1
兵衛誌下○五京鄉丁
Military Guards, Part 3 — Five Capitals Militia Levies
2
遼建五京:臨潢,契丹故壤; 遼陽,漢之遼東,為渤海故國; 中京,漢遼西地,自唐以來契丹有之。 三京丁籍可紀者二十二萬六千一百,蕃漢轉戶為多。 析津、大同、故漢地,籍丁八十萬六千七百。 契丹本戶多隸宮帳、部族,其餘蕃漢戶丁分隸者,皆不與焉。
The Liao founded five capitals—Linhuang in the old Khitan heartland; Liaoyang, the Han Liaodong region and former Bohai state; Zhongjing in Han Liaoxi, which the Khitan had held since Tang. Among the three capitals, registrable levies came to 226,100—mostly Fan and Han rotating households. Former Han districts such as Xijin and Datong listed 806,700 militia levies. Khitan core families mostly fell under palace tents and tribes, so other Fan and Han levies assigned elsewhere were excluded from these rolls.
3
太祖建皇都於臨潢府。 太宗定晉,晉主石敬瑭來獻十六城,乃定四京,改皇都為上京。 有丁一十六萬七千二百。
Taizu founded the imperial capital at Linhuang Prefecture. When Taizong pacified Jin, Shi Jingtang of Later Jin ceded sixteen prefectures; the court then fixed four capitals and renamed the imperial seat Shangjing. Shangjing mustered 167,200 levies.
4
臨潢府:臨潢縣丁七千。 長泰縣丁八千。 保和縣丁六千。 定霸縣丁六千。 宣化縣丁四千。 潞縣丁六千。 易俗縣丁一千五百。 遷遼縣丁一千五百。 祖州:長霸縣丁四千。 咸寧縣丁二千。 越王城丁二千。
Linhuang Prefecture — Linhuang County registered 7,000 militia levies. Changtai County registered 8,000 militia levies. Baohe County registered 6,000 militia levies. Dingba County registered 6,000 militia levies. Xuanhua County registered 4,000 militia levies. Lu County registered 6,000 militia levies. Yisu County registered 1,500 militia levies. Qianliao County registered 1,500 militia levies. At Zu Prefecture Prefecture, Changba County counted 4,000 militia levies. Xianning County registered 2,000 militia levies. Yuewang City: 2,000 militia levies.
5
懷州:扶餘縣丁三千。 顯理縣丁二千。 慶州玄寧縣丁一萬二千。 泰州興國縣丁一千四百。 長春州長春縣丁四千。 烏州愛民縣丁二千。
At Huai Prefecture Prefecture, Fuyu County counted 3,000 militia levies. Xianli County registered 2,000 militia levies. Qing Prefecture Prefecture — Xuanning County: 12,000 militia levies. Tai Prefecture Prefecture — Xingguo County: 1,400 militia levies. Changchun Prefecture Prefecture — Changchun County: 4,000 militia levies. Wu Prefecture Prefecture — Aimin County: 2,000 militia levies.
6
永州:長寧縣丁九千。 義豐縣丁三千。 慈仁縣丁八百。 儀坤州廣義縣丁五千。 龍化州龍化縣丁二千。 降聖州永安縣丁一千五百。 饒州:長樂縣丁八千。 臨河縣丁二千。 安民縣丁二千。
At Yong Prefecture Prefecture, Changning County counted 9,000 militia levies. Yifeng County registered 3,000 militia levies. Ciren County registered 800 militia levies. Yikun Prefecture Prefecture — Guangyi County: 5,000 militia levies. Longhua Prefecture Prefecture — Longhua County: 2,000 militia levies. Jiangsheng Prefecture Prefecture — Yongan County: 1,500 militia levies. At Rao Prefecture Prefecture, Changle County counted 8,000 militia levies. Linhe County registered 2,000 militia levies. Anmin County registered 2,000 militia levies.
7
頭下:徽州丁二萬。 成州丁八千。 懿州丁八千。 渭州丁二千。 原州丁一千。 壕州丁一萬二千。 福州丁五百。 橫州丁四百。 鳳州丁一千。 遂州丁一千。 豐州丁一千。 順州丁二千。 閭州丁二千。 松山州丁一千。 豫州丁一千。 寧州丁六百。
Under the court's direct retainers, Hui Prefecture listed 20,000 militia levies. Cheng Prefecture Prefecture: 8,000 militia levies. Yi Prefecture Prefecture: 8,000 militia levies. Wei Prefecture Prefecture: 2,000 militia levies. Yuan Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Hao Prefecture Prefecture: 12,000 militia levies. Fu Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies. Heng Prefecture Prefecture: 400 militia levies. Feng Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Sui Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Feng Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Shun Prefecture Prefecture: 2,000 militia levies. Lv Prefecture Prefecture: 2,000 militia levies. Songshan Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Yu Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Ning Prefecture Prefecture: 600 militia levies.
8
東京,本渤海,以其地建南京遼陽府。 統縣六,轄軍、府、州、城二十六,有丁四萬一千四百。 天顯十三年,太宗改為東京。
The Eastern Capital began as Bohai; the Liao built Nanjing Liaoyang Prefecture on that ground. It ruled six counties and twenty-six military prefectures and cities, with 41,400 levies on the rolls. In Tianxian year 13 Taizong redesignated it the Eastern Capital.
9
遼陽府:遼陽縣丁三千。 仙鄉縣丁三千。 鶴野縣丁二千四百。 析木縣丁二千。 紫蒙縣丁二千。 興遼縣丁二千。 開州:開遠縣丁二千。 鹽州丁五百。
Liaoyang Prefecture — Liaoyang County registered 3,000 militia levies. Xianxiang County registered 3,000 militia levies. Heye County registered 2,400 militia levies. Ximu County registered 2,000 militia levies. Zimeng County registered 2,000 militia levies. Xingliao County registered 2,000 militia levies. At Kai Prefecture Prefecture, Kaiyuan County counted 2,000 militia levies. Yan Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies.
10
穆州丁五百。 賀州丁五百。 定州:定東縣丁一千六百。 保州:來遠縣丁二千。
Mu Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies. He Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies. At Ding Prefecture Prefecture, Dingdong County counted 1,600 militia levies. At Bao Prefecture Prefecture, Laiyuan County counted 2,000 militia levies.
11
辰州丁四千。 盧州丁五百。 鐵州丁二千。 興州丁三百。
Chen Prefecture Prefecture: 4,000 militia levies. Lu Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies. Tie Prefecture Prefecture: 2,000 militia levies. Xing Prefecture Prefecture: 300 militia levies.
12
湯州丁七百。 崇州丁一千。 海州丁三千。 耀州丁一千二百。
Tang Prefecture Prefecture: 700 militia levies. Chong Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Hai Prefecture Prefecture: 3,000 militia levies. Yao Prefecture Prefecture: 1,200 militia levies.
13
嬪州丁七百。 淥州丁四千。 桓州丁一千。 豐州丁五百。
Pin Prefecture Prefecture: 700 militia levies. Lu Prefecture Prefecture: 4,000 militia levies. Huan Prefecture Prefecture: 1,000 militia levies. Feng Prefecture Prefecture: 500 militia levies.
14
正州丁七百。 慕州丁三百。
Zheng Prefecture Prefecture: 700 militia levies. Mu Prefecture Prefecture: 300 militia levies.
15
南京析津府,統縣十一,轄軍、府、州、城九,有丁五十六萬六千。
Nanjing's Xijin Prefecture held eleven counties and nine subordinate commands, listing 566,000 militia levies.
16
析津府:析津縣丁四萬。 宛平縣丁四萬四千。 昌平縣丁一萬四千。 良鄉縣丁一萬四千。 潞縣丁一萬一千。 安次縣丁二萬四千。 武清縣丁一萬。 永清縣丁一萬。 香河縣丁一萬四千。 玉河縣丁二千。 漷陰縣丁一萬。 順州懷柔縣丁一萬。
Xijin Prefecture — Xijin County registered 40,000 militia levies. Wanping County registered 44,000 militia levies. Changping County registered 14,000 militia levies. Liangxiang County registered 14,000 militia levies. Lu County registered 11,000 militia levies. Anci County registered 24,000 militia levies. Wuqing County registered 10,000 militia levies. Yongqing County registered 10,000 militia levies. Xianghe County registered 14,000 militia levies. Yuhe County registered 2,000 militia levies. Huyin County registered 10,000 militia levies. Shun Prefecture Prefecture — Huairou County: 10,000 militia levies.
17
檀州:密雲縣丁一萬。 行唐縣丁六千。
At Tan Prefecture Prefecture, Miyun County counted 10,000 militia levies. Xingtang County registered 6,000 militia levies.
18
涿州:范陽縣丁二萬。 固安縣丁一萬。 新城縣丁二萬。 歸義縣丁八萬。 易州:易縣丁五萬。 淶水縣丁五萬四千。 容城縣丁一萬。 薊州:漁陽縣丁八千。 三河縣丁六千。 玉田縣丁六千。
At Zhuo Prefecture Prefecture, Fanyang County counted 20,000 militia levies. Guan County registered 10,000 militia levies. Xincheng County registered 20,000 militia levies. Guiyi County registered 80,000 militia levies. At Yi Prefecture Prefecture, Yi County counted 50,000 militia levies. Laishui County registered 54,000 militia levies. Rongcheng County registered 10,000 militia levies. At Ji Prefecture Prefecture, Yuyang County counted 8,000 militia levies. Sanhe County registered 6,000 militia levies. Yutian County registered 6,000 militia levies.
19
平州:盧龍縣丁一萬四千。 安喜縣丁一萬。 望都縣丁六千。 灤州:義豐縣丁八千。 馬城縣丁六千。 石城縣丁六千。 營州:廣寧縣丁六千。
At Ping Prefecture Prefecture, Lulong County counted 14,000 militia levies. Anxi County registered 10,000 militia levies. Wangdu County registered 6,000 militia levies. At Luan Prefecture Prefecture, Yifeng County counted 8,000 militia levies. Macheng County registered 6,000 militia levies. Shicheng County registered 6,000 militia levies. At Ying Prefecture Prefecture, Guangning County counted 6,000 militia levies.
20
景州:遵化縣丁六千。
At Jing Prefecture Prefecture, Zunhua County counted 6,000 militia levies.
21
西京大同府,統縣七,轄軍、府、州、城十七,有丁三十二萬二千七百。
Xijing Datong Prefecture ruled seven counties and seventeen military jurisdictions, with 322,700 levies recorded.
22
大同府:大同縣丁二萬。 雲中縣丁二萬。 天成縣丁一萬。 長青縣丁八千。 奉義縣丁六千。 懷仁縣丁六千。 懷安縣丁六千。 弘州:永寧縣丁二萬。 順聖縣丁六千。
Datong Prefecture — Datong County registered 20,000 militia levies. Yunzhong County registered 20,000 militia levies. Tiancheng County registered 10,000 militia levies. Changqing County registered 8,000 militia levies. Fengyi County registered 6,000 militia levies. Huairen County registered 6,000 militia levies. Huaian County registered 6,000 militia levies. At Hong Prefecture Prefecture, Yongning County counted 20,000 militia levies. Shunsheng County registered 6,000 militia levies.
23
德州:宣德縣丁六千。 豐州:富民縣丁二千四百。 振武縣鄉兵三百。
At De Prefecture Prefecture, Xuande County counted 6,000 militia levies. At Feng Prefecture Prefecture, Fumin County counted 2,400 militia levies. Zhenwu County raised 300 militia levies of local militia.
24
奉聖州:永興縣丁一萬六千。 礬山縣丁六千。 龍門縣丁八千。 望雲縣丁二千。 歸化州:文德縣丁二萬。 可汗州:懷來縣丁六千。
At Fengsheng Prefecture Prefecture, Yongxing County counted 16,000 militia levies. Fanshan County registered 6,000 militia levies. Longmen County registered 8,000 militia levies. Wangyun County registered 2,000 militia levies. At Guihua Prefecture Prefecture, Wende County counted 20,000 militia levies. At Kehan Prefecture Prefecture, Huailai County counted 6,000 militia levies.
25
儒州:縉山縣丁一萬。
At Ru Prefecture Prefecture, Jinshan County counted 10,000 militia levies.
26
蔚州:靈仙縣丁四萬。 定安縣丁二萬。 飛狐縣丁一萬。 靈丘縣丁六千。 廣陵縣丁六千。 應州:金城縣丁一萬六千。 渾源縣丁一萬。 河陰縣丁六千。 朔州:鄯陽縣丁八千。 寧遠縣丁四千。 馬邑縣丁六千。
At Yu Prefecture Prefecture, Lingxian County counted 40,000 militia levies. Dingan County registered 20,000 militia levies. Feihu County registered 10,000 militia levies. Lingqiu County registered 6,000 militia levies. Guangling County registered 6,000 militia levies. At Ying Prefecture Prefecture, Jincheng County counted 16,000 militia levies. Hunyuan County registered 10,000 militia levies. Heyin County registered 6,000 militia levies. At Shuo Prefecture Prefecture, Shanyang County counted 8,000 militia levies. Ningyuan County registered 4,000 militia levies. Mayi County registered 6,000 militia levies.
27
金肅軍防秋兵一千。 武州:神武縣丁一萬。 河清軍防秋兵一千。
The Jinsu Army posted 1,000 troops for autumn defense. At Wu Prefecture Prefecture, Shenwu County counted 10,000 militia levies. The Heqing Army likewise fielded 1,000 autumn-defense troops.
28
聖宗統和二十三年,城七金山,建大定府,號中京。 統縣九,轄軍、府、州、城二十三。 草創末定,丁籍莫考,可見者一縣:高州三韓縣丁一萬。
Shengzong's Tonghe year 23 saw Qijin Mountain fortified and Zhongjing established at Dading Prefecture. Zhongjing governed nine counties and twenty-three military prefectures and posts. Because the seat was newly founded, levies were not fully tallied; only Gaozhou's Sanhan County is recorded at 10,000 ding.
29
大約五京民丁可見者,一百一十萬七千三百為鄉兵。 ○屬國軍
In all, the Five Capitals' visible militia rolls came to about 1,107,300 levies. ○ Armies of Subject States
30
遼屬國可紀者五十有九,朝貢無常。 有事則遣使征兵,或下詔專征; 不從者討之。 助軍眾寡,各從其便,無常額。 又有鐵不得國者,興宗重熙十七年乞以兵助攻夏國,詔不許。
Fifty-nine subject states appear in the records, though tribute missions had no fixed schedule. In emergencies the court dispatched envoys to raise troops or issued edicts ordering separate expeditions; States that refused were punished by force. Contributed forces followed each realm's means, with no standing quota. The Iron-Forbidden State once asked in Chongxi year 17 to join an attack on Western Xia; the court denied the request.
31
吐谷渾。 鐵驪。 靺鞨。 兀惹。 黑車子室韋。 西奚。 東部奚。 烏馬山奚。 斜離底。 突厥。 党項。 小蕃。 沙陀。 阻卜。 烏古。 素昆那。 胡母思山蕃。 波斯。 大食。 甘州回鶻。 新羅。 烏孫。 敦煌。 賃烈。 要裏。 回鶻。 轄戛斯。 吐蕃。 黃室韋。 小黃室韋。 大黃室韋。 阿薩蘭回鶻。 于闐。 師子。 北女直。 河西党項。 南京女直。 沙州敦煌。 曷蘇館。 沙州回鶻。 查只底。 蒲盧毛朵。 蒲奴裏。 大蕃。 高昌。 回拔。 頗裏。 達裏底。 拔思母。 敵烈粘八葛。 梅裏急。 耶睹刮。 鼻骨德。 和州回鶻。 斡朗改。 高麗。 西夏。 女直。
The Tuyuhun. The Iron Li people. The Mohe. The Wuran. Black-Cart Shiwei tribes. Western Xi. Eastern Xi. Wumashan Xi (registered). Xielidi. Turkic peoples. Tangut. Lesser Fan peoples. Shatuo Turks. Zubu. Wugu. Sukuna. Humusi Mountain Fan (registered). Persian lands. Dashi (the Abbasid realm). Ganzhou Uyghur. Silla. Wusun. Dunhuang. Zhenlie. Yaoli. Uyghur. Kirghiz. Tibetan. Yellow Shiwei. Lesser Yellow Shiwei tribes. Greater Yellow Shiwei tribes. Asalan Uyghur. Khotan. Lion state. Northern Jurchen. Hexi Tangut (registered). Nanjing Jurchen (registered). Shazhou Dunhuang (registered). Hesuguan. Shazhou Uyghur. Chazhidi. Pulvmaoduo (registered). Punuli. Greater Fan. Gaochang. Huiba. Poli. Dalidi. Basimu. Dieli Nianbage (registered). Meiliji. Yedugua. Bigude. Hezhou Uyghur. Wolanggai. Goryeo. Western Xia. Jurchen.
32
遼之為國,鄰於梁、唐、晉、漢、周、宋。 晉以恩故,始則父子一家,終則寇讎相攻; 梁、唐、周隱然一敵國; 宋惟太宗征北漢,遼不能救,餘多敗衄,縱得亦不償失。 良由石晉獻土,中國失五關之固然也。 高麗小邦,屢喪遼兵,非以險阻足恃故歟。 西夏彈丸之地,南敗宋,東抗遼。 雖西北士馬雄勁,元昊、諒祚智勇過人,能使党項、阻卜掣肘大國,蓋亦襟山帶河,有以助其勢耳。 雖然,宋久失地利,而舊《志》言兵,唯以敵宋為務。 逾三關,聚議北京,猶不敢輕進。 豈不以大河在前,三鎮在後,臨事好謀之審,不容不然歟。
Liao bordered in turn Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, Zhou, and Song. With Later Jin the bond began as kin-by-grace yet closed in mutual raids; Liang, Tang, and Zhou each stood as a full rival power. Only when Song's Taizong attacked Northern Han could Liao not relieve the target; otherwise Liao mostly lost, and wins rarely paid for themselves. The root cause was Shi Jingtang's land grant and the Central States' forfeiture of the five passes' natural defenses. Small Goryeo still drained Liao forces again and again—perhaps its rugged ground alone could explain it. Western Xia, though minute, beat Song to the south and held Liao at bay in the east. Even with strong northwestern cavalry, Yuanhao and Liangzuo's talent let Tangut and Zubu allies tie down a great empire, aided by mountains and rivers at their flank. Yet Song had lost terrain for years while older records still framed warfare chiefly against Song. Even after crossing the three passes and gathering councils at Beijing, Liao hesitated to push forward. With the Yellow River ahead and the three prefectures behind, cautious planning at the crisis point left no other choice.
33
二帳、十二宮一府、五京,有兵一百六十四萬二千八百。 宮丁、大首領、諸部族,中京、頭下等州,屬國之眾,皆不與焉。 不輕用之,所以長世。 邊境戍兵
Two imperial camps, twelve palaces, one office, and five capitals together fielded 1,642,800 troops. Palace levies, great chieftains, tribal hosts, Zhongjing, head-of-household domains, and subject troops lay outside this tally. Restraint in committing them was how the dynasty lasted. Frontier Garrison Troops
34
又得高麗《大遼事跡》,載東境戌兵,以備高麗、女直等國,見其守國規模,布置簡要,舉一可知三邊矣。 東京至鴨淥西北峰為界:黃龍府正兵五千。 咸州正兵一千。
From Goryeo's record of Great Liao Affairs we also learn eastern garrisons facing Goryeo and Jurchen—a concise frontier layout from which all three borders can be inferred. The Eastern Capital frontier to the Yalu's northwest ridge: 5,000 regulars at Huanglong Prefecture. Xianzhou posted 1,000 regulars.
35
東京沿女直界至鴨淥江:軍堡凡七十,各守軍二十人,計正兵一千四百。
From Eastern Capital along the Jurchen line to the Yalu stood seventy forts with twenty men each—1,400 regulars in all.
36
來遠城宣義軍營八:太子營正兵三百。 大營正兵六百。 蒲州營正兵二百。 新營正兵五百。 加陀營正兵五百。 王海城正兵三百。 柳白營正兵四百。 沃野營正兵一千。
At Laiyuan's Xuanyi Army eight camps, the Crown Prince Camp held 300 regulars. Great Camp: 600 militia levies of regulars. Pu Prefecture Camp: 200 militia levies of regulars. New Camp: 500 militia levies of regulars. Jiata Camp: 500 militia levies of regulars. Wanghai City garrisoned 300 militia levies of regulars. Liubai Camp: 400 militia levies of regulars. Woye Camp: 1,000 militia levies of regulars.
37
神虎軍城正兵一萬。 大康十年置。
Shenhu City garrisoned 10,000 militia levies of regulars. The post was founded in Dakang year 10.
38
右一府、一州、二城、七十堡、八營,計正兵二萬二千。
Totals: one prefecture, one zhou, two cities, seventy forts, eight camps—22,000 regular troops.