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卷六十九 表第七: 部族表

Volume 69 Tables 7: Tribes

Chapter 69 of 遼史 · History of Liao
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Chapter 69
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◎Tribes Table. When Sima Qian wrote the Records, he devoted the closing sections of his work to the peoples of the four peripheries. From the Qin and Han dynasties onward, each border people had its own polity. Their domains lie far beyond our frontiers, and the routes to them stretch across immense distances. No single power can encompass the whole world or know every tribe in detail; when neighboring states exchange missions and tribute, how could any historian observe them all firsthand? Scholars could only rely on hearsay and rough notes, copying down the broad outlines at best. The Liao bordered the Five Dynasties period; the lay of the Han heartland, near and far, survives in documents that can still be checked. For the sandy northwest, with its agriculture, dress, carts and horses, rites, institutions, local products, and customs, historians grasp the rough picture but miss the finer detail. Tribal and clan names are often known only by sound, not by the correct written forms. Successive generations compounded mistakes, so verification has grown arduous. The Liao maintained ties with many tribes through tribute and embassies, and the territories the Western Liao reached are hardly scarce in the Annals and Biographies either. Such events belong in the Annals; the tribal record belongs here in this table. Tribes Table
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ChronologyFirst monthSecond monthThird monthFourth monthFifth monthSixth monthSeventh monthEighth monthNinth monthTenth monthEleventh monthTwelfth month
First year of TaizuThe eight divisions of the Black-cart Shiwei submitted.Taizu campaigned against the Black-cart Shiwei.
Second yearThe emperor's younger brother, Teyin Sala, attacked the Wuhuan and the Black-cart Shiwei.
Third yearHe campaigned against the Black-cart Shiwei and broke them. The northwestern Wuniangai tribe presented men to pull carts.
Fourth yearThe Xi of Wumashan—Kuzhi, Zhaladi, Chubode, and other divisions—rebelled and were put down.
Fifth yearThe Western and Eastern Xi rebelled and were subdued.
First year of the Shengce eraHe campaigned against the Türks, Tanguts, minor Fan peoples, Shatuo, and other tribes, defeating them and accepting their submission.
Third yearThe emperor's younger brother Anduan, as Teyin, attacked the tribes of the southwest.
Fourth yearHe campaigned against the Wugu.
Sixth yearThe crown prince and other commanders attacked the tribes in separate columns, reorganizing the Wugu and Xi into the Tulü, Nieli, and Aowei divisions.
First year of the Tianzan eraHe struck the tribes of the southwest.The Diela tribe was split into two courts.
Second yearHe campaigned against the Xi chief Husun, took him captive, and established the Xi Duogui division.
Third yearHe attacked the tribes east of the mountains and broke them.He defeated the Fan peoples of Humusi Mountain.
First year of the Tianxian eraThe Xi chiefs Boluen and Wang Yu distinguished themselves on campaign and were rewarded.The prefectures of Anbian, Mojie, and Dingli rebelled and were put down.
Third year; Taizong kept the existing era nameTulübu campaigned against the Wugu.Tulübu presented captives from the Wugu.The Pibalji presented tribute.
Fourth yearTulübu again presented captives from the Wugu.
Fifth yearThe Dilie presented tribute.The Wugu presented tribute.
Sixth yearThe Dilie presented tribute.The Wugu presented tribute.The Pibalji presented tribute.
Seventh yearThe Wugu and Dilie presented tribute.
Ninth yearThe Pibalji presented tribute.
Eleventh yearThe Pibalji presented tribute.The Yujueli presented tribute.
Twelfth yearThe Pibalji presented tribute.
First year of the Huitong eraThe Shiwei presented white musk deer.The Black-cart Shiwei presented fine horses as tribute.
Third yearThe Wugu presented captives taken from the Fulu state.The Black-cart Shiwei presented tribute.Representatives of the three Shubugu divisions presented tribute.
Fourth yearThe Niela and Wuwei divisions presented Tangut captives; the Yishi, Pin, and Tuju divisions did the same.The Wugu and Yujueli presented tribute.Alidi presented tribute.Shubugu and the Jurchen presented tribute.
Fifth yearThe Pibalji presented tribute.The Pibalji and Wugu presented tribute; Shubugu, the Pibalji, and the Yujueli did likewise.
Sixth yearThe Xi Chubode division presented white musk.
Seventh yearThe Black-cart Shiwei presented tribute.Pibalji
Eighth yearThe Pibalji and Black-cart Shiwei presented tribute.The Pibalji presented tribute again.
Ninth yearThe Pibalji submitted their military registers.The Wugu presented tribute.
First year of the Yingli era under MuzongThe Pibalji presented tribute.
Second yearThe Dilie presented tribute.
Third yearThe Wugu and Pibalji presented tribute.The Dilie presented tribute.
Fifth yearThe Pibalji presented tribute.
Sixth yearThe Pibalji presented tribute.
Seventh yearThe Pibalji presented tribute.
Fourteenth yearThe Yellow Shiwei rebelled.Kuguzhi reported that the Yellow Shiwei had seized horses and cattle and gone into rebellion. He fought them, defeated them, and accepted the surrender of their people; an edict was issued to reassure them. The Wugu also rebelled and looted local households.
Fifteenth yearThe Wugu killed their chief Sulidi, submitted, and then rebelled again.Yindiji, chief of the Great Yellow Shiwei, rebelled. Forty households from the Five Workshops defected to the Wugu.The Lesser Yellow Shiwei broke away. Yalisi, Chusi, and others attacked them but were beaten by the Shiwei; envoys were dispatched to rebuke the offenders.Kuguzhi reported that the Shiwei chief Yindiji had taken refuge among the Dilie.The Dilie submitted.When the Wugu reached the Hedemoor, Yilizhi Huali and Yilibi Chang'en were sent against them. On dingchou the Wugu plundered households in Yulin Valley north of the Supreme Capital, and Linya Xiao Gan was ordered to campaign against them.Chang'en fought the Wugu and routed them.
Seventeenth yearYilibi Guyü presented Wugu captives.
Third year of the Baoning era under JingzongThe Pibalji presented tribute.
Fourth yearThe Pibalji presented tribute.
Fifth yearHelutalan, chief of the Pibalji, came to court.
Eighth yearThe Pibalji presented tribute.
First year of the Qianheng eraThe Dilie presented tribute.
First year of the Tonghe era under ShengzongSushe reported the surrender of the Dilie; he also reported that rebellious Fan tribes had submitted.
Second yearYelü Weiwa, governor of the Five States and Weiwugu tribes, found the tribes under him difficult to control and asked for an edict, supplies, and discretionary authority; his request was approved.The Huali asked that xiangwen posts be filled only from within their own division; the emperor ruled that what mattered for tribal offices was finding capable men, and refused.Yelü Puning and Superintendent Xiao Qinde returned from campaigning east against the Jurchen and reported their victory.
Third yearReviewing tribal registers, the emperor found the Niela and Wuwei divisions had small quotas but heavy labor obligations and granted them partial relief.Millet in the Yishi Aowei division had passed ripeness without harvest, so laborers were sent to help bring it in.The deputy commissioner of the Yishi Laowei division presented gifts. Several Shubugu tribes moved into nearby lands.
Fourth yearHeludu, governor of the Pinbu, Jieli, xiangwen of the Huangpishi, and others presented captured weapons and armor.The Zhipiligu division delivered supply wagons to the mobile court.
Fifth yearSage'li, governor of the Niela, had governed well; the tribespeople asked to keep him, and the court agreed.
Sixth yearThe Wuwei Yujueli were ordered to stop sending sable and blue-squirrel furs and to tribute horses and cattle only.Han Dewei, southwestern pacification commissioner, was sent to subdue rebellious Fan tribes on the Hexi frontier.
Ninth yearRelief was granted to the Shiwei and Wugu.The Pibalji presented tribute.
Twelfth yearThe imperial grand consort was ordered to take command of Wugu forces on the Northwestern Route.
Thirteenth yearThe Pibalji presented tribute.
Fifteenth yearThe court abolished the annual elk tribute owed by the five Xi divisions.Eight Dilie divisions killed their xiangwen and rebelled; Xiao Talin pursued them and took half their people.Tribute from the divisions under the Xi king was abolished.
Sixteenth yearA Pibalji chief presented tribute.
Nineteenth yearThe Dalugu presented tribute.In the intercalary month the Pibalji presented tribute.
Twenty-first yearThe Aoli and other tribes presented tribute.The Wugu presented tribute.
Twenty-second yearFan tribes were no longer required to present tribute on the Thousand-Age Festival, the winter solstice, or the Double Fifth.The Punuli, Pou'ali, and other tribes presented tribute.
Twenty-third yearThe Wugu presented tribute.The Pibalji presented tribute.
First year of the Kaitai eraHelixi, king of the Hesuguan, came to court.
Second yearThe Wugu and Dilie rebelled; Yanshou, xiangwen of the right Pishi, was ordered to campaign against them.The Wugu and Dilie were restored to their former territories.
Third yearThe Tieli presented tribute.The Wugu rebelled.Eight Dilie divisions killed their shared xiangwen Shaowa and rose in revolt. Southern Chancellor Yelü Wulage was ordered to pacify them. Several imprisoned Dilie were released to win over their people. On renzi, Yelü Shiliang sent envoys with Dilie captives.
Fourth yearYelü Shiliang campaigned against the Dilie and took their division.Yelü Shiliang attacked the rebellious Wugu and slaughtered them. Envoys were sent to reward front-line officers and men.Tiligu, qibao zhuala xiangwen, was appointed king of the six Xi divisions.
Fifth yearPibalji chiefs Sabote, Saila, and others presented tribute.
Seventh yearThe five northeastern tribes—Yuelidu, Bu'ali, Aolimi, Punuli, and Tieli—were ordered to send sixty-five thousand sable pelts and three hundred horses yearly. Xiao Puda, governor of the Wugu, campaigned against the rebellious Dilie and wiped them out.The Punuli presented tribute.
Eighth yearTalage, grand master of the Huiba, presented tribute.Abuge, Teyin of the Hesuguan, and Chancellor Saila presented tribute.Mamen, grand guardian of the Huiba, presented tribute.Abuge, Teyin of the Hesuguan, presented tribute.
First year of the Taiping eraPobai, chief of the Dilie, presented horses and camels as tribute.
Sixth yearMany Wunai households were found within the Puludouduo division; the court ordered them rounded up.All the Shubugu divisions rebelled.Chiefs from the Hesuguan came to court.The Hesuguan asked permission to raise banners and drums; the request was granted.
Seventh yearThe Puludouduo sent envoys with tribute.Jurchen and Puludouduo households were sent to Laizhou for resettlement.Four hundred households of the Chazhibu submitted.
First year of the Chongxi era under XingzongChiefs of the Five States presented tribute.
Third yearRelief was granted to the Yemizhi.
Tenth yearHesuguan households absorbed into Puludouduo were reclaimed and restored to their former livelihoods.A Shubugu chief presented tribute.
Twelfth yearXiangwen and superintendent offices were created for the Huiba.Envoys from Woduo and Puludouduo had missed tribute deadlines; they were pardoned and dismissed.
Thirteenth yearYelü Oulisi campaigned against Puludouduo. Luohannu, southwestern pacification superintendent, Wolumu, xiangwen, and others reported that Qulie, Shanxi tribal governor, had taken five divisions into rebellion with Western Xia and asked for northern and southern chancellery troops to escort Shizhou households of Shi Wei. The wealthy were selected for dispatch; the rest were ordered to farm garrison lands at Tiande.Luohannu reported that the tribal troops sent against the Tanguts had been defeated.Yuanhao brought three Tangut chiefs to submit.
Fifteenth yearHouseholds along the Helan River in Puludouduo territory submitted.One hundred eighty Puludouduo households on the Helan River submitted.Zhemu, Jurchen chief, led his people to submit.
Seventeenth yearRelief was granted to the Yaowen and Chaowen.Pulian, great king of Puludouduo, presented shipwrights.Chaige, grand master of Changbaishan, and Saladu, grand master of the Huiba, presented local products.Hu Fanqu, Yilizhi of the eight Boliba divisions, and others submitted.The court campaigned against Taodeli, chief of the Punuli.
Eighteenth yearYelü Yixian reported victory over the Punuli.Yelü Yixian and his officers captured Taodeli and presented him to the court.The Wugu sent envoys to pledge allegiance.Chiefs of the Five States led their divisions to submit. Wudie and Taizha of the Huiba came to court. Yelü Xiantong, Five States governor, was made senior general of the Left Gate Guard for turning over rebellious Wugu.
Nineteenth yearXindu, Teyin of Puludouduo, and Goryeo presented tribute.The distant Basimu tribe sent envoys with tribute.The Huiba, Hesuguan, and Puludouduo each sent envoys with horses.
Twenty-first yearEnvoys were sent to the Five States and the Pibalji, Wugu, and Dilie to obtain eastern-sea green falcons.
Second year of the Qingning era under DaozongThose of the two Nügu divisions slated for chancellor or governor were exempted from Pishi military duty.
Third yearThe Five States chief presented local products.
Eighth yearTuntuoge, Teyin of the Wuduwang, and others asked to tribute horses and camels yearly; the request was granted.
Fifth year of the Xianyong eraThe Pou'ali of the Five States rebelled; Left Yilibi Xiao Susa was sent against them.The Five States chief submitted and presented local products.
Sixth yearThe Five States chief came to court.
Ninth yearThe Bashilie Dilie killed their governor and rebelled; the emperor ordered the Weiwugu army to attack in two columns.
First year of the Dakang eraRebellious Northwestern Route chiefs Xiada, Chuda, Shuanggu, and others submitted.
Fourth yearThe Five States chief presented tribute.
Seventh yearThe Five States chief presented tribute.
Eighth yearChiefs of the Five States presented local products.
Ninth yearThe Five States chief presented tribute.
First year of the Da'an eraThe Five States chief presented fine horses as tribute.
Third yearSilk was distributed to the poor of the Weiwugu.Bohai of the northwest presented cattle.
Fourth yearChiefs of the Five States presented tribute.Tribal officials were ordered to hear lawsuits in person.
Eighth yearMogusi, Zubu chief, killed Jinyu Tugusi and rebelled; Yelü Guosan of the Xi Six Divisions was sent to mobilize Fan tribes against him.
Ninth yearThree thousand war horses were allotted to the Wugu. Xiao Xiuge, Wugu-Dilie commander, reported victory over the Zubu.
Tenth yearThe Tede chief presented tribute.Yelü Chenjianu, Wugu governor, reported victory over Chazhala. Yelü Wotela, northern privy councilor, was made commander-in-chief; Yelü Tuduo, Yilibi, vice-commander; Yelü Hulu, Dragon-Tiger Guard senior general, vanguard commander—to campaign against Mogusi, with Xiao Jiuli of Jiqing Palace supervising the battle.The Northwestern Route pacification office reported a Dilie invasion; commandery troops were beaten, but pacification forces routed the invaders.The Helige and Tede chiefs presented tribute.That year Mengdesi, Tede chief, led his people to submit and was restored to his former lands. The eight Poli divisions raided and were driven off.
First year of the Shoulong eraThe Dilie raided and seized herd horses; garrison troops counterattacked and recovered everything.Wotela reported victory over the Yedugua.The Poli chief submitted and presented local products. Wotela reported victory over Mogusi.
Second yearCattle were purchased for the poor among the Wugu, Dilie, and Weiwugu.Relief was granted to the Zamalibeigu.The eight Poli divisions presented horses.
Third yearYelü Chenjianu, Wugu governor, distinguished himself campaigning against northwestern tribes.The Puludouduo chief led his people back to allegiance.The Five States chief presented tribute.The Puludouduo presented tribute.
Fifth yearThe Five States chief presented tribute.Tude of the Tede and others presented tribute.Wotela reported victory over the Yedugua tribes.
Sixth yearWotela captured the rebel Mogusi and presented him to the court.The Wugu campaigned against Chazhala and broke them.Yedugua tribes raided the Northwestern Route.Wotela reported victory over the Yedugua tribes.Chiefs of the Five States presented tribute.
Second year of the Qiantong era under TianzuoWotela reported victory over the Yedugua and related tribes.
Fourth yearThe Pibalji sent envoys with tribute.
Ninth yearThe Five States presented tribute.
Tenth yearThe Five States chief presented tribute.
First year of the Tianqing eraThe Five States chief presented tribute.
Second yearThe Five States chief presented tribute.
Fifth yearGuyu of Raozhou Bohai and others rebelled, proclaiming themselves kings; Xiao Xiefuliu and others were sent to put them down.
Sixth yearThe Wugu rebelled; Vice Censor-in-Chief Yelü Tabuye and others were sent to win them back.The Wugu submitted.Mage and Yudu, eastern campaign vice-commanders, attacked the Hesuguan and were defeated.
Second year of the Baoda eraJin armies seized the Western Capital; tribes south of the desert submitted; the emperor fled to Eshalie.Yelü Tanggu, Wugu governor, defeated rebellious Dilie Pishi and was made crown prince grand guardian.Commander-in-Chief Mage campaigned against the rebellious Dilie and overcame them.Learning the Jin ruler had pacified Nanjing, he left through Saoliguan and stayed with a xiangwen of the four tribal divisions.
Third yearOfficer Yelü Dilie and others abducted Prince of Liang Yali and fled northwest.Yelü Dashi fled back from the Jin court, recrossed the river to the east, and settled with the Tulübu.
Fourth yearThe emperor fled north; Mogeshi came to meet him and led his tribe to guard him. Attendants went days without grain and traded clothes for sheep. At the Wugu-Dilie, Mogeshi was enfeoffed as divine yuyue.The emperor took Ange, wife of Ege of the Tulübu, and made Ege governor of that division.
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With Tianzuo in exile, Yelü Dashi installed Chun as king of Yan-Jin; after Chun died, he fled with Consort Xiao to Tiande. The emperor executed the consort and rebuked Dashi. Dashi led his followers west and declared himself emperor. The tribes he passed through are listed below:
Great Yellow Shiwei divisionWhite Dadan divisionDilie divisionWangjila divisionChachila divisionYexi divisionPibalji division
Nila divisionDalaguai divisionDamili divisionMierji divisionHezhu divisionWuguli divisionZubu division
Pusuwan divisionTangut divisionHumusi divisionXide divisionJierbi divisionNaiman divisionCity of the Uighurs
Huihui and Dashi peoplesSamarkandKhwarazm
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