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志第三十四禮十二 〈（凶禮一）〉
Treatise 34: Rites, Part Twelve (Mourning Rites, Part One)〉
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○山陵
○ Imperial Tombs
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次五曰凶禮。 凡山陵、寢廟與喪葬、服紀及士庶喪制，皆以類編次。 其謁陵、忌辰之禮，亦附載焉。
The fifth category is mourning rites. Imperial tombs, ancestral temples, funerals and burials, mourning periods, and commoner mourning regulations are all arranged here by category. Rites for visiting tombs and observing death anniversaries are recorded here as well.
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○山陵
○ Imperial Tombs
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三十一年，太祖崩。 禮部定議，京官聞喪次日，素服、烏紗帽、黑角帶，赴內府聽遺詔。 於本署齋宿，朝晡詣几筵哭。 越三日成服，朝晡哭臨，至葬乃止。 自成服日始，二十七日除。 命婦孝服，去首飾，由西華門入哭臨。 諸王、世子、王妃、郡主、內使、宮人俱斬衰三年，二十七月除。 凡臨朝視事，素服、烏紗帽、黑角帶，退朝衰服。 羣臣麻布員領衫麻布冠、麻絰、麻鞋。 命婦麻布大袖長衫，麻布蓋頭。 明器如鹵簿。 神主用慄，制度依家禮。 行人頒遺詔於天下。 在外百官，詔書到日，素服、烏紗帽、黑角帶，四拜。 聽宣讀訖，舉哀，再四拜。 三日成服，每旦設香案哭臨，三日除。 各遣官赴京致祭，祭物禮部備。 孝陵設神宮監並孝陵衛及祠祭署。 建文帝詔行三年喪，事在《本紀》。 以遭革除，喪葬之制皆不傳。
In the thirty-first year of his reign, Taizu died. The Ministry of Rites laid down the rules: the day after capital officials received word of the death, they were to wear plain dress, black gauze caps, and black horn belts and go to the inner palace to hear the final testament. They kept vigil and lodged at their own offices, going morning and evening to weep before the spirit table. After three days they put on full mourning, weeping morning and evening at the lying-in-state until the burial, when mourning attendance ended. From the day full mourning began, it was doffed after twenty-seven days. Ladies of rank wore mourning dress, removed their ornaments, and entered through the West Flowery Gate to weep at the lying-in-state. Princes, heir apparents, princess consorts, commandery princesses, inner eunuchs, and palace women all wore the highest grade of mourning for three years, doffing it after twenty-seven months. When attending court and conducting affairs, they wore plain dress, black gauze caps, and black horn belts; after court they changed into full mourning. Ministers wore hemp round-collared shirts, hemp caps, hemp mourning bands, and hemp shoes. Ladies of rank wore large-sleeved hemp gowns and hemp veils. Spirit objects were arrayed like an imperial guard of honor. Spirit tablets were made of chestnut wood, following the regulations of family rites. Envoys promulgated the final testament throughout the empire. Officials in the provinces, on the day the edict arrived, wore plain dress, black gauze caps, and black horn belts and performed four bows. After the reading was finished, they raised lamentation and bowed four times again. After three days they put on full mourning; each morning they set up incense tables and wept at the lying-in-state; mourning was doffed after three days. Each province dispatched officials to the capital to offer sacrifice, with sacrificial goods prepared by the Ministry of Rites. At Xiaoling were established the Spirit Palace Directorate, the Xiaoling Guard, and the Sacrificial Office. The Jianwen Emperor issued an edict mandating three-year mourning; the matter is recorded in the 《Basic Annals》. Because of the dynastic overthrow, none of the funeral and burial regulations were preserved.
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文帝崩於榆木川，遺詔一遵太祖遺制。 京師聞訃，皇太子以下皆易服。 宮中設几筵，朝夕哭奠。 百官素服，朝夕哭臨思善門外。 禮部定喪禮，宮中自皇太子以下及諸王、公主，成服日爲始，斬衰三年，二十七月除。 服內停音樂、嫁娶、祭禮，止停百日。 文武官聞喪之明日，詣思善門外哭，五拜三叩頭，宿本署，不飲酒食肉。 四日衰服，朝夕哭臨三日，又朝臨十日。 衰服二十七日。 凡入朝及視事，白布裹紗帽、垂帶、素服、腰絰、麻鞋。 退朝衰服，二十七日外，素服、烏紗帽、黑角帶，二十七月而除。 聽選辦事等官衰服，監生吏典僧道素服，赴順天府，朝夕哭臨三日，又朝臨十日。 命婦第四日由西華門入，哭臨三日，俱素服，二十七日除。 凡音樂祭祀，並輟百日。 婚嫁，官停百日，軍民停一月。 軍民素服，婦人素服不妝飾，俱二十七日。 在外以聞喪日爲始，越三日成服，就本署哭臨，餘如京官。 命婦素服舉哀三日，二十七日除。 軍民男女皆素服十三日，餘俱如京師。 凡京官服，給麻布一匹自制。 四夷使臣，工部造與。 諸王公主遣官及內外文武官詣几筵祭祀者，光祿寺備物，翰林院撰文，禮部引赴思善門外行禮。 京城聞喪日爲始，寺觀各鳴鐘三萬杵，禁屠宰四十九日。 喪將至，文武官衰服，軍民素服赴居庸關哭迎。 皇太子、親王及羣臣皆衰服哭迎於郊。 至大內，奉安於仁智殿，加斂，奉納梓宮。 遣中官奉大行皇帝遺衣冠。 作書賜漢王、趙王。 禮臣言：「喪服已逾二十七日，請如遺命，以日易月。」 帝以梓宮在殯，不忍易，素冠、麻衣、麻絰視朝，退仍衰服，羣臣聽其便。
Emperor Wen died at Yumu River; his final testament followed Taizu's regulations in full. When word reached the capital, the crown prince and all below him changed into mourning dress. A spirit table was set up in the palace, and mourners wept and offered libations morning and evening. Officials wore plain dress and wept morning and evening at the lying-in-state outside the Gate of Reflecting on Goodness. The Ministry of Rites fixed the mourning rites: within the palace, from the crown prince down through princes and princesses, full mourning began on the appointed day—the highest grade for three years, doffed after twenty-seven months. During mourning, music, marriage, and sacrifices were suspended for one hundred days only. Civil and military officials, the day after receiving word of the death, went to weep outside the Gate of Reflecting on Goodness, performing five bows and three kowtows; they lodged at their offices and abstained from wine and meat. On the fourth day they put on full mourning; for three days they wept morning and evening at the lying-in-state, then attended the lying-in-state each morning for ten days. Full mourning was worn for twenty-seven days. When entering court or conducting affairs, they wore white cloth–wrapped gauze caps, hanging belts, plain dress, waist mourning bands, and hemp shoes. After court they wore full mourning; after twenty-seven days they wore plain dress, black gauze caps, and black horn belts, doffing mourning after twenty-seven months. Officials awaiting selection and those handling affairs wore full mourning; supervising students, clerks, monks, and Daoist priests wore plain dress and went to Shuntian Prefecture to weep morning and evening at the lying-in-state for three days, then attend each morning for ten days. Ladies of rank entered through the West Flowery Gate on the fourth day and wept at the lying-in-state for three days, all in plain dress; mourning was doffed after twenty-seven days. Music and sacrifices were likewise suspended for one hundred days. Marriage was suspended for one hundred days among officials and one month among soldiers and commoners. Soldiers and commoners wore plain dress; women wore plain dress without adornment, all for twenty-seven days. In the provinces, counting from the day word arrived, full mourning began after three days; officials wept at the lying-in-state at their own offices, with the rest following capital practice. Ladies of rank in plain dress raised lamentation for three days and doffed mourning after twenty-seven days. Soldiers and commoners of both sexes wore plain dress for thirteen days; all other rules followed those of the capital. Capital officials were issued one bolt of hemp cloth each to make their own mourning garments. For foreign envoys, the Ministry of Works manufactured and supplied mourning dress. When princes and princesses dispatched officials and civil and military officials within and without the palace came to sacrifice at the spirit table, the Court of Imperial Entertainments prepared the offerings, the Hanlin Academy composed the text, and the Ministry of Rites led them to perform rites outside the Gate of Reflecting on Goodness. From the day the capital received word of the death, every temple and monastery struck its bell thirty thousand times, and slaughter was forbidden for forty-nine days. As the bier approached, civil and military officials in full mourning and soldiers and commoners in plain dress went to Juyong Pass to weep and welcome it. The crown prince, imperial princes, and ministers all wore full mourning and wept to welcome the bier in the suburbs. Upon reaching the inner palace, the remains were reverently placed in the Hall of Benevolence and Wisdom, further encoffined, and laid in the imperial bier. Palace eunuchs were dispatched to present the late emperor's surviving robes and cap. Letters were composed and sent to the Prince of Han and the Prince of Zhao. Rites officials said: "Mourning dress has already been worn for more than twenty-seven days; we ask, as the final testament commands, to count days in place of months. The emperor, with the imperial bier still in lying-in-state, could not bring himself to change; he attended court in a plain cap, hemp garments, and hemp mourning bands, then resumed full mourning after court, while ministers were left to do as they saw fit.
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十二月，禮部進葬祭儀：發引前三日，百官齋戒。 遣官以葬期告天地宗社，皇帝衰服告几筵，皇太子以下皆衰服隨班行禮。 百官衰服朝一臨，至發引止。 前一日，遣官祭金水橋、午門、端門、承天門、大明門、德勝門並所過河橋、京都應祀神祇及經過應祀神祠，儀用酒果餚饌。 是夕，設辭奠，帝后太子以下皆衰服，以序致祭。 司禮監、禮部、錦衣衛命執事者設大昇轝、陳葬儀於午門外並大明門外。 將發，設啓奠。 皇帝暨皇太子以下衰服四拜。 奠帛、獻酒、讀祝，四拜。 舉哀，興，哀止，望瘞。 執事者升，徹帷幙，拂拭梓宮，進龍輴於几筵殿下。 設神亭、神帛輿、諡冊寶輿于丹陛上，設祖奠如啓奠儀。 皇帝詣梓宮前，西向立。 皇太子、親王以次侍立。 內侍於梓宮前奏，請靈駕進發，捧冊寶、神帛置輿中； 次銘旌出； 執事官升梓宮，內執事持翣左右蔽。 降殿，內侍官請梓宮升龍輴，執事官以彩帷幕梓宮，內侍持傘扇侍衛如儀。 舊御儀仗居前，冊寶、神帛、神亭、銘旌以次行。 皇帝由殿左門出，后妃、皇太子、親王及宮妃後隨。 至午門內，設遣奠，如祖奠儀。 內侍請靈駕進發，皇帝以下哭盡哀，俱還宮。 梓宮至午門外，禮官請梓宮升大升轝。 執事官奉升轝訖，禮官請靈駕進發。 皇太子、親王以下哭送出端門外，行辭祖禮。 執事官設褥位於太廟帛香案前。 皇太子易常服，捧神帛，由左門入，至褥位跪，置神帛於褥，興，正立於神後跪。 禮官跪於左，奏太宗體天弘道高明廣運聖武神功純仁至孝文皇帝謁辭。 皇太子俯伏，興。 贊五拜三叩頭畢，皇太子捧神帛興，以授禮官。 禮官安輿中，請靈駕進發。 皇太子仍喪服，親王以下隨行。 梓宮由大明中門出，皇太子以下由左門出，步送至德勝門外，乘馬至陵，在途朝夕哭奠臨。 諸王以下及百官、軍民耆老、四品以上命婦，以序沿途設祭。 文武官不繫山陵執事者悉還。 至陵，執事官先陳龍輴於獻殿門外，俟大升轝至。 禮官請靈駕降轝，升龍輴詣獻殿。 執事官奉梓宮入，皇太子、親王由左門入，安奉訖，行安神禮。 皇太子四拜，興，奠酒，讀祝。 俯伏，興，四拜，舉哀。 親王以下陪拜，如常儀。 遣官祀告后土並天壽山，設遷奠禮，如上儀。 將掩玄宮，皇太子以下詣梓宮前跪。 內侍請靈駕赴玄宮，執事官奉梓宮入皇堂。 內侍捧冊寶置於前，陳明器，行贈禮。 皇太子四拜興，奠酒，進贈。 執事官捧玉帛進於右，皇太子受獻，以授內執事，捧入皇堂安置。 俯伏，興，四拜，舉哀，遂掩玄宮。 行饗禮，如遷奠儀。 遣官祀謝后土及天壽山。 設香案玄宮門外，設題主案於前，西向。 設皇太子拜位於前，北向。 內侍盥手奉主置案上，題主官盥手西向題畢，內侍奉主安於神座，藏帛箱中。 內侍奏請太宗文皇帝神靈上神主。 贊四拜，興，獻酒，讀祝。 俯伏，興，四拜，舉哀。 內侍啓櫝受主訖，請神主降座升輿。 至獻殿，奏請神主降輿升座，行初虞禮。 皇太子四拜，初獻，奠帛酒，讀祝，俯伏，興。 亞獻、終獻，四拜，舉哀，望瘞。 內官捧神帛箱埋於殿前，焚兇器於野。 葬日初虞，柔日再虞，剛日三虞，後間日一虞，至九虞止。 在途，皇太子行禮。 還京，皇帝行禮。
In the twelfth month, the Ministry of Rites presented the burial and sacrifice rites: three days before the funeral procession departed, all officials observed purification. Officials were dispatched to announce the burial date to Heaven and Earth and the ancestral altars; the emperor in full mourning announced to the spirit table; the crown prince and all below wore full mourning and followed in rank to perform the rites. Officials in full mourning attended the lying-in-state once each day at court until the procession departed, when attendance ceased. On the previous day, officials were dispatched to sacrifice at the Golden Water Bridge, Meridian Gate, Upright Gate, Gate of Receiving Heaven, Great Bright Gate, Victorious Virtue Gate, every river bridge along the route, the spirits of the capital due for sacrifice, and every shrine along the way that required offerings, using wine, fruit, and prepared foods. That evening a farewell offering was set up; the emperor, empress, crown prince, and all below wore full mourning and offered sacrifice in order of rank. The Directorate of Ceremonial, Ministry of Rites, and Embroidered-Uniform Guard ordered officiants to set up the great lifting carriage and display the burial regalia outside the Meridian Gate and the Great Bright Gate. Just before departure, a departure offering was set up. The emperor, crown prince, and all below in full mourning performed four bows. They offered silks, presented wine, read the prayer, and bowed four times. They raised lamentation, rose, ceased lamentation, and gazed toward the burial site. Officiants ascended, removed the curtains, dusted the imperial bier, and brought the dragon hearse before the spirit table hall. Spirit pavilions, spirit-silk carriages, and carriages for the posthumous-title book and seals were set on the red steps; an ancestral offering was set up following the same rites as the departure offering. The emperor went before the imperial bier and stood facing west. The crown prince and imperial princes stood in attendance in order of rank. Inner attendants announced before the imperial bier, requesting the spirit carriage to advance; they bore the book and seals and spirit silks and placed them in the carriages; next the name banner was brought out; officiating officials raised the imperial bier while inner attendants held feather fans on either side to screen it. As they descended the hall, inner attendants requested that the imperial bier be placed on the dragon hearse; officiants draped it with colored curtains while inner attendants held umbrellas and fans in attendance as prescribed. The former imperial guard of honor went first; the book and seals, spirit silks, spirit pavilion, and name banner followed in order. The emperor exited through the hall's left gate, followed by empresses, the crown prince, imperial princes, and palace consorts. Inside the Meridian Gate a dispatch offering was set up, following the same rites as the ancestral offering. Inner attendants requested the spirit carriage to advance; the emperor and all below wept their fill, then all returned to the palace. When the imperial bier reached outside the Meridian Gate, rites officials requested that it be placed on the great lifting carriage. Officiants finished placing the bier on the carriage; rites officials requested the spirit carriage to advance. The crown prince, imperial princes, and all below escorted the bier weeping to outside the Upright Gate and performed the rite of bidding farewell to the ancestors. Officiants set a cushion before the silk incense table in the Grand Temple. The crown prince changed into regular dress, bore the spirit silks, entered through the left gate, knelt at the cushion, placed the spirit silks upon it, rose, and knelt upright behind the spirit. A rites official knelt on the left and announced: "Taizong, Emperor who embodies Heaven, expands the Way, is lofty and bright, broadly carries fortune, sage in war and divine in accomplishment, purely benevolent and supremely filial, Cultured Emperor, pays his farewell visit." The crown prince prostrated himself, then rose. After five bows and three kowtows were completed, the crown prince bore the spirit silks, rose, and handed them to the rites official. The rites official placed them in the carriage and requested the spirit carriage to advance. The crown prince again put on mourning dress; imperial princes and all below followed along. The imperial bier exited through the Great Bright central gate; the crown prince and all below left through the left gate and escorted it on foot to outside the Victorious Virtue Gate, then mounted horses for the tomb, weeping and offering libations morning and evening along the way. Princes, officials, aged soldiers and commoners, and ladies of rank of the fourth grade and above set up offerings along the route in order of rank. Civil and military officials not assigned to tomb duties all returned. At the tomb, officiants first displayed the dragon hearse outside the Offering Hall gate, awaiting the great lifting carriage. Rites officials requested that the spirit carriage be lowered and the bier placed on the dragon hearse to proceed to the Offering Hall. Officiants reverently brought the imperial bier inside; the crown prince and imperial princes entered through the left gate; once placement was complete, they performed the rite of settling the spirit. The crown prince bowed four times, rose, offered wine, and read the prayer. He prostrated himself, rose, bowed four times, and raised lamentation. Imperial princes and all below accompanied him in bowing, following the usual rites. Officials were dispatched to sacrifice and announce to the Earth Queen and Mount Heavenly Longevity; a relocation offering was set up following the same rites as above. When the underground palace was about to be sealed, the crown prince and all below him proceeded to kneel before the imperial bier. Palace attendants requested that the spirit carriage proceed to the underground palace, and officiants reverently carried the imperial bier into the imperial hall. Palace attendants brought forward the registers and seals and set them in place, displayed the grave goods, and performed the gift-offering rite. The crown prince bowed four times, rose, offered wine, and presented the burial gifts. Officiants brought jade and silks forward on the right; the crown prince received the offering and passed it to inner attendants, who carried it into the imperial hall and set it in place. He prostrated himself, rose, bowed four times, raised lamentation, and then sealed the underground palace. The feasting rite was performed following the same procedure as the relocation offering. Officials were dispatched to offer sacrifices of thanks to the Earth Queen and Mount Heavenly Longevity. An incense table was set outside the underground palace gate, and a tablet-inscription table was placed before it, facing west. The crown prince's place for bowing was set before it, facing north. Palace attendants washed their hands, brought the tablet forward, and placed it on the table; the tablet-inscription official washed his hands, faced west, and completed the inscription; attendants then installed the tablet on the spirit seat and stored the silks in a chest. Palace attendants announced a request that the spirit of Taizong, the Cultured Emperor, ascend to the spirit tablet. The usher called for four bows; the mourners rose, offered wine, and read the prayer. He prostrated himself, rose, bowed four times, and lamented. Palace attendants opened the case and received the tablet; when this was done, they requested that the spirit tablet descend from its seat and be placed on the carriage. At the Offering Hall, they announced a request that the spirit tablet be lowered from the carriage and installed on its seat, and the first comforting sacrifice was performed. The crown prince bowed four times, made the first offering, presented silks and wine, read the prayer, then prostrated himself and rose. The second and final offerings were made; they bowed four times, raised lamentation, and gazed toward the burial place. Inner officials buried the chest of spirit silks before the hall and burned the unlucky objects in the open country. The first comforting sacrifice was held on the burial day, the second on a yin day, the third on a yang day, and thereafter one every other day until the ninth, when the rites ceased. Along the route, the crown prince performed the rites. When they returned to the capital, the emperor performed the rites.
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神主將還，內侍請神主降座升輿，儀仗侍衛如儀。 皇太子隨，仍朝夕奠。 至京，先於城外置幄次，列儀衛，鼓吹備而不作。 百官衰服候城外，主入幄次，百官序列，五拜三叩首。 神主行，百官從。 至午門外，皇帝衰服迎於午門內，舉哀，步導主升几筵殿。 皇帝立殿上，內侍請神主降輿升座，行安神禮。 皇帝四拜，興，奠酒，讀祝。 俯伏，興，四拜，舉哀。 皇太子以下陪拜。 百官于思善門外行禮如儀。 明日，百官行奉慰禮。
When the spirit tablet was about to return, palace attendants requested that it descend from its seat and be placed on the carriage, with guard of honor and escort as prescribed. The crown prince followed along, still offering libations morning and evening. Upon reaching the capital, a tent pavilion was first set up outside the city walls, the guard of honor was arrayed, and drums and pipes were prepared but not sounded. All officials in full mourning waited outside the city; when the tablet entered the pavilion, the officials lined up and performed five bows and three kowtows. When the spirit tablet set out, all officials followed. Outside the Meridian Gate, the emperor in full mourning welcomed the tablet inside the gate, raised lamentation, and on foot escorted it up to the spirit table hall. The emperor stood in the hall; palace attendants requested that the spirit tablet be lowered from the carriage and installed on its seat, and the rite of settling the spirit was performed. The emperor bowed four times, rose, offered wine, and read the prayer of invocation. He prostrated himself, rose, bowed four times, and lamented. The crown prince and all below him accompanied him in bowing. All officials performed the rites outside the Gate of Reflecting on Goodness as prescribed. The following day, all officials performed the rite of offering condolences.
9
卒哭用虞祭後剛日，禮同虞祭，自是罷朝夕奠。 祔饗用卒哭之明日，太常寺設醴饌於太廟，如時饗儀，樂設而不作。 設儀衛傘扇於午門外，內侍進御輦於几筵殿前，皇帝衰服四拜，舉哀。 興，哀止，立於拜位之東，西向。 內侍請神主降座升輦，詣太廟祔饗。 至思善門外，皇帝易祭服，升輅，隨至午門外，詣御輦前跪。 太常卿奏請神主降輦，皇帝俯伏，興，捧主由左門入，至丹陛上。 典儀唱「太宗文皇帝謁廟」。 至廟前，內侍捧主至褥位，皇帝於後行八拜禮。 每廟俱同。 內侍捧主北向，太常卿立壇東，西向。 唱「賜坐」，皇帝搢圭，奉神主安於座，詣拜位行祭禮，如時饗儀。 太常卿奏請神主還几筵，皇帝捧主由廟左門出，安奉於御輦。 皇帝升輅隨，至思善門降輅，易衰服，隨至几筵殿前。 內侍請神主降輦，升座。 皇帝由殿左門入，行安神禮畢，釋服還宮。 明日，百官素服行奉慰禮。
The end of wailing was observed on a yang day after the comforting sacrifices, with rites identical to those sacrifices; from that point morning and evening libations ceased. The enshrinement offering was held the day after the end of wailing; the Court of Imperial Sacrifices prepared ceremonial food at the Imperial Ancestral Temple according to the seasonal feasting rites, with music set out but not performed. The guard of honor, parasols, and fans were arrayed outside the Meridian Gate; palace attendants brought the imperial palanquin before the spirit table hall; the emperor in full mourning bowed four times and raised lamentation. He rose, his lamentation ceased, and he stood east of the bowing position, facing west. Palace attendants requested that the spirit tablet descend from its seat and be placed on the palanquin, then proceed to the Imperial Ancestral Temple for the enshrinement offering. Outside the Gate of Reflecting on Goodness, the emperor changed into sacrificial dress, mounted his carriage, followed to outside the Meridian Gate, and knelt before the imperial palanquin. The Minister of Imperial Sacrifices announced a request that the spirit tablet be lowered from the palanquin; the emperor prostrated himself, rose, bore the tablet, and entered through the left gate to the red steps. The master of ceremonies called out: "Taizong, the Cultured Emperor, pays visit to the temple." Upon reaching the temple, palace attendants bore the tablet to the cushion; the emperor followed behind and performed the eight-bow rite. The same procedure was followed at each shrine. Palace attendants bore the tablet facing north, while the Minister of Imperial Sacrifices stood east of the altar, facing west. At the call of "Bestow the seat," the emperor inserted the tablet scepter, reverently installed the spirit tablet on its seat, then proceeded to the bowing position and performed the sacrificial rites as in the seasonal feasting ceremony. The Minister of Imperial Sacrifices announced a request that the spirit tablet return to the spirit table; the emperor bore it out through the temple's left gate and reverently placed it on the imperial palanquin. The emperor mounted his carriage and followed; at the Gate of Reflecting on Goodness he dismounted, changed back into full mourning, and followed to before the spirit table hall. Palace attendants requested that the spirit tablet be lowered from the palanquin and installed on its seat. The emperor entered through the hall's left gate; when the rite of settling the spirit was complete, he removed his mourning dress and returned to the palace. The following day, all officials in plain dress performed the rite of offering condolences.
10
大祥，奉安神主於太廟，禮詳廟制。 皇帝祭告几筵殿，皇太后、皇后以下各祭一罈，王府遣官共祭一罈，在京文武官祭一罈。 自神主出几筵殿，內侍即撤几筵、帷幄，焚于思善門外。 禫祭，遣親王詣陵行禮。
At the great expiration, the spirit tablet was reverently installed in the Imperial Ancestral Temple; the rites are detailed in the temple regulations. The emperor made a sacrificial announcement at the spirit table hall; the empress dowager, the empress, and all below each offered one jar; the princely establishments dispatched officials to offer one jar jointly; and civil and military officials in the capital offered one jar. As soon as the spirit tablet left the spirit table hall, palace attendants removed the spirit table and curtains and burned them outside the Gate of Reflecting on Goodness. At the removal-of-mourning sacrifice, imperial princes were dispatched to the tomb to perform the rites.
11
洪熙元年，仁宗崩。 皇太子還自南京，至良鄉，宮中始發喪，宣遺詔。 文武官常服於午門外四拜。 宣畢，舉哀，復四拜。 易素服，迎皇太子於盧溝橋，橋南設幕次香案。 皇太子至，常服，詣次四拜。 聽宣遺詔，復四拜，哭盡哀。 易素服至長安右門下馬，步哭至宮門外，釋冠服，披髮詣梓宮前，五拜三叩首，哭盡哀。 宮中自皇后以下皆披髮哭。 皇太子就喪次東，見母后。 親王以次見皇太子畢，各居喪次，行祭告禮。 喪儀俱如舊。 惟改在京朝夕哭臨三日，後又朝臨止七日，在外止朝夕哭臨三日，無朝臨禮。 文武官一品至四品命婦入哭臨。 服除，禮臣請帝服淺淡色衣、烏紗翼善冠、黑角帶，於奉天門視事。 百官皆淺淡色衣、烏紗帽、黑角帶，朝參如常儀。 退朝，仍終太宗服制。 帝曰：「朕心何能忍，雖加一日愈於已。」 仍素服坐西角門，不鳴鐘鼓，令百日後再議。 已百日，禮臣復請御奉天門。 帝命候山陵事畢。
In the first year of Hongxi, Emperor Renzong died. The crown prince was returning from Nanjing; when he reached Liangxiang, mourning was first announced in the palace and the final testament was proclaimed. Civil and military officials, wearing regular dress, bowed four times outside the Meridian Gate. When the proclamation was finished, they raised lamentation and bowed four times again. They changed into plain dress and went to welcome the crown prince at Lugou Bridge; south of the bridge a tent pavilion and incense table were set up. When the crown prince arrived, still in regular dress, he proceeded to the pavilion and bowed four times. He heard the final testament proclaimed, bowed four times again, and wept to exhaustion. He changed into plain dress; at Chang'an Right Gate he dismounted and walked weeping to outside the palace gate, removed his cap and dress, let his hair hang loose, and proceeded before the imperial bier, where he performed five bows and three kowtows and wept to exhaustion. Within the palace, from the empress down, everyone let their hair hang loose and wept. The crown prince took his place to the east of the mourning pavilion and met the empress dowager. Imperial princes, in order of rank, after meeting the crown prince, each took their place in the mourning pavilion and performed the announcement sacrifice. The mourning rites were otherwise unchanged. Only this was changed: in the capital, morning-and-evening weeping and attendance lasted three days, and morning attendance then continued for seven days; outside the capital, morning-and-evening weeping and attendance lasted only three days, with no morning attendance rite. Civil and military officials and titled ladies of the first through fourth ranks entered to weep and attend the lying-in-state. When the mourning period ended, rites officials requested that the emperor wear light-colored garments, a black gauze Yishan cap, and a black horn belt, and conduct affairs at the Gate of Receiving Heaven. All officials wore light-colored garments, black gauze caps, and black horn belts, and attended court according to the usual rites. After retiring from court, he still observed the remainder of Taizong's mourning period. The emperor said: "How can my heart bear this — even one day more is better than ending it now. He continued to sit in plain dress at the West Corner Gate, bells and drums were not sounded, and he ordered the matter to be reconsidered after one hundred days. When the hundred days had passed, rites officials again requested that he conduct affairs at the Gate of Receiving Heaven. The emperor ordered them to wait until the mountain tomb affairs were finished.
12
先是，詔營獻陵，帝召尚書蹇義、夏原吉諭曰：「國家以四海之富葬親，豈惜勞費。 然古聖帝明王皆從儉制。 孝子思保其親體魄於永久，亦不欲厚葬。 況皇考遺詔，天下所共知，宜遵先志。」 於是建寢殿五楹，左右廡神廚各五楹，門樓三楹。 其制較長陵遠殺，皆帝所規畫也。 吏部尚書蹇義等請祔廟後，素服御西角門視事。 至孟冬歲暮，行時饗禮。 鳴鐘鼓，黃袍御奉天門視朝。 禫祭後，始釋素服。 從之。
Earlier, an edict had ordered the construction of Xianling; the emperor summoned the ministers Jian Yi and Xia Yuanji and instructed them: "The state possesses the wealth of all under Heaven to bury a parent — how could it begrudge labor and expense. Yet the sage emperors and enlightened kings of antiquity all followed frugal regulations. A filial son who wishes to preserve his parent's body and spirit forever does not desire lavish burial either. Moreover, the late emperor's final testament is known to all under Heaven; we should follow his prior intent. Thereupon a sleeping hall of five bays was built, with left and right wings and spirit kitchens of five bays each, and a gate tower of three bays. Its scale was far reduced compared with Changling, and all of it was planned by the emperor himself. Minister of Personnel Jian Yi and others requested that after enshrinement at the temple, the emperor conduct affairs in plain dress at the West Corner Gate. When midwinter and the year's end arrived, the seasonal feasting rites were performed. Bells and drums were sounded, and in yellow robe he held court at the Gate of Receiving Heaven. Only after the removal-of-mourning sacrifice did he first doff plain dress. This was approved.
13
宣宗崩，喪葬如獻陵故事。 惟改命婦哭臨，自三品以上。 英宗崩，遺命東宮過百日成婚，不得以宮妃殉葬。 憲宗即位，百日御奉天門視朝，禮儀悉用吉典。 憲宗崩，孝宗既除服，仍素翼善冠、麻衣、腰絰視朝，不鳴鐘鼓，百官素服朝參，百日後如常。 弘治元年正旦，時未及小祥，帝黃袍御殿受朝。 次日，仍黑翼善冠，淺淡服、犀帶。 及大祥，神主奉安太廟及奉先殿。 至禫祭，免朝。 擇日遣官詣陵致祭。
When Emperor Xuanzong died, the funeral and burial followed the Xianling precedent. Only this was changed: titled ladies attending to weep were limited to those of the third rank and above. When Emperor Yingzong died, his final command was that the heir apparent should marry after one hundred days and that palace consorts must not be buried alive in sacrifice. When Emperor Chenghua acceded, at one hundred days he held court at the Gate of Receiving Heaven, with all ritual following auspicious regulations. When Emperor Chenghua died, Emperor Hongzhi, though his mourning period had ended, still held court wearing a plain Yishan cap, hemp garments, and waist mourning bands; bells and drums were not sounded; all officials attended court in plain dress; after one hundred days affairs returned to normal. On New Year's Day of the first year of Hongzhi, before the lesser expiration had arrived, the emperor in yellow robe mounted the hall to receive the court. The next day he again wore a black Yishan cap, light-colored dress, and a rhinoceros-horn belt. When the great expiration arrived, the spirit tablet was reverently installed in the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Hall of Venerating the Forebears. At the removal-of-mourning sacrifice, court attendance was waived. On a chosen day officials were dispatched to the tomb to perform sacrifice.
14
孝宗崩，工部言：「大行遺詔，惓惓以節用愛民爲本。 乞敕內府諸司，凡葬儀冥器並山陵殿宇，務從減省。」 禮部言：「百日例應變服，但梓宮未入山陵，請仍素翼善冠、麻布袍服、腰絰，御西角門視事，不鳴鐘鼓，百官仍素服朝參。」 從之。 自辭靈至虞祔，榮王俱在陪列。 既而王以疾奏免。 禮部請以駙馬等官捧帛朝祖，帝曰：「朝祖捧帛，朕自行。」 發引，親王止送至大明門外。 其在途及至陵臨奠，俱護喪官行禮。 後遂爲例。
When Emperor Hongzhi died, the Ministry of Works reported: "The late emperor's final testament earnestly made frugality and cherishing the people its foundation. We beg that an edict be issued to the inner palace offices requiring that all funeral rites, grave goods, and tomb hall buildings be reduced as much as possible. The Ministry of Rites reported: "At one hundred days dress should normally be changed, but since the imperial bier has not yet entered the mountain tomb, we request that he still wear a plain Yishan cap, hemp robe, and waist mourning bands, conduct affairs at the West Corner Gate without sounding bells and drums, and that all officials continue to attend court in plain dress." This was approved. From the farewell to the spirit through the comforting sacrifice and enshrinement, the Prince of Rong was always present in the accompanying ranks. Later the prince memorialized asking to be excused on account of illness. The Ministry of Rites asked that imperial sons-in-law and other officials bear the silks at the ancestral visit; the emperor said: "For the ancestral visit and bearing the silks, I shall go myself. When the funeral procession departed, imperial princes escorted the bier only as far as outside the Great Bright Gate. Whether along the route or at the tomb for libations, all rites were performed by officials assigned to guard the mourning. This later became the established precedent.
15
世宗崩，令旨免命婦哭臨。 隆慶元年正月，未及二十七日，帝衰服御宣治門，百官素服、腰絰奉慰。 發引，帝行遣奠禮。 至朝祖，則遣官捧帛行禮。 梓宮至順天府，皇親命婦及三品以上命婦祭，餘如舊制。 光宗即位，禮部言：「喪服列代皆有制度，而斷自孝宗。 蓋孝宗篤於親，喪禮詳且備，故武、世、穆三廟皆宗之。 今遵舊制，以衰服御文華門視事，百官素服朝參，候梓宮發引除。」 從之。
When Emperor Shizong died, a directive exempted ladies of rank from weeping at the lying-in-state. In the first month of the first year of Longqing, before the twenty-seven days had passed, the emperor in full mourning conducted affairs at the Gate of Proclaiming Governance while officials in plain dress and waist mourning bands presented comforting condolences. When the funeral procession departed, the emperor performed the dispatch offering rite. For the ancestral visit, officials were dispatched to bear the silks and perform the rites. When the imperial bier reached Shuntian Prefecture, imperial relatives among ladies of rank and ladies of rank of the third grade and above offered sacrifice; everything else followed the old regulations. When Emperor Guangzong ascended the throne, the Ministry of Rites reported: "Each generation has its own regulations for mourning dress, but the standard was set by Hongzhi. Hongzhi was deeply devoted to his parents, and his mourning rites were detailed and complete; for this reason the reigns of Wuzong, Shizong, and Muzong all took him as their model. We now follow the old regulations: conduct affairs at the Wenhua Gate in full mourning, with all officials attending court in plain dress, and doff mourning only after the imperial bier procession has departed. This was approved.
16
明自仁宗獻陵以後，規制儉約。 世宗葬永陵，其制始侈。 及神宗葬定陵，給事中惠世揚、御史薛貞巡視陵工，費至八百餘萬云。
From the Hongxi Emperor's Xianling tomb onward, Ming regulations were economical. When Shizong was buried at Yongling, tomb regulations first became extravagant. When Shenzong was buried at Dingling, Supervising Secretary Hui Shiyang and Censor Xue Zhen inspected the tomb construction; the cost is said to have exceeded eight million taels.