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地理志一
Geography Treatise I
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帝堯畫天下為九州。 舜以冀、青地大，分幽、并、營，為州十有二。 幽州在渤、碣之間，并州北有代、朔，營州東暨遼海。 其地負山帶海，其民執干戈，奮武衛，風氣剛勁，自古為用武之地。 太祖以叠剌部之眾代遙輦氏，起臨潢，建皇都； 東並渤海，得城邑之居百有三。 太宗立晉，有幽、涿、檀、薊、順、營、平、蔚、朔、雲、應、新、媯、儒、武、寰十六州，於是割古幽、并、營之境而跨有之。 東朝高麗，西臣夏國，南子石晉而兄弟趙宋，吳越、南唐航海輸貢。 嘻，其盛矣！
Yao divided the world into the Nine Provinces. Shun carved You, Bing, and Ying from the oversized Ji and Qing domains, yielding twelve provinces. You province lay between the Bo and Jie seas; Bing had Dai and Shuo to its north; Ying extended east to the Liao Sea. The region backed mountains and faced the sea; its people took up arms and stood on martial guard; the local temper was hard and bold—a classic military frontier since antiquity. Taizu, leading the Dieci tribe, supplanted the Yaolian house, raised his seat at Linhuang, and founded the imperial capital; to the east he absorbed Bohai and seized one hundred and three walled towns. When Taizong secured Jin he took sixteen prefectures—You, Zhuo, Tan, Ji, Shun, Ying, Ping, Yu, Shuo, Yun, Ying, Xin, Gui, Ru, Wu, and Huan—so the state spanned the ancient You, Bing, and Ying heartland. To the east lay Goryeo; to the west the Xia acknowledged subjection; to the south Later Jin was treated as a son-state and Song as a brother; Wuyue and Southern Tang paid tribute by sea. How vast its sway had become!
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遼國其先曰契丹，本鮮卑之地，居遼澤中，去榆關一千一百三十里，去幽州又七百一十四里。 南控黃龍，北帶潢水，冷陘屏右，遼河塹左。 高原多榆柳，下濕饒蒲葦。 當元魏時，有地數百里。 至唐，大賀氏蠶食扶餘、室韋、奚、靺鞨之區，地方二千餘里。 貞觀三年，以其地置玄州。 尋置松漠都督府，建八部為州，各置刺史：達稽部曰峭落州，紇便部曰彈汗州，獨活部曰無逢州，芬阿部曰羽陵州，突便部曰日連州，芮奚部曰徒河州，墜斤部曰萬丹州，伏部曰匹黎、赤山二州。 以大賀氏窟哥為使持節十州軍事。 分州建官，蓋昉於此。
Liao's forebears were the Khitan, a Xianbei people living in the Liao marshes—1,130 li from Yugu Pass and 714 li farther from Youzhou. To the south it held Huanglong; to the north ran the Huang River; Cold Ridge guarded the west; the Liao River ditch lay on the east. Uplands bore elm and willow; marshy flats were rich in reed and rush. Under the Northern Wei its domain covered several hundred li. By Tang the Dahe clan had eaten into Fuyu, Shiwei, Xi, and Mohe territory until their lands exceeded two thousand li. In Zhenguan year 3 the court created Xuan Prefecture on their soil. Songmo Protectorate followed, with eight tribal divisions converted to prefectures, each with a prefect: Daji became Qiaoluo; Hebian became Danhan; Duhuo, Wufeng; Fena, Yuling; Tubian, Rilian; Ruixi, Tuhe; Zhuijin, Wandan; Fu, the twin prefectures Pili and Chishan. Dahe Kuge received credentials as commissioner for military affairs across the ten prefectures. Prefecture divisions and official posts took their start here.
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迨於五代，辟地東西三千里。 遙輦氏更八部曰鳷利皆部、乙室活部、實活部、納尾部、頻沒部、內會雞部、集解部、奚嗢部，屬縣四十有一。 每部設刺史，縣置令。 太宗以皇都為上京，升幽州為南京，改南京為東京，聖宗城中京，興宗升雲州為西京，於是五京備焉。 又以征伐俘戶建州襟要之地，多因舊居名之； 加以私奴置投下州。 總京五，府六，州、軍、城百五十有六，縣二百有九，部族五十有二，屬國六十。 東至於海，西至金山，暨於流沙，北至臚朐河，南至白溝，幅員萬里。
By the Five Dynasties their domain stretched three thousand li from east to west. The Yaolian house retitled the eight divisions Zhilejie, Yishihuo, Shihuo, Nawei, Pinmei, Neihuiji, Jijie, and Xiwu, governing forty-one counties beneath them. Each division received a prefect; each county a magistrate. Taizong made the imperial seat Shangjing, elevated Youzhou to Nanjing, later renamed it Dongjing; Shengzong built Zhongjing; Xingzong raised Yunzhou to Xijing—completing the Five Capitals. Campaign captives also seeded prefectures at strategic nodes, often under their former place names; private slaves were settled to form subordinate-domain prefectures. In total there were five capitals, six superior prefectures, 156 prefectures, armies, and fortified towns, 209 counties, 52 tribal divisions, and 60 subject states. Its bounds ran east to the sea, west to the Golden Mountains and the shifting sands, north to the Luchiju River, and south to the White Ditch—a domain of ten thousand li.
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○上京道
○ Shangjing Circuit
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上京臨潢府，本漢遼東郡西安平之地。 新莽曰北安平。 太祖取天梯、蒙國、別魯等三山之勢於葦甸，射金齪箭以識之，謂之龍眉宮。 神冊三年城之，名曰皇都。 天顯十三年，更名上京，府曰臨潢。 淶流河自西北南流，繞京三面，東入於曲江，其北東流為按出河。 又有御河、沙河、黑河、潢河、鴨子河、他魯河、狼河、蒼耳河、輞子河，臚朐河、陰涼河、豬河、鴛鴦湖、興國惠民湖、廣濟湖、鹽濼、百狗濼、火神澱、馬盂山、兔兒山、野鵲山、鹽山、鑿山、松山、平地松林、大斧山、列山、屈劣山、勒得山，唐所封大賀氏勒得王有墓存焉。 戶三萬六千五百，轄軍、府、州、城二十五，統縣十。
Shangjing's Linhuang Prefecture occupied the old Han Liaodong commandery seat of Xi'anping. Xin Mang renamed the place Beianping. Taizu seized the heights of Tianti, Mengguo, and Bielu among the reed marshes, marked the site with a gold-notched arrow, and named it Longmei Palace. In Shence year 3 he walled a city there and called it Huangdu. In Tianxian year 13 the seat became Shangjing and the prefecture Linhuang. The Lailiu River ran from the northwest, wrapped the capital on three sides, and entered the Qu River eastward; north and east of the city it formed the Anchu River. Waters and landmarks included the Imperial, Sha, Hei, Huang, Yazi, Talu, Lang, Canger, and Wangzi rivers; the Luchiju and Yinyang rivers; Zhu River; Yuanyang, Xingguo Huimin, and Guangji lakes; salt marshes; Baigou Marsh; Huoshen Shoal; Mayu, Tu'er, Yaque, Salt, Zao, and Song mountains; the Pingdi pine belt; Dafu, Lie, Qulie, and Lede peaks—the last holding the tomb of the Dahe Lede King enfeoffed by Tang. It registered 36,500 households, governed twenty-five armies, prefectures, and fortified towns, and administered ten counties.
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臨潢縣。 太祖天贊初南攻燕、薊，以所俘人戶散居潢水之北，縣臨潢水，故以名。 地宜種植。 戶三千五百。
County seat: Linhuang. Early in Tianzan Taizu raided Yan and Ji and settled captives along the Huang River's north bank; the county sat on that river and was named for it. The land was good for crops. 3,500 households.
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長泰縣。 本渤海國長平縣民，太祖伐大諲譔，先得是邑，遷其人於京西北，與漢民雜居。 戶四千。
County seat: Changtai. Its settlers came from Bohai's Changping County; when Taizu attacked Da Yinzhen he seized this town first and resettled its people northwest of the capital among Han households. 4,000 households.
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定霸縣。 本扶餘府強師縣民，太祖下扶餘，遷其人於京西，與漢人雜處，分地耕種。 統和八年，以諸宮提轄司人戶置。 隸長寧宮。 戶二千。
Dingba County. They were originally from Fuyu prefecture's Qiangshi County; after Taizu conquered Fuyu he resettled them west of the capital among Han farmers on divided fields. Tonghe year 8 brought settlers drawn from palace supervisory offices to found the county. It fell under Changning Palace. 2,000 households.
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保和縣。 本渤海國富利縣民，太祖破龍州，盡徒富利縣人散居京南。 統和八年，以諸宮提轄司人戶置。 隸彰湣宮。 戶四千。
Baohe County. Its people came from Bohai's Fuli County; when Taizu seized Longzhou he dispersed Fuli households south of the capital. Tonghe year 8 used households from palace supervisory offices to establish the county. It belonged to Zhangmin Palace. 4,000 households.
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潞縣。 本幽州潞縣民，天贊元年，太祖破薊州，掠潞縣民，布於京東，與渤海人雜處。 隸崇德宮。 戶三千。
Lu County. They were originally from Youzhou's Lu County; in Tianzan year 1 Taizu captured Ji Prefecture, seized Lu households, and settled them east of the capital among Bohai people. It was attached to Chongde Palace. 3,000 households.
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易俗縣。 本遼東渤海之民，太平九年，大延琳結構遼東夷叛，圍守經年，乃降，盡遷於京北，置縣居之。 是年，又徙渤海叛人家屬置焉。 戶一千。
Yisu County. Its founders were Liaodong and Bohai people; in Taiping year 9 Da Yanlin roused Liaodong tribes to revolt, held out a year, then submitted; the court moved them north of the capital and founded a county for them. The same year households of Bohai rebels were relocated there as well. 1,000 households.
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遷遼縣。 本遼東諸縣渤海人，大延琳叛，擇其謀勇者置之左右。 後以城降，戮之，徙其家屬於京東北，故名。 戶一千。 渤海縣。 本東京人，因叛，徙置。
County seat: Qianliao. Originally Bohai from Liaodong counties; during Da Yanlin's revolt the boldest conspirators were kept at court. When the city later surrendered they were executed and their families resettled northeast of the capital—hence the name. 1,000 households. Bohai County. Originally Dongjing people, relocated here after a rebellion.
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興仁縣。 開泰二年置。
Xingren County. Founded in Kaitai year 2.
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宣化縣。 本遼東神化縣民，太祖破鴨淥府，盡徙其民居京之南。 統和八年，以諸宮提轄司人戶置。 隸彰湣宮。 戶四千。
Xuanhua County. They came from Liaodong's Shenhua County; when Taizu seized Yalu Prefecture he moved the entire population south of the capital. Tonghe year 8 settled households from palace supervisory offices to establish the county. It belonged to Zhangmin Palace. 4,000 households.
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上京，太祖創業之地。 負山抱海，天險足以為固。 地沃宜耕植，水草便畜牧。 金齪一箭，二百年之基，壯矣。 天顯元年，平渤海歸，乃展郛郭，建宮室，名以天贊。 起三大殿：曰開皇、安德、五鸞。 中有歷代帝王御容，每月朔望、節辰、忌日，在東京文武百官並赴致祭。 又於內城東南隅建天雄寺，奉安烈考宣簡皇帝遺像。 是歲太祖崩，應天皇后於義節寺斷腕，置太祖陵。 即寺建斷腕樓，樹碑焉。 太宗援立晉，遣宰相馮道、劉煦等持節，具鹵簿、法服至此，冊上太宗及應天皇后尊號。 太宗詔蕃部並依漢制，禦開皇殿，辟承天門受禮，因改皇都為上京。 城高二丈，不設敵樓，幅員二十七里。 門，東曰迎春，曰雁兒； 南曰順陽； 曰南福； 西曰金鳳，曰西雁兒。 其北謂之皇城，高三丈，有樓櫓。 門，東曰安東，南曰大順，西曰乾德，北曰拱辰。 中有大內。 內南門曰承天，有樓閣； 東門曰東華，西曰西華。 此通內出入之所。 正南街東，留守司衙，次鹽鐵門，次南門，龍寺街。 南曰臨潢府，其側臨潢縣。 縣西南崇孝寺，承天皇后建。 寺西長泰縣，又西天長觀。 西南國子監，監北孔子廟，廟東節義寺。 又西北安國寺，太宗所建。 寺東齊天皇后故宅，宅東有元妃宅，即法天皇后所建也。 其南具聖尼寺，綾錦院、內省司、麹院，贍國、省司二倉，皆在大內西南，八作司與天雄寺對。 南城謂之漢城，南當橫街，各有樓對峙，下列井肆。 東門之北潞縣，又東南興仁縣。 南門之東回鶻營，回鶻商販留居上京，置營居之。 西南同文驛，諸國信使居之。 驛西南臨潢驛，以待夏國使。 驛西福先寺。 寺西宣化縣，西南定霸縣，縣西保和縣。 西門之北易俗縣，縣東遷遼縣。
Shangjing was Taizu's founding seat. Mountains guarded it and the sea lay before it—natural defenses enough to hold firm. Soil was rich for farming; pasture and water favored livestock. A single gold-notched arrow laid a foundation two centuries long—how solid it stood. In Tianxian year 1, after Bohai was pacified, the outer ramparts were expanded, palaces erected, and the complex named for Tianzan. Three great halls went up: Kaihuang, Ande, and Wuluan. Inside hung portraits of emperors through the ages; on new and full moons, festivals, and memorial days civil and military officials from Dongjing all came to sacrifice. At the inner city's southeast corner Tianxiong Temple housed the image of the late Emperor Xuanjian. That year Taizu died; at Yijie Temple Empress Yingtian cut off her wrist and established Taizu's tomb. A Severed-Wrist Tower was raised at the temple with a commemorative stele. When Taizong backed Jin he sent Feng Dao, Liu Xu, and others bearing credentials, full honors, and court robes to invest Taizong and Empress Yingtian. Taizong commanded tribal ministries to follow Han ceremony, entered Kaihuang Hall, opened Chengtian Gate for the investiture, and renamed Huangdu Shangjing. Walls stood two zhang high without watch-towers; the circuit ran twenty-seven li. Eastern gates: Yingchun and Yan'er; south: Shunyang; and Nanfu; west: Jinfeng and Xiyan'er. The northern quarter was the Imperial City—three zhang high with towers and parapets. Its gates were Andong east, Dashun south, Qiande west, and Gongchen north. Inside stood the Great Inner. The inner south gate Chengtian had tower-pavilions; east gate Donghua, west gate Xihua. These were the inner precinct's main passages. Along the main south avenue eastward stood the garrison commissioner's office, then the Salt and Iron Gate, then the south gate and Longsi Street. To the south lay Linhuang Prefecture with Linhuang County beside it. Southwest of the county stood Chongxiao Temple, founded by Empress Chengtian. West of the temple lay Changtai County and, beyond it, Tianchang Abbey. Southwest stood the Directorate of Education; north of it the Confucius Temple; east of that Jieyi Temple. Farther northwest was Anguo Temple, Taizong's foundation. East of the temple stood Empress Qitian's former residence; beyond it the Yuan Consort residence that Empress Fatian built. To the south lay Jushengni Temple, the Brocade Office, Inner Secretariat, Qu Office, and the Zanguo and Shengsi granaries—all southwest of the Great Inner, with the Eight Crafts Office opposite Tianxiong Temple. The southern quarter was the Han City; along the cross street paired gate-towers faced each other above rows of market stalls. North of the east gate stood Lu County; southeast of it Xingren County. East of the south gate lay the Uighur Camp, housing merchants from Uighur lands who traded at Shangjing. Southwest, Tongwen Hostel lodged envoys from foreign states. Southwest of that stood Linhuang Hostel for Xia envoys. West of the hostel was Fuxian Temple. West of the temple lay Xuanhua County; southwest Dingba; west of that Baohe County. North of the west gate was Yisu County; east of it Qianliao County.
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周廣順中，胡嶠《記》曰：上京西樓，有邑屋市肆，交易無錢而用布。 有綾錦諸工作、宦者、翰林、伎術、教坊、角觝、儒、僧尼、道士。 中國人並、汾、幽、薊為多。 宋大中祥符九年，薛映《記》曰：上京者，中京正北八十里至松山館，七十里至崇信館，九十里至廣寧館，五十里至姚家寨館，五十里至咸寧館，三十里度潢水石橋，旁有饒州，唐於契丹嘗置饒濼州，今渤海人居之。 五十里保和館，度黑水河，七十里宣化館，五十里長泰館。 館西二十里有佛舍，民居，即祖州。 又四十里至臨潢府，自過崇信館乃契丹舊境，其南奚地也。 入西門，門曰金德，內有臨潢館，子城東門曰順陽。 北行至景福門，又至承天門，內有昭德、宣政二殿，與氈廬皆東向。 臨潢西北二百餘里號涼澱，在饅頭山南，避暑之處。 多豐草，掘地丈餘即有堅冰。
Hu Qiao's Record from Later Zhou's Guangshun era notes that Shangjing's west tower quarter had houses and markets where cloth served as currency. The city held brocade workshops, eunuchs, Hanlin academicians, artisans, music bureaus, wrestlers, Confucians, monks, nuns, and Daoists. Han residents came chiefly from Bing, Fen, You, and Ji. Xue Ying's Record of Song Dazhong Xiangfu year 9 describes the route north from Zhongjing: eighty li to Songshan Station, seventy to Chongxin, ninety to Guangning, fifty to Yaojiazhai, fifty to Xianning, then thirty li over the Huang River stone bridge by Rao Prefecture—Tang's old Rao Marsh seat, now home to Bohai settlers. Fifty li farther lay Baohe Station; crossing the Hei River, seventy li to Xuanhua Station and fifty to Changtai Station. Twenty li west of the station stood a shrine and houses marking Zu Prefecture. Forty li more reached Linhuang Prefecture; beyond Chongxin Station lay the old Khitan heartland, with Xi territory to the south. The west gate Jinde led to Linhuang Hostel inside; the inner east gate was Shunyang. Northward lay Jingfu Gate, then Chengtian Gate; inside stood Zhaode and Xuanzheng halls, all facing east like the felt tents. More than two hundred li northwest of Linhuang lay Liangdian south of Mantou Mountain, a summer retreat. Pasture was rich; a zhang below ground one struck hard ice.
18
祖州，天成軍，上，節度。 本遼右八部世有裏地。 太祖秋獵多於此，始置西樓。 後因建城，號祖州。 以高祖昭烈皇帝、曾祖莊敬皇帝、祖考簡獻皇帝、皇考宣簡皇帝所生之地，故名。 城高二丈，無敵棚，幅員九里。 門，東曰望京，南曰大夏，西曰液山，北曰興國。 西北隅有內城。 殿曰兩明，奉安祖考御容； 曰二儀，以白金鑄太祖像； 曰黑龍，曰清秘，各有太祖微時兵仗器物及服御皮毳之類，存之以示後嗣，使勿忘本。 內南門曰興聖，凡三門，上有樓閣，東西有角樓。 東為州廨及諸宮廨舍，綾錦院班院祗侯蕃，漢、渤海三百人，供給內府取索。 東南橫街，四隅有樓對峙，下連市肆。 東長霸縣，西咸寧縣。 有祖山，山有太祖天皇帝廟，禦靴尚存。 又有龍門、黎谷、液山、液泉、白馬、獨石、天梯之山。 水則南沙河、西液泉。 太祖陵鑿山為殿，曰明殿。 殿南嶺有膳堂，以備時祭。 門曰黑龍。 東偏有聖蹤殿，立碑述太祖遊獵之事。 殿東有樓，立碑以紀太祖創業之功。 皆在州西五里。 天顯中太宗建，隸弘義宮。 統縣二、城一長霸縣。 本龍州長平縣民，遷於此。 戶二千。
Zu Prefecture—Tiancheng Army, upper grade, with a military commissioner. It had been the hereditary domain of the Liao Right Eight Divisions. Taizu hunted here each autumn and first established Xilou. A city followed, named Zu Prefecture. It commemorated the birthplaces of the High Ancestor Zhaolie, Great-Grandfather Zhuangjing, Grandfather Jianxian, and Imperial Father Xuanjian emperors. Walls stood two zhang high without fighting galleries; the circuit ran nine li. Gates were Wangjing east, Daxia south, Yeshan west, and Xingguo north. A northwest inner city lay within the walls. The Liangming Hall enshrined ancestral portraits; the Eryi Hall held a white-gold image of Taizu; Heilong and Qingmi halls preserved Taizu's early weapons, gear, and furs so posterity would not forget their roots. The inner south gate Xingsheng headed three gated towers; corner towers stood east and west. East lay prefectural offices and palace bureaus; brocade shifts and attendants—three hundred Fan, Han, and Bohai staff—met inner-palace requisitions. Along the southeast cross street corner towers faced one another above linked market rows. East stood Changba County; west, Xianning County. Zu Mountain held Taizu's Heavenly Emperor Temple, where his riding boots were still kept. Landmarks included Longmen, Ligu, Yeshan, Yequan, Baima, Dushi, and Tianti peaks. Waters included the south Sha River and west Yequan. Taizu's tomb hollowed the mountain into the Ming Hall. A feast hall on the southern ridge served seasonal rites. Its gate was named Heilong. East lay Shengji Hall, whose stele recorded Taizu's hunts. East of the hall a tower bore a stele on Taizu's founding deeds. All lay five li west of the prefectural seat. Taizong built it in the Tianxian era; it belonged to Hongyi Palace. It governed two counties and one walled town—Changba County. Settlers came from Longzhou's Changping County. 2,000 households.
19
咸寧縣。 本長寧縣。 破遼陽，遷其民置。 戶一千。
County seat: Xianning. It had been Changning County. After Liaoyang fell its people were resettled here. 1,000 households.
20
越王城。 太祖伯父於越王述魯西伐党項、吐渾，俘其民放牧於此，因建城。 在州東南二十里。 戶一千。
Prince of Yue Fortified Town. Taizu's paternal uncle, campaigning west against Tangut and Tuhun, pastured captives here and walled a town. It stood twenty li southeast of the prefecture. 1,000 households.
21
扶餘縣。 本龍泉府。 太祖遷渤海扶餘縣降戶於此，世宗置縣。 戶一千五百。
Fuyu County. It had been Longquan Prefecture. Taizu resettled surrendered Bohai households from Fuyu County; Shizong created the county. 1,500 households.
22
顯理縣。 本顯理府人，太祖伐渤海，俘其王大諲譔，遷民於此，世宗置縣。 戶一千。
Xianli County. Originally Xianli Prefecture people; when Taizu conquered Bohai and seized King Da Yinzhen he resettled them here; Shizong founded the county. 1,000 households.
23
慶州，玄寧軍，上，節度。 本太保山黑河之地，巖谷險峻。 穆宗建城，號黑河州，每歲來幸，射虎障鷹，軍國之事，多委大臣。 後遇弒於此。 以地苦寒，統和八年，州廢。 聖宗秋畋，愛其奇秀，建號慶州。 遼國五代祖勃突，貌異常，有武略，力敵百人，眾推為王。 生於勃突山，因以名，沒，葬山下。 在州二百里。 慶雲山，本黑嶺也。 聖宗駐蹕，愛羨曰：「吾萬歲後，當葬此」。 興宗遵遺命，建永慶陵。 有望仙殿、御容殿。 置蕃、漢守陵三千戶，並隸大內都總管司。 在州西二十里。 有黑山、赤山、太保山、老翁嶺、饅頭山、興國湖、轄失濼、黑河。 景福元年復置，更隸興聖宮。 統縣三：
Qing Prefecture—Xuanning Army, upper grade, with a military commissioner. Its soil was Taibao Mountain and the Hei River country—rugged valleys and narrow passes. Muzong walled Hei River Prefecture, visited yearly to hunt tigers and hawks, and left most military affairs to senior ministers. He was later assassinated on this ground. The bitter cold led Tonghe year 8 to abolish the prefecture. Shengzong hunted here in autumn, admired its rugged beauty, and revived it as Qing Prefecture. Liao's fifth-generation ancestor Botu looked unlike others, possessed martial cunning, strength to match a hundred men, and was acclaimed king. He was born on Botu Mountain, which gave its name; at death he was buried beneath it. The mountain lay two hundred li from the prefectural seat. Qingyun Mountain had formerly been Heiling. Shengzong paused there and said, "When my ten thousand years are fulfilled, bury me here." Xingzong obeyed the command and built Yongqing Tomb. It held Wangxian Hall and a hall for imperial portraits. Three thousand Fan and Han tomb-guard households were assigned under the Great Inner chief steward. It lay twenty li west of the prefectural seat. Features included Hei, Chi, and Taibao mountains, Laoweng Ridge, Mantou Mountain, Xingguo Lake, Xiaoshi Marsh, and the Hei River. Restored in Jingfu year 1 and later attached to Xingsheng Palace. It governed three counties:
24
玄德縣。 本黑山黑河之地。 景福元年，括落帳人戶，從便居之。 戶六千。 孝安縣。 富義縣。 本義州，太宗遷渤海義州民於此。 重熙元年降為義豐縣，後更名。 隸弘義宮。
Xuande County. Originally the Hei Mountain and Hei River region. Jingfu year 1 gathered scattered-account households for settlement where convenient. 6,000 households. Xiao'an County. Fuyi County. Originally Yi Prefecture; Taizong resettled Bohai people from Yi Prefecture here. Chongxi year 1 demoted it to Yifeng County, later renamed Fuyi. It belonged to Hongyi Palace.
25
泰州，德昌軍、節度。 本契丹二十部族放牧之地。 因黑鼠族累犯通化州，民不能禦，遂移東南六百里來，建城居之，以近本族。 黑鼠穴居，膚黑，吻銳，類鼠，故以名。 州隸延慶宮，兵事屬東北統軍司。 統縣二：
Tai Prefecture—Dechang Army with a military commissioner. Originally grazing land of the Khitan twenty divisions. When the Black-Rat tribe repeatedly struck Tonghua and locals could not repel them, the court shifted six hundred li southeast, walled a city, and settled near the parent tribe. The Black-Rats lived in burrows with black skin and sharp snouts like rats—hence the name. The prefecture fell under Yanqing Palace; military affairs came under the Northeast Commandery Army Office. It governed two counties:
26
樂康縣。 倚郭。 興國縣。 本山前之民，因罪配遞至此，興宗置縣。 戶七百。
Lekang County. It hugged the prefectural seat. Xingguo County. Originally upland people, banished here for crimes; Xingzong founded the county. 700 households.
27
長春州，韶陽軍，下，節度。 本鴨子河春獵之地。 興宗重熙八年置。 隸延慶宮，兵事隸東北統軍司。 統縣一：長春縣。 本混同江地。 燕、薊犯罪者流配於此。 戶二千。
Changchun Prefecture—Shaoyang Army, lower grade, with a military commissioner. Originally the Yazi River spring hunting grounds. Founded in Xingzong's Chongxi year 8. It belonged to Yanqing Palace; military affairs to the Northeast Commandery Army Office. It governed one county—Changchun County. Originally Hun Tong River country. Criminals from Yan and Ji were exiled here. 2,000 households.
28
烏州，靜安軍，刺史。 本烏丸之地，東胡之種也。 遼北大王撥剌占為牧，建城，後官收。 隸興聖宮。 有遼河、夜河、烏丸川、烏丸山。 統縣一：愛民縣。 撥剌王從軍南征，俘漢民置於此。 戶一千。
Wu Prefecture—Jing'an Army with a prefect. Originally Wuhuan territory, an Eastern Hu branch. Liao North Great King Bala pastured here and walled a town; the state later reclaimed it. It fell under Xingsheng Palace. Waters included the Liao, Ye, and Wuhuan rivers; Wuhuan Mountain stood nearby. It governed one county—Aimin County. Prince Bala, campaigning south, settled captured Han people here. 1,000 households.
29
永州，永昌軍，觀察。 承天皇太后所建。 太祖於此置南樓。 乾亨三年，置州於皇子韓八墓側。 東潢河，南土河，二水合流，故號永州。 冬月牙帳多駐此，謂之冬捺缽。 有木葉山，上建契丹始祖廟，奇首可汗在南廟，可敦在北廟，繪塑二聖並八子神像。 相傳有神人乘白馬，自馬盂山浮土河而東，有天女駕青牛車由平地松林泛潢河而下。 至木葉山，二水合流，相遇為配偶，生八子。 其後族屬漸盛，分為八部。 每行軍及春秋時祭，必用白馬青牛，示不忘本雲。 興王寺，有白衣觀音像。 太宗援石晉主中國，自潞州回，入幽州，幸大悲閣，指此像曰：「我夢神人令送石郎為中國帝，即此也。」 因移木葉山，建廟，春秋告賽，尊為家神。 興軍必告之，乃合符傳箭於諸部。 又有高澱山、柳林澱，亦曰白馬澱。 隸彰湣宮。 統縣三：長寧縣。 本顯德府縣名。 太祖平渤海，遷其民於此。 戶四千五百。
Yong Prefecture—Yongchang Army with a surveillance commissioner. Empress Chengtian founded it. Taizu established Nanlou here. Qianheng year 3 placed a prefecture beside Prince Hanba's tomb. The Huang River lay east and the Tu River south; their confluence gave Yong Prefecture its name. Winter royal camps often halted here—the winter nabo. Muye Mountain held the Khitan Ancestor Temple—Qishou Khan in the south hall, Kedun in the north, with painted images of the two founders and their eight sons. Legend tells of a god-man on a white horse floating down the Tu from Mayu Mountain, and a heavenly woman in a green ox cart descending the Huang from the Pingdi pine belt. At Muye Mountain the rivers met; the pair wed and bore eight sons. Their clan later swelled and split into eight divisions. Every campaign and spring-autumn rite used a white horse and green ox so origins would not be forgotten. Xingwang Temple housed a white-robed Guanyin image. When Taizong helped the Jin ruler master China, returning from Luzhou through Youzhou he visited Dabei Pavilion and said of this image, "I dreamed a god bade me send Lord Shi to rule China—this is he. The image was moved to Muye Mountain, a temple raised, and spring and autumn rites made it the clan deity. Armies reported to it before marching, then combined tally-arrows across the divisions. Gaodian Mountain and Willow Forest Marsh—also called White Horse Marsh—lay nearby. It belonged to Zhangmin Palace. It governed three counties—Changning County. Originally a county of Xiande Prefecture. After Taizu pacified Bohai he resettled its people here. 4,500 households.
30
義豐縣。 本鐵利府義州。 遼兵破之，遷其民於南樓之西北，仍名義州。 重熙元年，廢州，改今縣。 在州西北一百里。 又嘗改富義縣，屬泰州。 始末不可具考，今兩存之。 戶一千五百。
Yifeng County. Originally Yi Prefecture under Tieli Prefecture. Liao forces seized it and resettled the people northwest of Nanlou under the old name Yi Prefecture. Chongxi year 1 abolished the prefecture and created the present county. One hundred li northwest of the prefectural seat. It was once renamed Fuyi County and attached to Tai Prefecture. The full sequence cannot be recovered; both names survive in the record. 1,500 households.
31
慈仁縣。 太宗以皇子只撒古亡，置慈州墳西。 重熙元年，州廢，改今縣。 戶四百。
Ciren County. After Prince Zhisagu's death Taizong placed Ci Prefecture west of his tomb. Chongxi year 1 abolished the prefecture and made the present county. 400 households.
32
儀坤州，啟聖軍，節度。 本契丹右大部地。 應天皇后建州。 回鶻糯思居之，至四世孫容我梅裏，生應天皇后述律氏，適太祖。 太祖開拓四方，平渤海，後有力焉。 俘掠有伎藝者多歸帳下，謂之屬珊。 以所生之地置州。 州建啟聖院，中為儀寧殿，太祖天皇帝、應天地皇后銀像在焉。 隸長寧宮。 統縣一：
Yikun Prefecture—Qisheng Army with a military commissioner. Originally territory of the Khitan Right Great Division. Empress Yingtian founded the prefecture. Uighur Nuosi lived there; his fourth-generation descendant Rongwo Meili bore Empress Yingtian Shulü, who wed Taizu. Taizu expanded on every side and pacified Bohai; afterward her influence was decisive. Skilled captives mostly entered her tent and were called Shushan. A prefecture was founded on her birthplace. Qisheng Hall stood in the prefecture; inside Yining Hall silver images of Taizu Heavenly Emperor and Empress Yingtian Earthly Empress. It belonged to Changning Palace. It governed one county:
33
廣義縣。 本回鶻部牧地。 應天皇后以四征所俘居之，因建州縣。 統和八年，以諸宮提轄司戶置來遠縣，十三年並入。 戶二千五百。
Guangyi County. It had been Uighur tribal pasture. Empress Yingtian settled captives from four campaigns here and founded prefecture and county. Tonghe year 8 used palace supervisory households to found Laiyuan County; year 13 merged it into Guangyi. 2,500 households.
34
降聖州，開國軍，下，刺史。 本大部落東樓之地。 太祖春月行帳多駐此。 應天皇后夢神人金冠素服，執兵仗，貌甚豐美，異獸十二隨之。 中有黑兔躍入後懷，因而有娠，遂生太宗。 時黑雲覆帳，火光照室，有聲如雷，諸部異之。 穆宗建州。 四面各三十里，禁樵采放牧。 先屬延昌宮，後隸彰湣宮。 統縣一：
Jiangsheng Prefecture—Kaiguo Army, lower grade, with a prefect. Originally the great tribal division's East Tower land. Taizu's spring camp often paused here. Empress Yingtian dreamed a god in gold crown and plain robes bearing arms, strikingly handsome, with twelve strange beasts following. A black hare sprang into her back; she conceived and bore Taizong. Black clouds shrouded the tent, fire filled the chamber, thunder rolled, and the divisions marveled. Muzong founded the prefecture. Thirty li on every side forbade woodcutting and grazing. First under Yanchang Palace, later Zhangmin Palace. It governed one county:
35
永安縣。 本龍原府慶州縣名。 太祖平渤海，破懷州之永安，遷其人置寨於此，建縣。 戶八百。
Yong'an County. The name came from a county of Longyuan Prefecture's Qing Prefecture. When Taizu pacified Bohai he seized Huai Prefecture's Yong'an, resettled its people in a stockade here, and founded the county. 800 households.
36
饒州，匡義軍，中，節度。 本唐饒樂府地。 貞觀中置松漠府。 太祖完葺故壘。 有潢河、長水濼、沒打河、青山、大福山、松山。 隸延慶宮。 統縣三：
Rao Prefecture—Kuangyi Army, middle grade, with a military commissioner. Originally Tang's Raole Prefecture territory. Zhenguan saw Songmo Protectorate established here. Taizu restored the old walls. Landmarks included the Huang River, Changshui Marsh, Moda River, Qingshan, Dafu Mountain, and Song Mountain. It belonged to Yanqing Palace. It governed three counties:
37
長樂縣。 本遼城縣名。 太祖伐渤海，遷其民，建縣居之。 戶四千，內一千戶納鐵。
Changle County. The name came from a Liaocheng county. When Taizu attacked Bohai he resettled its people and founded Changle County. 4,000 households, including 1,000 paying iron tribute.
38
臨河縣。 本豐永縣人，太宗分兵伐渤海，遷於潢水之曲。 戶一千。 安民縣。 太宗以渤海諸邑所俘雜置。 戶一千。 頭下軍州
Linhe County. Originally Fengyong County people; Taizong, campaigning against Bohai, resettled them on a Huang River bend. 1,000 households. Anmin County. Taizong blended captives from several Bohai towns. 1,000 households. Subordinate-Domain Military Prefectures (touxia junzhou)
39
頭下軍州，皆諸王、外戚、大臣及諸部從征俘掠，或置生口，各團集建州縣以居之。 橫帳諸王、國舅、公主許創立州城，自余不得建城郭。 朝廷賜州縣額。 其節度使朝廷命之，刺史以下皆以本主部曲充焉。 官位九品之下及井邑商賈之家，征稅各歸頭下； 唯酒稅課納上京鹽鐵司。
Subordinate-domain prefectures arose when princes, imperial kin, ministers, and tribal divisions settled campaign captives or purchased persons in grouped prefectures and counties. Horizontal-Tent princes, imperial uncles, and princesses could raise walled prefectures; others could not. The court granted official prefecture and county titles. Military commissioners came from the throne; prefects and lower ranks were drawn from the founder's own followers. Taxes from sub-ninth-rank offices and market households went to the domain head; only liquor tax went to Shangjing's Salt and Iron Office.
40
徽州，宣德軍，節度。 景宗女秦晉大長公主所建。 媵臣萬戶，在宜州之北二百里，因建州城。 北至上京七百里。 節度使以下，皆公主府署。 戶一萬。
Hui Prefecture—Xuande Army with a military commissioner. Princess Qin-Jin the Great Elder founded it. Her dowry minister Wanhu walled a city two hundred li north of Yi Prefecture. Seven hundred li north of Shangjing. Military commissioner and lower posts were all princess-house appointments. 10,000 households.
41
成州，長慶軍，節度。 聖宗女晉國長公主以上賜媵臣戶置。 在宜州北一百六十里，因建州城。 北至上京七百四十里。 戶四千。
Cheng Prefecture—Changqing Army with a military commissioner. Princess Jin the Elder of Jin founded it with imperial dowry households. A walled city rose one hundred sixty li north of Yi Prefecture. Seven hundred forty li north of Shangjing. 4,000 households.
42
懿州，廣順軍，節度。 聖宗女燕國長公主以上賜媵臣戶置。 在顯州東北二百里，因建州城。 西北至上京八百里。 戶四千。
Yi Prefecture—Guangshun Army with a military commissioner. Princess Yan the Elder of Yan founded it with granted dowry households. A city was built two hundred li northeast of Xian Prefecture. Eight hundred li northwest of Shangjing. 4,000 households.
43
渭州，高陽軍，節度。 駙馬都尉蕭昌裔建。 尚秦國王隆慶女韓國長公主，以所賜媵臣建州城。 顯州東北二百五十里。 遼制，皇子嫡生者，其女與帝女同。 戶一千。
Wei Prefecture—Gaoyang Army with a military commissioner. Imperial Son-in-Law Commandant Xiao Changyi founded it. He wed Princess Han the Elder of Korea, daughter of King Longqing of Qin, and walled a city with her dowry households. It stood two hundred fifty li northeast of Xian Prefecture. By Liao statute a prince's legitimate daughter ranked with an imperial princess. 1,000 households.
44
壕州。 國舅宰相南征，俘掠漢民，居遼東西安平縣故地。 在顯州東北二百二十里，西北至上京七百二十里。 戶六千。
Hao Prefecture. An imperial-uncle chancellor, campaigning south, settled Han captives on old Liaodong Xi'anping ground. Two hundred twenty li northeast of Xian Prefecture; seven hundred twenty li northwest of Shangjing. 6,000 households.
45
原州。 本遼東北安平縣地。 顯州東北三百里。 國舅金德俘掠漢民建城。 西北至上京八百里。 戶五百。
Yuan Prefecture (subordinate domain). Originally Liaodong Beianping County territory. It lay three hundred li northeast of Xian Prefecture. Imperial maternal uncle Jinde seized Han captives and walled a city. Eight hundred li northwest of Shangjing. 500 households.
46
福州。 國舅蕭寧建。 南征俘掠漢民，居北安平縣故地。 在原州北二十里，西北至上京七百八十里。 戶三百。
Fu Prefecture. Imperial maternal uncle Xiao Ning founded it. On southern campaigns he settled Han captives on old Beianping County ground. Twenty li north of Yuan Prefecture; seven hundred eighty li northwest of Shangjing. 300 households.
47
橫州。 國舅蕭克忠建。 部下牧人居漢故遼陽縣地，因置州城。 在遼州西北九十里，西北至上京七百二十里。 有橫山。 戶二百。
Heng Prefecture (subordinate domain). Imperial maternal uncle Xiao Kezhong founded it. His herders occupied old Han Liaoyang County land, so a walled prefecture was raised. Ninety li northwest of Liao Prefecture; seven hundred twenty li northwest of Shangjing. Heng Mountain stood within its bounds. 200 households.
48
鳳州。 槁離國故地，渤海之安寧郡境，南王府五帳分地。 在韓州北二百里，西北至上京九百里。 戶四千。
Feng Prefecture (subordinate domain). Former Gaoli territory, Bohai's Anning commandery frontier, held by the Southern Princely House Five Accounts. Two hundred li north of Han Prefecture; nine hundred li northwest of Shangjing. 4,000 households.
49
遂州。 本高州地，南王府五帳放牧於此。 在檀州西二百里，西北至上京一千里。 戶五百。
Sui Prefecture. Originally Gao Prefecture soil where the Southern Princely House Five Accounts grazed. Two hundred li west of Tan Prefecture; one thousand li northwest of Shangjing. 500 households.
50
豐州。 本遼澤大部落，遙輦氏僧隱牧地。 北至上京三百五十里。 戶五百。
Feng Prefecture (Liao marshes domain). Originally the Liao marsh great tribal division, pasture of Yaolian monk Yin. Three hundred fifty li north of Shangjing. 500 households.
51
順州。 本遼隊縣地。 橫帳南王府俘掠燕、薊、順州之民，建城居之。 在顯州東北一百二十里，西北至上京九百里。 戶一千。
Shun Prefecture (subordinate domain). Originally Liaodui County territory. The Horizontal-Tent Southern Princely House seized people from Yan, Ji, and Shunzhou and walled a settlement. One hundred twenty li northeast of Xian Prefecture; nine hundred li northwest of Shangjing. 1,000 households.
52
閭州。 羅古王牧地，近醫巫閭山。 在遼州西一百三十里，西北至上京九百五十里。 戶一千。
Lv Prefecture. Prince Lugu's pasture near Yiwulü Mountain. One hundred thirty li west of Liao Prefecture; nine hundred fifty li northwest of Shangjing. 1,000 households.
53
松山州。 本遼澤大部落，橫帳普古王牧地。 有松山。 北至上京一百七十里。 戶五百。 豫州。 橫帳陳王牧地。 南至上京三百里。 戶五百。
Songshan Prefecture (subordinate domain). Originally the Liao marsh great division, pasture of Horizontal-Tent Prince Pugu. Song Mountain lay within it. One hundred seventy li north of Shangjing. 500 households. Yu Prefecture. Pasture of Horizontal-Tent Prince Chen. Three hundred li south of Shangjing. 500 households.
54
寧州。 本大賀氏勒得山，橫帳管寧王放牧地。 在豫州東八十里，西南至上京三百五十里。 戶三百。 邊防城
Ning Prefecture (subordinate domain). Originally Dahe Lede Mountain, pasture of Horizontal-Tent Prince Guanning. Eighty li east of Yu Prefecture; three hundred fifty li southwest of Shangjing. 300 households. Frontier Defense Walled Towns (bianfang cheng)
55
遼國西北界防邊域，因屯戍而立，務據形勝，不資丁賦。 具列如左：靜州，觀察。 本泰州之金山。 天慶六年升。
Liao's northwest frontier posts guarded the borderlands; garrisons founded them for terrain, not household taxes. They are listed below: Jing Prefecture with a surveillance commissioner. Originally Golden Mountain of Tai Prefecture. Promoted in Tianqing year 6.
56
鎮州，建安軍，節度。 本古可敦城。 統和二十二年皇太妃奏置。 選諸部族二萬餘騎充屯軍，專捍禦室韋、羽厥等國，凡有征討，不得抽移。 渤海、女直、漢人配流之家七百餘戶，分居鎮、防、維三州。 東南至上京三千餘里。
Zhen Prefecture—Jian'an Army with a military commissioner. It occupied the ancient Kedun city site. Tonghe year 22 saw the Grand Imperial Consort petition to establish it. Over twenty thousand tribal riders formed the garrison, dedicated to holding Shiwei, Yujue, and other peoples and never withdrawn for campaigns. More than seven hundred exiled Bohai, Jurchen, and Han households were split among Zhen, Fang, and Wei prefectures. More than three thousand li southeast of Shangjing.
57
維州，刺史。 防州，刺史。
Wei Prefecture with a prefect. Fang Prefecture with a prefect.
58
河董城。 本回鶻可敦城，語訛為河董城。 久廢，遼人完之以防邊患。 高州界女直常為盜，劫掠行旅，遷其族於此。 東南至上京一千七百里。
Hedong Fortified Town. Originally the Uighur Kedun city, its name slurred to Hedong. Long abandoned, the Liao restored it against border raids. Jurchen along the Gao Prefecture frontier often robbed travelers, so the court moved their tribe here. One thousand seven hundred li southeast of Shangjing.
59
靜邊城。 本契丹二十部族水草地。 北鄰羽厥，每入為盜，建城，置兵千餘騎防之。 東南至上京一千五百里。
Jingbian Fortified Town. Originally meadowland of the Khitan twenty divisions. Yujue lay to the north and raided often; the court walled a town and posted a thousand riders to guard. One thousand five hundred li southeast of Shangjing.
60
皮被河城。 地控北邊，置兵五百於此。 防托皮被河出回紇北，東南經羽厥，入臚朐河，沿河董城北，東流合沱漉河，入於海。 南至上京一千五百里。
Pibei River Fortified Town. It commanded the northern frontier with a five-hundred-man garrison. It guarded the Pibei River, which rose north of the Uighurs, ran southeast through Yujue into the Luchiju, passed north of Hedong town, turned east to meet the Tuolu River, and reached the sea. One thousand five hundred li south of Shangjing.
61
招州，綏遠軍，刺史。 開泰三年以女直戶置。 隸西北路招討司。
Zhao Prefecture—Suiyuan Army with a prefect. Founded in Kaitai year 3 with Jurchen households. It belonged to the Northwest Route Pacification Office.
62
塔懶主城。 大康九年置。 在臚朐河。
Talan Main Fortified Town. Established in Dakang year 9. It stood on the Luchiju River.