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儀衛誌一
Ceremonial Guards, Part 1
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遼太祖奮自朔方，太宗繼誌述事，以成其業。 於是舉渤海，立敬瑭，破重貴，盡致周、秦、兩漢、隋、唐文物之遺餘而居有之。 路車法物以隆等威，金符玉璽以布號令。 是以傳至九主二百餘年，豈獨以兵革之利，士馬之強哉！ 文謂之儀，武謂之衛，足以成一代之規模矣。 考遼所有輿服、符璽、儀仗，作《儀衛志》。
Emperor Taizu of Liao rose to power from the northern frontier, and Emperor Taizong continued his purpose and consolidated his achievements, bringing the enterprise to completion. He then subjugated Bohai, installed Shi Jingtang, defeated Shi Chonggui, and gathered into his possession the surviving regalia and artifacts of Zhou, Qin, both Han dynasties, Sui, and Tang. He employed state chariots and ritual regalia to enhance hierarchical grandeur, and gold tallies and jade seals to promulgate his commands. The dynasty endured through nine rulers over more than two centuries—surely this was not due to military advantage and cavalry strength alone! Civil affairs were called ceremonial protocol and military affairs ceremonial guard—together they sufficed to establish the institutional framework of an entire dynasty. Surveying the Liao's chariots and attire, seals and tallies, and ceremonial regalia, I have compiled the Treatise on Ceremonial Guards.
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○輿服
Chariots and Attire
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自黃帝而降，輿服之制，其來遠矣。 禹乘四載作小車，商人得桑根之瑞為大輅，周人加金玉，象飾益備。 秦取六國儀物，而分別其用，先王之制，置而弗禦。 至漢中葉，銳意稽古，然禮文之事，名存實亡，蓋得十一於千百焉。 唐之車輅因周、隋遺法，損益可知。 而祭服皆青，朝服皆絳，常服用宇文制，以紫、緋、綠、碧分品秩。 五代頗以常服代朝服。 遼國自太宗入晉之後，皇帝與南班漢官用漢服； 太后與北班契丹臣僚用國服，其漢服即五代晉之遺制也。 考之載籍之可徵者，著《輿服篇》，冠諸《儀衛》之首。
Since the time of the Yellow Emperor, the institutions governing chariots and ceremonial dress reach far back into antiquity. Yu employed the four transport modes and devised small carts; the Shang, receiving the auspicious sign of mulberry root, fashioned the great state chariot; the Zhou added gold and jade until elephant ornamentation was fully arrayed. The Qin seized the ritual paraphernalia of the six states and assigned separate uses to each, while the institutions of earlier kings were set aside and no longer employed. By the middle Han, antiquarian restoration was pursued with vigor, yet in ritual matters names survived while substance vanished—perhaps no more than one part in a thousand remained intact. Tang ceremonial chariots followed the inherited methods of Zhou and Sui, and their modifications can be traced. Sacrificial robes were uniformly green, court robes crimson, and ordinary dress followed the Yuwen system, with purple, scarlet, green, and blue-green distinguishing ranks. During the Five Dynasties, ordinary dress largely replaced formal court attire. After Emperor Taizong's entry into the Jin capital, the emperor and Han officials of the southern court wore Chinese-style dress; while the empress dowager and Khitan officials of the northern court wore Khitan national dress. The Chinese dress was the legacy of Later Jin during the Five Dynasties. Drawing on verifiable entries in the historical record, I present the section on chariots and attire as the opening chapter of the Treatise on Ceremonial Guards.
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契丹故俗，便於鞍馬。 隨水草遷徙，則有氈車，任載有大車，婦人乘馬，亦有小車，貴富者加之華飾。 禁制疏闊，貴適用而已。 帝後加隆，勢固然也。 輯其可知著於篇。
By ancient Khitan custom, saddle and horse were the norm. When moving with the seasons after pasture and water, they used felt carts; heavy loads went on large wagons; women rode horseback, and small carts were also used—the wealthy adding lavish ornament. Regulations were loose, and utility alone was prized. For emperors and empresses, further grandeur was added—a natural consequence of their station. What can be established is compiled in the account that follows.
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大輿，《柴冊再生儀》載神主見之。 輿，《臘儀》見皇帝、皇后升輿、降輿。 總纛車，駕以禦駝。 《祭山儀》見皇太后升總纛車。 車，《納後儀》見皇后就車。
Great carriage—in the Rite of the Spirit Tablet's Rebirth from the Timber Register, the spirit tablet is borne upon it. Palanquin—in the Lunar New Year Rite, the emperor and empress are shown mounting and dismounting it. Great-banner cart—drawn by imperial camels. In the Mountain Sacrifice Rite, the empress dowager ascends the great-banner cart. Cart—in the Rite of Receiving the Empress, the empress enters the cart.
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青幰車，二螭頭、蓋部皆飾以銀。 駕用駝，公主下嫁以賜之。 古者王姬下嫁，車服不系其夫，下王後一等。 此其遺意歟？
Green-canopied cart—both dragon-head fittings and the canopy frame are decorated in silver. It is drawn by camels and is bestowed when a princess marries out of the royal house. In antiquity, when a king's daughter married abroad, her chariot and regalia were not bound to her husband's rank but set one grade below that of the queen. Does this perhaps preserve that ancient intent?
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送終車，車樓純飾以錦，螭頭以銀，下縣鐸，後垂大氈，駕以牛。 上載羊一，謂之祭羊，以擬送終之用。 亦賜公主。 椅，《冊皇太后儀》，皇帝乘椅，自便殿瑽至西便門。
Funeral-conveyance cart—the carriage superstructure is draped entirely in brocade, dragon-head fittings in silver, bells hung beneath, a large felt curtain trailing behind, and oxen as the draft animals. A sheep is loaded aboard, called the sacrificial sheep, to stand for the funeral offering. This cart is also bestowed upon princesses. Sedan chair—in the Rite of Enthroning the Empress Dowager, the emperor is carried in a sedan chair from the Side Hall of Jasper to the Western Convenient Gate.
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鞍馬，《祭山儀》，皇帝乘馬，侍皇太后行。 《臘儀》，皇帝降輿，祭東畢，乘馬入豬圍。 《瑟瑟儀》，俱乘馬東行，群臣在南，命婦在北。 漢輿
Saddle horse—in the Mountain Sacrifice Rite, the emperor rides horseback and attends the empress dowager in procession. In the Lunar New Year Rite, the emperor dismounts from his palanquin after completing the eastern sacrifice and rides into the pig enclosure. In the Sese Rite, all ride eastward on horseback—ministers to the south, titled ladies to the north. Han Chariots
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五輅：《周官》典輅有五輅。 秦亡之後，漢創制。
The Five Chariots—the Director of Chariots in the Rites of Zhou maintains five ritual chariots. After the Qin fell, the Han established its own system.
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玉輅，祀天、祭地、享宗廟、朝賀、納後用之。 青質，玉飾，黃屋，左纛。 十二鑾在衡，二鈴在軾。 龍辀左建旂，十二遊，皆畫升龍，長曳地。 駕蒼龍，金摐，鏤錫，鞶纓十二就。 遼國《勘箭儀》，皇帝乘玉輅至內門。 聖宗開泰十年，上升玉輅自內三門入萬壽殿，進七廟御容酒。
Jade chariot—used for sacrifices to Heaven and Earth, offerings in the ancestral temple, court audiences of congratulation, and receiving the empress. Green body, jade fittings, yellow canopy, and the great banner mounted on the left. Twelve pennon pendants on the crossbar and two bells on the handrail. On the left of the dragon-shaft pole a banner is raised; twelve streamers, each painted with ascending dragons, trail to the ground. Drawn by grey-green horses with golden fittings, carved tin ornaments, and twelve sets of braided trappings. In the Liao Arrow-Verification Rite, the emperor rides the jade chariot to the inner gate. In Kaitai 10 of Emperor Shengzong's reign, he mounted the jade chariot, entered the Hall of Ten Thousand Longevities through the inner triple gates, and presented wine before the imperial portraits in the seven ancestral shrines.
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金輅，饗射、祀還、飲至用之。 赤質，金飾，余如玉輅，色從其質。 駕赤騮。 象輅，行道用之。 黃質，象飾，余如金輅。 駕黃騮。 革輅，巡狩、武事用之。 白質，革鞔。 駕白翰。
Gold chariot—used for archery feasts, the return from sacrifice, and victory banquets. Red body and gold fittings; otherwise like the jade chariot, with color matching the material. Drawn by chestnut horses. Ivory chariot—used when traveling on official journeys. Yellow body with ivory fittings; otherwise like the gold chariot. Drawn by yellow horses. Leather chariot—used for imperial inspection tours and military affairs. White body with leather covering. Drawn by white Han horses.
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木輅，田獵用之。 黑質，漆飾。 駕黑駱。 車：制小於輅，小事乘之。 耕根車，耕藉用之。 青質，蓋三重，余如玉輅。
Wooden chariot—used for the royal hunt. Black body with lacquer ornament. Drawn by black camels. Cart—of smaller build than the ritual chariots, used for lesser occasions. Plough-root cart—used in the ceremonial ploughing and first-fruits rite. Green body with triple canopy; otherwise like the jade chariot.
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安車，一名進賢車，臨幸用之。 金飾重輿，曲壁，八鑾在衡，紫油纁，朱裏幰，朱絲絡網。 駕赤騮，朱鞶纓。
Sedan chariot, also called the Promoting the Worthy chariot—used when the emperor pays a personal visit. Heavily built with gold ornament, curved side panels, eight pennons on the crossbar, purple oil finish on reddish cloth, vermilion inner canopy lining, and a vermilion silk mesh net. Drawn by chestnut horses with vermilion braided trappings.
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四望車，一名明遠車，拜陵、臨吊則用之。 金飾，青油纁，朱裏通幰。 駕牛，餘同安車。
Four-View chariot, also called the Bright-Distance chariot—used when paying respects at imperial tombs or offering condolences. Gold fittings, blue oil on reddish cloth, vermilion inner lining, and a fully enclosed canopy. Drawn by oxen; otherwise the same as the sedan chariot.
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涼車，赤質，省方、罷獵用之。 赤質，金塗，銀裝。 五彩龍風織，藤油壁，緋絳，蓮座。 駕以橐駝。
Cool chariot with red body—used when the emperor tours the provinces or concludes a hunt. Red body with gold plating and silver fittings. Five-colored dragon-and-phoenix brocade, rattan oil-finished walls, scarlet trim, and a lotus seat. Drawn by Bactrian camels.
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輦：用人挽，本宮中所乘。 唐高宗始制七輦。 《周官》巾車有輦，以人組輓之。 太平冊禮，皇帝御輦。
Palanquin—man-drawn; originally used for travel within the palace. Emperor Gaozong of Tang first established the seven palanquins. The Rites of Zhou assigns palanquins to the Chief Carriage Officer, drawn by teams of men. In the Taiping Enthronement Rite, the emperor takes the palanquin.
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大鳳輦，赤質，頂有金鳳，壁畫雲氣金翅。 前有軾，下有構欄。 絡帶皆繡雲鳳，銀梯。 主輦八十人。 大芳輦。 仙遊輦。
Great Phoenix palanquin—red body, golden phoenix on the crown, walls painted with clouds and golden wings. A front rail and a balustrade at the base. Trailing straps embroidered with clouds and phoenixes; silver steps. Eighty bearers draw the palanquin. Great Fragrant palanquin. Immortal Roaming palanquin.
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小輦，《永壽節儀》，皇太后乘小輦。
Small palanquin—in the Eternal Longevity Festival Rite, the empress dowager rides the small palanquin.
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芳亭輦，黑質，幕屋緋欄，皆繡雲鳳。 朱綠夾窗，花板紅網，兩簾四竿，銀飾梯。 主輦百廿人。 大玉輦。 小玉輦。
Fragrant Pavilion palanquin—black body, canopy pavilion with scarlet rails, all embroidered with clouds and phoenixes. Vermilion-and-green flanking windows, floral panels with red mesh, two curtains on four poles, and silver-fitted steps. One hundred twenty bearers draw the palanquin. Great Jade palanquin. Small Jade palanquin.
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逍遙輦，常行用之。 棕屋，赤質，金塗，銀裝，紅絳。 輦官十二人，春夏緋衫，秋冬素錦服。
Leisure-roaming palanquin—used for everyday travel. Palm-frond canopy, red body, gold plating, silver fittings, and red trim. Twelve palanquin attendants wear scarlet jackets in spring and summer and plain brocade robes in autumn and winter.
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平頭輦，常行用之。 制如逍遙，無屋。 冊承天皇太后儀，皇太后乘平頭輦。 步輦，聖宗統和三年，駐蹕土河，乘步輦聽政。
Flat-Top palanquin—used for everyday travel. Of the same design as the Leisure palanquin but without a canopy structure. In the Rite of Enthroning the Empress Dowager Who Received Heaven, the empress dowager rides the Flat-Top palanquin. Hand-borne palanquin—in Tonghe 3 of Emperor Shengzong's reign, while encamped at the Tuh River, he conducted state business from a hand palanquin.
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羊車，古輦車。 赤質，兩壁龜文、鳳翅，緋幰，絡帶、門簾皆繡瑞羊，畫輪。 駕以牛，隋易果下馬。 童子十八人，服繡，瑞羊免之。 輿：以人肩之，天子用韝絡臂綰。
Sheep cart—an ancient type of palanquin carriage. Red body; tortoise patterns and phoenix wings on both walls; scarlet canopy; trailing straps and door curtains embroidered with auspicious sheep; painted wheels. Originally drawn by oxen; the Sui replaced these with pony horses. Eighteen attendants in embroidered robes wear caps fashioned like auspicious sheep. Palanquin—borne on bearers' shoulders; the emperor uses leather shoulder-straps with braided arm ties.
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腰輿，前後長竿各二，金銀螭頭，緋繡鳳襕，上施錦褥，別設小床。 奉輿十六人。
Waist palanquin—two long poles fore and aft, gold and silver dragon-head fittings, scarlet-embroidered phoenix panels, a brocade mat above, and a separate small couch. Sixteen bearers carry the palanquin.
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小輿，赤質，青頂，曲柄，緋繡絡帶。 制如鳳輦而小，上有御座。 奉輿二十四人。 皇太子車輅：
Small palanquin—red body, green crown, curved handles, and scarlet-embroidered trailing straps. Of the same design as the Phoenix palanquin but smaller, with an imperial seat mounted above. Twenty-four bearers carry the palanquin. The Crown Prince's Chariots:
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金輅，從祀享、正冬大朝、納妃用之。 《冊皇太子儀》，乘黃令陳金輅，皇太子升、降金輅。
Gold chariot—used when accompanying sacrificial offerings, at the great winter court audience, and when receiving a consort. In the Rite of Enthroning the Crown Prince, the Bearer-of-the Yellow presents the gold chariot, and the crown prince mounts and dismounts it.
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軺車，五日常朝、享宮臣、出入行道用之。 金飾，紫幰朱裏。 駕一馬。
Light carriage—used for the fifth-day regular audience, entertaining palace ministers, and everyday travel on official business. Gold fittings with a purple canopy and vermilion inner lining. Drawn by a single horse.
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四望車，吊臨用之。 金飾，紫油纁通幰。 駕一馬。
Four-View chariot—used when paying condolence visits. Gold fittings with purple oil on reddish cloth and a fully enclosed canopy. Drawn by a single horse.