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卷三十六 志第六: 兵衞志下

Volume 36 Treatises 6: Military 3

Chapter 36 of 遼史 · History of Liao
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Chapter 36
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1
Military Guards, Part 3 — Five Capitals Militia Levies
2
西
The Liao founded five capitals—Linhuang in the old Khitan heartland; Liaoyang, the Han Liaodong region and former Bohai state; Zhongjing in Han Liaoxi, which the Khitan had held since Tang. Among the three capitals, registrable levies came to 226,100—mostly Fan and Han rotating households. Former Han districts such as Xijin and Datong listed 806,700 militia levies. Khitan core families mostly fell under palace tents and tribes, so other Fan and Han levies assigned elsewhere were excluded from these rolls.
3
Taizu founded the imperial capital at Linhuang Prefecture. When Taizong pacified Jin, Shi Jingtang of Later Jin ceded sixteen prefectures; the court then fixed four capitals and renamed the imperial seat Shangjing. Shangjing mustered 167,200 levies.
4
Linhuang Prefecture — Linhuang County registered 7,000 militia levies. Changtai County registered 8,000 militia levies. Baohe County registered 6,000 militia levies. Dingba County registered 6,000 militia levies. Xuanhua County registered 4,000 militia levies. Lu County registered 6,000 militia levies. Yisu County registered 1,500 militia levies. Qianliao County registered 1,500 militia levies. At Zu Prefecture Prefecture, Changba County counted 4,000 militia levies. Xianning County registered 2,000 militia levies. Yuewang City: 2,000 militia levies.
5
At Huai Prefecture Prefecture, Fuyu County counted 3,000 militia levies. Xianli County registered 2,000 militia levies. Qing Prefecture Prefecture — Xuanning County: 12,000 militia levies. Tai Prefecture Prefecture — Xingguo County: 1,400 militia levies. Changchun Prefecture Prefecture — Changchun County: 4,000 militia levies. Wu Prefecture Prefecture — Aimin County: 2,000 militia levies.
6
At Yong Prefecture Prefecture, Changning County counted 9,000 militia levies. Yifeng County registered 3,000 militia levies. Ciren County registered 800 militia levies. Yikun Prefecture Prefecture — Guangyi County: 5,000 militia levies. Longhua Prefecture Prefecture — Longhua County: 2,000 militia levies. Jiangsheng Prefecture Prefecture — Yongan County: 1,500 militia levies. At Rao Prefecture Prefecture, Changle County counted 8,000 militia levies. Linhe County registered 2,000 militia levies. Anmin County registered 2,000 militia levies.
7
Under the court's direct retainers, Hui Prefecture listed 20,000 militia levies. Cheng Prefecture Prefecture: 8,000 militia levies. Yi Prefecture Prefecture: 8,000 militia levies. Wei Prefecture Prefecture: 2,000 militia levies. Yuan Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Hao Prefecture Prefecture: 12,000 militia levies. Fu Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies. Heng Prefecture Prefecture: 400 militia levies. Feng Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Sui Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Feng Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Shun Prefecture Prefecture: 2,000 militia levies. Lv Prefecture Prefecture: 2,000 militia levies. Songshan Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Yu Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Ning Prefecture Prefecture: 600 militia levies.
8
The Eastern Capital began as Bohai; the Liao built Nanjing Liaoyang Prefecture on that ground. It ruled six counties and twenty-six military prefectures and cities, with 41,400 levies on the rolls. In Tianxian year 13 Taizong redesignated it the Eastern Capital.
9
Liaoyang Prefecture — Liaoyang County registered 3,000 militia levies. Xianxiang County registered 3,000 militia levies. Heye County registered 2,400 militia levies. Ximu County registered 2,000 militia levies. Zimeng County registered 2,000 militia levies. Xingliao County registered 2,000 militia levies. At Kai Prefecture Prefecture, Kaiyuan County counted 2,000 militia levies. Yan Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies.
10
Mu Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies. He Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies. At Ding Prefecture Prefecture, Dingdong County counted 1,600 militia levies. At Bao Prefecture Prefecture, Laiyuan County counted 2,000 militia levies.
11
Chen Prefecture Prefecture: 4,000 militia levies. Lu Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies. Tie Prefecture Prefecture: 2,000 militia levies. Xing Prefecture Prefecture: 300 militia levies.
12
耀
Tang Prefecture Prefecture: 700 militia levies. Chong Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Hai Prefecture Prefecture: 3,000 militia levies. Yao Prefecture Prefecture: 1,200 militia levies.
13
Pin Prefecture Prefecture: 700 militia levies. Lu Prefecture Prefecture: 4,000 militia levies. Huan Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Feng Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies.
14
Zheng Prefecture Prefecture: 700 militia levies. Mu Prefecture Prefecture: 300 militia levies.
15
Nanjing's Xijin Prefecture held eleven counties and nine subordinate commands, listing 566,000 militia levies.
16
Xijin Prefecture — Xijin County registered 40,000 militia levies. Wanping County registered 44,000 militia levies. Changping County registered 14,000 militia levies. Liangxiang County registered 14,000 militia levies. Lu County registered 11,000 militia levies. Anci County registered 24,000 militia levies. Wuqing County registered 10,000 militia levies. Yongqing County registered 10,000 militia levies. Xianghe County registered 14,000 militia levies. Yuhe County registered 2,000 militia levies. Huyin County registered 10,000 militia levies. Shun Prefecture Prefecture — Huairou County: 10,000 militia levies.
17
At Tan Prefecture Prefecture, Miyun County counted 10,000 militia levies. Xingtang County registered 6,000 militia levies.
18
涿
At Zhuo Prefecture Prefecture, Fanyang County counted 20,000 militia levies. Guan County registered 10,000 militia levies. Xincheng County registered 20,000 militia levies. Guiyi County registered 80,000 militia levies. At Yi Prefecture Prefecture, Yi County counted 50,000 militia levies. Laishui County registered 54,000 militia levies. Rongcheng County registered 10,000 militia levies. At Ji Prefecture Prefecture, Yuyang County counted 8,000 militia levies. Sanhe County registered 6,000 militia levies. Yutian County registered 6,000 militia levies.
19
At Ping Prefecture Prefecture, Lulong County counted 14,000 militia levies. Anxi County registered 10,000 militia levies. Wangdu County registered 6,000 militia levies. At Luan Prefecture Prefecture, Yifeng County counted 8,000 militia levies. Macheng County registered 6,000 militia levies. Shicheng County registered 6,000 militia levies. At Ying Prefecture Prefecture, Guangning County counted 6,000 militia levies.
20
At Jing Prefecture Prefecture, Zunhua County counted 6,000 militia levies.
21
西
Xijing Datong Prefecture ruled seven counties and seventeen military jurisdictions, with 322,700 levies recorded.
22
Datong Prefecture — Datong County registered 20,000 militia levies. Yunzhong County registered 20,000 militia levies. Tiancheng County registered 10,000 militia levies. Changqing County registered 8,000 militia levies. Fengyi County registered 6,000 militia levies. Huairen County registered 6,000 militia levies. Huaian County registered 6,000 militia levies. At Hong Prefecture Prefecture, Yongning County counted 20,000 militia levies. Shunsheng County registered 6,000 militia levies.
23
At De Prefecture Prefecture, Xuande County counted 6,000 militia levies. At Feng Prefecture Prefecture, Fumin County counted 2,400 militia levies. Zhenwu County raised 300 militia levies of local militia.
24
At Fengsheng Prefecture Prefecture, Yongxing County counted 16,000 militia levies. Fanshan County registered 6,000 militia levies. Longmen County registered 8,000 militia levies. Wangyun County registered 2,000 militia levies. At Guihua Prefecture Prefecture, Wende County counted 20,000 militia levies. At Kehan Prefecture Prefecture, Huailai County counted 6,000 militia levies.
25
At Ru Prefecture Prefecture, Jinshan County counted 10,000 militia levies.
26
At Yu Prefecture Prefecture, Lingxian County counted 40,000 militia levies. Dingan County registered 20,000 militia levies. Feihu County registered 10,000 militia levies. Lingqiu County registered 6,000 militia levies. Guangling County registered 6,000 militia levies. At Ying Prefecture Prefecture, Jincheng County counted 16,000 militia levies. Hunyuan County registered 10,000 militia levies. Heyin County registered 6,000 militia levies. At Shuo Prefecture Prefecture, Shanyang County counted 8,000 militia levies. Ningyuan County registered 4,000 militia levies. Mayi County registered 6,000 militia levies.
27
The Jinsu Army posted 1,000 troops for autumn defense. At Wu Prefecture Prefecture, Shenwu County counted 10,000 militia levies. The Heqing Army likewise fielded 1,000 autumn-defense troops.
28
Shengzong's Tonghe year 23 saw Qijin Mountain fortified and Zhongjing established at Dading Prefecture. Zhongjing governed nine counties and twenty-three military prefectures and posts. Because the seat was newly founded, levies were not fully tallied; only Gaozhou's Sanhan County is recorded at 10,000 ding.
29
In all, the Five Capitals' visible militia rolls came to about 1,107,300 levies. ○ Armies of Subject States
30
使 便
Fifty-nine subject states appear in the records, though tribute missions had no fixed schedule. In emergencies the court dispatched envoys to raise troops or issued edicts ordering separate expeditions; States that refused were punished by force. Contributed forces followed each realm's means, with no standing quota. The Iron-Forbidden State once asked in Chongxi year 17 to join an attack on Western Xia; the court denied the request.
31
西 西 西
The Tuyuhun. The Iron Li people. The Mohe. The Wuran. Black-Cart Shiwei tribes. Western Xi. Eastern Xi. Wumashan Xi (registered). Xielidi. Turkic peoples. Tangut. Lesser Fan peoples. Shatuo Turks. Zubu. Wugu. Sukuna. Humusi Mountain Fan (registered). Persian lands. Dashi (the Abbasid realm). Ganzhou Uyghur. Silla. Wusun. Dunhuang. Zhenlie. Yaoli. Uyghur. Kirghiz. Tibetan. Yellow Shiwei. Lesser Yellow Shiwei tribes. Greater Yellow Shiwei tribes. Asalan Uyghur. Khotan. Lion state. Northern Jurchen. Hexi Tangut (registered). Nanjing Jurchen (registered). Shazhou Dunhuang (registered). Hesuguan. Shazhou Uyghur. Chazhidi. Pulvmaoduo (registered). Punuli. Greater Fan. Gaochang. Huiba. Poli. Dalidi. Basimu. Dieli Nianbage (registered). Meiliji. Yedugua. Bigude. Hezhou Uyghur. Wolanggai. Goryeo. Western Xia. Jurchen.
32
西 西使
Liao bordered in turn Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, Zhou, and Song. With Later Jin the bond began as kin-by-grace yet closed in mutual raids; Liang, Tang, and Zhou each stood as a full rival power. Only when Song's Taizong attacked Northern Han could Liao not relieve the target; otherwise Liao mostly lost, and wins rarely paid for themselves. The root cause was Shi Jingtang's land grant and the Central States' forfeiture of the five passes' natural defenses. Small Goryeo still drained Liao forces again and again—perhaps its rugged ground alone could explain it. Western Xia, though minute, beat Song to the south and held Liao at bay in the east. Even with strong northwestern cavalry, Yuanhao and Liangzuo's talent let Tangut and Zubu allies tie down a great empire, aided by mountains and rivers at their flank. Yet Song had lost terrain for years while older records still framed warfare chiefly against Song. Even after crossing the three passes and gathering councils at Beijing, Liao hesitated to push forward. With the Yellow River ahead and the three prefectures behind, cautious planning at the crisis point left no other choice.
33
Two imperial camps, twelve palaces, one office, and five capitals together fielded 1,642,800 troops. Palace levies, great chieftains, tribal hosts, Zhongjing, head-of-household domains, and subject troops lay outside this tally. Restraint in committing them was how the dynasty lasted. Frontier Garrison Troops
34
西
From Goryeo's record of Great Liao Affairs we also learn eastern garrisons facing Goryeo and Jurchen—a concise frontier layout from which all three borders can be inferred. The Eastern Capital frontier to the Yalu's northwest ridge: 5,000 regulars at Huanglong Prefecture. Xianzhou posted 1,000 regulars.
35
沿
From Eastern Capital along the Jurchen line to the Yalu stood seventy forts with twenty men each—1,400 regulars in all.
36
At Laiyuan's Xuanyi Army eight camps, the Crown Prince Camp held 300 regulars. Great Camp: 600 militia levies of regulars. Pu Prefecture Camp: 200 militia levies of regulars. New Camp: 500 militia levies of regulars. Jiata Camp: 500 militia levies of regulars. Wanghai City garrisoned 300 militia levies of regulars. Liubai Camp: 400 militia levies of regulars. Woye Camp: 1,000 militia levies of regulars.
37
Shenhu City garrisoned 10,000 militia levies of regulars. The post was founded in Dakang year 10.
38
Totals: one prefecture, one zhou, two cities, seventy forts, eight camps—22,000 regular troops.
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