Volume 59 Treatises 35: Rites 13

志第三十五禮十三〈（凶禮二）〉

Treatise 35: Rites, Part Thirteen (Mourning Rites, Part Two)〉

皇后陵寢興宗帝后陵寢睿宗帝后陵寢皇妃等喪葬皇太子及妃喪葬諸王及妃公主喪葬

Empress mausoleums; mausoleums of Emperor Xingzong and his consort; mausoleums of Emperor Ruizong and his consort; funerals of imperial consorts and the like; funerals of the crown prince and his consort; funerals of princes and consorts; funerals of princesses

○皇后陵寢

○ Empress Mausoleums

洪武十五年，皇后馬氏崩。禮部引宋製爲請。於是命在京文武官及聽除官，人給布一匹，令自制服，皆斬衰二十七日而除，服素服百日。凡在京官，越三日素服至右順門外，具喪服入臨畢，素服行奉慰禮，三日而止。武官五品以上、文官三品以上命婦，亦於第四日素服至乾清宮入臨。用麻布蓋頭，麻布衫裙鞋，去首飾脂粉。其外官服制與京官同。聞訃日於公廳成服，命婦服亦與在京命婦同，皆三日而除。軍民男女素服三日。禁屠宰，在京四十九日，在外三日。停音樂祭祀百日。嫁娶，官停百日，軍民一月。將發引，告太廟，遣官祭金水橋、午門等神及鐘山之神。帝親祭於几筵，百官喪服詣朝陽門外奉辭。是日，安厝皇堂。皇太子奠，玄纁玉璧，行奉辭禮。神主還宮，百官素服迎於朝陽門外，仍行奉慰禮。帝復以醴饌祭於几筵殿，自再虞至九虞，皆如之。遣官告謝鐘山之神。卒哭，以神主詣廟行祔享禮。喪滿百日，帝輟朝，祭几筵殿，致欽不拜。東宮以下奠帛爵，百官素服行奉慰禮。東宮、親王、妃、主以牲醴祭孝陵，公侯等從。命婦詣几筵殿祭奠。自後凡節序及忌日，東宮親王祭几筵及陵。小祥，輟朝三日。禁在京音樂屠宰，設醮於靈谷寺、朝天宮各三日。帝率皇太子以下詣几筵殿祭。百官素服，詣宮門。進香訖，詣後右門奉慰。外命婦詣几筵殿進香。皇太子、親王熟布練冠九衤取，皇孫七衤取，皆去首絰。負版闢領衰。見帝及百官則素服、烏紗帽、烏犀帶。妃、主以下，熟布蓋頭，去腰絰。宗室駙馬練冠，去首絰。內尚衣、尚冠，以所釋服於几筵殿前丙位焚之。皇太子、親王復詣陵行禮。大祥，奉安神主於奉先殿，預期齋戒告廟。百官陪祀畢，行奉慰禮。

In the fifteenth year of the Hongwu reign, Empress Ma died. The Ministry of Rites cited Song-dynasty regulations in a memorial. Thereupon the court ordered that every civil and military official in the capital, including those awaiting appointment, receive one bolt of cloth to make mourning garments themselves; all were to wear cut-edge hemp mourning for twenty-seven days before laying it aside, then plain dress for one hundred days. All officials in the capital, after three days in plain mourning dress, came to the area outside the Right Shun Gate; they then donned full mourning to enter and attend the lying-in-state, and afterward in plain dress performed the consolation rite for three days. On the fourth day, titled wives of military officials of the fifth rank and above and civil officials of the third rank and above likewise came in plain dress to the Palace of Heavenly Purity to attend the lying-in-state. They wore hemp-cloth head coverings and hemp shirts, skirts, and shoes, and laid aside all head ornaments and cosmetics. Officials outside the capital followed the same mourning dress as those in the capital. On the day the death was announced, they assumed mourning at their government offices; titled wives wore the same dress as their counterparts in the capital, and all laid mourning aside after three days. Soldiers and commoners of both sexes wore plain mourning dress for three days. Slaughter was prohibited for forty-nine days in the capital and three days elsewhere. Music and sacrifices were suspended for one hundred days. Marriages were suspended for one hundred days among officials and one month among soldiers and commoners. Before the coffin was escorted forth, the court notified the Ancestral Temple and dispatched officials to sacrifice to the spirits at the Golden Water Bridge, the Meridian Gate, and other sites, as well as to the spirit of Mount Zhong. The emperor sacrificed in person at the spirit table, while officials in mourning dress went outside the Chaoyang Gate to perform the farewell rite. That same day the remains were laid to rest in the imperial hall. The crown prince offered libation with a dark-red jade disk and performed the farewell rite. When the spirit tablet returned to the palace, officials in plain dress welcomed it outside the Chaoyang Gate and again performed the consolation rite. The emperor again offered ritual food and drink at the Spirit Table Hall, and did the same from the second through the ninth yu sacrifices. Officials were dispatched to announce thanks to the spirit of Mount Zhong. At the end of wailing, the spirit tablet was taken to the temple for the collateral installation and offering rite. When the mourning period reached one hundred days, the emperor suspended court, sacrificed at the Spirit Table Hall, and offered reverence without performing a bow. Members of the Eastern Palace and below offered silk and libation cups, while officials in plain dress performed the consolation rite. The Eastern Palace, princes, consorts, and princesses sacrificed with victims and ritual wine at the Xiaoling mausoleum, accompanied by dukes and marquises. Titled wives went to the Spirit Table Hall to offer sacrifice. Thereafter, on every seasonal festival and death anniversary, the Eastern Palace and princes sacrificed at the spirit table and the mausoleum. At the first-year mourning anniversary, court was suspended for three days. Music and slaughter were forbidden in the capital, and fasting rites were held for three days each at Linggu Temple and Chaotian Palace. The emperor led the crown prince and those below to the Spirit Table Hall to sacrifice. Officials in plain dress went to the palace gate. After presenting incense, they went to the Rear Right Gate to perform the consolation rite. Titled wives from outside the capital went to the Spirit Table Hall to present incense. The crown prince and princes wore nine-panel processed-cloth bleached caps; imperial grandsons wore seven-panel caps; all removed the head mourning band. They bore mourning tablets on the back and wore slit-collar hemp mourning. When appearing before the emperor and officials they wore plain dress, black gauze caps, and black rhinoceros-horn belts. Consorts, princesses, and those of lower rank wore processed-cloth head coverings and removed their waist mourning bands. Imperial clansmen and imperial sons-in-law wore bleached hemp caps and removed their head mourning bands. The directors of inner vestments and caps burned the garments that had been laid aside at the south position before the Spirit Table Hall. The crown prince and princes again went to the mausoleum to perform the rites. At the second-year mourning anniversary, the spirit tablet was installed in the Hall of Forefathers, after advance fasting and notification of the temple. After officials had completed accompanying the sacrifice, they performed the consolation rite.

成祖皇后徐氏崩，自次日輟朝，不鳴鐘鼓。帝素服御西角門，百官素服詣思善門外哭臨畢，行奉慰禮。三日成服，哭臨如上儀。自次日爲始，各就公署齋宿，二十七日止。文武四品以上命婦成服日爲始，詣思善門內哭臨三日。聽選辦事官，俱喪服。人材監生、吏典、僧道、坊廂耆老各素服。自成服日始，赴應天府舉哀三日，餘悉遵高後時儀。又定諸王、公主等服制，世子郡王皆齊衰不杖期。世子郡王妃、郡主皆大功。周、楚諸王及寧國諸公主及郡王之子皆小功。遣中官訃告諸王府，造祔裏，謁太廟。祭器、諡冊、諡寶悉用檀香。將冊，帝躬告天地於奉天殿丹陛上。御華蓋殿，鴻臚寺官引頒冊寶官入行禮，傳制曰：「永樂五年十月十四日，冊諡大行皇后，命卿行禮。」四拜畢，序班舉冊寶案至奉天殿丹陛上，置彩輿中，由中道出，入右順門至几筵殿，以冊寶置案，退俟於殿外。尚儀女官詣香案前，跪進曰：「皇帝遣某官冊諡大行皇后，謹告。」贊宣冊，女官捧冊宣於几筵之右，置冊於案，宣寶如之。尚儀奏禮畢，女官以冊寶案置几筵之左。內官出報禮畢，頒冊寶官覆命。百日，禮部請御正門視朝，鳴鐘鼓，百官易淺淡色服。帝以梓宮未葬，不允。至週期，帝素服詣几筵致祭，百官西角門奉慰，輟朝三日。在京停音樂、禁屠宰七日。禮部官於天禧寺、朝天宮齋醮。其明日，帝吉服御奉天門視朝，鳴鐘鼓。百官服淺淡色衣、烏紗帽、黑角帶，退朝署事仍素服。遇朔望，朝見慶賀如常儀。几筵祭祀，熟布練冠。及發引，齋三日，遣官以葬期告郊廟社稷。帝素服祭告几筵，皇太子以下衰服行禮，遣官祭所過橋門及沿途祀典諸神。百官及命婦俱素服，以次路祭。梓宮至江濱，百官奉辭於江濱。皇太子送渡江，漢王護行，途中朝夕哭奠。官民迎祭者，皆素服。既葬，賜護送官軍及舁梓官軍士鈔米有差。

When Empress Xu, consort of the Chengzu Emperor, died, court was suspended from the following day and bells and drums were not sounded. The emperor, in plain dress, presided at the West Corner Gate; officials in plain dress went outside the Gate of Cherishing Goodness to wail and attend the lying-in-state, then performed the consolation rite. On the third day they assumed full mourning, and wailing and attendance followed the protocol above. From the following day onward, each official lodged in fasting at his government office for twenty-seven days. Starting on the day titled wives of civil and military officials of the fourth rank and above assumed mourning, they went inside the Gate of Cherishing Goodness to wail and attend for three days. Officials awaiting selection who were handling affairs all wore mourning dress. Students of the Talent Directorate, clerks, monks and Daoist priests, and ward elders each wore plain dress. From the day full mourning was assumed, they went to Shuntian Prefecture to raise lamentation for three days; everything else followed the protocol used at the death of Empress Ma. Mourning dress for princes, princesses, and the like was also fixed: heirs apparent and commandery princes all wore hemmed hemp mourning without a staff for one year. Consorts of heirs apparent and commandery princesses all wore greater hemp mourning. Princes of Zhou, Chu, and the like, princesses of Ning, and sons of commandery princes all wore lesser hemp mourning. Palace eunuchs were dispatched to announce the death to the various princely establishments; garments for collateral installation were prepared and the Ancestral Temple was visited. Sacrificial vessels, posthumous-name registers, and posthumous-name seals were all made of sandalwood. When the posthumous name was about to be conferred, the emperor personally announced to Heaven and Earth on the cinnabar steps of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. He presided at the Canopy Hall; an official of the Court of State Ceremonial led the officials who were to confer the register and seal into the hall to perform the rite, and the decree was proclaimed: "On the fourteenth day of the tenth month of the fifth year of Yongle, confer the posthumous name on the late empress; I command you, sir, to perform the rite. After four bows were completed, the orderlies raised the register-and-seal table to the cinnabar steps of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, placed it in the colored palanquin, went out by the central avenue, entered the Right Shun Gate to the Spirit Table Hall, set the register and seal on the table, and withdrew to wait outside the hall. The Director of Ceremonies, a female official, went before the incense table, knelt, and announced: "The emperor has dispatched a certain official to confer the posthumous name on the late empress; I respectfully announce this. The usher prompted the proclamation of the register; a female official bore the register and proclaimed it to the right of the spirit table, placed the register on the table, and proclaimed the seal in the same way. The Director of Ceremonies reported that the rite was complete; a female official placed the register-and-seal table to the left of the spirit table. An inner eunuch came out to report that the rite was complete, and the officials who had conferred the register and seal reported back to the throne. At the hundred-day mark, the Ministry of Rites requested that the emperor hold court at the Main Gate, sound bells and drums, and that officials change to pale-colored dress. The emperor did not grant the request, because the coffin had not yet been buried. When the anniversary arrived, the emperor in plain dress went to the spirit table to sacrifice; officials performed the consolation rite at the West Corner Gate; and court was suspended for three days. In the capital, music was stopped and slaughter forbidden for seven days. Officials of the Ministry of Rites performed fasting rites at Tianxi Temple and Chaotian Palace. The next day the emperor, in auspicious dress, held court at the Gate of Supreme Harmony, and bells and drums were sounded. Officials wore pale-colored garments, black gauze caps, and black horn belts; after court they still wore plain dress when handling affairs at their offices. On the first and fifteenth of the month, audiences and congratulations followed the usual protocol. For spirit-table sacrifices, processed-cloth bleached caps were worn. When the coffin was escorted forth, the court observed three days of fasting and dispatched officials to announce the burial date to the suburban altars, temples, and altars of soil and grain. The emperor in plain dress sacrificed and announced at the spirit table; the crown prince and those below, in hemp mourning, performed the rites; and officials were dispatched to sacrifice at every bridge and gate along the route and to the deities enshrined along the way. Officials and titled wives all wore plain dress and performed roadside sacrifices in turn. When the coffin reached the riverbank, officials performed the farewell rite there. The crown prince escorted the coffin across the river; the Prince of Han guarded the procession; and morning and evening along the way they wailed and offered libation. Officials and commoners who came to welcome the procession and offer sacrifice all wore plain dress. After the burial, paper money and grain were bestowed in differing amounts on the escort troops and the soldiers who had borne the coffin.

正統中，仁宗皇后張氏崩，禮部定大行太皇太后喪禮。皇帝成服三日後，即聽政。祀典皆勿廢，諸王以下內外各官及命婦哭臨如前儀，衰服二十七日而除，軍民男女素服十三日。諸王勿會葬，外官勿進香，臣民勿禁音樂嫁娶。及葬，遣官告太廟。帝親奉太后衣冠謁列祖帝、後及仁宗神位，又奉宣宗衣冠謁太后神位，其禮視時享。天順中，宣帝皇后孫氏崩，儀如故事，止改哭臨於清寧門。英宗皇后錢氏崩，禮如舊，惟屠宰止禁七日，外國使臣免哭臨。正德元年，景帝后汪氏薨。禮部會羣臣言，宜如皇妃例，輟朝三日，祭九壇。太后、中宮、親王以下文武大臣命婦皆有祭。制可。

During the Zhengtong reign, Empress Zhang, consort of Emperor Renzong, died; the Ministry of Rites fixed the mourning rites for the late grand empress dowager. Three days after the emperor assumed full mourning, he immediately resumed attending to government. Canonical sacrifices were not suspended; princes and all officials inside and outside the capital, together with titled wives, wailed and attended as in the previous protocol; hemp mourning was laid aside after twenty-seven days; and soldiers and commoners of both sexes wore plain dress for thirteen days. Princes did not attend the burial; officials outside the capital did not present incense; and subjects were not forbidden music or marriage. At the burial, officials were dispatched to announce the event to the Ancestral Temple. The emperor personally bore the grand empress dowager's garments and cap to visit the spirit tablets of successive ancestral emperors and empresses and that of Emperor Renzong, and again bore Emperor Xuanzong's garments and cap to visit the grand empress dowager's tablet; the rite followed that of the seasonal offering. During the Tianshun reign, Empress Sun, consort of Emperor Xuandi, died; the protocol followed precedent, changing only the place of wailing and attendance to the Gate of Pure Tranquility. When Empress Qian, consort of Emperor Yingzong, died, the rites followed the old practice, except that slaughter was forbidden for only seven days and foreign envoys were exempt from wailing and attendance. In the first year of the Zhengde reign, Lady Wang, consort of Emperor Jingdi, died. The Ministry of Rites convened the assembled ministers, who said the rites should follow the precedent for an imperial consort: court suspended for three days and sacrifices at nine altars. The empress dowager, the empress, princes, and civil and military grand ministers and titled wives all offered sacrifices. The decree approved it.

憲宗廢后吳氏，正德四年薨，以大學士李東陽等言，禮如英宗惠妃故事。憲宗皇后王氏，正德十三年崩。越三日，帝至自宣府，乃發喪。百官具素服，於清寧宮門外聽宣遺誥。及發引，先期結平臺，與順天府交衢相值。帝晨出北安門迎，皇太后及皇后御平臺候殯。復入至清寧宮，親奉梓宮朝祖。百官步送德勝門外，惟送喪官騎送。明日，帝奉神主還京，百官迎於德勝門。帝素服、腰絰御西角門，百官奉慰。卒哭，始釋服。孝宗母紀氏，憲宗妃也。成化中薨，輟朝如故事。自初喪及葬，帝及皇太后、中宮、妃、主、皇子皆致祭。遣皇子奉祝冊行禮，塋域、葬儀俱從厚。皇親百官及命婦送葬設祭，皆如儀。

The deposed empress Wu of Emperor Xianzong died in the fourth year of Zhengde; on the recommendation of Grand Secretary Li Dongyang and others, the rites followed the precedent set at the death of Consort Hui of Emperor Yingzong. Empress Wang, consort of Emperor Xianzong, died in the thirteenth year of the Zhengde reign. Three days later the emperor returned from Xuanfu, and only then was mourning proclaimed. Officials prepared plain dress and, outside the Gate of the Palace of Pure Tranquility, listened to the proclamation of the final testament. When the coffin was escorted forth, a level platform was built in advance at the crossroads of Shuntian Prefecture. At dawn the emperor went out the North Peace Gate to welcome the coffin; the grand empress dowager and empress waited on the level platform. He re-entered the Palace of Pure Tranquility and personally bore the coffin to pay court to the ancestors. Officials escorted the coffin on foot as far as outside Desheng Gate; only the funeral escort officials rode along. The next day the emperor bore the spirit tablet back to the capital, and officials welcomed it at Desheng Gate. The emperor, in plain dress with a waist mourning band, presided at the West Corner Gate, and officials performed the consolation rite. At the end of wailing, mourning dress was first laid aside. Lady Ji, mother of Emperor Xiaozong, was a consort of Emperor Xianzong. She died during the Chenghua reign, and court was suspended as in precedent. From the first mourning through burial, the emperor, the grand empress dowager, the empress, consorts, princesses, and imperial sons all offered sacrifice. An imperial son was dispatched to bear the prayer register and perform the rite; both the burial ground and the funeral ceremony were carried out with full generosity. Imperial kin, officials, and titled wives who escorted the burial and set up sacrifices all followed protocol.

世宗祖母邵氏，嘉靖元年崩。服除，部臣毛澄等請即吉視事。議再上，命考孝肅太皇太后喪禮。澄等言：「孝肅崩時，距葬期不遠，故暫持凶服，以待山陵事竣，與今不同。況當正旦朝元，亦不宜縞衣臨見萬國。若孝思未忘，第毋御中門及不鳴鐘鼓足矣。」從之，仍免朔望日升殿。既葬四日，帝御奉天門，百官行奉慰禮，始從吉。嘉靖中，孝宗皇后張氏崩，禮臣以舊制上。帝謂郊社不宜瀆，罷祭告。又謂躬行諸禮，前已諭代，亦罷謁廟禮。及太常寺以朝祖祔廟，請各廟捧主官，詔主俱不必出，蓋從殺也。

Lady Shao, grandmother of Emperor Shizong, died in the first year of the Jiajing reign. When the mourning period ended, ministry officials Mao Cheng and others asked that the emperor assume auspicious dress and resume affairs at once. The memorial was submitted again, and the emperor was ordered to examine the mourning rites for the late Grand Empress Dowager Xiaosu. Cheng and others said: "When Grand Empress Dowager Xiaosu died, the burial was not far off, so mourning dress was temporarily retained until the mausoleum work was finished; that case differs from the present one. Moreover, at the New Year's Day audience it would also be unsuitable to receive the myriad states while dressed in white hemp mourning. If filial remembrance is still keen, it is enough merely to refrain from using the central gate and from sounding bells and drums. This was approved, and audiences on the first and fifteenth of the month were still exempted. Four days after the burial, the emperor presided at the Gate of Supreme Harmony; officials performed the consolation rite; and auspicious dress was first adopted. During the Jiajing reign, Empress Zhang, consort of Emperor Xiaozong, died; ritual officials submitted the old regulations. The emperor said the suburban altars and altars of soil and grain should not be profaned, and sacrificial announcements were abolished. He also said that personally performing the various rites had already been ordered delegated to others, and the rite of visiting the temple was abolished as well. When the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, for paying court to the ancestors and collateral installation in the temple, requested tablet-bearing officials for each temple, an edict said the tablets need not all be brought out; this was a reduction in the rites.

先是，武宗皇后夏氏崩，禮部上儀注，有素冠、素服、絰帶舉哀及羣臣奉慰禮。帝曰：「朕於皇兄後無服，矧上奉兩宮，又迫聖母壽旦，忍用純素。朕青服視事，諸儀再擬。」於是尚書夏言等言：「莊肅皇后喪禮，在臣民無容議。惟是皇上以天子之尊，服制既絕，不必御西角門。羣臣成服後，不當素服朝參。」及上喪葬儀，帝復諭：「毅皇后事宜與累朝元后不同，無几筵之奉，當即行祔廟，令皇后攝事於內殿。」言等議：「按禮，卒哭乃行祔裏告。蓋以新主當入，舊主當祧，故預以告也。此在常典則然，非今日議例。毅皇后神主誠宜即祔太廟，以妥神靈，而祔告之禮宜免。」因具上其儀。制可。

Earlier, when Empress Xia, consort of Emperor Wuzong, died, the Ministry of Rites submitted protocol notes including plain caps, plain dress, mourning bands, raising lamentation, and the assembled ministers' consolation rite. The emperor said: "I owe no mourning to my elder imperial brother's consort; moreover I attend upon the two palaces, and my holy mother's birthday is at hand—how can I bear to wear pure white mourning? I shall handle affairs in blue dress; let all the rites be drafted anew. Thereupon Minister Xia Yan and others said: "The mourning rites for Empress Zhuangsu are not open to discussion among subjects. Only, Your Majesty, as Son of Heaven, has mourning relations already severed and need not preside at the West Corner Gate. After the assembled ministers have assumed full mourning, they should not attend court audience in plain dress." When the funeral protocol was submitted, the emperor again instructed: "The affairs of Empress Yi differ from those of successive primary empresses; there is no spirit-table service; collateral installation in the temple should be carried out at once, and the empress should administer affairs in the inner hall." Yan and others deliberated: "According to the rites, the collateral-installation garment announcement is performed only at the end of wailing. This is because the new tablet is about to enter and the old tablet is to be removed, so advance announcement is made. That holds in the regular canon, but it is not the case under discussion today. Empress Yi's spirit tablet truly should be installed at once in the Grand Temple to settle her spirit, but the collateral-installation announcement rite should be waived." They thereupon submitted the full protocol. The decree approved it.

嘉靖七年，世宗皇后陳氏崩。禮部上喪祭儀，帝疑過隆。議再上，帝自裁定，概從減殺，欲九日釋服。閣臣張璁等言：「夫婦之倫，參三綱而立。人君乃綱常之主，尤不可不慎。《左傳》昭公十五年六月乙丑，周景王太子壽卒。秋八月戊寅，王穆後崩。叔向曰：『王一歲而有三年之喪二焉。』蓋古禮，父爲子，夫爲妻，皆服報服三年。後世，夫爲妻，始製爲齊衰杖期，父母在則不杖。《喪服》，自期以下，諸侯絕，然特爲旁期言。若妻喪，本自三年報服，殺爲期年，則固未嘗絕者。今皇上爲後服期，以日易月，僅十二日。臣子爲君母服三年，以日易月，僅二十七日。較諸古禮，已至殺矣。皇上宜服期，十二日，臣子素服，終二十七日。不然，則恩紀不明，典禮有乖。」禮臣方獻夫亦雜引《儀禮·喪服》等篇，反覆爭辨，並《三朝聖諭》所載仁孝皇后崩，太宗衰服後，仍服數月白衣冠故事以證之。帝言：「文皇后喪時，上無聖母，下有東宮，從重盡禮爲宜。今不敢不更其制。」已，詹事霍韜言：「今百官遭妻喪，無服衰蒞事之禮。蓋妻喪內而不外，陰不可當陽也。聖諭云：『素服十日，仿輟朝之義。』於內廷行之則可。若對臨百官，總理萬幾，履當陽之位，行中宮之服則不可。百官爲皇后服衰，爲其母儀天下也。禮，父在爲母，杖不上於堂，尊父也。於朝廷何獨不然？臣請陛下玄冠素服，御西角門十日，即玄冠玄服御奉天門，百官入左掖門則烏紗帽、青衣侍班。退出公署及私室，則仍素服白帽二十七日。若曰於禮猶有未慊，則山陵事畢而除。」帝從其言。

In the seventh year of the Jiajing reign, Empress Chen, consort of Emperor Shizong, died. The Ministry of Rites submitted the mourning and sacrifice protocol; the emperor suspected it was excessively grand. The memorial was submitted again; the emperor ruled himself, generally following reductions in the rites, and wished to lay aside mourning in nine days. Grand Secretary Zhang Cong and others said: "The bond of husband and wife stands among the Three Bonds. The ruler is master of these constants and must be especially careful. The Zuo Commentary records that in the fifteenth year of Duke Zhao, on the yichou day of the sixth month, King Jing of Zhou's heir Shou died. In autumn, on the wuyin day of the eighth month, Queen Mu died. Shuxiang said: "In one year the king has two three-year mourning periods." For in ancient rites, a father mourning a son and a husband mourning a wife both wore responsive mourning for three years. In later ages, a husband mourning a wife was first regulated as hemmed hemp with staff for one year; if his parents were still living, no staff was used. In Mourning Dress, from one-year mourning downward feudal lords are exempt, yet that speaks specifically of collateral one-year mourning. As for mourning a wife, it was originally three-year responsive mourning, reduced to one year—thus it was never abolished altogether. Now Your Majesty mourns the empress for one year, counting days as months, for only twelve days. Subjects mourn the ruler's mother for three years, counting days as months, for only twenty-seven days. Compared with ancient rites, this is already reduced to the utmost. Your Majesty should wear one-year mourning for twelve days; subjects should wear plain dress for the full twenty-seven days. Otherwise affection and rank will be unclear and canonical rites will be violated. The ritual official Fang Xianfu also cited chapters such as Ceremonial Rites and Mourning Dress, arguing back and forth, and cited the precedent recorded in Imperial Instructions of Three Reigns that after Empress Renxiao died, the Taizu emperor, after his hemp mourning, still wore white garments and caps for several months. The emperor said: "When Empress Wen died, there was no holy mother above and there was the Eastern Palace below; following the weightier rites to the full was fitting. Now I dare not fail to change that system. Thereafter the Supervisor of the Heir Apparent Huo Tao said: "Today when officials suffer a wife's death, there is no rite of wearing hemp mourning while conducting affairs. For a wife's mourning is private and not public; yin cannot confront yang. The holy instruction says: "Plain dress for ten days, following the meaning of suspending court." In the inner court this may be done. But to face the assembled officials, oversee the myriad affairs, occupy the position of true yang, and wear the central palace's mourning dress is impossible. Officials wear hemp mourning for the empress because she is mother and model to all under Heaven. In the rites, when the father is still living one mourns the mother, the mourning staff is not brought into the hall—this honors the father. Why should it alone be otherwise at court? Your servant requests that Your Majesty wear a dark cap and plain dress and preside at the West Corner Gate for ten days, then a dark cap and dark dress at the Gate of Supreme Harmony; when officials enter the Left Flank Gate they should wear black gauze caps and blue garments while attending. On leaving their government offices and private chambers, they should still wear plain dress and white caps for twenty-seven days. If it is said that the rites are still not fully satisfied, then lay mourning aside when the mausoleum work is finished." The emperor followed his advice.

尋定進冊諡儀，禮部議：「先期，帝袞冕告奉先殿、崇先殿。至期，帝常服御奉天門，正副使常服，百官淺淡色衣、黑角帶，入班行禮如儀。節冊至右順門，內侍捧入正門，至几筵前置於案。內贊贊就位上香，宣冊官立宣訖，復置冊於案。內侍持節由正門出，以節授正副使，報禮畢，正副使持節覆命。」次日，禮部謄黃頒示天下。

Soon the protocol for advancing the posthumous register and name was fixed; the Ministry of Rites deliberated: "In advance, the emperor in dragon robes and cap announces to the Hall of Forefathers and the Hall of Honored Forefathers. On the appointed day, the emperor in regular dress presides at the Gate of Supreme Harmony; the primary and secondary envoys in regular dress; officials in pale-colored garments and black horn belts enter ranks and perform the rite as in protocol. The staff and register reach the Right Shun Gate; inner attendants bear them in through the main gate to before the spirit table and place them on the table. The inner usher prompts taking position and presenting incense; the register-proclaiming official stands, proclaims, finishes, and replaces the register on the table. Inner attendants bear the staff out through the main gate, hand it to the primary and secondary envoys, report that the rite is complete, and the envoys bear the staff back to report to the throne. The next day the Ministry of Rites copied the yellow edict and promulgated it throughout the realm.

時中宮喪禮自文皇后而後，至是始再行。永樂時典禮毀於火，《會典》所載皆略，乃斷自帝心，著爲令。梓宮將葬，帝新定諸儀，亦從減損。以思善門逼近仁智殿，命百宮哭臨止一日，亦罷辭祖禮，喪由左王門出。

At this time the central palace mourning rites, since Empress Wen, were performed again only now. In the Yongle reign the canonical ritual texts were destroyed by fire; what the Collected Statutes records is all abbreviated; these rites were decided by the emperor himself and enacted as regulations. When the coffin was about to be buried, the emperor newly fixed the various rites, again following reductions. Because the Gate of Cherishing Goodness was close to the Hall of Benevolent Wisdom, he ordered officials' wailing and attendance for only one day, abolished the farewell-to-ancestors rite, and had the mourning procession go out by the Left King's Gate.

二十六年，皇后方氏崩，即日發喪，諭禮部：「皇后嘗救朕危，其考元后喪禮行之。」禮部定儀：「以第四日成服，自後黑冠素服，十日後易淺色衣，俱西角門視朝。百官十日素服絰帶，自後烏紗帽、黑角帶、素服，通前二十七日。帝常服於奉天門視朝，百官淺色衣，鳴鐘鼓、鳴鞭如常，朔望不升殿。梓宮發引，百官始常服。帝於奉先等殿行禮，俱常服。於几筵祭則服其服。服滿日，命中官代祭。」從之。尋諭：「皇妃列太子後非禮，其改正。」及葬，部臣以舊儀請。詔梓宮由中道行，虞祭如制用九數。安玄宮居左，他日即配祀。部臣覆上儀注，改席殿曰行享殿。又以孝潔皇后自發引至神主還京將半載，遇令節百官常服，今孝烈皇后初十日發引，十五日即還，事禮不同，以諸臣服制請。帝命隨喪往來者，仍制服。祭畢，烏紗帽素服入朝，素冠素服辦事。迎主仍制服，思善門外行安神禮，更素冠素服從事。先是，帝命孝烈居左，而遷孝潔。既而以孝潔久安，不宜妄動，罷不行。乃更命孝烈居右，而虛其左以自待。

In the twenty-sixth year, Empress Fang died; mourning was proclaimed that same day; he instructed the Ministry of Rites: "The empress once saved me from peril; examine and carry out the primary empress mourning rites. The Ministry of Rites fixed the protocol: "On the fourth day assume full mourning; thereafter black cap and plain dress; after ten days change to pale-colored garments; all hold court at the West Corner Gate. Officials wear plain dress and mourning bands for ten days; thereafter black gauze caps, black horn belts, and plain dress, for twenty-seven days in all. The emperor in regular dress holds court at the Gate of Supreme Harmony; officials in pale garments; bells, drums, and whip are sounded as usual; on the first and fifteenth he does not ascend the hall. When the coffin was escorted forth, officials first wore regular dress. When the emperor performed rites at the Hall of Forefathers and the like, he wore regular dress throughout. For spirit-table sacrifices he wore the appropriate mourning garments. On the day mourning was completed, he ordered inner eunuchs to sacrifice in his place." This was approved. Soon he instructed: "Listing an imperial consort after the crown prince is not proper ritual; correct this. At the burial, ministry officials requested according to the old protocol. An edict said the coffin should proceed by the central avenue; yu sacrifices as regulated used the number nine. The Dark Palace installation was placed on the left; on another day it would receive collateral sacrifice. Ministry officials resubmitted the protocol notes, changing Seat Hall to Processional Offering Hall. Also, from Empress Xiaojie's coffin escort to the spirit tablet's return to the capital took nearly half a year, and on festival days officials wore regular dress; now Empress Xiaolie's coffin is escorted on the tenth day and returns on the fifteenth—the circumstances and rites differ; they requested mourning dress for all. The emperor ordered those who went back and forth with the mourning procession to continue wearing mourning dress. After sacrifice, enter court in black gauze cap and plain dress; handle affairs in plain cap and plain dress. When welcoming the tablet, still wear mourning dress; outside the Gate of Cherishing Goodness perform the spirit-settling rite; then change again to plain cap and plain dress for the work. Earlier, the emperor had ordered Xiaolie to be placed on the left and Xiaojie to be moved. Then, because Xiaojie had long been settled, it was unsuitable to move her rashly; the plan was abandoned. He then ordered Xiaolie placed on the right and left the left side vacant to await himself.

穆宗母杜氏，三十三年薨。禮部言：「宜用成化中淑妃紀氏喪制。且裕王已成婚，宜持服主喪，送葬出城。」乃議輟朝五日，裕王遵《孝慈錄》斬衰三年。欽遣大臣題主，開塋掩壙，祠謝后土，並用工部官，送葬儀仗人數皆增於舊。帝謂非禮之正，令酌考賢妃鄭氏例。於是尚書歐陽德等覆上儀注，輟朝二日，不鳴鐘鼓。帝服淺淡色衣，奉天門視事，百官淺色衣、烏紗帽、黑角帶朝參。命裕王主饋奠之事，王率妃入宮，素服哭盡哀，四拜視殮。成服後，朝夕哭臨三日。後每日一奠，通前二十七日而止。仍於燕居盡斬衰三年之制。冊諡焚黃日，陳祭儀，裕王詣靈前行禮。喪出玄武門，裕王步送至京城門外，路祭畢，還宮。帝謂焚黃乃制命，非王可行，仍如常儀。禮部覆奏：「皇妃焚黃儀，傳訛已久。皆拜獻酒，跪讀祝，乃參用上尊諡之儀，而未思賜諡爲制命，其祭文稱皇帝遣諭，與上尊諡不同。今奉旨以常禮從事，當改議賜諡，如賜祭禮。讀祝、宣冊皆平立不拜。」報可，著爲令。

Lady Du, mother of Emperor Muzong, died in the thirty-third year of his reign. The Ministry of Rites said: "The mourning system used for Virtuous Consort Ji in the Chenghua reign should be applied. Moreover the Prince of Yu is already married and should wear mourning, preside over the funeral, and escort the burial outside the city. Thereupon court was suspended for five days, and the Prince of Yu was to follow the Record of Filial Kindness in wearing cut-edge hemp mourning for three years. By imperial order senior ministers were dispatched to inscribe the spirit tablet, open the tomb mound, and seal the burial chamber; sacrifices of thanks were offered to Queen Mother Earth, with Ministry of Works officials handling the work; and the numbers for the funeral escort and honor guard were all increased beyond former practice. The emperor said this was not proper ritual and ordered that the precedent of Virtuous Consort Zheng be consulted. Thereupon Minister Ouyang De and others resubmitted the protocol: court was to be suspended for two days, and bells and drums were not to be sounded. The emperor wore light-colored garments and conducted affairs at the Gate of Heavenly Favor; all officials wore light-colored garments, black gauze caps, and black horn belts when attending court. The Prince of Yu was ordered to preside over the offering rites; the prince led his consort into the palace, wept in plain dress to the full measure of grief, and performed four bows at the viewing of the encoffining. After assuming full mourning, he attended morning and evening weeping rites for three days. Afterward one offering was made each day for a total of twenty-seven days, then the rites ceased. In private quarters he still observed the full rule of cut-edge hemp mourning for three years. On the day of enshrining the posthumous title and performing the yellow-edict burning ritual, the sacrificial protocol was displayed and the Prince of Yu went before the catafalque to perform the rites. When the funeral procession left by the Xuanwu Gate, the Prince of Yu walked in escort as far as outside the capital gate; when the roadside sacrifice was complete, he returned to the palace. The emperor said the yellow-edict burning was an imperial command and not something a prince might perform; the usual ritual was still to be followed. The Ministry of Rites replied in memorial: "The yellow-edict burning ritual for an imperial consort has long been transmitted in error. All bowed and offered wine and knelt to read the prayer, thereby adopting the ritual for a supreme posthumous title, yet without considering that a bestowed title is an imperial command; the sacrificial text says the emperor dispatched an instruction, which differs from a supreme posthumous title. Now, following the imperial order to proceed by ordinary ritual, deliberation on the bestowed title should be revised, as with the ritual for a bestowed sacrifice. Reading the prayer and proclaiming the charter were both performed standing upright without bowing. This was approved and enacted as a regulation.

穆宗皇后李氏，裕邸元妃也，先薨，葬西山。隆慶元年，加諡孝懿皇后，親告世宗几筵。御皇極門，遣大臣持節捧冊寶詣陵園上之。神宗母皇太后李氏，萬曆四十二年崩。帝諭禮部從優具儀，帝衰服行奠祭禮。穆廟皇妃、中宮妃嬪、太子、諸王、公主以下皆成服。百官詣慈寧宮門外哭臨。命婦入宮門哭臨。餘俱如大喪禮。

Empress Li, consort of Emperor Muzong, had been the original consort of the Prince of Yu's residence; she died earlier and was buried on West Mountain. In the first year of Longqing she was given the posthumous title Empress Xiaoyi, and the emperor personally announced it at the spirit table of Emperor Shizong. At the Gate of Supreme Pole he dispatched senior ministers bearing credentials to carry the charter and seal to the mausoleum and elevate them there. Empress Dowager Li, mother of Emperor Shenzong, died in the forty-second year of the Wanli reign. The emperor instructed the Ministry of Rites to prepare the full ritual with preferential treatment; the emperor in the highest grade of mourning performed the offering and sacrifice rites. Imperial consorts of the Muzong temple, inner-palace consorts and concubines, the crown prince, all princes, and princesses downward all assumed full mourning. All officials went to the area outside the Gate of Cining Palace for weeping attendance. Titled wives entered the palace gate for weeping attendance. Everything else followed the ritual for a great mourning.

○興宗帝后陵寢

○ Mausoleums of Emperor Xingzong and Consort

○睿宗帝后陵寢

○ Mausoleums of Emperor Ruizong and Consort

睿宗帝后陵寢在安陸州。世宗入立，追諡曰睿宗獻皇帝。葺陵廟，薦號曰顯陵。既而希進之徒屢言獻皇帝梓宮宜改葬天壽山。帝不聽。嘉靖十七年，帝母蔣太后崩。禮部言：「歲除日，大行皇太后服制二十七日已滿，適遇正旦，請用黑冠、淺淡服受朝。」疏未下，帝諭大學士夏言：「元旦玄極殿拜天，仍具祭服，先期一日宜變服否？」禮部請「正旦拜天、受朝，及先一日俱青服，孟春時享，前三日齋，青服，臣下同之，餘仍孝貞皇太后喪禮例」。不從。於是定議，歲除日變服玄色吉衣，元旦祭服玄極殿行告祀禮，具翼善冠、黃袍御殿，百官公服致詞，鳴鐘鼓、鳴鞭，奏堂上樂。

The mausoleums of Emperor Ruizong and his consort were in Anlu Prefecture. When Emperor Shizong took the throne, his father was given the posthumous title Emperor Ruizong the Offering. The tomb temple was repaired and the name Xianling was recommended for the mausoleum. Afterward those who sought advancement repeatedly said the imperial bier of the Offering Emperor ought to be reburied at Tianshou Mountain. The emperor did not heed them. In the seventeenth year of Jiajing the emperor's mother, Empress Dowager Jiang, died. The Ministry of Rites said: "On New Year's Eve the mourning period of twenty-seven days for the late great empress dowager will be complete, and it happens to coincide with New Year's Day; we request that he receive court in a black cap and light-colored garments. Before the memorial was issued, the emperor instructed Grand Secretary Xia Yan: "On New Year's Day, when worshipping Heaven in the Hall of Mysterious Pole, he will still wear sacrificial dress; should he change dress one day beforehand?" The Ministry of Rites requested that for New Year's Day worship of Heaven and receiving court, and for the day before, all wear green garments; for the spring seasonal sacrifice, three days of fasting beforehand in green garments, with officials and commoners alike; the rest still follow the mourning precedent for Empress Dowager Xiaozhen. This was not followed. Thereupon a decision was fixed: on New Year's Eve he would change into dark-colored auspicious garments; on New Year's Day in sacrificial dress he would perform the announcement sacrifice in the Hall of Mysterious Pole; wearing the Yishan cap and yellow robe he would mount the throne hall; all officials in court dress would offer congratulations; bells and drums were sounded, the whip was cracked, and hall music was played.

是時議南北遷祔，久不決。帝親詣承天。及歸，乃定議梓宮南祔。禮部上葬儀，自常典外，帝復增定太廟辭謁、承天門辭奠、朝陽門遣奠、題主後降神饗神，及梓宮登舟、升岸等祭。梓宮發引，帝衰服行諸禮如儀。百官步送朝陽門外，奠獻，使行遣奠禮。至通州，題主官覆命。神主回京，百官奉迎於門外，帝衰服率皇后以下哭迎午門內，奉安於几筵殿。梓宮所過河瀆江山神祇，俱牲醴致祭。勳臣青服行禮，梓宮升席殿。先詣睿宗舊陵，奉遷於祾恩殿，復奉梓宮至殿，合葬於新寢。

At that time deliberation over relocating the collateral installation north or south went on long without resolution. The emperor went in person to Chengtian. Upon his return, the decision was fixed that the imperial bier would receive collateral installation in the south. The Ministry of Rites submitted the burial ritual; beyond the regular canon the emperor further added provisions for farewell visits at the Grand Temple, farewell offerings at the Chengtian Gate, dispatch offerings at the Chaoyang Gate, spirit descent and spirit feasting after inscribing the tablet, and sacrifices when the imperial bier boarded the boat and ascended the shore. When the imperial bier departed, the emperor in the highest grade of mourning performed all the rites according to protocol. All officials walked in escort to outside the Chaoyang Gate, presented the offering, and envoys performed the dispatch-offering ritual. At Tongzhou the officer who had inscribed the tablet reported completion of his mission. When the spirit tablet returned to the capital, all officials welcomed it outside the gate; the emperor in the highest grade of mourning led the empress and those below in weeping welcome inside the Meridian Gate, and it was installed in the Spirit Table Hall. At every river, hill, and earth spirit along the route of the imperial bier, livestock and libations were offered in sacrifice. Meritorious officials in green garments performed the rites as the imperial bier ascended the Rest Hall. They first went to the old tomb of Emperor Ruizong and transferred it to the Hall of Ling'en Grace; then they again brought the imperial bier to the hall and buried them together in the new chamber.

○皇妃等喪葬

○ Funeral Rites for Imperial Consorts and Others

洪武七年九月，貴妃孫氏薨。無子，太祖命吳王橚主喪事，服慈母服，斬衰三年。東宮諸王皆服期。由是作《孝慈錄》。

In the ninth month of the seventh year of Hongwu, Honored Consort Sun died. She had no son; Taizu ordered the Prince of Wu, Zhu, to preside over the funeral, wear mourning for a foster mother, and observe cut-edge hemp mourning for three years. The crown prince and all princes wore one-year mourning. Thereupon the Record of Filial Kindness was composed.

永樂中，貴妃王氏薨。輟朝五日，御祭一罈，皇后、皇妃、皇太子各祭一罈，親王共祭一罈，公主共祭一罈。七七、百日期、再期，皆祭贈諡冊，行焚黃禮。開塋域，遣官祠后土。發引前期，辭靈祭壇與初喪同，惟增六尚司及內官、內使各一罈。啓奠、祖奠、遣奠各遣祭一罈。發引日，百官送至路祭所，皇親駙馬共一罈，公侯伯文武共一罈，外命婦共一罈。所過城門祭祀，內門遣內官，外門遣太常寺官。下葬，遣奠、遣祭一罈。掩壙，遣官祀后土，迎靈轎至享堂，行安神禮，遣祭一罈。

During the Yongle reign, Honored Consort Wang died. Court was suspended for five days; the imperial sacrifice was one altar; the empress, imperial consort, and crown prince each sacrificed at one altar; imperial princes jointly sacrificed at one altar; and princesses jointly sacrificed at one altar. At forty-nine days, the hundred-day anniversary, and the second anniversary, sacrifices were all offered with the bestowed posthumous charter, and the yellow-edict burning ritual was performed. The tomb precinct was opened and officials were dispatched to sacrifice to Queen Mother Earth. Before the departure of the procession, the farewell-to-the-spirit sacrificial altar was the same as at the initial mourning, except that one altar each was added for the Six Bureaus and for inner officials and inner eunuchs. For the opening offering, ancestral offering, and dispatch offering, one altar of dispatched sacrifice was assigned to each. On the day the procession departed, all officials escorted it to the roadside sacrifice site; imperial kin and sons-in-law jointly sacrificed at one altar; dukes, marquises, earls, and civil and military officials jointly at one altar; and outer titled wives jointly at one altar. At city gates along the route sacrifices were performed; for inner gates inner eunuchs were dispatched, for outer gates officials of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. At burial, the dispatch offering and dispatch sacrifice were performed at one altar. When the burial chamber was sealed, officials were dispatched to sacrifice to Queen Mother Earth; the spirit palanquin was welcomed to the Rest Hall and the pacification-of-the-spirit ritual was performed; the dispatch sacrifice was performed at one altar.

天順七年，敬妃劉氏薨。輟朝五日，帝服淺淡黃衣於奉天門視事，百官淺淡色衣、烏紗帽、黑角帶朝參。冊文置靈柩前，皇太子以下行三獻禮。靈柩前儀仗，內使女樂二十四人，花幡、雪柳女隊子二十人，女將軍十一人。自初喪至期年辭靈，各於常祭外增祭一罈。

In the seventh year of Tianshun, Respected Consort Liu died. Court was suspended for five days; the emperor wore light yellow garments and conducted affairs at the Gate of Heavenly Favor; all officials wore light-colored garments, black gauze caps, and black horn belts when attending court. The charter text was placed before the bier; from the crown prince downward the three offerings were performed. Before the bier in the honor guard were twenty-four female musicians from inner eunuchs, twenty female runners with flower banners and snow willows, and eleven female generals. From the initial mourning through the first-year farewell to the spirit, beyond the regular sacrifices one altar was added at each stage.

弘治十四年，憲廟麗妃章氏發引，輟朝一日。

In the fourteenth year of Hongzhi, when Beautiful Consort Zhang of the Xian Temple departed in procession, court was suspended for one day.

凡陪葬諸妃，歲時俱享於殿內。其別葬金山諸處者，各遣內官行禮。嘉靖間，始命併入諸陵，從祭祾恩殿之兩旁，以紅紙牌書曰：「某皇帝第幾妃之位」，祭畢，焚之。後改用木刻名號。嘉靖十三年，諭禮工二部：「世婦、御妻皆用九數。九妃同一墓，共一享殿，爲定制。」

All consorts buried in attendance received seasonal sacrifices together within the hall. Those buried separately at Jinshan and other places each had inner eunuchs dispatched to perform the rites. During the Jiajing reign, they were first ordered merged into the various imperial tombs, with collateral sacrifice on both sides of the Hall of Ling'en Grace; red paper placards were inscribed saying "the place of such-and-such consort of such-and-such emperor," and after the sacrifice they were burned. Later carved wooden name plaques were used instead. In the thirteenth year of Jiajing he instructed the Ministries of Rites and Works: "Palace women and imperial wives all use the number nine. Nine consorts share one tomb and one Rest Hall; this is the fixed regulation."

○皇太子及妃喪葬

○ Funeral Rites for the Crown Prince and Consort

自洪武中懿文太子後，至成化八年悼恭太子薨，年甫三歲。帝諭禮部，禮宜從簡，王府及文武官俱免進香帛。禮部具儀上。自發喪次日，輟朝三日。帝服翼善冠、素服，七日而除。又三日，御西角門視朝，不鳴鐘鼓，祭用素食。文武羣臣，素服、麻布、絰帶、麻鞋、布裹紗帽，詣思善門哭臨，一日而除。第四日，素服朝西角門奉慰。在外王府並文武官，素服舉哀，二日而除。

From the Yiwen Crown Prince in the Hongwu reign onward, down to the eighth year of Chenghua when the Daogong Crown Prince died at only three years of age. The emperor instructed the Ministry of Rites that the ritual should be simplified and that princely establishments and civil and military officials were all exempt from presenting incense and silks. The Ministry of Rites prepared the ritual and submitted it. From the day after the mourning was announced, court was suspended for three days. The emperor wore the Yishan cap and plain dress for seven days, then dismissed mourning. After another three days he conducted court at the West Corner Gate; bells and drums were not sounded and sacrifices used vegetarian fare. Civil and military officials in plain dress, hemp cloth, mourning bands, hemp shoes, and cloth-wrapped gauze caps went to the Gate of Sishan Goodness for weeping attendance, and dismissed mourning after one day. On the fourth day they attended court in plain dress at the West Corner Gate to perform the consolation rite. Princely establishments outside the capital and civil and military officials wore plain dress and observed mourning, dismissing it after two days.

嘉靖二十八年，莊敬太子薨。禮部上喪禮。帝曰：「天子絕期。況十五歲外方出三殤，朕服非禮，止輟朝十日。百官如製成服，十二日而除。詣停柩所行，罷詣門哭臨。葬遣戚臣行禮。」

In the twenty-eighth year of Jiajing the Zhuangjing Crown Prince died. The Ministry of Rites submitted the mourning ritual. The emperor said: "The Son of Heaven ends one-year mourning. Moreover, beyond fifteen years one has only just emerged from the third mourning grade; for me to wear mourning would be improper—only suspend court for ten days. All officials should assume full mourning according to regulation and dismiss it after twelve days. They should go to the lying-in-state site to perform the rites; going to the gate for weeping attendance is abolished. At burial, dispatch imperial kin ministers to perform the rites."

萬曆四十七年二月，皇太子才人王氏薨，命視皇太子妃郭氏例。輟朝五日，不鳴鐘鼓。帝服淺淡色衣，百官青素服、黑角帶朝參，皇長孫主饋奠。

In the second month of the forty-seventh year of Wanli, Talent Lady Wang of the crown prince died; he ordered that the precedent of Crown Princess Guo be followed. Court was suspended for five days and bells and drums were not sounded. The emperor wore light-colored garments; all officials wore blue-black plain dress with black horn belts when attending court; the eldest imperial grandson presided over the offerings.

○諸王及妃公主喪葬諸儀

○ Funeral Rites for Princes, Consorts, and Princesses

定制：親王喪，輟朝三日。禮部奏遣官掌行喪葬禮，翰林院撰祭文、諡冊文、壙志文，工部造銘旌，遣官造墳，欽天監官卜葬，國子監監生八名報訃各王府。御祭一，皇太后、皇后、東宮各一，在京文武官各一。自初喪至除服，御祭凡十三壇，封內文武祭一。其服制，王妃、世子、衆子及郡王、郡主，下至宮人，斬衰三年，封內文武官齊衰三日，哭臨五日而除。在城軍民素服五日。郡王、衆子、郡君，爲兄及伯叔父齊衰期年，郡王妃小功。凡親王妃喪，御祭一罈，皇太后中宮、東宮、公主各祭一罈。布政司委官開壙合葬。繼妃、次妃祭禮同。其夫人則止御祭一罈。俱造壙祔葬。郡王喪，輟朝一日。行人司遣掌行喪葬禮，餘多與親王同，無皇太后、皇后祭。郡王妃與親王妃同，無公主祭。合葬郡王繼妃次妃喪禮，俱與正妃同。凡世子喪，御祭一，東宮祭一。遇七及百日、下葬、期年、除服，御祭各一。凡世孫喪禮，如世子，減七七及大祥祭。凡鎮國將軍，止聞喪、百日、下葬三祭，奉國將軍以下，御祭一。

Fixed regulation: for the mourning of a prince of the blood, court was suspended for three days. The Ministry of Rites memorialized dispatching officials to conduct the funeral rites; the Hanlin Academy composed the sacrificial text, posthumous charter, and tomb inscription; the Ministry of Works made the spirit banner; officials were dispatched to construct the tomb; officials of the Directorate of Astronomy divined the burial; and eight students of the Imperial Academy announced the death to each princely establishment. There was one imperial sacrifice; the Empress Dowager, the Empress, and the Eastern Palace each performed one; and every civil and military official in the capital performed one as well. From the first day of mourning until the mourning garments were laid aside, there were thirteen imperial sacrifices in all; civil and military officials within the fief performed one sacrifice. For mourning dress, the princess consort, the heir, sons of secondary wives, commandery princes, and commandery ladies, down to palace women, wore cut-edge hemp mourning for three years; civil and military officials within the fief wore hemmed hemp mourning for three days, attended the weeping rites for five days, and then laid the mourning aside. Soldiers and civilians in the city wore plain dress for five days. Commandery princes, sons of secondary wives, and commandery lords wore hemmed hemp mourning for one year when mourning elder brothers and uncles; commandery princess consorts wore lesser hemp mourning. When an imperial prince's consort died, there was one imperial sacrifice at one altar; the Empress Dowager, the Empress, the Eastern Palace, and the princesses each performed one sacrifice at one altar. The provincial administration commission dispatched officials to open the tomb chamber and conduct the joint burial. The sacrificial rites for a secondary consort and a junior consort were the same. For a lady of lower rank, there was only one imperial sacrifice at one altar. In every case a tomb chamber was built for collateral burial. When a commandery prince died, court was suspended for one day. The Envoy Office dispatched officials to conduct the funeral rites; most other arrangements matched those for an imperial prince, except that there were no sacrifices by the Empress Dowager or the Empress. The rites for a commandery princess consort were the same as for an imperial prince's consort, except that princesses did not perform sacrifices. The mourning rites for the secondary and junior consorts of a commandery prince who were buried jointly with him were all the same as for the principal consort. When an heir died, there was one imperial sacrifice and one performed by the Eastern Palace. At the forty-ninth-day observance, the hundred-day mark, burial, the one-year anniversary, and the laying aside of mourning garments, there was one imperial sacrifice on each occasion. The mourning rites for an heir's son followed those for an heir, but omitted the sacrifices at the forty-nine-day mourning period and the second-year anniversary. For a State-pacifying General, there were only three sacrifices—at the announcement of death, at the hundred-day mark, and at burial; for a State-supporting General and those of lower rank, there was one imperial sacrifice.

正統十三年，定親王塋地五十畝，房十五間。郡王塋地三十畝，房九間。郡王子塋地二十畝，房三間，郡主、縣主塋地十畝，房三間。天順二年，禮部奏定，親王以下，依文武大臣例。或王、或妃先故者，合造其壙。後葬者，止令所在官司安葬。繼妃則祔葬其旁，同一享堂。

In the thirteenth year of Zhengtong, the cemetery allotted to an imperial prince was fixed at fifty mu with fifteen rooms. A commandery prince's cemetery was thirty mu with nine rooms. The cemetery of a commandery prince's son was twenty mu with three rooms; that of a commandery lady or county lady was ten mu with three rooms. In the second year of Tianshun, the Ministry of Rites memorialized that for imperial princes and those of lower rank, the precedent established for civil and military ministers should be followed. Whichever of the prince or consort died first, a tomb chamber was jointly constructed for them. For whichever spouse was buried later, the local authorities were simply ordered to carry out the interment. A secondary consort was given collateral burial beside them, sharing a single spirit hall.

成化八年二月，忻王見治薨。發引日，帝不視朝。及葬，輟朝一日。十三年，四川按察使彭韶言：「親王郡王薨逝，皆遣官致祭，使臣絡繹，人夫勞擾。自後惟親王如舊，其郡王初喪遣官一祭，餘並遣本處官。凡王國母妃之喪，俱遣內官致祭。今宗婦衆多，其地有鎮守太監者，宜遣行禮。又王國塋葬，夫婦同穴。初造之時，遣官監修，開壙合葬，乞止命本處官司。」帝從禮部覆奏，王妃祭禮如舊，餘依議行。弘治十六年七月，申王祐楷薨。禮部言：「前沂穆王薨，未出府。申王已出府而未之國，擬依沂穆參以在外親王例行之。」

In the second month of the eighth year of Chenghua, Prince Xin, Jianzhi, died. On the day the funeral procession departed, the emperor did not hold court. At burial, court was suspended for one day. In the thirteenth year, Peng Shao, surveillance commissioner of Sichuan, said: "When imperial princes and commandery princes die, officials are dispatched to perform sacrifices; envoys arrive in an unending stream, and the laborers are worn down and harassed. Henceforth only imperial princes would be treated as before; for commandery princes, one official would be dispatched for a single sacrifice at the initial mourning, and local officials would handle the rest. Whenever the queen or a consort of a princely state died, eunuchs were dispatched to perform the sacrifices. Imperial clanswomen are now numerous; where a resident grand eunuch is posted, he should be dispatched to perform the rites. Moreover, in princely states husband and wife were buried in the same grave. At initial construction officials were dispatched to supervise the work and open the tomb chamber for joint burial; he asked that hereafter only the local authorities be ordered to handle it. The emperor accepted the Ministry of Rites' resubmission: sacrificial rites for princess consorts remained unchanged, and the rest was carried out as proposed. In the seventh month of the sixteenth year of Hongzhi, Prince Shen, Youkai, died. The Ministry of Rites said: "Previously, when Prince Yimu of Yi died, he had not yet left the princely establishment. Prince Shen had left the establishment but had not yet departed for his fief; it was proposed to follow the precedent of Prince Yimu, with reference to the regulations for imperial princes residing outside the capital."

王妃葬地載於《會典》者，明初追封壽春等十王及妃，墳在鳳陽府西北二十五里白塔，設祠祭署、陵戶。南昌等五王及妃祔葬鳳陽皇陵，有司歲時祭祀，皆與享。懷獻世子以下諸王未之國者，多葬於西山，歲時遣內官行禮。

The burial grounds of princess consorts recorded in the Collected Statutes show that in the early Ming, ten princes including Shouchun, enfeoffed posthumously, and their consorts were buried at White Pagoda, twenty-five li northwest of Fengyang Prefecture, where sacrificial bureaus and tomb households were established. Five princes including Nanchang and their consorts were given collateral burial at the Fengyang imperial tombs; local officials performed seasonal sacrifices at which all partook in the offerings. Princes below the Huai-xian heir who had never departed for their fiefs were mostly buried at the Western Hills, where eunuchs were dispatched to perform the seasonal rites.

永樂十五年正月，永安公主薨。時初舉張燈宴，遂罷之。輟朝四日，賜祭，命有司治喪葬。二月，太祖第八女福清公主薨，輟朝三日。定制，凡公主喪聞，輟朝一日。自初喪至大祥，御祭凡十二壇。下葬，輟朝一日。儀視諸王稍殺，喪制同，惟各官不成服，其未下嫁葬西山者，歲時遣內官行禮。

In the first month of the fifteenth year of Yongle, Princess Yong'an died. The lantern-lighting feast had just begun, so it was cancelled. Court was suspended for four days, sacrifices were granted, and the relevant offices were ordered to manage the funeral. In the second month, Taizu's eighth daughter, Princess Fuqing, died, and court was suspended for three days. By fixed regulation, whenever news of a princess's death arrived, court was suspended for one day. From the first day of mourning to the second-year anniversary, there were twelve imperial sacrifices in all. At burial, court was suspended for one day. The rites were somewhat reduced compared with those for princes, though the mourning dress was the same; officials did not wear mourning garments. For princesses who had not yet married and were buried at the Western Hills, eunuchs were dispatched to perform the seasonal rites.

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