1
營衛誌中○行營
Management of Guards, Part 2 ○ Mobile Camps
2
《周官》土圭之法：日東，景夕多風； 日北，景長多寒。 天地之間，風氣異宜，人生其間，各適其便。 王者因三才而節制之。 長城以南，多雨多暑，其人耕稼以食，桑麻以衣，宮室以居，城郭以治。 大漠之間，多寒多風，畜牧畋漁以食，皮毛以衣，轉徙隨時，車馬為家。 此天時地利所以限南北也。 遼國盡有大漠，浸包長城之境，因宜為治。 秋冬違寒，春夏避暑，隨水草就畋漁，歲以為常。 四時各有行在之所，謂之「捺缽」。
《Zhou Offices》 on the earth-gnomon method: when the sun is east, evening shadows bring much wind; When the sun is north, long shadows bring much cold. Between heaven and earth, wind and climate differ in what suits each region; people living among them each adapt to what is convenient. The king accordingly regulates them through the three powers. South of the Great Wall there is much rain and much heat; its people eat by plowing and sowing, dress in mulberry and hemp, dwell in palaces and houses, and govern by walls and moats. In the great desert there is much cold and much wind; people eat by pasturing livestock and by hunting and fishing, dress in fur and hide, move with the seasons, and make wagon and horse their home. This is how heaven's seasons and earth's advantages divide north and south. The Liao state wholly possessed the great desert and gradually enclosed territory within the Great Wall, governing according to what suited each region. In autumn and winter they avoided the cold; in spring and summer they avoided the heat; they followed water and grass to hunt and fish—this was the yearly norm. Each of the four seasons had its traveling residence, called napo (seasonal imperial encampment).
3
春捺缽：曰鴨子河濼。 皇帝正月上旬起牙帳，約六十日方至。 天鵝未至，卓帳冰上，鑿冰取魚，冰泮，乃縱鷹鶻捕鵝雁。 晨出暮歸，從事弋獵。 鴨子河濼東西二十里，南北三十里，在長春州東北三十五里，四面皆沙堝，多榆柳杏林。 皇帝每至，侍御皆服墨綠色衣，各備連鎚一柄，鷹食一器，剌鵝錐一枚，於濼周圍相去各五七步排立。 皇帝冠巾，衣時服，系玉束帶，於上風望之。 有鵝之處舉旗，探騎馳報，遠泊鳴鼓。 鵝驚騰起，左右圍騎皆舉幟麾之。 五坊擎進海東青鶻，拜授皇帝放之。 鶻擒鵝墜，勢力不加，排立近者，舉錐刺鵝，取腦以飼鶻。 救鶻人例賞銀絹。 皇帝得頭鵝，薦廟，群臣各獻酒果，舉樂。 更相酬酢，致賀語，皆插鵝毛於首以為樂。 賜從人酒，遍散其毛。 弋獵網釣，春盡乃還。
The spring napo was called Yazi River Marsh. In the first ten days of the first month the emperor raised the tented camp and needed about sixty days to arrive. Before swans arrived they pitched tents on the ice and broke the ice to take fish; when the ice melted they released hawks and falcons to catch geese and wild geese. They went out at dawn and returned at dusk, engaged in bow hunting. Yazi River Marsh was twenty li east to west and thirty li north to south, thirty-five li northeast of Changchun prefecture; on all four sides were sand dunes, with many elm, willow, and apricot groves. Whenever the emperor arrived, all attendants wore ink-green clothing and each carried one linked hammer, one vessel of hawk food, and one goose-stabbing awl; they stood in ranks around the marsh, five to seven paces apart. The emperor wore cap and kerchief, seasonal dress, and a jade belt, and watched from upwind. Where geese appeared a flag was raised; scout riders galloped to report; distant camps beat drums. When geese were startled into flight, the surrounding riders on left and right all raised banners to herd them. The Five Workshops presented the eastern-sea green falcon; bowing, they handed it to the emperor to release. When the falcon seized a goose and it fell but its strength was insufficient, those standing nearest raised their awls to stab the goose and took the brain to feed the falcon. Those who rescued the falcon were rewarded by rule with silver and silk. When the emperor received the lead goose he offered it at the temple; all ministers presented wine and fruit, and music was performed. They toasted one another in turn and spoke words of congratulation; all stuck goose feathers in their hair for merriment. Wine was bestowed on followers, and the feathers were scattered broadly. They hunted with bow, net, and line; when spring ended they returned.
4
夏捺缽：無常所，多在吐兒山。 道宗每歲先幸黑山，拜聖宗、興宗陵，賞金蓮。 乃幸子河避暑。 吐兒山在黑山東北三百里，近饅頭山。 黑山在慶州北十三里，上有池，池中有金蓮。 子河在吐兒山東北三百里。 懷州西山有清涼殿，亦為行幸避暑之所。 四月中旬起牙帳，卜吉地為納涼所，五月末旬、六月上旬至。 居五旬。 與北、南臣僚議國事，暇日遊獵。 七月中旬乃去。
The summer napo had no fixed place and was mostly at Tuer Mountain. Each year Daozong first visited Black Mountain, paid respects at the tombs of Emperors Shengzong and Xingzong, and rewarded golden lotus. Then he visited Zi River to escape the summer heat. Tuer Mountain lies three hundred li northeast of Black Mountain, near Mantou Mountain. Black Mountain is thirteen li north of Qing prefecture; on its summit is a pool, and in the pool are golden lotus. Zi River is three hundred li northeast of Tuer Mountain. West Mountain of Huai prefecture has a Cool Breeze Hall, also used as a traveling residence to escape summer heat. In the middle ten days of the fourth month the tented camp was raised and an auspicious site chosen as the cool retreat; they arrived in the last ten days of the fifth month or the first ten days of the sixth month. They dwelt there fifty days. With northern and southern officials they deliberated state affairs; on leisure days they hunted. In the middle ten days of the seventh month they departed.
5
秋捺缽：曰伏虎林。 七月中旬，自納涼處起牙帳，入山射鹿及虎。 林在永州西北五十里。 嘗有虎據林，傷害居民畜牧。 景宗領數騎獵焉，虎伏草際，戰栗不敢仰視，上舍之，因號伏虎林。 每歲車駕至。 皇族而下，分布濼水側，伺夜將半，鹿飲鹽水，令獵人吹角效鹿鳴，既集而射之。 謂之「舐堿鹿」、又名「呼鹿。」
The autumn napo was called Crouching Tiger Forest. In the middle ten days of the seventh month they raised the tented camp from the cool retreat and entered the mountains to shoot deer and tigers. The forest is fifty li northwest of Yong prefecture. Once a tiger occupied the forest and harmed the livestock of local residents. Emperor Jingzong led several riders to hunt there; the tiger crouched in the grass, trembling and not daring to look up; the emperor spared it, and so it was named Crouching Tiger Forest. Each year the imperial carriage arrived. From the imperial clan downward they were posted along the marsh water; toward midnight, when deer came to drink salt water, hunters blew horns imitating deer calls; when the deer gathered they shot them. This was called "licking-salt deer" and also called "calling deer."
6
冬捺缽：曰廣平澱。 在永州東南三十里，本名白馬澱。 東西二十餘里，南北十餘里。 地甚坦夷，四望皆沙磧，木多榆柳。 其地饒沙，冬月稍暖，牙帳多於此坐冬，與北、南大臣會議國事，時出校獵講武，兼受南宋及諸國禮貢。 皇帝牙帳以槍為硬寨，用毛繩連系。 每槍下黑氈傘一，以庇衛士風雪。 槍外小氈帳一層，每帳五人，各執兵杖為禁圍。 南有省方殿，殿北約二里曰壽寧殿，皆木柱竹榱，以氈為蓋，彩繪韜柱，錦為壁衣，加緋繡額。 又以黃布繡龍為地障、窗、槅皆以氈為之，傅以黃油絹。 基高尺餘，兩廂廊廡亦以氈蓋，無門戶。 省方殿北有鹿皮帳，帳次北有八方公用殿。 壽寧殿北有長春帳，衛以硬寨。 宮用契丹兵四千人，每日輪番千人祗直。 禁圍外卓槍為寨，夜則拔槍移卓禦寢帳。 周圍拒馬，外設鋪，傳鈴宿衛。
The winter napo was called Guangping Marsh. It lay thirty li southeast of Yong prefecture and was originally named White Horse Marsh. It was more than twenty li east to west and more than ten li north to south. The ground was very level and open; on all four sides were sand and gravel; there were many elm and willow trees. Its land was rich in sand and in the winter months somewhat warm; the tented camp mostly wintered here, meeting northern and southern great ministers to deliberate state affairs, sometimes going out to hunt and drill troops, and also receiving tribute gifts from the Southern Song and various states. The emperor's tented camp used spears as a hard palisade, linked with wool rope. Beneath each spear stood one black felt umbrella to shelter guards from wind and snow. Outside the spears was one layer of small felt tents; each tent held five men, each holding weapons as the forbidden perimeter. To the south was the Audience Hall; about two li north of the hall was the Longevity and Tranquility Hall—both had wooden pillars and bamboo rafters, felt coverings, painted wrapped pillars, brocade wall hangings, and crimson embroidery on the lintel. Yellow cloth embroidered with dragons served as ground screens; windows and lattice were all of felt, coated with yellow oiled silk. The base stood more than a foot high; the side corridors were also covered in felt and had no doors or gates. North of the Audience Hall was a deerskin tent; north of the tent ranks was the Eight Directions Public Hall. North of the Longevity and Tranquility Hall was the Everlasting Spring Tent, guarded by the hard palisade. The palace used four thousand Khitan soldiers; each day a rotating thousand stood on duty. Outside the forbidden perimeter spears were pitched as a camp; at night the spears were pulled and the camp shifted to shield the sleeping tent. Caltrops surrounded the perimeter; outside were outposts with relay bells for night guard.
7
每歲四時，周而復始。
Each year the four seasons cycled and began again.
8
皇帝四時巡守，契丹大小內外臣僚並應役次人，及漢人宣徽院所管百司皆從。 漢人樞密院、中書省唯摘宰相一員，樞密院都副承旨二員，令史十人，中書令史一人，御史臺、大理寺選摘一人扈從。 每歲正月上旬，車駕啟行。 宰相以下，還於中京居守，行遣漢人一切公事。 除拜官僚，止行堂帖權差，俟會議行在所，取旨、出給誥敕。 文官縣令、錄事以下更不奏聞，聽中書銓選，武官須奏聞。 五月，納涼行在所，南、北臣僚會議。 十月，坐冬行在所，亦如之。
When the emperor toured the four seasons, Khitan officials great and small, inner and outer, and all those on corvée rotation, and the hundred offices under the Han Chinese Xuanhui Court, all followed. The Han Chinese Bureau of Military Affairs and Secretariat only detached one chancellor, two chief and vice chief clerks of the Bureau of Military Affairs, ten clerks, one Secretariat clerk, and one person selected from the Censorate and Court of Judicial Review to escort. Each year in the first ten days of the first month the imperial carriage set out. From the chancellor downward they returned to Central Capital to remain on guard and conduct all Han Chinese public affairs. Appointing and promoting officials only issued provisional appointment slips by authority; they waited to meet at the traveling council at the napo, receive instructions, and issue formal patents and edicts. Civil officials of county magistrate, registrar, and below were no longer reported to the throne—the Secretariat made selections; military officials had to be reported. In the fifth month, at the cool-retreat traveling residence, southern and northern officials met in council. In the tenth month, at the winter traveling residence, it was likewise.
9
部族上
Tribal Divisions, Part 1
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部落曰部，氏族曰族。 契丹故俗，分地而居，合族而處。 有族而部者，五院六院之類是也； 有部而族者，奚王、室韋之類是也； 有部而不族者，特裏特勉、稍瓦、曷術之類是也； 有族而不部者，遙輦九帳、皇族三父房是也。
A tribal group was called a bu; a clan lineage was called a zu. By ancient Khitan custom they divided land to dwell and united clans to reside. Some had a clan but were organized as a bu—such were the Five Courts and Six Courts; some had a bu but were organized as a zu—such were the Xi King and Shimo; some had a bu but not a zu—such were Telite Mian, Shaowa, and Heshu; some had a zu but not a bu—such were the Yaolian Nine Accounts and the Imperial Clan Three Father Houses.
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奇首八部為高麗、蠕蠕所侵，僅以萬口附於元魏。 生聚未幾，北齊見侵，掠男女十萬餘口。 繼為突厥所逼。 寄處高麗，不過萬家。 部落離散，非復古八部矣。 別部有臣附突厥者，內附於隋者，依紇臣水而居。 部落漸眾，分為十部，有地遼西五百餘里。 唐世大賀氏仍為八部，而松漠、玄州別出，亦十部也。 遙輦氏承萬榮可突於散敗之餘，更為八部，然遙輦、叠刺別出，又十部也。 阻午可汗析為二十部，契丹始大。 至於遼太祖，析九帳、三房之族，更列二十部。 聖宗之世，分置十有六，增置十有八，並舊為五十四部； 內有拔裏、乙室已國舅族，外有附庸十部，盛矣！
Qishou's eight bu were invaded by Goryeo and Rouran; only about ten thousand mouths attached to Northern Wei. Barely had they multiplied when Northern Qi invaded and carried off men and women numbering more than one hundred thousand mouths. Then they were pressed by the Turks. Dwelling with Goryeo, they did not reach ten thousand households. The bu were scattered and dispersed, no longer the ancient eight bu. Another bu had subjects attaching to the Turks; those attaching inward to Sui dwelt along the Heichen River. The bu gradually grew numerous, divided into ten bu, with territory more than five hundred li in eastern Liaoxi. In Tang times the Dahe clan still had eight bu, while Songmo and Xuan prefectures were separately established—also ten bu. The Yaolian clan inherited the scattered remnants after Wanrong and Ketuyu's defeat and again made eight bu, yet Yaolian and Yilie separately emerged—again ten bu. Khan Zuwu divided them into twenty bu, and the Khitan first grew great. At Liao Taizu the nine accounts and three-father-house clans were further divided into twenty bu. In Emperor Shengzong's time sixteen were newly placed and eighteen more added, together with the old totaling fifty-four bu; within were the Balin and Yishi national-uncle clans; outside were ten dependent bu—how flourishing!
12
其氏族可知者，略具《皇族》、《外戚》二表。 余五院、六院、乙室部止見益古、撒裏本、涅剌，烏古部止見撒裏卜、涅勒，突呂不、突舉部止見塔古裏、航斡，皆兄弟也。 奚王府部時瑟、哲裏，則臣主也。 品部有拿女，楮特部有窪。 其餘世系名字，皆漫無所考矣。
Those whose clan lineages can be known are briefly set out in the "Imperial Clan" and "Consort Kin" tables. The remaining Five Courts, Six Courts, and Yishi bu only show Yigu, Saliben, and Niela; the Wugu bu only shows Salibu and Niele; the Tulubu and Tuju bu only show Taguli and Hangwo—all brothers. The Xi King's bu Shise and Zheli were subject-lords. The Pin bu had Nana; the Chute bu had Wa. The rest of the genealogies and names are all broadly without what can be examined.
13
舊《志》曰：「契丹之初，草居野次，靡有定所。 至涅裏始制部族，各有分地。 太祖之興，以叠剌部強熾，析為五院、六院。 奚六部以下，多因俘降而置。 勝兵甲者即著軍籍，分隸諸路詳穩、統軍、招討司。 番居內地者，歲時田牧平莽間。 邊防糺戶，生生之資，仰給畜牧，績毛飲湩，以為衣食。 各安舊風，狃習勞事，不見紛華異物而遷。 故家給人足，戎備整完。 卒之虎視四方，強朝弱附，東逾蟠木，西越流沙，莫不率服。 部族實為之爪牙雲。
The old "Treatise" says: "At the beginning of the Khitan they dwelt in grass and lived in the wild, without fixed place. From when Nieli first established the bu system, each had allotted land. At Taizu's rise, because the Yilie bu was strong and flourishing, it was divided into Five Courts and Six Courts. Below the Xi Six bu, most were established from captured and surrendered peoples. Those bearing armor as victorious troops were entered in military registers and assigned to the various routes' xiangwen, commanders-in-chief, and pacification commissioners. Those dwelling within the interior seasonally plowed and pastured on the level plains. Border defense levy households: their livelihood depended on pasturing livestock, combing wool and drinking fermented milk for clothing and food. Each kept the old ways, accustomed to labor, not seeing exotic splendors and shifting. Thus families were provided for and people sufficient, and military readiness was complete. In the end they glared like tigers on all four sides, strong states weak and attached; east beyond Panmu, west beyond the drifting sands—all did not fail to submit. The bu were truly its claws and teeth.
14
古八部：悉萬丹部。 何大何部。 伏弗郁部。 羽陵部。 日連部。 匹絜部。 黎部。 吐六於部。
Ancient eight bu: Ximowanbu. Hedahubu. Fufuyubu. Yulingbu. Rilianbu. Pijiebu. Libu. Tuliuyubu.
15
契丹之先，曰奇首可汗，生八子。 其後族屬漸盛，分為八部，居松漠之間。 今永州木葉山有契丹始祖廟，奇首可汗、可敦並八子像在焉。 潢河之西，土河之北，奇首可汗故壤也。
The Khitan forebears: Khan Qishou, who bore eight sons. Afterward the clan kindred gradually flourished and divided into eight bu, dwelling in the Songmo region. Today on Muye Mountain in Yong prefecture is the Khitan ancestral temple; images of Khan Qishou, the khatun, and the eight sons are there. West of the Huang River and north of the Tu River—that was Khan Qishou's old territory.
16
隋契丹十部：元魏末，莫弗賀勿於畏高麗、蠕蠕侵逼，率車三千乘、眾萬口內附，乃去奇首可汗故壤，居白狼水東。 北齊文宣帝自平州三道來侵，虜男女十餘萬口，分置諸州。 又為突厥所逼，以萬家寄處高麗境內。 隋開皇四年，諸莫弗賀悉眾款塞，聽居白狼故地。 又別部寄處高麗者曰出伏等，率眾內附，詔置獨奚那頡之北。 又別部臣附突厥者四千餘戶來降，詔給糧遣還，固辭不去，部落漸眾，徙逐水草，依紇臣水而居。 在遼西正北二百里，其地東西亙五百里，南北三百里。 分為十部，逸其名。
Sui Khitan ten bu: at the end of Northern Wei, Mohefuheyu feared invasion by Goryeo and Rouran, led three thousand chariots and ten thousand mouths inward to attach, then left Khan Qishou's old territory and dwelt east of the Bailang River. Northern Qi Emperor Wenxuan came to invade from three routes out of Ping prefecture, capturing men and women more than one hundred thousand mouths and distributing them among the various prefectures. Again pressed by the Turks, ten thousand households dwelt as guests in Goryeo territory. In Sui Kaihuang year 4, all the Mohefuhe submitted at the border in full force and were permitted to dwell in the Bailang old territory. Another bu dwelling as guests in Goryeo, such as Chufu and others, led the multitude inward to attach; an edict placed them north of the Duxina commandery. Another bu with subjects attaching to the Turks, more than four thousand households coming to surrender—an edict gave grain and sent them back; they firmly refused to leave; the bu gradually grew numerous, moved following water and grass, and dwelt along the Heichen River. Two hundred li due north of eastern Liaoxi; its territory was more than five hundred li east to west and three hundred li north to south. They were divided into ten bu; their names are lost.
17
唐大賀氏八部：達稽部，峭落州。 紇便部，彈汗州。 獨活部，無逢州。 芬間部，羽陵州。 突便部，日連州。 芮奚部，徒河州。 墜斤部，萬丹州。 伏部，州二：匹黎、赤山。
Tang Dahe clan eight bu: Daji bu, Qiaoluo prefecture. Hebian bu, Danhan prefecture. Duhuo bu, Wufeng prefecture. Fenjian bu, Yuling prefecture. Tubian bu, Rilian prefecture. Ruixi bu, Tuhe prefecture. Zhuijin bu, Wandan prefecture. Fu bu, two prefectures: Pili and Chishan.
18
唐太宗置玄州，以契丹大帥據曲為刺史。 又置松漠都督府，以窟哥為都督，分八部，並玄州為十州。 則十部在其中矣。
Tang Emperor Taizong established Xuan prefecture, making the Khitan great chief Juqu prefect. Also established Songmo grand protectorate, making Kuge grand protector, dividing the eight bu and together with Xuan prefecture as ten prefectures. Then the ten bu were within them.
19
遙輦氏八部：旦利皆部。 乙室活部。 實活部。 納尾部。 頻沒部。 納會雞部。 集解部。 奚嗢部。
Yaolian clan eight bu: Danlijiebu. Yishihuobu. Shihuobu. Naweibu. Pinmeibu. Nahuijibu. Jijiebu. Xiwubu.
20
當唐開元、天寶間，大賀氏既微，遼始祖涅裏立迪輦祖裏為阻午可汗。 時契丹因萬榮之敗，部落雕散，即故有族眾分為八部。 涅裏所統叠剌部自為別部，不與其列。 並遙輦、叠剌亦十部也。
When Tang was in the Kaiyuan and Tianbao era, the Dahe clan had already declined; Liao founding ancestor Nieli installed Dichianzu Li as Khan Zuwu. At that time, because of Wanrong's defeat the bu were scattered and dispersed; the existing clan multitude was again divided into eight bu. The Yilie bu that Nieli ruled was itself a separate bu and not listed among them. Together Yaolian and Yilie were also ten bu.
21
遙輦阻午可汗二十部：耶律七部。 審密五部。 八部。
Yaolian Khan Zuwu twenty bu: seven Yelü bu. Five Shenmi bu. Eight bu.
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涅裏相午阻可汗，分三耶律為七，二審密為五，並前八部為二十部。 三耶律：一曰大賀，二曰遙輦，三曰世裏，即皇族也。 二審密：一曰乙室已，二曰拔裏，即國舅也。 其分部皆未詳； 可知者曰叠剌，曰乙室，曰品，曰楮特，曰烏隗，曰突呂不，曰捏剌，曰突舉，又有右大部、左大部，凡十，逸其二。 大賀、遙輦析為六，而世裏合為一，茲所以叠剌部終遙輦之世，強不可制雲。
Nieli assisted Khan Zuwu, divided three Yelü into seven and two Shenmi into five, and together with the former eight bu made twenty bu. Three Yelü: first Dahe, second Yaolian, third Shili—that is the imperial clan. Two Shenmi: first Yishi, second Balin—that is the national uncles. Their subdivisions are all not detailed; what can be known includes Yilie, Yishi, Pin, Chute, Wugui, Tulubu, Niela, Tuju, also Right Great bu and Left Great bu—ten in all, two lost. Dahe and Yaolian were divided into six, while Shili combined into one; this is why the Yilie bu through the end of the Yaolian age was strong and could not be controlled.