1
海南諸國
States of the Southern Sea
2
海南諸國，大抵在交州南及西南大海洲上，相去近者三五千里，遠者二三萬里，其西與西域諸國接。 漢元鼎中，遣伏波將軍路博多開百越，置日南郡。 其徼外諸國，自武帝以來皆朝貢。 後漢桓帝世，大秦、天竺皆由此道遣使貢獻。 及吳孫權時，遣宣化從事朱應、中郎康泰通焉。 其所經及傳聞，則有百數十國，因立記傳。 晉代通中國者蓋鮮，故不載史官。 及宋、齊，至者有十餘國，始爲之傳。 自梁革運，其奉正朔，脩貢職，航海歲至，踰於前代矣。 今采其風俗粗著者，綴爲《海南傳》云。
The Southern Sea states lie south of Jiao Province and on great ocean isles to the southwest—near ones three to five thousand li apart, far ones twenty or thirty thousand li; westward they adjoin the Western Regions. In Han Yuanding, General Fu Bo Lu Boda was sent to open the Hundred Yue and establish Rinan commandery. All the states beyond the frontiers, from Emperor Wu onward, came to court with tribute. In Later Han during Emperor Huan's reign, Da Qin and Tianzhu both sent envoys by this route to offer tribute. When Wu's Sun Quan ruled, he sent Director of Civilizing Affairs Zhu Ying and Gentlemen-of-Attendant Kang Tai to reach them. The lands they passed through and heard of amounted to over a hundred states, and they compiled a record account. In Jin times few reached China, so the official historians did not record them. By Song and Qi, over ten states had arrived, and only then were accounts written for them. Since Liang changed the dynastic mandate, those observing the calendar and fulfilling tribute duties reached by sea year after year—surpassing earlier dynasties. Now I collect those whose customs are roughly well known and assemble them in the Account of the Southern Sea, thus.
3
林邑國
Kingdom of Lin Yi
4
林邑國者，本漢日南郡象林縣，古越裳之界也。 伏波將軍馬援開漢南境，置此縣。 其地縱廣可六百里，城去海百二十里，去日南界四百餘里，北接九德郡。 其南界，水步道二百餘里，有西國夷亦稱王，馬援植兩銅柱表漢界處也。 其國有金山，石皆赤色，其中生金。 金夜則出飛，狀如螢火。 又出玳瑁、貝齒、吉貝、沉木香。 吉貝者，樹名也，其華成時如鵝毳，抽其緒紡之以作布，潔白與紵布不殊，亦染成五色，織爲斑布也。 沉木者，土人斫斷之，積以歲年，朽爛而心節獨在，置水中則沉，故名曰沉香。 次不沉不浮者，曰𥴈香也。
The kingdom of Lin Yi was originally Xianglin County in Han's Rinan commandery, on the border of ancient Yuechang. General Fu Bo Ma Yuan opened Han's southern frontier and established this county. Its territory ran about six hundred li; the capital stood a hundred and twenty li from the sea, over four hundred li from the Rinan border, and abutted Jiude commandery to the north. At its southern border, by water and land routes it was over two hundred li; a Western-state chieftain also styled himself king—where Ma Yuan planted two bronze columns marking Han's border. In its land was Golden Mountain; the stones were all red, and gold was produced within them. At night the gold flew forth, looking like fireflies. It also produced tortoiseshell, cowrie shells, kapok cloth, and aloeswood. Kapok is a tree; when its blossoms mature they are like goose down; its fibers are spun into cloth, clean and white like ramie—it can also be dyed five colors and woven into patterned cloth. Aloeswood: natives cut it down and pile it for years; though rotten the heart alone remains; placed in water it sinks—hence the name sinking incense. Next, that which neither sinks nor floats is called honey incense.
5
漢末大亂，功曹區達，殺縣令自立爲王。 傳數世，其後王無嗣，立外甥范熊。 熊死，子逸嗣。 晉成帝咸康三年，逸死，奴文篡立。 文本日南西卷縣夷帥范稚家奴，常牧牛於山澗，得鱧魚二頭，化而爲鐵，因以鑄刀。 鑄成，文向石而咒曰：「若斫石破者，文當王此國。」 因舉刀斫石，如斷芻藳，文心獨異之。 范稚常使之商賈至林邑，因教林邑王作宮室及兵車器械，王寵任之。 後乃讒王諸子，各奔餘國。 及王死無嗣，文偽於鄰國迓王子，置毒於漿中而殺之，遂脅國人自立。 舉兵攻旁小國，皆吞滅之，有衆四五萬人。 時交州刺史姜莊使所親韓戢、謝稚，前後監日南郡，並貪殘，諸國患之。 穆帝永和三年，臺遣夏侯覽爲太守，侵刻尤甚。 林邑先無田土，貪日南地肥沃，常欲略有之，至是，因民之怨，遂舉兵襲日南，殺覽，以其屍祭天。 留日南三年，乃還林邑。 交州刺史朱籓後遣督護劉雄戍日南，文復屠滅之。 進寇九德郡，殘害吏民。 遣使告籓，願以日南北境橫山爲界，籓不許，又遣督護陶緩、李衢討之。 文歸林邑，尋復屯日南。 五年，文死，子佛立，猶屯日南。 征西將軍桓溫遣督護滕畯、九真太守灌邃帥交、廣州兵討之，佛嬰城固守。 邃令峻盛兵於前，邃帥勁卒七百人，自後逾壘而入，佛衆驚潰奔走，邃追至林邑，佛乃請降。 哀帝昇平初，復爲寇暴，刺史溫放之討破之。 安帝隆安三年，佛孫須達復寇日南，執太守炅源，又進寇九德，執太守曹炳。 交趾太守杜瑗遣都護鄧逸等擊破之，卽以瑗爲刺史。 義熙三年，須達復寇日南，殺長史，瑗遣海邏督護阮斐討破之，斬獲甚衆。 九年，須達復寇九真，行郡事杜慧期與戰，斬其息交龍王甄知及其將范健等，生俘須達息𨚗能，及虜獲百餘人。 自瑗卒後，林邑無歲不寇日南、九德諸郡，殺蕩甚多，交州遂致虛弱。
At the end of Han amid great chaos, Chief Clerk Qu Da killed the magistrate and declared himself king. Passed through several generations; later the king had no heir and installed his sister's son Fan Xiong. When Xiong died, his son Yi succeeded. In the third year of Xiankang under Jin Emperor Cheng, Yi died and the slave Wen usurped the throne. Wen was originally a slave of the Yi chieftain Fan Zhi of Xijuan County west of Rinan; he often herded cattle in mountain streams, obtained two snakehead fish that transformed into iron, and thus cast a knife. When it was cast, Wen cursed toward a stone, saying, "If in cutting this stone it breaks, Wen shall be king of this state." he then raised the knife and cut the stone—as if cutting dry grass; Wen alone marvelled at this in his heart. Fan Zhi often sent him on trading missions to Lin Yi, and thus taught the Lin Yi king to build palaces and military chariots and weapons—the king favored and trusted him. Later he slandered the king's sons, and each fled to other states. When the king died without heir, Wen feigned at a neighboring state to welcome the prince, put poison in syrup and killed him, then coerced the people of the state to install himself. He raised troops to attack neighboring small states and swallowed them all, having a host of forty to fifty thousand. At the time Jiao Province Inspector Jiang Zhuang sent his intimates Han Ji and Xie Zhi in succession to supervise Rinan commandery—both greedy and cruel, and the states were vexed by them. In the third year of Yonghe under Emperor Mu, the court sent Xiahou Lan as administrator—invasive exactions were especially severe. Lin Yi formerly had no farmland; coveting Rinan's fertile soil, it often wished to seize it—at this time, taking advantage of the people's resentment, it raised troops to raid Rinan, killed Lan, and sacrificed his corpse to Heaven. It remained in Rinan three years, then returned to Lin Yi. Later Jiao Province Inspector Zhu Fan sent Supervisor Liu Xiong to garrison Rinan; Wen again slaughtered and destroyed them. Advancing to raid Jiude commandery, he ravaged officials and people. He sent envoys to inform Fan, wishing to take the Heng Mountains on Rinan's northern border as the boundary—Fan would not agree, and again sent Supervisors Tao Huan and Li Qu to attack him. Wen returned to Lin Yi, but soon again encamped in Rinan. In the fifth year Wen died; his son Fo succeeded, still encamped in Rinan. General Who Conquers the West Huan Wen sent Supervisors Teng Jun and Jiuzhen Administrator Guan Sui to lead Jiao and Guang Province troops against him; Fo defended the city obstinately. Sui ordered Jun to mass troops at the front; Sui himself led seven hundred elite soldiers over the ramparts from behind; Fo's host panicked and fled; Sui pursued to Lin Yi and Fo then requested surrender. At the beginning of Shengping under Emperor Ai, he again raided violently; Inspector Wen Fangzhi attacked and broke him. In the third year of Longan under Emperor An, Fo's grandson Xu Da again raided Rinan, seized Administrator Jiong Yuan, and further raided Jiude, seizing Administrator Cao Bing. Jiaozhi Administrator Du Yuan sent Protector Deng Yi and others to attack and break them, and Yuan was then made inspector. In the third year of Yixi, Xu Da again raided Rinan and killed the chief clerk; Yuan sent Coastal Protector Ruan Fei to attack and break him, slaying and capturing in great numbers. In the ninth year Xu Da again raided Jiuzhen; Du Huiqi acting for the commandery fought him, beheading his son Jiaolong Wang Zhenzhi and his general Fan Jian and others, taking alive Xu Da's son Cheneng, and capturing over a hundred. After Yuan died, Lin Yi year after year raided Rinan, Jiude and other commanderies, killing and ravaging greatly, and Jiao Province thus became weak and depleted.
6
須達死，子敵真立，其弟敵鎧擕母出奔。 敵真追恨不能容其母弟，捨國而之天竺，禪位於其甥，國相藏膋固諫不從。 其甥旣立而殺藏膋，藏膋子又攻殺之，而立敵鎧同母異父之弟曰文敵。 文敵後爲扶南王子當根純所殺，大臣范諸農平其亂，而自立爲王。 諸農死，子陽邁立。 宋永初二年，遣使貢獻，以陽邁爲林邑王。 陽邁死，子咄立，慕其父，復曰陽邁。
When Xu Da died, his son Dizhen succeeded; his younger brother Dikai fled carrying their mother. Dizhen, brooding that he could not tolerate his mother and younger brother, abandoned the state and went to Tianzhu, yielding the throne to his nephew—the chief minister Zang Xiao earnestly remonstrated but was not heeded. The nephew once enthroned killed Zang Xiao; Zang Xiao's son in turn attacked and killed him, and enthroned Dikai's younger half-brother on his mother's side named Wen Di. Wen Di was later killed by Funan prince Danggen Chun; the great minister Fan Zhunong quelled the disorder and installed himself as king. When Zhunong died, his son Yang Mai succeeded. In the second year of Yongchu under Song, envoys were sent with tribute, and Yang Mai was made King of Lin Yi. When Yang Mai died, his son Dhuo succeeded; admiring his father, he again took the name Yang Mai.
7
其國俗：居處爲閣，名曰于蘭，門戶皆北向； 書樹葉爲紙； 男女皆以橫幅吉貝繞腰以下，謂之干漫，亦曰都縵； 穿耳貫小鐶； 貴者著革屣，賤者跣行。 自林邑、扶南以南諸國皆然也。 其王著法服，加瓔珞，如佛像之飾。 出則乘象，吹螺擊鼓，罩吉貝傘，以吉貝爲幡旗。 國不設刑法，有罪者使象踏殺之。 其大姓號婆羅門。 嫁娶必用八月，女先求男，由賤男而貴女也。 同姓還相婚姻，使婆羅門引婿見婦，握手相付，呪曰「吉利吉利」，以爲成禮。 死者焚之中野，謂之火葬。 其寡婦孤居，散髮至老。 國王事尼乾道，鑄金銀人像，大十圍。
Its national customs: dwellings are raised pavilions called yulan, with doors and gates all facing north; they write on tree leaves as paper; men and women all wrap their lower bodies in horizontal strips of kapok cloth, called ganman, also called duzman; they pierce ears and thread small rings; the noble wear leather sandals; the lowly go barefoot. From Lin Yi and Funan southward all states are thus. Its king wears dharma robes with jewelled chains, like the adornments of a Buddha image. Going out he rides an elephant, blows conch and beats drums, covers with a kapok-cloth umbrella, and uses kapok cloth for banners and flags. The state sets no penal code; those guilty are made to be trampled to death by elephants. Its great clans are called Brahmin. Marriage must take place in the eighth month; the woman first seeks the man—a lowly man and a noble woman. Those of the same surname still marry one another; a Brahmin leads the groom to meet the bride, hands her over with clasped hands, and intones "Auspicious, auspicious"—this constitutes completion of the rite. The dead are burned in the open wilds—called cremation. Its widows live alone, hair loose until old age. The king attends the Ni'gan Way and casts gold and silver human images ten arm-spans around.
8
元嘉初，陽邁侵暴日南、九德諸郡，交州刺史杜弘文建牙欲討之，聞有代乃止。 八年，又寇九德郡，入四會浦口，交州刺史阮彌之遣隊主相道生帥兵赴討，攻區栗城不剋，乃引還。 爾後頻年遣使貢獻，而寇盜不已。 二十三年，使交州刺史檀和之、振武將軍宗愨伐之。 和之遣司馬蕭景憲爲前鋒，陽邁聞之懼，欲輸金一萬斤，銀十萬斤，還所略日南民戶，其大臣䓯僧達諫止之，乃遣大帥范扶龍戍其北界區栗城。 景憲攻城，剋之，斬扶龍首，獲金銀雜物，不可勝計。 乘勝徑進，卽剋林邑。 陽邁父子並挺身逃奔。 獲其珍異，皆是未名之寶。 又銷其金人，得黃金數十萬斤。 和之後病死，見胡神爲祟。
At the beginning of Yuanjia Yang Mai raided Rinan and Jiude commanderies; Jiao Province Inspector Du Hongwen set up headquarters intending to attack, but hearing he would be replaced, stopped. In the eighth year he again raided Jiude commandery, entering Sihui Estuary; Jiao Province Inspector Ruan Mizhi sent Squad Leader Xiang Daosheng to lead troops against him—they attacked Qu Li city but could not take it, then withdrew. Thereafter he sent envoys with tribute year after year, yet raiding and plunder never ceased. In the twenty-third year he had Jiao Province Inspector Tan Hezhi and General Who Quells Martial Affairs Zong Que attack them. Hezhi sent Army Adviser Xiao Jingxian as vanguard; Yang Mai hearing this was afraid and wished to deliver ten thousand jin of gold and a hundred thousand jin of silver and return the Rinan households he had seized—his great minister Zeng Sengda remonstrated and stopped him, and he then sent Grand Commander Fan Fulong to garrison Qu Li city on the northern border. Jingxian attacked the city and took it, beheading Fulong's head; gold, silver, and miscellaneous goods captured were beyond counting. Pressing the victory straight onward, they immediately took Lin Yi. Yang Mai father and son both fled in person. The rare and wondrous things captured were all treasures without names. They also melted down the gold images and obtained several hundred thousand jin of gold. Hezhi afterward died of illness, seeing a foreign god as the cause of harm.
9
扶南國
Kingdom of Funan
10
扶南國，在日南郡之南海西大灣中，去日南可七千里，在林邑西南三千餘里。 城去海五百里。 有大江廣十里，西北流，東入於海。 其國輪廣三千餘里，土地洿下而平博，氣候風俗大較與林邑同。 出金、銀、銅、錫、沉木香、象牙、孔翠、五色鸚鵡。
Funan lay in the great bay west of the Southern Sea of Rinan commandery, about seven thousand li from Rinan, and over three thousand li southwest of Lin Yi. The capital was five hundred li from the sea. There was a great river ten li wide, flowing northwest and entering the sea to the east. The state measured over three thousand li across; the land was low, wet, and broad and flat; climate and customs largely resembled Lin Yi. It produced gold, silver, copper, tin, aloeswood, ivory, kingfishers, and five-colored parrots.
11
其南界三千餘里有頓遜國，在海崎上，地方千里，城去海十里。 有五王，並羈屬扶南。 頓遜之東界通交州，其西界接天竺、安息徼外諸國，往還交市。 所以然者，頓遜回入海中千餘里，漲海無崖岸，船舶未曾得徑過也。 其市，東西交會，日有萬餘人。 珍物寶貨，無所不有。 又有酒樹，似安石榴，采其花汁停甕中，數日成酒。
Three thousand li or more to its south was the kingdom of Dunsun, on a sea promontory, a thousand li in territory, the capital ten li from the sea. There were five kings, all bound in submission to Funan. Dunsun's eastern border connected with Jiao Province; its western border adjoined Tianzhu and the states beyond Anxi's frontiers, trading back and forth. The reason was that Dunsun curved inward into the sea over a thousand li—the rising sea had no shore, and ships had never been able to pass straight through. At its market east and west met in trade, with over ten thousand people daily. Rare goods and precious commodities—there was nothing lacking. There was also a wine tree, resembling a pomegranate; its flower juice was gathered and left in jars, and in several days it became wine.
12
頓遜之外，大海洲中，又有毗騫國，去扶南八千里。 傳其王身長丈二，頭長三尺，自古來不死，莫知其年。 王神聖，國中人善惡及將來事，王皆知之，是以無敢欺者。 南方號曰長頸王。 國俗，有室屋、衣服，噉粳米。 其人言語，小異扶南。 有山出金，金露生石上，無所限也。 國法刑罪人，並于王前噉其肉。 國內不受估客，有往者亦殺而噉之，是以商旅不敢至。 王常樓居，不血食，不事鬼神。 其子孫生死如常人，唯王不死。 扶南王數遣使與書相報答，常遺扶南王純金五十人食器，形如圓盤，又如瓦塸，名爲多羅，受五升，又如碗者，受一升。 王亦能作天竺書，書可三千言，說其宿命所由，與佛經相似，並論善事。
Beyond Dunsun, on a great ocean isle, was also the kingdom of Piqian, eight thousand li from Funan. Tradition says its king was ten chi tall, his head three chi long; from antiquity he had not died, and none knew his years. The king was divine and sage; the good and evil of the people of the state and affairs yet to come—the king knew them all, and therefore none dared deceive. In the south they styled him the Long-Necked King. By custom they live in houses, wear clothes, and eat polished rice. Their language differs a little from Funan. A mountain there yields gold that forms bare on the stone without end. National law executes criminals, and all eat their flesh in the king's presence. Merchants are not admitted; any who arrive are killed and eaten, so traders dare not come. The king lives in a tower, eats no blood offerings, and worships neither ghosts nor spirits. His line lives and dies as other men do; only the king is immortal. The Funan king often exchanged letters by envoy and regularly sent fifty sets of pure-gold tableware—round platters, earthen jars called duo luo of five sheng, and bowls of one sheng. He could also compose some three thousand characters in Indic script on the causes of his former lives—much like a sutra, praising good conduct.
13
又傳扶南東界卽大漲海，海中有大洲，洲上有諸薄國，國東有馬五洲。 復東行漲海千餘里，至自然大洲。 其上有樹生火中，洲左近人剝取其皮，紡績作布，極得數尺以爲手巾，與焦麻無異而色微青黑； 若小垢洿，則投火中，復更精潔。 或作燈炷，用之不知盡。
Tradition also places the Great Rising Sea east of Funan, with a great isle bearing many Bo kingdoms and, farther east, the Five Horse Continents. Another thousand-odd li east across the rising sea reaches the Natural Great Isle. Trees there burn from within; islanders strip the bark, spin and weave it into cloth a few feet long for towels—like ramie, but tinged blue-black; slight stains vanish when the cloth is thrown into fire. As lamp wicks it burns as though it would never be spent.
14
扶南國俗本裸體，文身被髮，不制衣裳。 以女人爲王，號曰柳葉。 年少壯健，有似男子。 其南有徼國，有事鬼神者字混填，夢神賜之弓，乘賈人舶入海。 混填晨起卽詣廟，於神樹下得弓，便依夢乘船入海，遂入扶南外邑。 柳葉人衆見舶至，欲取之，混填卽張弓射其舶，穿度一面，矢及侍者，柳葉大懼，舉衆降混填。 混填乃教柳葉穿布貫頭，形不復露，遂治其國，納柳葉爲妻，生子分王七邑。 其後王混盤況以詐力間諸邑，令相疑阻，因舉兵攻幷之，乃遣子孫中分治諸邑，號曰小王。
Funan once went naked by custom, tattooed and with loose hair, wearing no clothes. A woman ruled as king under the name Willow Leaf. She was young, strong, and almost manlike in bearing. To the south lay a frontier state; Hun Tian, who served spirits, dreamed a god gave him a bow and boarded a merchant vessel for the sea. At dawn Hun Tian went to the shrine, found the bow under the sacred tree, sailed as the dream bade, and entered a Funan outpost. Willow Leaf's people tried to take the ship; Hun Tian shot clear through it, the arrow striking attendants, and in terror she led her people to submit. He taught Willow Leaf neck-cut cloth to cover her body, ruled the land, married her, and divided seven settlements among his sons. Later King Hun Pan Kuang sowed distrust among the settlements by fraud and force, conquered and merged them, and set descendants to rule as Lesser Kings.
15
盤況年九十餘乃死，立中子盤盤，以國事委其大將范蔓。 盤盤立三年死，國人共舉蔓爲王。 蔓勇健有權略，復以兵威攻伐旁國，咸服屬之，自號扶南大王。 乃治作大船，窮漲海，攻屈都昆、九稚、典孫等十餘國，開地五六千里。 次當伐金鄰國，蔓遇疾，遣太子金生代行。 蔓姊子旃，時爲二千人將，因篡蔓自立，遣人詐金生而殺之。 蔓死時，有乳下兒名長，在民間，至年二十，乃結國中壯士襲殺旃，旃大將范尋又殺長而自立。 更繕治國內，起觀閣遊戲之，朝旦中晡三四見客。 民人以焦蔗龜鳥爲禮。 國法無牢獄。 有罪者，先齋戒三日，乃燒斧極赤，令訟者捧行七步。 又以金鐶、雞卵投沸湯中，令探取之，若無實者，手卽焦爛，有理者則不。 又於城溝中養鰐魚，門外圈猛獸，有罪者，輒以喂猛獸及鰐魚，魚獸不食爲無罪，三日乃放之。 鰐大者長二丈餘，狀如鼉，有四足，喙長六七尺，兩邊有齒，利如刀劍，常食魚，遇得麞鹿及人亦噉之，蒼梧以南及外國皆有之。
Pan Kuang died in his nineties; his middle son Pan Pan succeeded, entrusting affairs to Grand General Fan Man. Pan Pan ruled three years and died; the people jointly enthroned Man. Man was bold, able, and cunning; by arms he subjugated neighboring states and styled himself Great King of Funan. He built great ships, crossed the rising sea, conquered more than ten states such as Qudu Kun, Jiuzhi, and Diansun, and opened five or six thousand li of land. When he was about to attack Jinlin, Man fell ill and sent Crown Prince Jin Sheng in his place. Man's sister's son Zhan, a commander of two thousand, seized the throne, sent men to deceive Jin Sheng, and killed him. At Man's death an infant named Chang was still at the breast among the people; at twenty he rallied warriors, killed Zhan, and was in turn killed by Zhan's grand general Fan Xun, who took the throne. He rebuilt the realm, raised pleasure towers, and received guests three or four times from dawn through noon to dusk. The people offered sugarcane, turtles, and birds as tribute. The realm kept no prisons. Accused persons fasted three days; then a white-hot axe was carried seven paces by the litigants. Gold rings and eggs were also thrown into boiling water to be retrieved; the guilty hand charred instantly, the innocent did not. Crocodiles filled the moat and fierce beasts the outer pen; the accused were thrown to them—if the animals refused the flesh, innocence was declared and release came after three days. Great crocodiles reach more than two zhang, alligator-like on four feet, with six- or seven-chi snouts and sword-sharp teeth; they feed on fish but also take deer and men. They are found south of Cangwu and in foreign lands alike.
16
吳時，遣中郎康泰、宣化從事朱應使於尋國，國人猶裸，唯婦人著貫頭。 泰、應謂曰：「國中實佳，但人褻露可怪耳。」 尋始令國內男子著橫幅。 橫幅，今干漫也。 大家乃截錦爲之，貧者乃用布。
Under Wu, Kang Tai and Zhu Ying were sent to Fan Xun's state; the people still went naked, save that women wore neck-cut cloth. Tai and Ying said, "The country is excellent, but this nakedness is strange indeed." Xun then ordered the men to wear hip cloths. Hip cloth is what is now called ganman. Wealthy families cut brocade for it; the poor used plain cloth.
17
天監二年，跋摩復遣使送珊瑚佛像，幷獻方物。 詔曰：「扶南王憍陳如闍邪跋摩，介居海表，世纂南服，厥誠遠著，重譯獻賝。 宜蒙酬納，班以榮號。 可安南將軍、扶南王。」
In the second year of Tianjian, Bamo again sent envoys with a coral Buddha image and local tribute. An edict ran: "Kao Chenru Jieye Bamo, King of Funan, stands apart beyond the sea, inheriting the southern realm through generations; his loyalty reaches from afar and his tribute comes through double translation. He should be rewarded and honored with a noble title. Let him be made General Who Pacifies the South and King of Funan."
18
今其國人皆醜黑，拳髮。 所居不穿井，數十家共一池引汲之。 俗事天神，天神以銅爲像，二面者四手，四面者八手，手各有所持，或小兒，或鳥獸，或日月。 其王出入乘象，嬪侍亦然。 王坐則偏踞翹膝，垂左膝至地，以白疊敷前，設金盆香爐於其上。 國俗，居喪則剃除鬚髮。 死者有四葬：水葬則投之江流，火葬則焚爲灰燼，土葬則瘞埋之，鳥葬則棄之中野。 人性貪吝，無禮義，男女恣其奔隨。
Its people today are dark and plain-featured, with curled hair. They sink no wells at home; dozens of households draw from a common pool. They worship the Celestial God in bronze images: two-faced gods have four hands, four-faced gods eight, bearing children, birds and beasts, or sun and moon. The king rides an elephant when he goes abroad, and so do his consorts and attendants. Seated, the king perches sideways with one knee raised and the left knee to the ground; white cotton lies before him with a gold basin and censer upon it. In mourning they shave beard and hair by custom. The dead receive one of four rites: cast into rivers, burned to ash, buried in earth, or abandoned to the wild for birds. The people are grasping and without propriety; men and women follow their desires freely.
19
先是，三年八月，高祖改造阿育王寺塔，出舊塔下舍利及佛爪髮。 髮青紺色，衆僧以手伸之，隨手長短，放之則旋屈爲蠡形。 案《僧伽經》云：「佛髮青而細，猶如藕莖絲。」 《佛三昧經》云：「我昔在宮沐頭，以尺量髮，長一丈二尺，放已右旋，還成蠡文。」 則與高祖所得同也。
Earlier, in the eighth month of the third year, Gaozu rebuilt the Ashoka Temple pagoda and took from beneath the old tower relics and the Buddha's nail and hair. The hair was blue-black; monks could stretch it to any length at a touch, and when released it curled into a spiral shell pattern. The Sangha Sutra says, "The Buddha's hair was blue and fine as lotus-stem thread." The Buddha Samadhi Sutra says, "When I bathed my head in the palace I measured my hair at one zhang two chi; released, it spiraled rightward into a shell pattern." This matched what Gaozu had found.
20
阿育王卽鐵輪王，王閻浮提，一天下，佛滅度後，一日一夜，役鬼神造八萬四千塔，此卽其一也。 吳時有尼居其地，爲小精舍，孫綝尋毀除之，塔亦同泯。 吳平後，諸道人復於舊處建立焉。 晉中宗初渡江，更脩飾之。 至簡文咸安中，使沙門安法師程造小塔，未及成而亡，弟子僧顯繼而修立。 至孝武太元九年，上金相輪及承露。
Ashoka was the Iron-Wheel King who ruled Jambudvipa and unified the world; within a day and night after the Buddha's nirvana he set ghosts and spirits to build eighty-four thousand pagodas—this was one. In Wu a nun lived there in a small hermitage; Sun Chen destroyed it, and the pagoda perished with it. After Wu fell, monks rebuilt on the old ground. When Jin Zhongzong first crossed the Yangzi, the site was repaired again. By Jianwen's Xian'an reign Fa An was sent to build a small pagoda; he died before it was finished, and his disciple Seng Xian completed it. By Xiaowu's ninth Taiyuan year a gold wheel finial and dew basin were set on top.
21
其後西河離石縣有胡人劉薩何遇疾暴亡，而心下猶暖，其家未敢便殯，經十日更蘇。 說云：「有兩吏見錄，向西北行，不測遠近，至十八地獄，隨報重輕，受諸楚毒。 見觀世音語云：『汝緣未盡，若得活，可作沙門。 洛下、齊城、丹陽、會稽並有阿育王塔，可往禮拜。 若壽終，則不墮地獄。』 語竟，如墮高岩，忽然醒寤。」 因此出家，名慧達。 遊行禮塔，次至丹陽，未知塔處，乃登越城四望，見長千里有異氣色，因就禮拜，果是阿育王塔所，屢放光明。 由是定知必有舍利，乃集衆就掘之，入一丈，得三石碑，並長六尺。 中一碑有鐵函，函中有銀函，函中又有金函，盛三舍利及爪髮各一枚，髮長數尺。 卽遷舍利近北，對簡文所造塔西，造一層塔。 十六年，又使沙門僧尚伽爲三層，卽高祖所開者也。 初穿土四尺，得龍窟及昔人所舍金銀鐶釧釵鑷等諸雜寶物。 可深九尺許，方至石磉，磉下有石函，函內有鐵壺，以盛銀坩，坩內有金鏤罌，盛三舍利，如粟粒大，圓正光潔。 函內又有琉璃碗，內得四舍利及髮爪，爪有四枚，並爲沉香色。 至其月二十七日，高祖又到寺禮拜，設無导大會，大赦天下。 是日，以金缽盛水泛舍利，其最小者隱缽不出，高祖禮數十拜，舍利乃於缽內放光，旋回久之，乃當缽中而止。 高祖問大僧正慧念：「今日見不可思議事不？」 慧念答曰：「法身常住，湛然不動。」 高祖曰：「弟子欲請一舍利還臺供養。」 至九月五日，又於寺設無导大會，遣皇太子王侯朝貴等奉迎。 是日，風景明和，京師傾屬，觀者百數十萬人。 所設金銀供具等物，並留寺供養，並施錢一千萬爲寺基業。 至四年九月十五日，高祖又至寺設無导大會，豎二刹，各以金罌，次玉罌，重盛舍利及爪髮，內七寶塔中。 又以石函盛寶塔，分入兩刹下，及王侯妃主百姓富室所舍金、銀、鐶、釧等珍寶充積。
Later Liu Sahe, a foreigner of Lishi in Xihe, died suddenly of illness, yet his chest stayed warm; the family delayed burial ten days until he revived. He said, "Two clerks took my register and led me northwest to eighteen hells, where I suffered torments according to my deeds. Guanyin appeared and said, 'Your fate is not yet spent; if you live, become a monk. Luoyang, Qicheng, Danyang, and Kuaiji all have Ashoka pagodas; go and worship there. When your life ends, you will not fall into hell.' When the speech ended I seemed to fall from a cliff and woke at once." Thereupon he left the household and was called Huida. He traveled worshipping pagodas; reaching Danyang and not knowing where the pagoda stood, he climbed Yue city's walls and saw over Changli li a strange radiance; worshipping there, he found the Ashoka pagoda site, which often shone with light. Sure then that relics lay below, he gathered men and dug one zhang down, finding three stone tablets each six chi long. One tablet held an iron casket, within it silver, within that gold, containing three relics and one nail and one hair apiece; the hair was several feet long. The relics were moved north and a one-story pagoda built west of the tower Jianwen had raised. In the sixteenth year the monk Seng Shangjia was ordered to build three stories—the tower Gaozu had opened. Digging four chi down first revealed a dragon grotto and gifts of gold and silver rings, bracelets, hairpins, tweezers, and other treasures left by earlier donors. Some nine chi down they reached the stone base; beneath it lay a stone casket with an iron jar, a silver tripod within, and a gold filigree jar holding three round, bright relics the size of millet grains. The casket also held a glass bowl with four relics, hair, and four nails, all the color of agarwood. On the twenty-seventh of that month Gaozu returned to worship at the temple, held an unrestricted assembly, and proclaimed a great amnesty. That day relics were set afloat in a gold bowl of water; the smallest would not rise until Gaozu bowed many times, whereupon it glowed within the bowl, wheeling long before coming to rest. Gaozu asked Chief Sangha Master Huinian, "Did you see anything inconceivable today?" Huinian answered, "The Dharma-body eternally abides, serene and unmoving." Gaozu said, "Your disciple would ask for one relic to take back to the capital for veneration." On the fifth day of the ninth month another unrestricted assembly was held at the temple, and the crown prince, princes, nobles, and court grandees were sent to welcome the relic. That day the sky was clear and mild, and more than a million people in the capital came to look on. The gold and silver offerings were left at the temple for worship, and ten million coins were granted as its endowment. On the fifteenth of the ninth month in the fourth year Gaozu again held an unrestricted assembly, raised two pagodas, and placed relics and nail and hair in gold and jade jars within seven-jewel towers. Stone caskets with jewel pagodas went beneath the two towers, and gold, silver, rings, bracelets, and other treasures offered by princes, consorts, nobles, commoners, and the wealthy piled high.
22
十一年十一月二日，寺僧又請高祖于寺發《般若經》題，爾夕二塔俱放光明，敕鎮東將軍邵陵王綸制寺《大功德碑》文。
On the second day of the eleventh month in the eleventh year the monks invited Gaozu to open the Prajna Sutra at the temple; that night both pagodas shone, and the emperor ordered Eastern Pacification General Prince of Shaoling Lun to compose the Great Merit Stele.
23
先是，二年，改造會稽鄮縣塔，開舊塔出舍利，遣光宅寺釋敬脫等四僧及舍人孫照暫迎還台，高祖禮拜竟，卽送還縣，入新塔下，此縣塔亦是劉薩何所得也。
Earlier, in the second year, the Yin County pagoda in Kuaiji was rebuilt; opening the old tower yielded relics, and four monks including Jingtuo of Guangzai Temple and Palace Attendant Sun Zhao escorted them briefly to the capital; after Gaozu worshipped, they were returned to the county and placed under the new pagoda—the same pagoda Liu Sahe had found.
24
初，高悝得像後，西域胡僧五人來詣悝，曰：「昔於天竺得阿育王造像，來至鄴下，值胡亂，埋像于河邊，今尋覔失所。」 五人嘗一夜俱夢見像曰：「已出江東，爲高悝所得。」 悝乃送此五僧至寺，見像噓欷涕泣，像便放光，照燭殿宇。 又瓦官寺慧邃欲模寫像形，寺主僧尚慮虧損金色，謂邃曰：「若能令像放光，回身西向，乃可相許。」 慧邃便懇到拜請，其夜像卽轉坐放光，回身西向，明旦便許模之。 像趺先有外國書，莫有識者，後有三藏𨚗求跋摩識之，云是阿育王爲第四女所造也。 及大同中，出舊塔舍利，敕市寺側數百家宅地，以廣寺域，造諸堂殿並瑞像周回閤等，窮於輪奐焉。 其圖諸經變，並吳人張繇運手。 繇丹青之工，一時冠絕。
At first, after Gao Ti obtained the image, five Western monks came to him saying, "Long ago in India we acquired an Ashoka image; reaching Ye in barbarian turmoil, we buried it by the river, and now we cannot find the spot." All five dreamed in one night that the image said, "It has already gone east of the Yangzi and is held by Gao Ti." Ti sent the five monks to the temple; seeing the image they wept, and it at once shone with light throughout the hall. At Waguan Temple Hui Sui wished to copy the image; Abbot Seng Shang, fearing harm to the gilding, said, "If you can make the image shine and turn westward, then I will allow it." Hui Sui prayed earnestly; that night the image turned in its seat, shone, and faced west, and at dawn copying was permitted. Foreign script on the pedestal none could read until Tripitaka master Qiubamo deciphered it: Ashoka had made the image for his fourth daughter. In the Datong era relics were taken from the old pagoda; the throne bought several hundred neighboring houses to enlarge the temple, building halls, galleries, and auspicious images in unmatched splendor. Murals of sutra scenes were all painted by the Wu master Zhang You. In his day none surpassed Zhang You in the art of painting.
25
盤盤國
Panpan
26
丹丹國
Dandan
27
干陁利國
Kandhari
28
干陁利國，在南海洲上。 其俗與林邑、扶南略同。 出班布、吉貝、檳榔，檳榔特好，爲諸國之極。 宋孝武世，王釋婆羅𨚗憐陁遣長史留陁獻金銀寶器。
Kandhari stands on South Sea isles. Its customs largely match those of Linyi and Funan. It exports patterned cloth, kapok, and betel; the betel is the finest in the region. Under Song Emperor Xiaowu, King Jayabharata sent Chief Clerk Zhulutuo with gold, silver, and treasure.
29
天監元年，其王瞿曇脩跋陁羅以四月八日夢見一僧，謂之曰：「中國今有聖主，十年之後，佛法大興。 汝若遣使貢奉敬禮，則土地豊樂，商旅百倍； 若不信我，則境土不得自安。」 脩跋陁羅初未能信，旣而又夢此僧曰：「汝若不信我，當與汝往觀之。」 乃於夢中來至中國，拜覲天子。 旣覺，心異之。 陁羅本工畫，乃寫夢中所見高祖容質，飾以丹青，仍遣使幷畫工奉表獻玉盤等物。 使人旣至，模寫高祖形以還其國，比本畫則符同焉。 因盛以寶函，日加禮敬。 後跋陁羅死，子毗邪跋摩立。 十七年，遣長史毗員跋摩奉表曰：「常勝天子陛下：諸佛世尊，常樂安樂，六通三達，爲世間尊，是名如來。 應供正覺，遺形舍利，造諸塔像，莊嚴國土，如須彌山。 邑居聚落，次第羅滿，城郭館宇，如忉利天宮。 具足四兵，能伏怨敵。 國土安樂，無諸患難，人民和善，受化正法，慶無不通。 猶處雪山，流注雪水，八味清淨，百川洋溢，周回屈曲，順趨大海，一切衆生，咸得受用。 於諸國土，殊勝第一，是名震旦。 大梁揚都天子，仁廕四海，德合天心，雖人是天，降生護世，功德寶藏，救世大悲，爲我尊生，威儀具足。 是故至誠敬禮天子足下，稽首問訊。 奉獻金芙蓉、雜香藥等，願垂納受。」 普通元年，復遣使獻方物。
In Tianjian year one, King Gautama Vijayabhadra dreamed on the eighth day of the fourth month that a monk said, "China has a sage king; in ten years the Dharma will rise. If you send tribute and honor him, your land will prosper and trade will multiply a hundredfold; if you disbelieve me, your realm will know no peace." At first Vijayabhadra did not believe; then the monk appeared again in a dream: "If you doubt me, I will take you to see." In the dream he traveled to China and bowed to the emperor. When he woke, he was deeply moved. A painter by trade, he set down Gaozu's likeness from the dream in color and sent envoys and painters with a memorial, a jade platter, and other gifts. The envoys traced Gaozu's portrait to carry home; it matched the dream painting exactly. They enshrined it in a jeweled casket and worshipped it daily. After Vijayabhadra died, his son Vijayavarman rose. In year seventeen, Chief Clerk Vijayavarman memorialized: "Ever-victorious Son of Heaven: the World-Honored Buddhas delight in peace, hold the six and three knowledges, and are lords of the world—the Tathagata. Worthy of offerings and perfect enlightenment, he left relics and raised pagodas and images, adorning the land like Mount Sumeru. Towns and villages fill the land in ranks; walls and palaces rise like the Heaven of Thirty-Three. Four armies stand ready and enemies are subdued. The realm is safe and glad, free of woe; the people are gentle, ruled by the true Law, and blessed without end. Like snow mountains feeding pure streams that wind to the sea, so all beings drink their fill. Supreme among lands—this is Zhendan. Great Liang's Son of Heaven at Yangdu spreads mercy over the four seas; though in human form he guards the world—a treasury of merit and compassion, our lord in full majesty. With full sincerity we bow at your feet and beg after your health. We offer golden lotus, mixed incense, and more—may you accept them. In Putong year one they again sent tribute.
30
狼牙脩國
Lang-ya-xiu
31
狼牙脩國，在南海中。 其界東西三十日行，南北二十日行，去廣州二萬四千里。 土氣物產與扶南略同，偏多𥴈沉婆律香等。 其俗男女皆袒而被髮，以吉貝爲干縵。 其王及貴臣乃加雲霞布覆胛，以金繩爲絡帶，金鐶貫耳。 女子則被布，以瓔珞繞身。 其國累磚爲城，重門樓閣。 王出乘象，有幡毦旗鼓，罩白蓋，兵衛甚設。 國人說，立國以來四百餘年，後嗣衰弱，王族有賢者，國人歸之。 王聞知，乃加囚執，其鏁無故自斷，王以爲神，因不敢害，乃斥逐出境，遂奔天竺，天竺妻以長女。 俄而狼牙王死，大臣迎還爲王。 二十餘年死，子婆伽達多立。 天監十四年，遣使阿撤多奉表曰：「大吉天子足下：離淫怒癡，哀愍衆生，慈心無量。 端嚴相好，身光明朗，如水中月，普照十方。 眉間白毫，其白如雪，其色照曜，亦如月光。 諸天善神之所供養，以垂正法寶，梵行衆增，莊嚴都邑。 城閣高峻，如乾陁山。 樓觀羅列，道途平正。 人民熾盛，快樂安穩。 著種種衣，猶如天服。 於一切國，爲極尊勝。 天王愍念羣生，民人安樂，慈心深廣，律儀清淨，正法化治，供養三寶，名稱宣揚，佈滿世界，百姓樂見，如月初生。 譬如梵王，世界之主，人天一切，莫不歸依。 敬禮大吉天子足下，猶如現前，忝承先業，慶嘉無量。 今遣使問訊大意。 欲自往，復畏大海風波不達。 今奉薄獻，願大家曲垂領納。」
Lang-ya-xiu stands in the South Sea. It spans thirty days' travel east-west and twenty north-south, twenty-four thousand li from Guangzhou. Climate and products match Funan, but agarwood, aloeswood, and borneol are especially plentiful. Men and women go bare-chested with loose hair, wearing kapok waist-wraps. Kings and nobles drape cloud-brocade over the shoulders, belt themselves with gold cord, and pierce the ears with gold rings. Women wrap in cloth adorned with jeweled chains. They build brick walls with tiered gates, towers, and halls. The king rides an elephant under white canopy, with yak-tail banners, drums, flags, and heavy guard. They say the kingdom is four hundred years old; when the line weakened, a worthy prince drew the people to him. The king imprisoned him, but his chains broke untouched; taking it for a sign, the king banished him; he fled to Central Tianzhu and married the eldest princess. Soon the Lang-ya king died and ministers recalled him to the throne. After twenty-odd years he died; his son Bhagadatta succeeded. In Tianjian fourteen, Envoy Ashade memorialized: "Great auspicious Son of Heaven: free of lust, anger, and folly, pitying all beings with boundless compassion. Your bearing is solemn, your body luminous as the moon in water, shining everywhere. The white tuft between your brows gleams like snow and moonlight. Heaven's spirits worship you; the true Law spreads, the devout increase, and the capital is adorned. Walls and towers rise steep as Gandhamadana. Pavilions line the avenues; roads run straight and level. The people flourish in joy and peace. They wear many robes like those of heaven. Supreme and victorious among all lands. Heaven's king pities all beings; the people live secure; compassion runs deep; discipline is pure; the Three Treasures are honored; his fame fills the world, and the people rejoice like at the new moon. Like Brahma, lord of the world, to whom human and divine alike bow. We bow to the great auspicious Son of Heaven as though he stood before us; inheriting our fathers' duty, our joy is boundless. We send envoys now to greet your will. We would come ourselves but fear the sea's storms. We offer these humble gifts—may you deign to accept."
32
婆利國
Pali
33
婆利國，在廣州東南海中洲上，去廣州二月日行。 國界東西五十日行，南北二十日行。 有一百三十六聚。 土氣暑熱，如中國之盛夏。 穀一歲再熟，草木常榮。 海出文螺、紫貝。 有石名蚶貝羅，初采之柔軟，及刻削爲物幹之，遂大堅強。 其國人披吉貝如帊，及爲都縵。 王乃用班絲布，以瓔珞繞身，頭著金冠高尺餘，形如弁，綴以七寶之飾，帶金裝劍，偏坐金高坐，以銀蹬支足。 侍女皆爲金花雜寶之飾，或持白毦拂及孔雀扇。 王出，以象駕輿，輿以雜香爲之，上施羽蓋珠簾，其導從吹螺擊鼓。 王姓憍陳如，自古未通中國。 問其先及年數，不能記焉，而言白淨王夫人卽其國女也。
Pali lies on Southeast Sea isles east of Guangzhou, two months' sail away. It spans fifty days' travel east-west and twenty north-south. It holds one hundred thirty-six settlements. The air runs hot and humid as Chinese midsummer. Grain harvests twice; trees stay green year-round. The sea gives patterned shells and purple cowries. A stone called han-beiluo is soft when quarried, yet carved and dried becomes very hard. People wear kapok as wraps and skirt-cloths. The king alone wears figured silk jeweled at the body, a foot-high gold crown shaped like a cap set with seven treasures, a gold-hilted sword at his side, seated sidewise on a gold throne with silver footrests. Serving women wear gold flowers and mixed gems, or carry white yak-tail whisks and peacock fans. The king rides an incense-wood carriage under feather canopy and pearl curtains, escorted by conches and drums. The royal house bears the name Kaccayana; until now it had not reached China. They cannot recall founders or years, but say the consort of King Suddhodana came from Pali.
34
天監十六年，遣使奉表曰：「伏承聖王信重三寶，興立塔寺，校飾莊嚴，周遍國土。 四衢平坦，清淨無穢； 臺殿羅列，狀若天宮； 壯麗微妙，世無與等。 聖主出時，四兵具足，羽儀導從，佈滿左右。 都人士女，麗服光飾。 市廛豊富，充積珍寶。 王法清整，無相侵奪。 學徒皆至，三乘競集。 敷說正法，雲布雨潤。 四海流通，交會萬國。 長江眇漫，清泠深廣。 有生咸資，莫能消穢。 陰陽和暢，災厲不作。 大梁揚都聖王無等，臨覆上國，有大慈悲，子育萬民。 平等忍辱，怨親無二。 加以周窮，無所藏積。 靡不照燭，如日之明； 無不受樂，猶如淨月。 宰輔賢良，羣臣貞信，盡忠奉上，心無異想。 伏惟皇帝是我真佛，臣是婆利國主，今敬稽首禮聖王足下，惟願大王知我此心。 此心久矣，非適今也。 山海阻遠，無緣自達，今故遣使獻金席等，表此丹誠。」 普通三年，其王頻伽復遣使珠貝智貢白鸚鵡、青蟲、兜鍪、琉璃器、吉貝、螺杯、雜香、藥等數十種。
In Tianjian sixteen they memorialized: "We hear your sage king honors the Three Treasures, builds temples, and adorns the realm. Crossroads lie level and clean; Terraces and halls stand in rows like heavenly palaces; Magnificent beyond compare in all the world. When the sage lord goes forth, four armies stand complete, insignia filling left and right. Capital men and women shine in splendid dress. Markets overflow with rare treasure. Royal law is clear and none rob another. Students flock in; the Three Vehicles crowd together. The true Law is preached like clouds and rain. The four seas trade; ten thousand realms meet. The Long River runs clear, deep, and vast. All living things drink of it; none can soil it. Yin and yang stay mild; plague does not come. Great Liang's sage king at Yangdu is peerless, overlooking the realm, nurturing all people with great compassion. Patient and forbearing alike to foe and friend. He relieves the poor and keeps no store. Nothing lies outside his light, bright as the sun; all receive joy like the clear moon. Chancellors are wise, ministers faithful and wholly loyal without second thought. We bow our heads: the Emperor is our true Buddha; I am king of Pali; I bow at your feet—know my heart. This heart is old, not new today. Mountains and seas block us from coming; we send envoys with golden mats to show our sincere hearts." In Putong three, King Pinjia sent Envoy Zhubeizhi with white parrots, green worms, helmets, glassware, kapok, shell cups, mixed incense, drugs, and dozens more.
35
中天竺國
Central Tianzhu
36
中天竺國，在大月支東南數千里，地方三萬里，一名身毒。 漢世張騫使大夏，見卭竹杖、蜀布，國人云，市之身毒。 身毒卽天竺，蓋傳譯音字不同，其實一也。 從月支、高附以西，南至西海，東至槃越，列國數十，每國置王，其名雖異，皆身毒也。 漢時羈屬月支，其俗土著與月支同，而卑濕暑熱，民弱畏戰，弱於月支。 國臨大江，名新陶，源出昆侖，分爲五江，總名曰恒水。 其水甘美，下有真鹽，色正白如水精。 土俗出犀、象、貂、鼲、瑇瑁、火齊、金、銀、鐵、金縷織成、金皮罽、細摩白疊、好裘、毾㲪。 火齊狀如雲母，色如紫金，有光耀，別之則薄如蟬翼，積之則如紗縠之重沓也。 其西與大秦、安息交市海中，多大秦珍物--珊瑚、琥珀、金碧珠璣、琅玕、鬱金、蘇合。 蘇合是合諸香汁煎之，非自然一物也。 又云大秦人采蘇合，先笮其汁以爲香膏，乃賣其滓與諸國賈人，是以輾轉來達中國，不大香也。 鬱金獨出罽賓國，華色正黃而細，與芙蓉華里被蓮者相似。 國人先取以上佛寺，積日香槁，乃糞去之； 賈人從寺中徵雇，以轉賣與佗國也。
Central Tianzhu lies thousands of li southeast of the Great Yuezhi, thirty thousand li square, also called Shendu. In Han, Zhang Qian reached Daxia and saw Qiong staves and Shu cloth; locals said they came from Shendu. Shendu is Tianzhu: the names differ in transmission but it is the same land. From Yuezhi and Gaofu west to the Western Sea and east to Pan Yue, dozens of kingdoms each with its own king—all Shendu under different names. In Han it owed fealty to Yuezhi; like Yuezhi its people were settled, but the land is low, damp, and hot; the people are soft and fear war— weaker than Yuezhi. The realm fronts a great river, Xintao—born on Kunlun, split into five branches, and known in sum as the Heng River. The water tastes sweet and clear, and true salt lies below, white as crystal. The land yields rhinoceros horn, ivory, sable, beaver pelts, tortoiseshell, fire-glass, gold, silver, iron, gold-thread brocade, gold-skinned felt, fine white cotton, good furs, and carpets. Fire-glass resembles mica, purple-gold and bright; peeled thin as cicada wing, stacked like folds of gauze. Westward it trades at sea with Rome and Parthia, and many Roman treasures arrive—coral, amber, gold, green pearls, carnelian, turmeric, and storax. Storax is distilled from many fragrant juices boiled together, not a single natural product. Romans are said to press storax for fragrant paste first, then sell the leavings to foreign traders—so by the time it reaches China through many hands, much of the scent is gone. Turmeric grows only in Kasmira, its flowers bright yellow and delicate, like hibiscus among lotus pads. Locals first offer the flowers at temples; when they wilt after some days, the spent blossoms are cleared away as compost; and merchants hire temple workers to buy them up and sell them abroad.
37
漢桓帝延熹九年，大秦王安敦遣使自日南徼外來獻，漢世唯一通焉。 其國人行賈，往往至扶南、日南、交趾，其南徼諸國人少有到大秦者。 孫權黃武五年，有大秦賈人字秦論來到交趾，交趾太守吳邈遣送詣權。 權問方土謠俗，論具以事對。 時諸葛恪討丹陽，獲黝、歙短人，論見之曰：「大秦希見此人。」 權以男女各十人，差吏會稽劉咸送論，咸於道物故，論乃徑還本國。 漢和帝時，天竺數遣使貢獻，後西域反叛，遂絕。 至桓帝延熹二年、四年，頻從日南徼外來獻。 魏、晉世，絕不復通。 唯吳時扶南王范旃遣親人蘇物使其國，從扶南發投拘利口，循海大灣中正西北入歷灣邊數國，可一年餘到天竺江口，逆水行七千里乃至焉。 天竺王驚曰：「海濱極遠，猶有此人。」 卽呼令觀視國內，仍差陳、宋等二人以月支馬四匹報旃，遣物等還，積四年方至。 其時吳遣中郎康泰使扶南，及見陳、宋等，具問天竺土俗，云：「佛道所興國也。 人民敦厖，土地饒沃。 其王號茂論。 所都城郭，水泉分流，繞于渠緌，下注大江。 其宮殿皆雕文鏤刻，街曲市里，屋舍樓觀，鐘鼓音樂，服飾香華； 水陸通流，百賈交會，奇玩珍瑋，恣心所欲。 左右嘉維、舍衛、葉波等十六大國，去天竺或二三千里，共尊奉之，以爲在天地之中也。」
In Han Huan's ninth Yanxi year, King Andun of Rome sent envoys from beyond the Rinan border with tribute—the sole Han-era contact. Roman traders often reach Funan, Rinan, and Jiaozhi, but folk of the southern marches seldom travel as far as Rome. In Sun Quan's fifth Huangwu year, a Roman merchant called Qin Lun arrived at Jiaozhi, and Governor Wu Miao forwarded him to Quan. Quan questioned him about lands and customs, and Lun answered at length. Zhuge Ke was then campaigning in Danyang and had captured pygmies from You and She; Lun said, "Rome seldom sees men like these." Quan gave him ten men and ten women and sent Kuaiji official Liu Xian to escort him home; Xian died en route, and Lun returned directly to his country. Under Han Emperor He, India sent tribute envoys several times; after the Western Regions rebelled, contact broke off. Under Huan, in Yanxi 2 and 4, envoys again came often from beyond Rinan with tribute. Under Wei and Jin, the route never reopened. Only in Wu did Funan's King Fan Zhan send his kinsman Su Wu thither: from Funan they sailed from Jvli mouth, tracked the great gulf northwest past many coastal states, and in little over a year reached India's river mouth; seven thousand li upstream against the current brought them at last to port. The Indian king marveled, "At the sea's farthest rim, such men still exist." He had them toured through the realm and sent Chen and Song back to Zhan with four Yuezhi horses; Su Wu's party took four years to return. Wu then sent Attendant Kang Tai to Funan; meeting Chen and Song, he questioned them closely on Indian ways, and they said, "That is the land where Buddhism arose. Its people are plain and generous, its soil rich and well watered. The king bears the title Maolun. In the capital, springs branch into channels that ring the walls and feed the great river below. Palaces are carved and inlaid; streets and markets, houses and towers, bells, drums, and music, dress, incense, and flowers abound; water and land trade freely, merchants throng, and rare wonders may be had for the asking. Sixteen great realms—Jiawei, Shewei, Yabo, and others—lie two or three thousand li away yet all honor India as standing at the world's center."
38
天監初，其王屈多遣長史竺羅達奉表曰：「伏聞彼國據江傍海，山川周固，衆妙悉備，莊嚴國土，猶如化城。 宮殿莊飾，街巷平坦，人民充滿，歡娛安樂。 大王出遊，四兵隨從，聖明仁愛，不害衆生。 國中臣民，循行正法，大王仁聖，化之以道，慈悲羣生，無所遺棄。 常修淨戒，式導不及，無上法船，沉溺以濟。 百官氓庶，受樂無恐。 諸天護持，萬神侍從，天魔降服，莫不歸仰。 王身端嚴，如日初出，仁澤普潤，猶如大雲，於彼震旦，最爲殊勝。 臣之所住國土，首羅天守護，令國安樂。 王王相承，未曾斷絕。 國中皆七寶形像，衆妙莊嚴，臣自修檢，如化王法。 臣名屈多，奕世王種。 惟願大王，聖體和平。 今以此國羣臣民庶，山川珍重，一切歸屬，五體投地，歸誠大王。 使人竺達多由來忠信，是故今遣。 大王若有所須珍奇異物，悉當奉送。 此之境土，便是大王之國； 王之法令善道，悉當承用。 願二國信使往來不絕。 此信返還，願賜一使，具宣聖命，備敕所宜。 款至之誠，望不空返，所白如允，願加採納。 今奉獻琉璃唾壺、雜香、吉貝等物。」
Early in Tianjian, King Quduo sent Chief Clerk Zhuluo Da with a memorial: "I hear your realm rests on river and sea, walled by mountains and rivers, complete in every excellence, solemn as a pure Buddha-land. Palaces stand adorned, streets lie level, and the people fill the land in joy and peace. When the Great King rides abroad, the four hosts attend; sage and humane, he harms no living thing. Ministers and people keep the true Law; the Great King, sage and humane, transforms them by the Way, compassionate to all, leaving none behind. He keeps pure precepts, guides the unreached, and sends forth the supreme Dharma-ship to save the drowning. Officials and commoners live in joy without dread. Heavenly hosts guard him, myriad spirits attend, heavenly demons bow—all revere him. The King's bearing is upright as the newly risen sun; his grace spreads like a great cloud—in all the lands of China, none surpass him. In my own land Shakra guards the realm and keeps it safe and glad. Kings have followed kings without interruption. The land holds seven-jewel images, finely adorned; I have disciplined myself as a Buddha-king in the Law. I am Quduo, of royal blood for generations. I pray only that the Great King's sacred person be at peace. Now I offer this realm's ministers, people, mountains, and treasures—all to your rule; I prostrate myself and give my heart to the Great King. The envoy Zhuluo Da has ever been loyal and true; therefore I send him now. Should the Great King desire any rare or wondrous thing, I shall send all you require. this land is itself the Great King's realm; your laws and good Way I shall receive and follow. May envoys of our two realms pass without cease. When this letter returns, grant an envoy to proclaim your sacred command and teach what is fitting. This greeting comes in full sincerity; may it not return unanswered; if what I say is acceptable, I pray you receive it. Now I present glass spittoons, mixed incense, kapok cloth, and other gifts."
39
師子國
Lion Country
40
師子國，天竺旁國也。 其地和適，無冬夏之異。 五穀隨人所種，不須時節。 其國舊無人民，止有鬼神及龍居之。 諸國商估來共市易，鬼神不見其形，但出珍寶，顯其所堪價，商人依價取之。 諸國人聞其土樂，因此競至，或有停住者，遂成大國。
Lion Country lies beside India. The climate is mild; winter and summer scarcely differ. The five grains grow whenever men sow them; no season need be kept. Once the land had no people; only ghosts, spirits, and dragons lived there. Merchants of many lands came to trade; the spirits stayed unseen, set out treasures, and marked the price; traders took goods for the price named. Hearing the land was pleasant, men raced thither; some remained, and it grew into a great realm.
41
晉義熙初，始遣獻玉像，經十載乃至。 像高四尺二寸，玉色潔潤，形制殊特，殆非人工。 此像歷晉、宋世在瓦官寺，寺先有徵士戴安道手制佛像五軀，及顧長康維摩畫圖，世人謂爲三絕。 至齊東昏，遂毀玉像，前截臂，次取身，爲嬖妾潘貴妃作釵釧。 宋元嘉六年、十二年，其王刹利摩訶遣使貢獻。
Early in Jin Yixi they first sent a jade Buddha-image; ten years passed before it arrived. The image stood four chi two cun tall; the jade glowed moist and bright, its form beyond ordinary craft. Through Jin and Song the image stood in Waguan Temple, which already held five Buddha-images by Recluse Dai Andao and Gu Kaizhi's Vimalakirti—called the age's three supreme works. Under Qi's Dong Hun the image was destroyed—arms cut first, then the body taken to make hairpins and bracelets for concubine Pan Guifei. In Song Yuanjia 6 and 12, King Shakramati sent tribute envoys.
42
東夷諸戎
Eastern Yi and Various Rong
43
東夷之國，朝鮮爲大，得箕子之化，其器物猶有禮樂云。 魏時，朝鮮以東馬韓、辰韓之屬，世通中國。 自晉過江，泛海東使，有高句驪、百濟，而宋、齊間常通職貢。 梁興，又有加焉。 扶桑國，在昔未聞也。 普通中，有道人稱自彼而至，其言元本尤悉，故幷錄焉。
Of the Eastern Yi, Korea is greatest; civilized by Gija, its vessels still keep ritual and music, they say. Under Wei, Ma Han, Jin Han, and others east of Korea traded with China generation after generation. After Jin crossed the river, Goguryeo and Baekje sent sea envoys; under Song and Qi they often paid tribute. When Liang arose, contact increased further. Fusang—in former times none had heard of it. In Putong a monk claimed to come from there; his account was unusually full, and so it is recorded here.
44
高句驪
Goguryeo
45
高句驪者，其先出自東明。 東明本北夷橐離王之子。 離王出行，其侍兒於後任娠，離王還，欲殺之。 侍兒曰：「前見天上有氣如大雞子，來降我，因以有娠。」 王囚之，後遂生男。 王置之豕牢，豕以口氣噓之，不死，王以爲神，乃聽收養。 長而善射，王忌其猛，復欲殺之，東明乃奔走，南至淹滯水，以弓擊水，魚鱉皆浮爲橋，東明乘之得渡，至夫餘而王焉。 其後支別爲句驪種也。 其國，漢之玄菟郡也，在遼東之東，去遼東千里。 漢、魏世，南與朝鮮、穢貃，東與沃沮，北與夫餘接。 漢武帝元封四年，滅朝鮮，置玄菟郡，以高句驪爲縣以屬之。
Goguryeo traces its origin to Dongming. Dongming was son of the Northern Yi king of Turo. The king went abroad; a serving maid conceived in his absence; on his return he meant to kill her. She said, "I saw sky-qi like a great egg descend on me, and so I conceived." The king imprisoned her; later she bore a son. The king cast him into a pigsty; pigs breathed on him and he lived; the king took him for divine and let him be reared. Grown, he excelled at archery; the king feared his fierceness and sought his life again; Dongming fled south to Yanchi Water, shot the stream, and fish and turtles rose to form a bridge; he crossed, reached Buyeo, and became king. Later a branch split away as the Goguryeo clan. Its realm was Han's Xuantu commandery, east of Liaodong, a thousand li from Liaodong. Under Han and Wei it touched Korea and the Hui southward, Wolu eastward, and Buyeo northward. In Han Wu's fourth Yuannfeng year Korea fell, Xuantu commandery was set up, and Goguryeo was made a county under it.
46
句驪地方可二千里，中有遼山，遼水所出。 其王都於丸都之下，多大山深谷，無原澤，百姓依之以居，食澗水。 雖土著，無良田，故其俗節食。 好治宮室，于所居之左立大屋，祭鬼神，又祠零星、社稷。 人性凶急，喜寇抄。 其官，有相加、對盧、沛者、古鄒加、主簿、優臺、使者、皁衣先人，尊卑各有等級。 言語諸事，多與夫餘同，其性氣、衣服有異。 本有五族，有消奴部、絕奴部、慎奴部、雚奴部、桂婁部。 本消奴部爲王，微弱，桂婁部代之。 漢時賜衣幘、朝服、鼓吹，常從玄菟郡受之。 後稍驕，不復詣郡，但於東界築小城以受之，至今猶名此城爲幘溝婁。 「溝婁」者，句驪名「城」也。 其置官，有對盧則不置沛者，有沛者則不置對盧。 其俗喜歌儛，國中邑落男女，每夜羣聚歌戲。 其人潔清自喜，善藏釀，跪拜申一腳，行步皆走。 以十月祭天大會，名曰「東明」。 其公會衣服，皆錦繡金銀以自飾。 大加、主簿頭所著似幘而無後； 其小加著折風，形如弁。 其國無牢獄，有罪者，則會諸加評議殺之，沒入妻子。 其俗好淫，男女多相奔誘。 已嫁娶，便稍作送終之衣。 其死葬，有槨無棺。 好厚葬，金銀財幣盡於送死。 積石爲封，列植松柏。 兄死妻嫂。 其馬皆小，便登山。 國人尚氣力，便弓矢刀矛。 有鎧甲，習戰鬬，沃沮、東穢皆屬焉。
Goguryeo covered some two thousand li; Liaoshan rises there, source of the Liaoshui. The king's seat lay below Wandu amid great mountains and deep valleys without plains; people clung to the slopes and drank from streams. Though settled, they lacked good fields; so their custom was frugal eating. They loved grand buildings; left of each dwelling stood a hall for ghost and spirit sacrifice, and for worship of scattered stars and the soil-altar. Fierce and hasty by nature, they loved raiding and plunder. Offices included xiangjia, duilu, peizhe, guzoujia, chief clerk, youtai, envoy, and zaoyi elder—each rank had its place. Speech and custom mostly matched Buyeo; temperament and dress differed. Five clans originally ruled: Xiaonu, Juenu, Shennu, Huannu, and Guilou. Once the Xiaonu clan held the throne; when they weakened, the Guilou clan replaced them. Han granted them clothes, caps, court dress, and music; they received these regularly from Xuantu commandery. Later they grew proud and ceased visiting the commandery, building only a small border town to receive gifts—still called Ze-gou Lou. "Gou Lou" means "city" in Goguryeo. In office, duilu and peizhe are not appointed together—where one stands, the other is omitted. They love song and dance; in every settlement men and women gather nightly to sing and play. They are fastidious and proud of cleanliness, skilled at brewing; they kowtow on one foot and walk and run at a trot. In the tenth month they hold a great heaven-sacrifice called "Dongming." At public assemblies all dress in brocade and gold and silver adornment. Great xiang and chief clerks wear headgear like a cap but without a back; Lesser xiang wear zhefeng caps shaped like court bian. There are no prisons; the guilty are judged in council by the xiang and put to death, their wives and children seized. They are licentious by custom; men and women often run off together in mutual seduction. After marriage they quickly begin preparing modest burial clothes. The dead are buried in outer coffins without inner coffins. They love lavish funerals and pour gold, silver, and coin into the dead. Stone mounds mark the graves, with pine and cypress planted in rows. A younger brother takes his dead elder brother's widow as wife. Their horses are small and nimble on mountain paths. The people honor strength and excel with bow, arrow, blade, and spear. They wear armor and train for battle; Wolu and Eastern Hui are subject to them.
47
王莽初，發高驪兵以伐胡，不欲行，強迫遣之，皆亡出塞爲寇盜。 州郡歸咎於句驪侯騶，嚴尤誘而斬之，王莽大悅，更名高句驪爲下句驪，當此時爲侯矣。 光武八年，高句驪王遣使朝貢，始稱王。 至殤、安之間，其王名宮，數寇遼東，玄菟太守蔡風討之不能禁。 宮死，子伯固立。 順、和之間，復數犯遼東寇抄。 靈帝建寧二年，玄菟太守耿臨討之，斬首虜數百級，伯固乃降屬遼東。 公孫度之雄海東也，伯固與之通好。 伯固死，子伊夷摸立。 伊夷摸自伯固時已數寇遼東，又受亡胡五百餘戶。 建安中，公孫康出軍擊之，破其國，焚燒邑落，降胡亦叛伊夷摸，伊夷摸更作新國。 其後伊夷摸復擊玄菟，玄菟與遼東合擊，大破之。
Early in Wang Mang's reign Goguryeo soldiers were drafted against the Hu; forced to march, they fled beyond the passes and turned to raiding. Provinces blamed Marquis Zou of Goguryeo; Yan You tricked and killed him; Wang Mang rejoiced and renamed the realm Lower Goguryeo—it was a marquisate then. In Guangwu eight the Goguryeo king sent tribute envoys and first took the title of king. Under Shang and An, King Gong raided Liaodong again and again; Xuantu Administrator Cai Feng could not stop him. Gong died and his son Bogu took the throne. Under Shun and He they again and again raided Liaodong. In Ling's Jianning two, Xuantu Administrator Geng Lin attacked, took hundreds of heads and captives, and Bogu surrendered to Liaodong. While Gongsun Du held sway over the eastern sea, Bogu kept friendly ties with him. Bogu died and his son Yiyimo succeeded. Since Bogu's day Yiyimo had raided Liaodong often and sheltered more than five hundred fugitive Hu households. Under Jian'an, Gongsun Kang marched against them, broke the realm, burned towns, and the surrendered Hu turned on Yiyimo—who then built a new capital. Later Yiyimo struck Xuantu again; Xuantu and Liaodong joined forces and routed him.
48
伊夷摸死，子位宮立。 位宮有勇力，便鞍馬，善射獵。 魏景初二年，遣太傅司馬宣王率衆討公孫淵，位宮遣主簿、大加將兵千人助軍。 正始三年，位宮寇西安、嘉平。 五年，幽州刺史母丘儉將萬人出玄菟討位宮，位宮將步騎二萬人逆軍，大戰於沸流。 位宮敗走，儉軍追至峴，懸車束馬，登丸都山，屠其所都，斬首虜萬餘級。 位宮單將妻息遠竄。 六年，儉復討之，位宮輕將諸加奔沃沮，儉使將軍王頎追之，絕沃沮千餘里，到肅慎南界，刻石紀功； 又到丸都山，銘不耐城而還。 其後，復通中夏。
Yiyimo died and his son Weigong took the throne. Weigong was brave and strong, handy in the saddle, and a fine hunter. In Wei Jingchu two, Grand Tutor Sima the Prefectural King marched on Gongsun Yuan; Weigong sent his chief clerk and a great xiang with a thousand men to help. In Zhengshi three Weigong raided Xi'an and Jiaping. In the fifth year Youzhou Inspector Guanqiu Jian led ten thousand out of Xuantu against Weigong; Weigong met him with twenty thousand foot and horse at Feiliu. Weigong fled in defeat; Jian pursued to Xian, left chariots and hobbled horses, climbed Wandu Mountain, sacked the capital, and took more than ten thousand heads and captives. Weigong fled alone with wife and children. In the sixth year Jian attacked again; Weigong fled lightly with the xiang to Wolu; Jian sent General Wang Qi in pursuit over a thousand li of Wolu to Sushen's southern border, carving stone to record the feat; then returned by way of Wandu Mountain, leaving an inscription at Bu Nai city. After that they reopened ties with central China.
49
晉永嘉亂，鮮卑慕容廆據昌黎大棘城，元帝授平州刺史。 句驪王乙弗利頻寇遼東，廆不能制。 弗利死，子釗代立。 康帝建元元年，慕容廆子晃率兵伐之，釗與戰，大敗，單馬奔走。 晃乘勝追至丸都，焚其宮室，掠男子五萬餘口以歸。 孝武太元十年，句驪攻遼東、玄菟郡，後燕慕容垂遣弟農伐句驪，復二郡。 垂死，子寶立，以句驪王安爲平州牧，封遼東、帶方二國王。 安始置長史、司馬、參軍官，後略有遼東郡。 至孫高璉，晉安帝義熙中，始奉表通貢職，歷宋、齊並授爵位，年百餘歲死。 子雲，齊隆昌中，以爲使持節、散騎常侍、都督營、平二州、征東大將軍、樂浪公。 高祖卽位，進雲車騎大將軍。 天監七年，詔曰：「高驪王樂浪郡公雲，乃誠款著，貢驛相尋，宜隆秩命，式弘朝典。 可撫東大將軍、開府儀同三司，持節、常侍、都督、王並如故。」 十一年、十五年，累遣使貢獻。 十七年，雲死，子安立。 普通元年，詔安纂襲封爵，持節、督營、平二州諸軍事、寧東將軍。 七年，安卒，子延立，遣使貢獻，詔以延襲爵。 中大通四年、六年，大同元年、七年，累奉表獻方物。 太清二年，延卒，詔以其子襲延爵位。
In Jin's Yongjia chaos Murong Hui the Xianbei held Daji in Changli; Emperor Yuan made him governor of Pingzhou. Goguryeo King Yifuli raided Liaodong again and again; Hui could not restrain him. Fuli died and his son Zhao succeeded. In Kang's Jianyuan one, Murong Hui's son Huang attacked; Zhao was routed and fled alone on horseback. Huang pursued to Wandu, burned the palaces, and carried off more than fifty thousand men. In Xiaowu's Taiyuan ten Goguryeo struck Liaodong and Xuantu; Later Yan's Murong Chui sent his brother Nong against Goguryeo and retook both commanderies. Chui died; his son Bao made Goguryeo King An governor of Pingzhou and king of Liaodong and Daifang. An first set up chief clerk, marshal, and staff officer posts, then gradually seized Liaodong commandery. His grandson Gao Lian, in Jin An's Yixi era, first sent memorials and tribute; Song and Qi both granted him rank; he died past a hundred. His son Yun, in Qi Longchang, became Bearer of the Staff, Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, commander of Ying and Ping, General Who Conquers the East, and Duke of Lelang. When Gaozu ascended, Yun was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry. In Tianjian seven an edict read, "Goguryeo King Yun, Duke of Lelang, has shown true loyalty; tribute envoys come in steady succession—his rank should rise to honor the court's standards. Let him be General Who Pacifies the East, Honorific Equal to the Three Excellencies with an opening office, Bearer of the Staff, Regular Attendant, and Commander—the kingship unchanged." In the eleventh and fifteenth years they sent tribute envoys again and again. In the seventeenth year Yun died and his son An succeeded. In Putong one an edict had An inherit the title: Bearer of the Staff, commander of Ying and Ping military affairs, General Who Pacifies the East. In the seventh year An died; his son Yan succeeded, sent tribute envoys, and received an edict inheriting the title. In Zhongdatong four and six and Datong one and seven they repeatedly sent memorials and local goods. In Taiqing two Yan died; an edict had his son inherit Yan's title.
50
百濟者，其先東夷有三韓國，一曰馬韓，二曰辰韓，三曰弁韓。 弁韓、辰韓各十二國，馬韓有五十四國。 大國萬餘家，小國數千家，總十餘萬戶，百濟卽其一也。 後漸強大，兼諸小國。 其國本與句驪在遼東之東，晉世句驪旣略有遼東，百濟亦據有遼西、晉平二郡地矣，自置百濟郡。 晉太元中，王須； 義熙中，王餘映； 宋元嘉中，王餘毗； 並遣獻生口。 餘毗死，立子慶。 慶死，子牟都立。 都死，立子牟太。 齊永明中，除太都督百濟諸軍事、鎮東大將軍、百濟王。 天監元年，進太號征東將軍。 尋爲高句驪所破，衰弱者累年，遷居南韓地。 普通二年，王餘隆始復遣使奉表，稱「累破句驪，今始與通好」，而百濟更爲強國。 其年，高祖詔曰：「行都督百濟諸軍事、鎮東大將軍、百濟王餘隆，守籓海外，遠脩貢職，乃誠款到，朕有嘉焉。 宜率舊章，授茲榮命。 可使持節、都督百濟諸軍事、寧東大將軍、百濟王。」 五年，隆死，詔復以其子明爲持節、督百濟諸軍事、綏東將軍、百濟王。 號所治城曰固麻，謂邑曰簷魯，如中國之言郡縣也。
Baekje arose among the Eastern Yi's three Han realms—Ma Han, Jin Han, and Byeon Han. Byeon Han and Jin Han held twelve states each; Ma Han held fifty-four. Great states held ten thousand households or more, small ones a few thousand—over a hundred thousand households in all; Baekje was one. Later it grew strong and swallowed the lesser states. It once shared Liaodong's east with Goguryeo; when Goguryeo seized Liaodong in Jin, Baekje took Liaoxi and Jinping and set up its own Baekje commandery. In Jin Taiyuan, King Xu; In Yixi, King Yuying; In Song Yuanjia, King Yubi; all sent living captives as tribute. Yubi died and his son Qing succeeded. Qing died and Moudu succeeded. Moudu died and his son Outai succeeded. In Qi Yongming he became Grand Commander of Baekje military affairs, General Who Guards the East, and King of Baekje. In Tianjian one his grand title rose to General Who Campaigns East. Soon Goguryeo broke them; weakened for years, they moved to southern Han lands. In Putong two King Yulong sent envoys again, reporting repeated victories over Goguryeo and a new opening of friendly ties—and Baekje grew strong once more. That year Gaozu's edict said, "Acting Commander of Baekje military affairs, General Who Guards the East, King Yulong of Baekje keeps the overseas frontier and sends distant tribute—your sincerity reaches Us and We commend it. Following old statutes, We grant this honorable mandate. Let him be Bearer of the Staff, Commander of Baekje military affairs, General Who Pacifies the East, and King of Baekje." In the fifth year Long died; an edict made his son Ming Bearer of the Staff, commander of Baekje military affairs, General Who Assuages the East, and King of Baekje. Their capital is called Guma and their towns Cheon-nok—like China's commanderies and counties.
51
其國有二十二簷魯，皆以子弟宗族分據之。 其人形長，衣服淨潔。 其國近倭，頗有文身者。 今言語服章略與高驪同，行不張拱、拜不申足則異。 呼帽曰冠，襦曰複衫，袴曰褌。 其言參諸夏，亦秦、韓之遺俗云。 中大通六年、大同七年，累遣使獻方物； 幷請《涅盤》等經義、《毛詩》博士，幷工匠、畫師等，敕並給之。 太清三年，不知京師寇賊，猶遣使貢獻； 旣至，見城闕荒毀，並號慟涕泣。 侯景怒，囚執之，及景平，方得還國。
The realm has twenty-two cheon-nok, each held by sons, younger kin, and clansmen. The people are tall and keep their dress clean. Their land lies near Wa; tattooing is common. Speech and dress now mostly match Goguryeo; they differ in walking without spread arms and bowing without both feet extended. They call hats guan, jackets fushan, and trousers kun. Their language mixes with the Central States—said to preserve Qin and Han customs. In Zhongdatong six and Datong seven they sent envoys again and again with local goods; and asked for masters of the Nirvana Sutra and other scriptures, a Doctor of the Mao Odes, plus craftsmen and painters—all were granted by edict. In Taiqing three, not knowing bandits had ravaged the capital, they still sent tribute envoys; on arrival, seeing ruined gates and walls, they wailed and wept aloud. Hou Jing in anger seized and held them; only after his defeat could they return home.
52
新羅者，其先本辰韓種也。 辰韓亦曰秦韓，相去萬里，傳言秦世亡人避役來適馬韓，馬韓亦割其東界居之，以秦人，故名之曰秦韓。 其言語名物有似中國人，名國爲邦，弓爲弧，賊爲寇，行酒爲行觴。 相呼皆爲徒，不與馬韓同。 又辰韓王常用馬韓人作之，世相係，辰韓不得自立爲王，明其流移之人故也； 恒爲馬韓所制。 辰韓始有六國，稍分爲十二，新羅則其一也。 其國在百濟東南五千餘里。 其地東濱大海，南北與句驪、百濟接。 魏時曰新盧，宋時曰新羅，或曰斯羅。 其國小，不能自通使聘。 普通二年，王募名秦，始使使隨百濟奉獻方物。
Silla—its people originally came from Jin Han stock. Jin Han is also Qin Han; the lands lie ten thousand li apart. Tradition holds that Qin-era fugitives fleeing corvée reached Ma Han, which ceded its eastern marches for them—hence Qin Han, for Qin people. Their words and names echo China: realm is bang, bow is hu, bandit is kou, and passing wine is xingshang. They call one another tu—not as Ma Han does. Jin Han kings were usually Ma Han appointees, generation after generation; Jin Han could not crown its own king—proof they were migrants; always under Ma Han's control. Jin Han began with six states and later split into twelve; Silla is one. The realm lies more than five thousand li southeast of Baekje. It faces the eastern sea; north and south it touches Goguryeo and Baekje. Wei called it Sin Lu; Song called it Silla, or Sila. The realm was small and could not send envoys on its own. In Putong two King Munjin first sent envoys with Baekje to present local goods.
53
其俗呼城曰健牟羅，其邑在內曰啄評，在外曰邑勒，亦中國之言郡縣也。 國有六啄評，五十二邑勒。 土地肥美，宜植五穀。 多桑麻，作縑布。 服牛乘馬，男女有別。 其官名，有子賁旱支、齊旱支、謁旱支、壹告支、奇貝旱支。 其冠曰遺子禮，襦曰尉解，洿曰柯半，靴曰洗。 其拜及行與高驪相類。 無文字，刻木爲信。 語言待百濟而後通焉。
They call a city Geonmullara; inner towns are chokpyeong, outer ones eollok—again like China's commanderies and counties. The realm has six chokpyeong and fifty-two eollok. The soil is rich and good for the five grains. Mulberry and hemp abound; they weave fine cloth. They draft with oxen, ride horses, and keep the sexes separate. Offices include zibenhanzhi, qihanzhi, yehanzhi, yigaozhi, and qibeihanzhi. They call the crown yizili, the jacket wei-jie, the skirt ke-ban, and boots xi. Their bows and gait match Goguryeo. Without writing, they carve wood for tokens. Their language needs a Baekje interpreter.
54
倭者，自云太伯之後，俗皆文身。 去帶方萬二千餘里，大抵在會稽之東，相去絕遠。 從帶方至倭，循海水行，歷韓國，乍東乍南，七千餘里始度一海； 海闊千餘里，名瀚海，至一支國； 又度一海千餘里，名未盧國； 又東南陸行五百里，至伊都國； 又東南行百里，至奴國； 又東行百里，至不彌國； 又南水行二十日，至投馬國； 又南水行十日，陸行一月日，至邪馬臺國，卽倭王所居。 其官有伊支馬，次曰彌馬獲支，次曰奴往鞮。 民種禾稻紵麻，蠶桑織績。 有薑、桂、橘、椒、蘇。 出黑雉、真珠、青玉。 有獸如牛，名山鼠； 又有大蛇吞此獸。 蛇皮堅不可斫，其上有孔，乍開乍閉，時或有光，射之中，蛇則死矣。 物產略與儋耳、朱崖同。 地溫暖，風俗不淫。 男女皆露紒。 富貴者以錦繡雜采爲帽，似中國胡公頭。 食飲用籩豆。 其死，有棺無槨，封土作冢。 人性皆嗜酒。 俗不知正歲，多壽考，多至八九十，或至百歲。 其俗女多男少，貴者至四五妻，賤者猶兩三妻。 婦人無淫妬。 無盜竊，少諍訟。 若犯法，輕者沒其妻子，重則滅其宗族。
Wa claim descent from Taibo and tattoo by custom. Over twelve thousand li from Daifang, east of Kuaiji—utterly remote. From Daifang to Wa one sails the coast through Han lands, veering east and south seven thousand li before the first sea crossing; a thousand-li sea called the Han Sea leads to Itsu; another thousand-li crossing reaches Miro; five hundred li southeast by land brings one to Ito; a hundred li farther southeast lies Nu; a hundred li east lies Fumi; twenty days south by water reaches Tuma; ten days south by water and one month by land reaches Yamatai, where the Wa king dwells. Offices run ikima, then mimakazhi, then nuchangti. They grow grain, hemp, and mulberry, raise silkworms, and weave. Ginger, cassia, oranges, pepper, and perilla grow there. Black pheasants, pearls, and green jade come from the land. A beast like an ox, called the mountain rat, lives there; and a great serpent that devours it. Its hide is uncuttable, pierced with holes that open and shut and sometimes shine; a shot through a hole kills the serpent. Local products resemble Dan'er and Zhuya. The climate is mild and morals restrained. Men and women wear loose hair. Wealthy men wear brocade caps like the Hu gong head of China. Meals are served on platters and in bowls. The dead receive an inner coffin without an outer shell, and earth is heaped for the tomb. The people are fond of wine. They keep no proper calendar year; many live to eighty or ninety, some to a hundred. Women outnumber men; nobles take four or five wives, commoners two or three. Wives do not grow jealous over affairs. Theft is rare and lawsuits few. Light crimes cost wife and children; grave ones wipe out the clan.
55
漢靈帝光和中，倭國亂，相攻伐歷年，乃共立一女子卑彌呼爲王。 彌呼無夫婿，挾鬼道，能惑衆，故國人立之。 有男弟佐治國。 自爲王，少有見者，以婢千人自侍，唯使一男子出入傳教令。 所處宮室，常有兵守衛。 至魏景初三年，公孫淵誅後，卑彌呼始遣使朝貢，魏以爲親魏王，假金印紫綬。 正始中，卑彌呼死，更立男王，國中不服，更相誅殺，復立卑彌呼宗女臺與爲王。 其後復立男王，並受中國爵命。 晉安帝時，有倭王贊。 贊死，立弟彌； 彌死，立子濟； 濟死，立子興； 興死，立弟武。 齊建元中，除武持節、督倭新羅任那伽羅秦韓慕韓六國諸軍事、鎮東大將軍。 高祖卽位，進武號征東將軍。
Under Han Ling's Guanghe era Wa warred for years until the realms jointly raised the woman Himiko as king. Himiko had no husband, ruled through spirit-craft, and swayed the people—so they made her queen. A younger brother helped govern. Once enthroned she was rarely seen; a thousand maids served her while a single man carried edicts in and out. Armed guards always ringed her dwelling. In Wei Jingchu 3, after Gongsun Yuan's execution, Himiko first sent tribute; Wei titled her King Who Honors Wei and gave a gold seal on purple cord. In Zhengshi Himiko died; a male king failed to command loyalty, bloodshed resumed, and Himiko's kinswoman Iyo was crowned. Later a male king ruled again, and both received Chinese investiture. Under Jin Emperor An a Wa king named Zan reigned. Zan's death brought his brother Chen to the throne; Chen's death brought his son Ji; Ji's death brought his son Xing; Xing's death brought his brother Wu. In Qi Jianyuan Wu received the staff, command over Wa, Silla, Imna, Kara, Jinhan, and Mahan, and the title General Who Pacifies the East. Gaozu promoted Wu to General Who Campaigns East.
56
其南有侏儒國，人長三四尺。 又南黑齒國、裸國，去倭四千餘里，船行可一年至。 又西南萬里有海人，身黑眼白，裸而醜。 其肉美，行者或射而食之。
South lies the Dwarf Country, whose people stand three or four feet. Farther south lie Black-Tooth and Naked countries, four thousand li from Wa and a year's sail away. Ten thousand li southwest live sea people, black-skinned and white-eyed, naked and foul. Travelers find their flesh savory and sometimes shoot them for food.
57
文身國
Tattooed Country
58
文身國，在倭國東北七千餘里。 人體有文如獸，其額上有三文，文直者貴，文小者賤。 土俗歡樂，物豊而賤，行客不齎糧。 有屋宇，無城郭。 其王所居，飾以金銀珍麗。 繞屋爲緌，廣一丈，實以水銀，雨則流于水銀之上。 市用珍寶。 犯輕罪者則鞭杖； 犯死罪則置猛獸食之，有枉則猛獸避而不食，經宿則赦之。
Tattooed Country stands seven thousand li northeast of Wa. Bodies are tattooed like beasts; three forehead marks rank the person—straight for noble, small for low. Life is merry, goods cheap and abundant; travelers carry no rations. They build houses without city walls. The king's residence gleams with gold, silver, and rare finery. A one-zhang fringe rings the house, filled with mercury; rain runs over the mercury's surface. Markets trade in precious gems. Light offenses bring the whip and staff; capital crimes are judged by fierce beasts—if the man is wronged the beasts refuse him; after a night he goes free.
59
大漢國
Great Han Country
60
大漢國，在文身國東五千餘里。 無兵戈，不攻戰。 風俗並與文身國同而言語異。
Great Han Country lies five thousand li east of Tattooed Country. They keep no arms and make no war. Custom matches Tattooed Country; speech differs.
61
扶桑國
Fusang Country
62
扶桑國者，齊永元元年，其國有沙門慧深來至荊州，說云：「扶桑在大漢國東二萬餘里，地在中國之東，其土多扶桑木，故以爲名。」 扶桑葉似桐，而初生如笋，國人食之，實如梨而赤，績其皮爲布以爲衣，亦以爲綿。 作板屋，無城郭。 有文字，以扶桑皮爲紙。 無兵甲，不攻戰。 其國法，有南北獄。 若犯輕者入南獄，重罪者入北獄。 有赦則赦南獄，不赦北獄。 在北獄者，男女相配，生男八歲爲奴，生女九歲爲婢。 犯罪之身，至死不出。 貴人有罪，國乃大會，坐罪人於坑，對之宴飲，分訣若死別焉。 以灰繞之，其一重則一身摒退，二重則及子孫，三重則及七世。 名國王爲乙祁； 貴人第一者爲大對盧，第二者爲小對盧，第三者爲納咄沙。 國王行有鼓角導從。 其衣色隨年改易，甲乙年青，丙丁年赤，戊己年黃，庚辛年白，壬癸年黑。 有牛角甚長，以角載物，至勝二十斛。 車有馬車、牛車、鹿車。 國人養鹿，如中國畜牛，以乳爲酪。 有桑梨，經年不壞。 多蒲桃。 其地無鐵有銅，不貴金銀。 市無租估。 其婚姻，婿往女家門外作屋，晨夕灑掃，經年而女不悅，卽驅之，相悅乃成婚。 婚禮大抵與中國同。 親喪，七日不食； 祖父母喪，五日不食； 兄弟伯叔姑姊妹，三日不食。 設靈爲神像，朝夕拜奠，不制縗絰。 嗣王立，三年不視國事。 其俗舊無佛法，宋大明二年，罽賓國嘗有比丘五人遊行至其國，流通佛法、經像，教令出家，風俗遂改。」
Fusang—in Qi Yongyuan 1 the monk Hui Shen reached Jing Province and reported, "Fusang lies twenty thousand li east of Great Han, east of China; fusang trees abound, giving the land its name." Leaves resemble paulownia, new shoots like bamboo; the people eat them; fruit is red like pears; bark is spun into cloth for dress and padding. They live in plank houses without walled cities. They write on paper made from fusang bark. They keep no armor or arms and make no war. State law divides prisons into south and north. Light crimes go to the south prison, grave crimes to the north. Amnesties free the south prison, never the north. Northern prisoners are paired; boys become slaves at eight, girls maids at nine. Condemned bodies never leave until death. When nobles sin the realm feasts above a pit where the condemned sit, taking leave as at death. Ash rings the pit—one layer dismisses the offender, two reach sons and grandsons, three reach seven generations. They call the king yiji; first nobles are dadu-lu, second xiaodu-lu, third nazuo-sha. The king travels to drum and horn. Dress color follows the year—green for jia-yi, red for bing-ding, yellow for wu-ji, white for geng-xin, black for ren-gui. Long ox horns serve as load-bearers, holding twenty hu. They use horse-carts, ox-carts, and deer-carts. They herd deer as China herds cattle and make curds from the milk. Mulberry pears keep for years. Grapes abound. Iron is absent, copper present; gold and silver are cheap. Markets take no toll or appraisal fee. The groom builds a hut outside the bride's gate and sweeps it daily; if she is displeased after a year she sends him away—marriage comes only by mutual consent. Wedding rites largely match China's. On a parent's death one fasts seven days; for grandparents, five days; for siblings, uncles, aunts, and sisters, three days. Spirit-images stand for the dead; morning and evening bring bowing and offerings—no hemp mourning garb is required. A new king leaves state affairs untouched for three years. Once there was no Buddhism; in Song Daming 2 five Gandharan monks reached the land, spread the Law and images, and taught renunciation—and custom changed."
63
慧深又云：「扶桑東千餘里有女國，容貌端正，色甚潔白，身體有毛，髮長委地。 至二、三月，競入水則任娠，六七月產子。 女人胸前無乳，項後生毛，根白，毛中有汁，以乳子，一百日能行，三四年則成人矣。 見人驚避，偏畏丈夫。 食鹹草如禽獸。 鹹草葉似邪蒿，而氣香味鹹。」 天監六年，有晉安人渡海，爲風所飄至一島，登岸，有人居止。 女則如中國，而言語不可曉； 男則人身而狗頭，其聲如吠。 其食有小豆，其衣如布。 築土爲牆，其形圓，其戶如竇云。
Huishen also said that east of Fusang, a thousand li and more away, lay a realm of women—handsome of face, very fair in complexion, hairy of body, with hair that spilled to the ground. In the second and third months they all plunge into the water and conceive; by the sixth or seventh month they give birth. Women have no breasts on the chest; behind the neck grows hair, white at the root, and sap within the hair feeds the child. At a hundred days the child can walk; in three or four years it is grown. They startle at the sight of people and flee, and fear men above all. They eat salt-grass as birds and beasts do. Salt-grass leaves resemble wormwood, yet its scent is salty and fragrant." In Tianjian 6 a man of Jin'an crossed the sea, was blown by wind to an island, went ashore, and found people living there. The women resembled Chinese women, but their speech could not be understood; the men had human bodies and dogs' heads, and barked when they spoke. They ate small beans; their clothes were like cloth. They built earthen walls, round in shape, with doorways like burrows—or so it is said.
64
西北諸戎
The Northwestern Barbarians
65
西北諸戎，漢世張騫始發西域之迹，甘英遂臨西海，或遣侍子，或奉貢獻，于時雖窮兵極武，僅而克捷，比之前代，其略遠矣。 魏時三方鼎跱，日事干戈，晉氏平吳以後，少獲寧息，徒置戊己之官，諸國亦未賓從也。 繼以中原喪亂，胡人遞起，西域與江東隔礙，重譯不交。 呂光之涉龜茲，亦獲蠻夷之伐蠻夷，非中國之意也。 自是諸國分幷，勝負強弱，難得詳載。 明珠翠羽，雖仞於後宮； 蒲梢龍文，希入於外署。 有梁受命，其奉正朔而朝闕庭者，則仇池、宕昌、高昌、鄧至、河南、龜茲、于闐、滑諸國焉。 今綴其風俗，爲《西北戎傳》云。
The northwestern barbarians: in Han, Zhang Qian first traced the Western Regions, and Gan Ying reached the Western Sea. Some sent hostages, some brought tribute. Even then, for all the empire's martial exertion, victory came only narrowly—and compared with earlier dynasties, the reach was vastly greater. Under Wei the three realms stood tripod-locked, daily at war. After Jin pacified Wu there was scant peace; garrison officers alone were posted, and the states still did not submit. Then the Central Plains fell into chaos and barbarians rose in succession; the Western Regions and Jiangdong were cut off, and no embassies came through layers of translation. When Lü Guang marched on Kucha, it was barbarians cutting down barbarians—not China's design. From then the states split and merged, strong and weak trading places—too much to record in full. Bright pearls and kingfisher feathers might pile up in the rear palace, yet fine horses like Pu Shao and Long Wen seldom reached the outer offices. When Liang received the mandate, those who kept the calendar and came to court were Qiuchi, Dangchang, Gaochang, Dengzhi, Henan, Kucha, Yutian, and Hua. Now I gather their customs into the Account of the Northwestern Barbarians, thus.
66
河南國
Kingdom of Henan
67
河南王者，其先出自鮮卑慕容氏。 初，慕容奕洛干有二子，庶長曰吐谷渾，嫡曰廆。 洛干卒，廆嗣位，吐谷渾避之西徙。 廆追留之，而牛馬皆西走，不肯還，因遂徙上隴，度枹罕，出涼州西南，至赤水而居之。 其地則張掖之南，隴西之西，在河之南，故以爲號。 其界東至壘川，西鄰于闐，北接高昌，東北通秦嶺，方千餘里，蓋古之流沙地焉。 乏草木，少水潦，四時恒有冰雪，唯六七月雨雹甚盛； 若晴則風飄沙礫，常蔽光景。 其地有麥無穀。 有青海方數百里，放牝馬其側，輒生駒，土人謂之龍種，故其國多善馬。 有屋宇，雜以百子帳，卽穹廬也。 著小袖袍、小口袴、大頭長裙帽。 女子披髮爲辮。
The kings of Henan traced their line to the Xianbei Murong clan. At first Murong Yiluoqian had two sons: the elder by a concubine was Tuyuhun; the heir was Hui. When Yiluoqian died, Hui took the throne and Tuyuhun fled west to avoid him. Hui pursued to bring him back, but cattle and horses all ran west and would not return. Tuyuhun therefore moved up onto Long, crossed Fuhan, passed southwest of Liangzhou, and settled at Chishui. The land lay south of Zhangye, west of Longxi, and south of the river—hence the name Henan. Its borders ran east to Leichuan, west to Yutian, north to Gaochang, and northeast to the Qin Mountains—over a thousand li on a side, largely the old land of shifting sands. Grass and trees were scarce, rain and flood rare; ice and snow held through the four seasons—only in the sixth and seventh months did hail and rain fall heavily; when skies cleared, wind whipped sand and gravel and often blotted out the light. The land grew wheat but not millet. Qinghai Sea spread several hundred li across; mares pastured beside it would foal, and locals called the offspring dragon stock—hence the realm's many fine horses. They had houses mixed with hundred-son tents—that is, felt yurts. They wore small-sleeved robes, narrow trousers, and large-headed caps with long skirts. Women wore their hair loose and braided.
68
其後吐谷渾孫葉延，頗識書記，自謂曾祖奕洛干始封昌黎公，吾蓋公孫之子也。 禮以王父字爲國氏，因姓吐谷渾，亦爲國號。 至其末孫阿豺，始受中國官爵。 弟子慕延，宋元嘉末又自號河南王。 慕延死，從弟拾寅立，乃用書契，起城池，築宮殿，其小王並立宅。 國中有佛法。 拾寅死，子度易侯立； 易侯死，子休留代立。 齊永明中，以代爲使持節、都督西秦、河、沙三州、鎮西將軍、護羌校尉、西秦、河二州刺史。
Later Tuyuhun's grandson Yeyan was well versed in writing; he said his great-grandfather Yiluoqian was first enfeoffed Duke of Changli—"I am the duke's grandson's son." By ritual the paternal grandfather's name becomes the clan name; they therefore took Tuyuhun as surname and as the name of the state. Not until the last descendant Achen did they first receive Chinese offices and ranks. His nephew Muyan, at the end of Song Yuanjia, again styled himself King of Henan. When Muyan died, his cousin Shibin succeeded. Then they used written records, raised walls and cities, built palaces, and lesser kings all built houses of their own. Buddhism was present in the realm. When Shibin died, his son Duyihou succeeded; When Duyihou died, his son Xiuliudai succeeded. In Qi Yongming, Xiuliudai was made bearer of the staff, area commander of West Qin, He, and Sha, General Who Pacifies the West, Protector of the Qiang, and inspector of West Qin and He.
69
高昌國
Kingdom of Gaochang
70
高昌國，闞氏爲主，其後爲河西王沮渠茂虔弟無諱襲破之，其王闞爽奔于芮芮。 無諱據之稱王，一世而滅。 國人又立麹氏爲王，名嘉，元魏授車騎將軍、司空公、都督秦州諸軍事、秦州刺史、金城郡開國公。 在位二十四年卒，諡曰昭武王。 子子堅，使持節、驃騎大將軍、散騎常侍、都督瓜州諸軍事、瓜州刺史、河西郡開國公、儀同三司高昌王嗣位。
In Gaochang the Kan clan held sway; later Wuwei, brother of Hexi King Juqu Maoqian, attacked and overthrew them, and King Kan Shuang fled to Rouran. Wuwei seized the realm and styled himself king; one generation later it was gone. The people again raised the Qu clan to kingship—Jia by name. Northern Wei made him General of Chariots and Cavalry, Duke of Works, area commander of Qinzhou, inspector of Qinzhou, and Duke of Jincheng with a state domain. He ruled twenty-four years and died; his posthumous title was Bright Martial King. His son Zijian—bearer of the staff, General of Flying Cavalry, regular attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, area commander of Guazhou, inspector of Guazhou, Duke of Hexi with a state domain, equal in glory to the Three Dukes, King of Gaochang—succeeded.
71
其國蓋車師之故地也。 南接河南，東連燉煌，西次龜茲，北鄰敕勒。 置四十六鎮，交河、田地、高寧、臨川、橫截、柳婆、洿林、新興、由寧、始昌、篤進、白力等，皆其鎮名。 官有四鎮將軍及雜號將軍、長史、司馬、門下校郎、中兵校郎、通事舍人、通事令史、諮議、校尉、主簿。 國人言語與中國略同。 有《五經》、歷代史、諸子集。 面貌類高驪，辮髮垂之於背，著長身小袖袍、縵襠袴。 女子頭髮辮而不垂，著錦纈纓珞環釧。 姻有六禮。 其地高燥，築土爲城，架木爲屋，土覆其上。 寒暑與益州相似。 備植九穀，人多噉麨及羊牛肉。 出良馬、蒲陶酒、石鹽。 多草木，草實如繭，繭中絲如細纑，名爲白疊子，國人多取織以爲布。 布甚軟白，交市用焉。 有朝烏者，旦旦集王殿前，爲行列，不畏人，日出然後散去。
The realm roughly occupies the old territory of Cheshi. South it adjoins Henan, east it connects to Dunhuang, west it reaches Kucha, north it borders the Tiele. It maintained forty-six garrison towns—Jiaohe, Tiandi, Gaoning, Linchuan, Hengjie, Liupo, Wulin, Xinxing, Youning, Shichang, Dujin, Baili, and the rest. Offices included four-garrison generals and miscellaneous-title generals, chief clerks, marshals, gate-section adjutants, central-army adjutants, liaison attendants, liaison clerks, advisers, commandants, and chief recorders. The people's speech was roughly like that of China. They possessed the Five Classics, dynastic histories, and collected works of the masters. Their faces resembled Goguryeo's; hair was braided and hung down the back; they wore long-bodied small-sleeved robes and patterned trousers. Women braided their hair without letting it hang, and wore brocade head ornaments, chains, rings, and bracelets. Marriage followed the six rites. The land was high and dry; they built earthen cities, framed houses of wood, and roofed them with earth. Cold and heat were much like Yizhou's. They planted all nine grains; people mostly ate griddle-cakes, mutton, and beef. They produced fine horses, grape wine, and rock salt. Grass and trees were abundant; grass seed came in pods like cocoons, with silk inside fine as floss—called white pile seed—and people often gathered it to weave cloth. The cloth was very soft and white and served in trade. There were court-birds: each dawn they gathered before the royal hall in ranks, unafraid of people, and only scattered after sunrise.
72
大同中，子堅遣使獻鳴鹽枕、蒲陶、良馬、氍毹等物。
In Datong, Zijian sent envoys with singing-salt pillows, grapes, fine horses, carpets, and the like.
73
元魏之居桑乾也，滑猶爲小國，屬芮芮。 後稍強大，征其旁國波斯、盤盤、罽賓、焉耆、龜茲、疏勒、姑墨、于闐、句盤等國，開地千餘里。 土地溫暖，多山川樹木，有五穀。 國人以罝及羊肉爲糧。 其獸有師子、兩腳駱駝，野驢有角。 人皆善射，著小袖長身袍，用金玉爲帶。 女人被裘，頭上刻木爲角，長六尺，以金銀飾之。 少女子，兄弟共妻。 無城郭，氊屋爲居，東向開戶。 其王坐金床，隨太歲轉，與妻並坐接客。 無文字，以木爲契。 與旁國通，則使旁國胡爲胡書，羊皮爲紙。 無職官。 事天神、火神，每日則出戶祀神而後食。 其跪一拜而止。 葬以木爲槨。 父母死，其子截一耳，葬訖卽吉。 其言語待河南人譯然後通。
When Northern Wei dwelt at Sanggan, Hua was still a small state under Rouran. Later it grew stronger and campaigned against neighboring states—Persia, Panpan, Kasmira, Karasahr, Kucha, Shule, Gumo, Yutian, Gupan, and others—opening territory over a thousand li. The land was warm, with many mountains, rivers, and trees, and the five grains grew there. The people lived on game taken in nets and on mutton. Their beasts included lions and two-legged camels; wild asses bore horns. All were skilled archers; they wore small-sleeved long-bodied robes with belts of gold and jade. Women wore furs and carved wooden horns six feet long for their heads, adorned with gold and silver. Women were scarce; brothers shared a wife. They had no walled cities and lived in felt tents with doors facing east. Their king sat on a golden bed that turned with the Grand Year Star and received guests seated beside his wife. They had no writing and used wood for tokens. When dealing with neighbors, they had neighboring barbarians write in barbarian script on sheepskin for paper. They had no official posts. They served Heaven-god and Fire-god; each day they went out to worship before eating. Their kneeling bow was a single prostration and no more. Burial was in wooden coffins. When parents died, sons cut off one ear; mourning ended as soon as burial was finished. Their speech had to be rendered by Henan interpreters before it could be understood.
74
周古柯國
Kingdom of Zhou Guke
75
周古柯國，滑旁小國也。 普通元年，使使隨滑來獻方物。
Zhou Guke was a small state beside Hua. In Putong 1 envoys came with Hua to present local products.
76
呵跋檀國
Kingdom of He Batan
77
呵跋檀國，亦滑旁小國也。 凡滑旁之國，衣服容貌皆與滑同。 普通元年，使使隨滑使來獻方物。
He Batan was also a small state beside Hua. All states beside Hua wore the same clothes and looked the same as Hua. In Putong 1 envoys came with Hua's embassy to present local products.
78
胡蜜丹國
Kingdom of Hu Midan
79
胡蜜丹國，亦滑旁小國也。 普通元年，使使隨滑使來獻方物。
Hu Midan was also a small state beside Hua. In Putong 1 envoys came with Hua's embassy to present local products.
80
白題國
Kingdom of Baiti
81
白題國，王姓支名史稽毅，其先蓋匈奴之別種胡也。 漢灌嬰與匈奴戰，斬白題騎一人。 今在滑國東，去滑六日行，西極波斯。 土地出粟、麥、瓜果，食物略與滑同。 普通三年，遣使獻方物。
In Baiti the king's surname was Zhi and his name Shi Jiyi; his ancestors were likely a separate branch of the Xiongnu barbarians. In Han, Guan Ying fought the Xiongnu and cut down one Baiti horseman. Now it lies east of Hua, six days' travel away; west it reaches as far as Persia. The land produced millet, wheat, melons, and fruits; food was much like Hua's. In Putong 3 they sent envoys with tribute goods.
82
龜茲者，西域之舊國也。 後漢光武時，其王名弘，爲莎車王賢所殺，滅其族。 賢使其子則羅爲龜茲王，國人又殺則羅。 匈奴立龜茲貴人身毒爲王，由是屬匈奴。 然龜茲在漢世常爲大國，所都曰延城。 魏文帝初卽位，遣使貢獻。 晉太康中，遣子入侍。 太元七年，秦主苻堅遣將呂光伐西域。 至龜茲，龜茲王帛純載寶出奔，光入其城。 城有三重，外城與長安城等，室屋壯麗，飾以琅玕金玉。 光立帛純弟震爲王而歸，自此與中國絕不通。 普通二年，王尼瑞摩珠那勝遣使奉表貢獻。
Kucha was an old kingdom of the Western Regions. Under Later Han's Emperor Guangwu, King Hong was killed by Shache's King Xian, who exterminated his clan. Xian set his son Zeluo on the throne; the Kuchans killed him. The Xiongnu raised the Kucha noble Shendu to the throne, and Kucha passed under Xiongnu control. Yet under Han Kucha was commonly a great power, with its capital at Yancheng. At the start of Emperor Wen of Wei's reign, envoys brought tribute. In Jin's Taikang period a royal son was sent to serve at court. In Taiyuan 7, Fu Jian of Former Qin sent General Lü Guang against the Western Regions. At Kucha, King Bo Chun fled with his treasure loaded; Lü Guang took the city. Triple-walled, its outer rampart rivaled Chang'an; halls stood grand and bright, trimmed in coral, gems, gold, and jade. Lü Guang set Bo Chun's brother Zhen on the throne and withdrew; from that time Kucha broke all contact with China. In Putong 2, King Niruimozhunasheng sent envoys with a formal tribute memorial.
83
于闐國，西域之屬也。 後漢建武末，王俞爲莎車王賢所破，徙爲驪歸王，以其弟君得爲于闐王，暴虐，百姓患之。 永平中，其種人都末殺君得，大人休莫霸又殺都末，自立爲王。 霸死，兄子廣得立，後擊虜莎車王賢以歸，殺之，遂爲強國，西北諸小國皆服從。
Khotan belonged to the Western Regions. At the end of Jianwu in Later Han, King Yu was broken by Shache's King Xian, demoted to king of Ligui, and Yu's brother Junde installed in Khotan—fierce and brutal, the people groaned beneath him. During Yongping the tribesman Dumo killed Junde; the elder Xiumoba killed Dumo and proclaimed himself king. After Ba's death his nephew Guangde took the throne; he later captured Shache's King Xian, brought him back, and killed him—Khotan became a great power and every small northwestern realm bowed.
84
其地多水潦沙石，氣溫，宜稻、麥、蒲桃。 有水出玉，名曰玉河。 國人善鑄銅器。 其治曰西山城，有屋室市井。 果蓏菜蔬與中國等。 尤敬佛法。 王所居室，加以朱畫。 王冠金幘，如今胡公帽； 與妻並坐接客。 國中婦人皆辮髮，衣裘袴。 其人恭，相見則跪，其跪則一膝至地。 書則以木爲筆劄，以玉爲印。 國人得書，戴於首而後開劄。 魏文帝時，王山習獻名馬。 天監九年，遣使獻方物。 十三年，又獻波羅婆步鄣。 十八年，又獻琉璃罌。 大同七年，又獻外國刻玉佛。
The country is wet and stony, warm in climate, suited to rice, wheat, and grapes. A river bearing jade runs there—the Jade River. The people excel at casting bronze ware. Its capital is West Mountain City, with houses, streets, and markets. Its fruits, melons, and vegetables are much like China's. They hold the Buddhist Dharma in special reverence. The royal dwelling is painted red throughout. The king wears a gold head-wrap, like a foreign lord's cap; and receives guests seated beside his queen. All women braid their hair and dress in furs and trousers. They are courteous; on meeting they kneel on one knee to the ground. They write on wooden slips with wooden styluses and seal with jade. Recipients place a letter on the head before breaking the seal and opening it. Under Emperor Wen of Wei, King Shanxi sent famed horses as tribute. In Tianjian 9 they sent tribute envoys. In year 13 they again offered a prasada screen. In year 18 they sent a glass vessel. In Datong 7 they sent a foreign-carved jade Buddha.
85
渴盤陁國
Kingdom of Kepantuo
86
渴盤陁國，于闐西小國也。 西鄰滑國，南接罽賓國，北連沙勒國。 所治在山谷中，城周回十餘里，國有十二城。 風俗與于闐相類。 衣吉貝布，著長身小袖袍、小口袴。 地宜小麥，資以爲糧。 多牛馬駱駝羊等。 出好氈、金、玉。 王姓葛沙氏。 中大同元年，遣使獻方物。
Kepantuo was a small kingdom west of Khotan. It bordered Hua to the west, Jibin to the south, and Shale to the north. Its capital stood in a mountain valley, walled for more than ten li, ruling twelve towns. Its customs were much like Khotan's. They dressed in kapok cloth, long tight-sleeved coats, and narrow trousers. Wheat flourished there and fed the people. Cattle, horses, camels, and sheep were abundant. It yielded fine felt, gold, and jade. The royal house bore the surname Gesa. In Zhongdatong 1 they sent tribute envoys.
87
末國，漢世且末國也。 勝兵萬餘戶。 北與丁零，東與白題，西與波斯接。 土人剪髮，著氈帽、小袖衣，爲衫則開頸而縫前。 多牛羊騾驢。 其王安末深盤，普通五年，遣使來貢獻。
Mo was the Han-era kingdom of Qimo. It could field more than ten thousand fighting households. Dingling lay to the north, Baiti to the east, and Persia to the west. The people cropped their hair, wore felt caps and short-sleeved coats, and stitched their tunics closed at the neck and front. Sheep, cattle, mules, and donkeys were plentiful. King Anmo Shenpan sent tribute envoys in Putong 5.
88
波斯國
Kingdom of Persia
89
波斯國，其先有波斯匿王者，子孫以王父字爲氏，因爲國號。 國有城，周回三十二里，城高四丈，皆有樓觀，城內屋宇數百千間，城外佛寺二三百所。 西去城十五里有土山，山非過高，其勢連接甚遠，中有鷲鳥噉羊，土人極以爲患。 國中有優缽曇花，鮮華可愛。 出龍駒馬。 咸池生珊瑚樹，長一二尺。 亦有琥珀、馬腦、真珠、玫㻁等，國內不以爲珍。 市買用金銀。 婚姻法：下聘訖，女婿將數十人迎婦，婿著金線錦袍、師子錦袴，戴天冠，婦亦如之。 婦兄弟便來捉手付度，夫婦之禮，于茲永畢。 國東與滑國，西及南俱與婆羅門國，北與汎慄國接。 中大通二年，遣使獻佛牙。
Persia took its name from an early king called Bosini, whose descendants adopted his personal name as their clan surname. Its capital ran thirty-two li around, with walls four zhang high and towered watchposts; inside stood hundreds of thousands of houses, and outside two or three hundred Buddhist temples. Fifteen li west stood a low earthen ridge running far; vultures there preyed on sheep, and the people counted it a great plague. The udumbara flower grew there, bright and fair. It bred dragon colts. Coral trees grew at Xianchi, a foot or two in height. Amber, carnelian, pearls, and rose quartz were common and not prized at home. Markets traded in gold and silver. By marriage custom, once the bride-price was paid the groom led dozens of men to fetch the bride, dressed in gold-thread brocade and lion-pattern trousers with a heavenly crown—the bride wore the same. Her brothers then took her hand and passed her to the groom—the wedding rites ended there. Hua lay to the east; Brahman to the west and south; Fanli to the north. In Zhongdatong 2 they sent a Buddha tooth as tribute.
90
宕昌國
Kingdom of Dangchang
91
宕昌國，在河南之東南，益州之西北，隴西之西，羌種也。 宋孝武世，其王梁瓘忽始獻方物。 天監四年，王梁彌博來獻甘草、當歸，詔以爲使持節、都督河、涼二州諸軍事、安西將軍、東羌校尉、河、涼二州刺史、隴西公、宕昌王，佩以金章。 彌博死，子彌泰立； 大同七年，復授以父爵位。 其衣服、風俗與河南略同。
Dangchang stood southeast of Henan, northwest of Yizhou, and west of Longxi—a Qiang people. Under Song Emperor Xiaowu, King Liang Guanhu first sent tribute. In Tianjian 4, King Liang Mibo brought licorice and angelica; the throne made him bearer of the staff, area commander of He and Liang, General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel of the Eastern Qiang, governor of both provinces, Duke of Longxi, and King of Dangchang, with a gold seal. When Mibo died, his son Mitai succeeded; In Datong 7 the throne restored his father's titles. Their clothing and customs closely resembled Henan's.
92
鄧至國
Kingdom of Dengzhi
93
武興國
Kingdom of Wuxing
94
武興國，本仇池。 楊難當自立爲秦王，宋文帝遣裴方明討之，難當奔魏。 其兄子文德又聚衆茄盧，宋因授以爵位，魏又攻之，文德奔漢中。 從弟僧嗣又自立，復戍茄盧。 卒，文德弟文度立，以弟文洪爲白水太守，屯武興，宋世以爲武都王。 武興之國，自於此矣。 難當族弟廣香又攻殺文度，自立爲陰平王、茄盧鎮主。 卒，子炅立； 炅死，子崇祖立； 崇祖死，子孟孫立。 齊永明中，魏氏南梁州刺史、仇池公楊靈珍據泥功山歸款，齊世以靈珍爲北梁州刺史、仇池公。 文洪死，以族人集始爲北秦州刺史、武都王。 天監初，以集始爲使持節、都督秦、雍二州諸軍事、輔國將軍、平羌校尉、北秦州刺史、武都王，靈珍爲冠軍將軍，孟孫爲假節、督沙州刺史、陰平王。 集始死，子紹先襲爵位。 二年，以靈珍爲持節、督隴右諸軍事、左將軍、北梁州刺史、仇池王。 十年，孟孫死，詔贈安沙將軍、北雍州刺史。 子定襲封爵。 紹先死，子智慧立。 大同元年，剋復漢中，智慧遣使上表，求率四千戶歸國，詔許焉，卽以爲東益州。
Wuxing had originally been Qiuchi. Yang Nandang declared himself King of Qin; Song Emperor Wen sent Pei Fangming to suppress him, and Nandang fled to Wei. His nephew Wendé rallied men at Jialu; Song enfeoffed him, but Wei attacked again and Wendé fled to Hanzhong. His clansman Wensie then declared himself ruler and reoccupied Jialu. After his death Wendé's brother Wendu took over, made Wen Hong prefect of Baishui, and encamped at Wuxing—Song titled him King of Wudu. The kingdom of Wuxing began here. Nandang's kinsman Guangxiang killed Wendu and made himself King of Yinping and commandant of Jialu. When he died, his son Jiong succeeded; When Jiong died, his son Chongzu succeeded; When Chongzu died, his son Mengersun succeeded. In Qi Yongming, Yang Lingzhen—Wei's southern Liangzhou inspector and Duke of Qiuchi—held Migong Mountain and submitted; Qi made him northern Liangzhou inspector and Duke of Qiuchi. After Wen Hong died, the clansman Jishi became northern Qinzhou inspector and King of Wudu. At the start of Tianjian, Jishi became bearer of the staff, area commander of Qin and Yong, General Who Assists the State, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, northern Qinzhou inspector, and King of Wudu; Lingzhen became champion general; Mengersun acting staff, commander of Shazhou, and King of Yinping. When Jishi died, his son Shaoxian inherited the titles. In year 2 Lingzhen became bearer of the staff, commander of Longyou, left general, northern Liangzhou inspector, and King of Qiuchi. In year 10 Mengersun died; the throne posthumously made him General Who Pacifies the Sands and northern Yongzhou inspector. His son Ding inherited the fief and titles. When Shaoxian died, his son Zhihui succeeded. In Datong 1, after Hanzhong was retaken, Zhihui asked by memorial to bring four thousand households home; the throne agreed and made the region Eastern Yizhou.
95
其國東連秦嶺，西接宕昌，去宕昌八百里，南去漢中四百里，北去岐州三百里，東去長安九百里。 本有十萬戶，世世分減。 其大姓有符氏、薑氏。 言語與中國同。 著烏皁突騎帽、長身小袖袍、小口袴、皮靴。 地植九穀。 婚姻備六禮。 知書疏。 種桑麻。 出紬、絹、精布、漆、蠟、椒等。 山出銅鐵。
It touched Qinling on the east and Dangchang on the west—eight hundred li from Dangchang, four hundred south of Hanzhong, three hundred north of Qizhou, nine hundred east of Chang'an. It once held a hundred thousand households, but the numbers shrank with each generation. Leading clans were Fu and Jiang. They spoke the same language as China. They wore black felt riding caps, long tight-sleeved coats, narrow trousers, and leather boots. The land yielded the nine grains. Marriage followed the full six rites. They were literate in correspondence. They cultivated mulberry and hemp. They exported pongee, silk, fine cloth, lacquer, wax, pepper, and similar goods. The mountains produced copper and iron.
96
芮芮國
Kingdom of Ruru
97
其國能以術祭天而致風雪，前對皎日，後則泥潦橫流，故其戰敗莫能追及。 或於中夏爲之，則曀而不雨，問其故，以㬉云。
The Ruru could perform rituals to Heaven and summon wind and snow; bright sun lay ahead while muddy floods swept behind, so when they broke and fled no pursuer could catch them. Performed in China proper, the rite only darkened the sky without bringing rain; asked why, they said the land was too warm.
98
史臣曰：海南東夷西北戎諸國，地窮邊裔，各有疆域。 若山奇海異，怪類殊種，前古未聞，往牒不記。 故知九州之外，八荒之表，辯方物土，莫究其極。 高祖以德懷之，故朝貢歲至，美矣。 [1]
The historian writes: From the Southern Sea to the Eastern Yi and Northwestern Rong, these states lay at the far edge of the world, each with its own domain. Strange peaks and curious seas, freakish breeds and alien peoples—nothing former ages had heard of, nothing old annals had set down. So it is clear: beyond the Nine Provinces and past the Eight Wastes, cataloguing every land and tribute would never reach the end. Gaozu drew them in through virtue, and tribute came year after year—a thing of beauty. Editorial footnote marker in the source text.
99
全文以中華書局、一九七三年五月版《梁書》爲本校。
The full text was collated against the Zhonghua Shuju edition of the Book of Liang (May 1973).