾大業者，公之力也。」 既歸藩，請割慈、隰二郡，依舊隸河中，不許，詔以絳州隸之。 又請解縣兩池榷鹽，每額輸省課，許之。 及郊禮畢，以友謙為守太師、尚書令，進食邑至萬八千戶。 三年，賜姓，名繼麟，編入屬籍，賜之鐵券，恕死罪。 以其子令德為遂州節度使，令錫為許州節度使。 一門三鎮，諸子為刺史者六七人，將校剖竹者又五六人，恩寵之盛，時無與比。
In 923, when Zhuangzong destroyed the Liang, Youqian had an audience in Luoyang. Zhuangzong feasted and rewarded him beyond measure, poured his own cup, and said, "My great enterprise was your doing." Back in his domain he asked that Ci and Xi be restored to Hezhong; the court refused but attached Jiangzhou to his command. He also won the right to tax the two salt pools at Jie County, paying a fixed levy to the court. After the suburban sacrifices he was made Guardian Grand Preceptor and Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, with a fief increased to eighteen thousand households. In the third year he received the imperial surname, was renamed Jilin, enrolled in the clan register, and granted an iron certificate exempting him from capital punishment. His sons Lingde and Lingxi were made military governors of Suizhou and Xuzhou. Three circuits in one family, six or seven sons as prefects, and five or six officers as prefects besides—no favor of the age matched his.
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莊宗季年，稍怠庶政，巷伯伶官，干預國事。 時方面諸侯皆行賂遺，或求賂於繼麟，雖僶俛應奉，不滿其請。 且曰：「河中土薄民貧，厚貺難辦。」 由是群小鹹怨，遂加誣構。 郭崇韜討巴、蜀，征師於河中，繼麟令其子令德率師赴之。 伶官景進與其黨構曰：「昨王師初起，繼麟以為討己，頗有拒命之意，若不除移，如國家有急，必為後患。」 郭崇韜既誅，宦官愈盛，遂構成其罪，謂莊宗曰：「崇韜強項於蜀，蓋與河中響應。」 繼麟聞之懼，將赴京師，麵訴其事。 其部將曰：「王有大功於國，密邇京城，群小流言，何足介意。 端居奉職，讒邪自銷，不可輕行。」 繼麟曰：「郭公功倍於我，尚為人構陷，吾若得麵天顏，自陳肝膈，則流言者獲罪矣。」 四年正月，繼麟入覲。 景進謂莊宗曰：「河中人有告變者，言繼麟與崇韜謀叛，聞崇韜死，又與李存乂構鬆逆，當斷不斷，禍不旋踵。」 群閹異口同辭，莊宗駭惑不能決。 是月二十三日，授繼麟滑州節度使。 是夜，令朱守殷以兵圍其第，擒之，誅於徽安門外； 詔繼岌誅令德於遂州，王思同誅令錫於許州， 〈（吳縝《篡誤》云：《史彥瓊傳》，友謙有子建徽被殺。 傳中未載。）〉 命夏魯奇誅其族於河中。 初，魯奇至，友謙妻張氏率其家屬二百餘口見魯奇曰：「請疏骨肉名字，無致他人橫死。」 將刑，張氏持先賜鐵券授魯奇曰：「皇帝所賜也。」 是時，百口塗地，冤酷之聲，行路流涕。
In Zhuangzong's last years he neglected government; eunuchs and actor-favorites meddled in state affairs. Regional lords all sent bribes; some demanded them from Jilin, and though he strained to comply, he could not meet their demands. He pleaded that Hezhong was poor land and his people could not afford lavish gifts." The court parasites resented him and began to fabricate charges. When Guo Chongtao campaigned in Ba and Shu he called on Hezhong for troops, and Jilin sent his son Lingde at the head of the army. The actor Jing Jin and his clique plotted, saying, "When the imperial army first marched, Jilin thought it was aimed at him and nearly refused the order; unless he is removed, he will be a danger in any crisis." After Guo Chongtao was killed the eunuchs grew bolder still and framed Jilin, telling Zhuangzong, "Chongtao's defiance in Shu was surely coordinated with Hezhong. Hearing this, Jilin was afraid and set out for the capital to plead his case in person. His officers said, "Your Highness has rendered great service to the state and dwells near the capital; the gossip of petty men is not worth heeding. Stay at your post and perform your duties faithfully; slander will fade of itself—you must not act rashly. Jilin replied, "Lord Guo's merit doubled mine, yet he was still destroyed by plotters; if I can face the emperor and lay my heart bare, the slanderers will be punished." In the first month of year 4 he went to court. Jing Jin told Zhuangzong, "Someone from Hezhong reports that Jilin plotted rebellion with Chongtao and, after Chongtao's death, conspired with Li Cunyi; hesitation now will bring disaster at once. The eunuchs chorused the same accusation, and Zhuangzong, shaken and uncertain, could not decide. On the twenty-third of that month he was appointed military governor of Huazhou. That night Zhu Shouyin surrounded his residence with troops, seized him, and executed him outside the Hui'an Gate; he ordered Jiji to execute Lingde at Suizhou and Wang Sitong to execute Lingxi at Xuzhou, (According to Wu Zhen's Errors of Usurpation, the Biography of Shi Yanqiong records that Youqian's son Jianhui was killed, though this is not recorded in the main biography.)〉 He ordered Xia Luqi to exterminate his clan at Hezhong. When Luqi arrived, Lady Zhang led more than two hundred family members to meet him and said, "Please list our kin by name so that no innocent may die by mistake. As the execution was about to begin, Lady Zhang produced the iron certificate the emperor had granted and said, "This was bestowed by the emperor himself." A hundred lives were destroyed; the cries of injustice moved every passerby to tears.
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先是，河中衙城閽者夜見婦人數十，袨服靚妝，仆馬炫耀，自外馳騁，笑語趨衙城。 閽者不知其故，不敢詰，至門排騎而入，既而扃鎖如故，復無人跡，乃知妖鬼也。 又繼麟登逍遙樓，聞哭聲四合，詰日訊之，巷無喪者，隔歲乃族誅。 及明宗即位，始下詔昭雪焉。
Earlier, the yamen gatekeeper had seen dozens of women at night in splendid dress and fine makeup, with dazzling retinues of servants and horses, galloping in from outside, laughing as they rushed toward the compound. The gatekeeper dared not question them; they pushed through the gate and entered, then the locks were fastened as before and no trace of anyone remained—he knew they were spirits. Jilin also climbed the Xiaoyao Tower and heard wailing on every side; he inquired the next day but found no mourning in the lanes; a year later his whole clan was slaughtered. Only when Emperor Mingzong took the throne was an edict issued to clear their names.
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史臣曰：全義一逢亂世，十領名藩，而能免梁祖之雄猜，受莊宗之厚遇，雖由恭順，亦係貨財。 《傳》所謂「貨以藩身」者，全義得之矣。 友謙向背為謀，二三其德，考其行事，亦匪純臣。 然全族之誅，禍斯酷矣，得非鬼神害盈，而天道惡滿乎！
The historian remarks: Quanyi lived through chaotic times and held ten famous commands, yet escaped the Liang Founder's fierce suspicion and won Emperor Zhuangzong's generous favor—deference helped, but so did his wealth. What the Commentary calls "using wealth to preserve oneself in office," Quanyi exemplified. Youqian shifted allegiance as strategy demanded and was inconstant in loyalty; judged by his conduct, he too was no loyal minister. Yet the slaughter of his entire clan was calamity of the cruelest kind—was it not that spirits punish excess and Heaven abhors fullness!