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卷三十八 志第十四 曆八

Volume 38 Treatises 14: Calendar 8

Chapter 38 of 明史 · History of Ming
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Chapter 38
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1
Treatise Fourteen: Calendrics, Part Eight.
2
▲ The Islamic (Huihui) Calendar Method, Part Two
3
祿 祿
Method for constructing ready reckoners for the Sun's and five planets' mean longitudes: original tables for total years, zero years, months, days, and the twelve signs' ingress days—five ready reckoners in all. Each ready reckoner first lists month, day, and sign tallies at its principal entries, then the seven luminaries, then solar mean longitude and each planet's proper motion and apogee longitude; conjunction data are mostly omitted. The construction methods for these ready reckoners are recorded below.
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Solar mean-motion daily ready reckoner: daily motion 59′08″; accumulate by day—a 29-day month yields 28°35′02″, a 30-day month 29°34′10″.
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Monthly ready reckoner. Odd-numbered months are full (30 days), even months short (29 days), with one intercalary day at year's end. Full month: 29°34′10″. Short month: 28°35′02″. Accumulate by month: twelve months total 11 signs 18°55′09″; an intercalary day adds 59′08″.
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Sign-ingress daily ready reckoner. From Aries ingress through Taurus ingress—31 days—yields 1 sign 1°33′18″. This is the accumulation of 59′08″ per day. Apply according to each sign's day-count (given above). Accumulate through the zodiac to Pisces (Transforming-Fish) ingress: 11 signs 1°11″. From Aries to Pisces: 335 days' total accumulation.
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Zero-year (within-cycle) ready reckoner. Annual increment: 11 signs 18°55′09″; eleven intercalary days in thirty years—years 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26, and 29 are leap years. Approximate method: subtract 11°04′51″ per year, 10°05′43″ in leap years; thirty years total 1 sign 8°20′31″. 354 days per year (10,620 in thirty years), plus eleven intercalary days—10,631 days total.
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Total-years ready reckoner. Year 1: 3 signs 26°05′19″. Add 1 sign 8°25′31″ every thirty years; at year 1,440, total 5 signs 15′33″.
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▲ Method for Constructing Five-Planet Proper-Motion Ready Reckoners
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Saturn daily ready reckoner: 57′ per day, accumulated sequentially. Short month: 27°37′; full month: 28°34′. The extra 1′ on days 5, 12, 20, and 28 comes from accumulated seconds.
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Monthly ready reckoner. Full month adds 28°34′; short month adds 27°37′. Monthly accumulation: twelve months total 11 signs 7°04′; intercalary day adds 57′.
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祿
Sign-ingress daily ready reckoner. Taurus ingress: 29°31′—thirty-one days' proper-motion accumulation. The other four planets follow the same rule. Accumulate by each sign's day-count to Pisces ingress: 10 signs 18°58′.
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Zero-year (within-cycle) ready reckoner. Annual increment: 11 signs 7°04′; intercalary days follow the solar mean-motion table; zero-year entries add the planet's daily motion—the four planets below follow suit. Thirty years total: 1 sign 12°16′.
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Total-years ready reckoner. Year 1: 11 signs 29°18′—the root value from the Sui jìwèi observation; some identify it with the Hongwu jiazi epoch, additive tier included. The four planets below follow the same pattern. Six hundred years: 4 signs 4°44′. Add 1 sign 12°27′ every thirty years; at year 1440, total 7 signs 18°20′.
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Jupiter daily ready reckoner: 54′ per day, accumulated sequentially. Short month: 26°10′; full month: 27°05′. The extra 1′ on days 4, 11, 17, 24, and 30 comes from accumulated seconds.
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Monthly ready reckoner: accumulate by full and short months—twelve months total 10 signs 19°29′; intercalary day adds 54′.
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Sign-ingress ready reckoner: Taurus ingress 27°59′; Pisces ingress 10 signs 29°26′.
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Zero-year ready reckoner: 10 signs 19° per year; thirty years total 7 signs 24°39′.
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Total-years ready reckoner: year 1, 4 signs 25°19′; six hundred years, 5 signs 8°27′. Add 7 signs 24°39′ every thirty years; at year 1,440, total 8 signs 8°50′.
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Mars daily ready reckoner: 28′ per day, accumulated sequentially. Short month: 13°23′; full month: 13°51′. Subtract 1′ on days 2, 5, 9, 12, 15, 18, 22, 25, and 28.
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Monthly ready reckoner: twelve months total 5 signs 13°24′; intercalary day adds 28′.
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Sign-ingress ready reckoner: Taurus ingress 14°09′; Pisces ingress 5 signs 18°29′.
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Zero-year ready reckoner: 5 signs 13°24′ per year; thirty years total 7 signs 17°01′.
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Total-years ready reckoner: year 1, 8 signs 34°06′; at 600 years, 4 signs 4°33′. Add 7 signs 1°01′ every thirty years; at year 1,440, total 1°11′.
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Venus daily ready reckoner: 37′ per day, accumulated sequentially. Short month: 17°53′; full month: 18°30′.
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Monthly ready reckoner: twelve months total 7 signs 8°15′; intercalary day adds 37′.
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Sign-ingress ready reckoner: Taurus ingress 19°07′; Pisces ingress 7 signs 15°02′.
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Zero-year ready reckoner: 7 signs 8°15′ per year; thirty years total 2 signs 14°15′.
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Total-years ready reckoner: year 1, 1 sign 15°29′; six hundred years, 3 signs 0°34′. Add 2 signs 14°15′ every thirty years; at year 140, total 9°51′.
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Mercury daily ready reckoner: 3°06′ per day, accumulated sequentially. Short month: 3 signs 0°06′; full month: 3 signs 3°12′. Add 1′ on days 2, 4, 7, 9, 12, 14, 17, 19, 22, 24, 27, and 29.
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Monthly ready reckoner: twelve months total 0 signs 19°47′; an intercalary month adds 3°06′.
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Sign-ingress ready reckoner: Taurus ingress 3 signs 6°19′; Pisces ingress 10 signs 20°45′.
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Zero-year ready reckoner: 0 signs 19°47′ per year; thirty years total 8 signs 27°44′.
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Total-years ready reckoner: year 1, 2 signs 25°34′; six hundred years, 1 sign 10°09′. Add 8 signs 27°44′ every thirty years; at year 1440, total 11 signs 6°35′.
35
▲ Method for Constructing Sun-and-Planet Apogee Ready Reckoners (shared by all six bodies)
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Apogee daily ready reckoner. Daily motion: 10 micro-units; accumulate sequentially. On the 4th, 11th, 18th, and 25th days subtract 1 micro-unit each; full month 4″56‴, short month 4″46‴.
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Monthly ready reckoner: twelve months total 58″10‴. Intercalary day adds 10 micro-units.
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Sign-ingress ready reckoner: Taurus ingress 5″06‴; Pisces ingress 55″05‴.
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Zero-year ready reckoner: 58″ per year, less 20 micro-units. Accumulate annually; 60 micro-units in three years make 1″; thirty years total 29′10″.
40
Total-years ready reckoner: year 1, 0 signs 10°40′28″, with Hongwu jiazi additive tier. Six hundred years: 58′13″. Add 29′07″ every thirty years; at year 1440, total 12°36′55″.
41
▲ Method for Constructing Lunar Ecliptic-Longitude Ready Reckoners
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Daily ready reckoner. Mean longitude: 13°11′ per day, accumulated sequentially. Full month: 1 sign 5°17′; short month: 0 signs 22°07′. On days 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 28, and 30 subtract 1′ each—thirteen parts total. Doubled-separation longitude: 24°23′ per day, accumulated sequentially. Full month: 0 signs 11°27′; short month: 11 signs 17°04′. On days 5, 14, and 23, subtract 1′ each. Seven-wheel longitude: 13°04′ per day, accumulated sequentially. Full month: 1 sign 1°57′; short month: 18°53′. Whenever the day-number is divisible by five, subtract 1′. Rahu–Ketu mean longitude: 3′ per day, accumulated sequentially. Daily motion: large month 1°35′, small month 1°32′. On days 3, 9, 15, 20, and 26 within the month, add 1 part each.
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Monthly-division ready reckoner. Mean motion: large month 1 sign 5°17′, small month 22°07′; accumulate by month; twelve-month total 11 signs 14°27′. In months 3, 7, and 11, add 1 part each. With an intercalary day, add 13°11′. Doubled separation: full month 11°27′; short month 1 sign 17°04′; twelve-month total 11 signs 21°03′. In months 2, 6, and 10, subtract 1 part each. With an intercalary day, add 24°23′. Deferent rotation: large month 1 sign 1°57′, small month 18°53′; twelve-month total 10 signs 5°00′. With an intercalary day, add 13°04′ deferent motion. Rahu motion: large month 1°35′, small month 1°32′; twelve-month total 18°45′. In months 3, 7, and 11, add 1 part each. With an intercalary day, add 3 parts.
44
Phased zero-year ready reckoner. Mean motion: per year 11 signs 14°27′; per 30 years 1 sign 8°15′. Eleven intercalary days every 30 years—the same rule as the solar zero-year table. The entries below follow the same rule. Doubled-separation: per year 11 signs 21°03′; in 30 years 11 signs 29°40′. Intercalary day: add 24°23′. Deferent rotation: per year 10 signs 5°; in 30 years 9 signs 23°47′. Intercalary day: add 13°04′. Rahu motion: per year 18°45′; in 30 years 6 signs 22°58′. Intercalary day: add 3 parts.
45
Total-years ready reckoner. Mean motion: year 1, 4 signs 28°49′; at 600 years, 6 signs 8°42′; every 30 years add 1 sign 8°15′; at 1,440 years, 5 signs 29°47′. Doubled-separation: year 1, 1 sign 25°28′; at 600 years, 1 sign 18°33′. Add 11 signs 29°40′ every thirty years; at year 1,440, total 1 sign 9°21′. Deferent rotation: year 1, 4 signs 12°02′; at 600 years, 8 signs 8°00′ [fraction omitted in text]. Every 30 years add 23°06′; at 600 years, 11 signs 10°34′. Add 6 signs 22°58′ every thirty years; at year 1,440, total 8 signs 15°50′.
46
▲ Construction of the total-, zero-year, sign-, month-, day-, and seven-luminaries ready reckoners
47
滿 滿
Total-year table: year 1 starts at Metal 6; at year 600, Sun 1; every thirty years add 4 to the weekday index. Zero-year table starts at Water 4. Sign-division table: Taurus starts at Fire 3. Month-division table starts at Moon 2. Date-division table starts at Sun 1. Procedure: with an intercalary day, use the yearly weekday number. If the year is incomplete, use the monthly weekday number. Combine them to obtain the weekday for each month's final day.
48
Solar equation ready reckoner: proper-motion sign-degree is the argument. Originally signs ran down the first column and degrees across the top row; every three signs, 30° were set in sequence, with equation corrections listed within, and correction differences beside them. The correction-difference column records the interval between this degree's equation correction and the next degree's correction. That column is now omitted; only equation corrections remain. Place the argument sign on the top row and degree on the first column, and look up directly or in reverse—the result is unchanged, but the table is simpler. Lunar and five-planet equation ready reckoners follow the same rule.
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