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大輅玉輅大馬輦小馬輦步輦大涼步輦板轎耕根車后妃車輿皇太子親王以下車輿公卿以下車輿傘蓋鞍轡
Great State Carriage; Jade Carriage; large and small horse sedans; hand sedans; large cool hand sedan; board palanquin; plough-root carriage; carriages for empresses and consorts; carriages for the crown prince, princes, and those below; carriages for dukes, ministers, and those below; parasols and canopies; saddles and bridles
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有虞氏御天下，車服以庸。 夏則黻冕致美。 商則大輅示儉。 成周有巾車、典輅、弁師、司服之職，天子以之表式萬邦，而服車五乘，下逮臣民。 漢承秦制，御金根爲乘輿，服袀玄以承大祀。 東都乃有九斿、雲罕、旒冕、絇屨之儀物，踵事增華，日新代異。 江左偏安，玉輅棲寶鳳，採旄銜金龍。 其服冕也，或飾翡翠、珊瑚、雜珠。 豈古所謂法駕、法服者哉？ 唐武德間著車輿、衣服之制，上得兼下，下不得擬上。 宋初，袞冕不綴珠玉。 政和中詔修車輅，並建旂常，議禮局所釐定，用爲成憲。 元制，郊祀則駕玉輅，服袞冕； 巡幸，或乘象轎，四時質孫之服，各隨其宜。 明太祖甫有天下，考定邦禮，車服尚質。 酌古通今，合乎禮意。 迄於世宗，耤田造耕根，燕居服燕弁，講武用武弁，更爲忠靖冠以風有位，爲保和冠以親宗藩，亦一王之制也。 若夫前代傘扇、鞍勒之儀，門戟、旌節之屬，鹹別等威，至宋加密。 明初儉德開基，宮殿落成，不用文石甃地。 以此坊民，武臣猶有飾金龍於牀幔，馬廄用九五間數，而豪民亦或熔金爲酒器，飾以玉珠。 太祖皆重懲其弊。 乃命儒臣稽古講禮，定官民服舍器用制度。 歷代守之，遞有禁例。 茲更以朝家冊寶、中外符信及宮室器用之等差，附敘於後焉。
When the House of Yu held the realm, carriage and apparel were assigned according to merit and rank. Under the Xia, embroidered caps and ceremonial dress were carried to their finest point. Under the Shang, the Great Carriage was made to exemplify restraint. In mature Zhou there were officers for carriage caps, state carriages, caps, and court dress; the Son of Heaven used them to display the standard for all lands, with five grades of service carriages reaching down to officials and the people. The Han took over Qin institutions, riding the Golden Root carriage as the imperial conveyance and wearing dark sacrificial robes for the major state rites. At the Eastern Capital there appeared regalia such as the nine-tasseled banners, cloud canopy, jeweled crown, and knotted court shoes, with each reign adding further splendor until the forms changed from age to age. In the partial regime south of the Yangzi, jade carriages carried jeweled phoenixes, and colored streamers were fitted with golden dragons. Their ceremonial crowns were sometimes set with jadeite, coral, and mixed pearls. Could these still be what the ancients meant by the prescribed imperial carriage and prescribed court dress? During Tang Wude, statutes for carriages and dress were issued: higher ranks could include lower forms, but lower ranks could not adopt higher ones. Early in the Song, the dragon robe and crown bore no strings of pearls and jade. In the Zhenghe reign an edict called for restoring the state carriages and setting up the banner regalia; the Ritual Deliberation Bureau fixed the forms, and these became permanent law. Under Yuan practice, at suburban sacrifice the emperor rode the jade carriage and wore the dragon robe and crown; on imperial tours one sometimes used an elephant palanquin, while the plain and colored seasonal garments were worn as each occasion required. As soon as the Ming Founder secured the realm, he reviewed and fixed the state rituals, keeping carriages and dress plain. Drawing on antiquity while suiting the present, they conformed to ritual propriety. By the Shizong reign, the ploughing-field rite produced the Plough-Root carriage; informal residence called for the casual court cap and military drills for the martial cap; the Zhongjing cap was introduced to guide officials in office and the Baohe cap to draw the imperial clan and feudatories near—institutions proper to one dynasty as well. As for earlier protocols for parasols, fans, saddles, and bridles, gate halberds, banners, and tally staffs, each rank had its own display of authority, and the Song tightened these distinctions further. Early Ming was founded on frugal virtue: when the palaces were finished, no figured stone was laid for paving. Even with this restraint on the people, military officers still put golden dragons on bed curtains, stables were built with the nine-by-five bay pattern, and wealthy families sometimes cast gold wine vessels set with jade beads. The Founder punished every such abuse severely. He then ordered scholar-officials to study antiquity and expound ritual, establishing regulations for the dress, housing, and utensils of officials and commoners. Each reign upheld them, and prohibitions accumulated over time. What follows also records the gradations of court seals and treasures, domestic and foreign credentials, and palace furnishings and utensils.
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天子車輅：明初大朝會，則拱衛司設五輅於奉天門，玉居中，左金，次革，右象，次木。 駕出則乘玉輅，後有腰輿，以八人載之。 其後太祖考《周禮》五輅，以詢儒臣，曰：「玉輅太侈，何若祗用木輅？」 博士詹同對曰：「孔子云『乘殷之輅』，即木輅也。」 太祖曰：「以玉飾車，古惟祀天用之，常乘宜用殷輅。 然祀天之際，玉輅未備，木輅亦未爲不可。」 參政張昶曰：「木輅，戎輅也，不可以祀天。」 太祖曰：「孔子斟酌四代禮樂，以爲萬世法，木輅寧不可祀？ 祀在誠敬，豈泥儀文。」 洪武元年，有司奏乘輿服御，應以金飾，詔用銅。 有司言費小不足惜。 太祖曰：「朕富有四海，豈吝乎此？ 第儉約非身先無以率下，且奢泰之習，未有不由小而至大者也。」 六年，命禮官考五輅制，爲木輅二乘。 一以丹漆，祭祀用之； 一以皮鞔，行幸用之。 是冬，大輅成。 命更造大輅一，象輅十，中宮輅一，後宮車十，飾俱以鳳。 以將幸中立府，故造之，非常制也。 二十六年，始定鹵簿大駕之制。 玉輅一，大輅一，九龍車一，步輦一。 後罷九龍車。 永樂三年更定鹵簿大駕，有大輅、玉輅、大馬輦、小馬輦、步輦、大涼步輦、板轎各一，具服、幄殿各一。
The Son of Heaven's state carriages: in early Ming, at great court assemblies the Imperial Guard Office arrayed the five carriages before the Gate of Receiving Heaven, with the jade carriage in the center, gold to the left, then leather, ivory to the right, then wood. When the emperor went forth he rode the jade carriage, with a waist sedan carried by eight bearers behind. Later the Founder studied the five carriages in the 《Rites of Zhou》 and asked the scholar-officials, "The jade carriage is too lavish—why not use only the wooden carriage?" Academician Zhan Tong answered, "Confucius said 'ride the carriage of Yin'—that means the wooden carriage." The Founder said, "Jade ornament on a carriage was used in antiquity only when sacrificing to Heaven; for everyday riding the Yin carriage is appropriate. Yet if the jade carriage is not ready when sacrificing to Heaven, the wooden carriage is not out of the question." Participating Secretary Zhang Chang said, "The wooden carriage is the military carriage and cannot be used for sacrifice to Heaven." The Founder said, "Confucius weighed the rites and music of four dynasties to set the model for all time—why should the wooden carriage be unfit for sacrifice? Sacrifice rests on sincerity and reverence, not on clinging to ceremonial detail." In Hongwu 1 the responsible offices proposed gilding the imperial carriage and regalia; the emperor ordered copper instead. The offices said the cost was trifling and not worth worrying over. The Founder said, "I possess all within the four seas—would I begrudge this? But unless the ruler leads in frugality himself, he cannot guide those below; and the habit of extravagance always grows from small things to great." In the sixth year he ordered ritual officials to study the five-carriage regulations and commission two wooden carriages. One was lacquered cinnabar red for sacrifices; one was leather-covered for imperial tours. That winter the Great Carriage was finished. He ordered one more Great Carriage, ten ivory carriages, one central-palace carriage, and ten rear-palace carriages, all decorated with phoenixes. They were built because he was about to visit the Neutral Capital and were not part of the regular establishment. In the twenty-sixth year the regulations for the full imperial guard of honor were first established. There were one jade carriage, one Great Carriage, one Nine-Dragon Carriage, and one hand sedan. The Nine-Dragon Carriage was later discontinued. In Yongle 3 the great imperial guard of honor was revised to include one each of the Great Carriage, jade carriage, large and small horse sedans, hand sedan, large cool hand sedan, and board palanquin, plus one full-dress pavilion and one canopy hall.
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大輅，高一丈三尺九寸五分，廣八尺二寸五分。 輅座高四尺一寸有奇，上平盤。 前後車櫺並雁翅及四垂如意滴珠板。 轅長二丈二尺九寸有奇，紅髹。 鍍金銅龍頭、龍尾、龍鱗葉片裝釘。 平盤下方箱，四周紅髹，匡俱十二槅。 內飾綠地描金，繪獸六，麟、狻猊、犀、象、天馬、天祿； 禽六，鸞、鳳、孔雀、朱雀、翟、鶴。 盤左右下有護泥板及車輪二，貫軸一。 每輪輻十有八，其輞皆紅髹，抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 輪內車心，用抹金銅鈒蓮花瓣輪盤裝釘，軸中纏黃絨駕轅諸索。 輅亭高六尺七寸九分，四柱長五尺八寸四分。 檻座皆紅髹。 前二柱戧金，柱首寶相花，中雲龍文，下龜文錦。 前左右有門，高五尺一寸九分，廣二尺四寸九分，四周裝雕木沉香色描金香草板十二片。 門旁槅各二及明栨，俱紅髹，以抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘，槅編以黃線條。 後紅髹屏風，上雕描金雲龍五，紅髹板戧金雲龍一。 屏後地沉香色，上四槅雕描金雲龍四，其次雲板如之。 下三槅雕描金雲龍三，其次雲板亦如之。 俱抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 亭內黃線條編紅髹匡軟座，下蓮花墜石，上施花毯、紅錦褥席、紅髹坐椅。 靠背上雕描金雲龍一，下雕雲板一，紅髹福壽板一，並褥。 椅中黃織金椅靠坐褥，四圍椅裙，施黃綺帷幔。 亭外青綺緣邊紅簾十扇。 輅頂並圓盤，高三尺有奇，鍍金銅蹲龍頂，帶仰覆蓮座，垂攀頂黃線圓條。 盤上以紅髹，其下外四面地沉香色，描金雲； 內四角地青，繪五彩云。 以青飾輅蓋，亭內貼金斗拱，承紅髹匡寶蓋，鬥以八頂，冒以黃綺，謂之黃屋； 中並四周繡五彩雲龍九。 天輪三層，皆紅髹，上安雕木貼金邊耀葉板八十一片，內綠地雕木貼金雲龍文三層，間繪五彩雲襯板八十一片。 盤下四周，黃銅釘裝，施黃綺瀝水三層，每層八十一摺，間繡五彩雲龍文。 四角垂青綺絡帶，各繡五彩雲升龍。 圓盤四角連輅坐板，用攀頂黃線圓條，並貼金木魚。 輅亭前有左右轉角闌幹二扇，後一字帶左右轉角闌干一扇，皆紅髹，內嵌雕木貼金龍，間以五彩云。 三扇共十二柱，柱首雕木貼金蹲龍及線金五彩蓮花抱柱。 闌干內四周布花毯。 亭後樹太常旗二，以黃線羅爲之，皆十有二斿，每斿內外繡升龍一。 左旗腰繡日月北斗，竿首用鍍金銅龍首。 右旗腰繡黻字，竿首用鍍金銅戟。 各綴抹金銅鈴二，垂紅纓十二，纓上施抹金銅寶蓋，下垂青線帉錔。 踏梯一，紅髹，以抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 行馬架二，紅髹，上有黃絨匾條，用抹金銅葉片裝釘。 有黃絹幰衣、 〈（即遮塵。）〉 油絹雨衣、青氈衣及紅油合扇梯、紅油託叉各一。 輅以二象駕之。
The Great Carriage stood thirteen feet nine and a half inches high and eight feet two and a half inches wide. The carriage body rose a little over four feet one inch, topped by a level platform. It had front and rear side rails, goose-wing panels, and four hanging ruyi panels with pearl drops. The shafts were a little over twenty-two feet nine inches long and lacquered red. Gilt-bronze dragon heads, tails, and scale-shaped leaf plates were mounted as fittings. Beneath the platform was a lower box lacquered red on all sides, its frame divided into twelve panels. Inside it had a green ground with gold tracery, painted with six beasts: qilin, suanni, rhinoceros, elephant, heavenly horse, and tianlu; and six birds: luan, phoenix, peacock, vermilion bird, pheasant, and crane. Below the platform on either side were mud guards and two wheels on a single axle. Each wheel had eighteen spokes; the rims were lacquered red and fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. At the hub, gilt-bronze lotus-petal disks were inlaid as fittings, and yellow plush was wound around the axle for the shafts and harness ropes. The carriage pavilion stood six feet seven and nine-tenths inches high, with four pillars five feet eight and four-tenths inches long. The railing bases were all lacquered red. The front two pillars had gold backing; their capitals bore treasure-flower motifs, cloud dragons in the middle, and tortoise-pattern brocade below. Doors to the front left and right stood five feet one and nine-tenths inches high and two feet four and nine-tenths inches wide, fitted with twelve carved agarwood-colored panels traced in gold with herb motifs. Beside each door were two panels and open lattices, all lacquered red and fitted with gilt-bronze floral leaf plates; the panels were woven with yellow cord. At the rear stood a red-lacquered screen carved with five gold-traced cloud dragons above and one red panel backed with gold cloud dragons. Behind the screen the ground was agarwood-colored; above were four panels carved with four gold-traced cloud dragons, with matching cloud panels below. Lower down were three panels with three gold-traced cloud dragons and cloud panels beneath them as well. All were fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. Inside the pavilion was a cushioned seat woven with yellow cord in a red-lacquered frame, with a lotus pendant stone below and above it a floral carpet, red brocade bedding, and a red-lacquered chair. The chair back bore one carved gold-traced cloud dragon, with a cloud panel below, a red fortune-and-longevity panel, and cushions. The chair held yellow gold-woven back and seat cushions, a skirt around all four sides, and yellow damask curtains. Outside the pavilion hung ten red curtains bordered in green damask. The carriage top and round disk together rose a little over three feet, capped by a gilt-bronze crouching dragon with upturned and downturned lotus seats and yellow cord roundels hanging from the finial. The disk above was red-lacquered; beneath it on the outer four sides the ground was agarwood-colored with gold-traced clouds; inside, the four corners were blue ground painted with five-colored clouds. The carriage canopy was trimmed in blue; inside the pavilion gilded bracket sets supported a red-lacquered precious canopy with eight peaks, covered in yellow damask and called the Yellow Canopy; at the center and on all four sides were embroidered nine five-colored cloud dragons. The heaven-wheel had three red-lacquered layers, fitted above with eighty-one carved wooden gilt-edged radiant leaf plates; inside were three layers of carved gilt cloud dragons on green ground, alternating with eighty-one painted five-colored cloud backing plates. Below the disk on all four sides were yellow-bronze nail fittings and three layers of yellow damask drip panels, each with eighty-one folds and embroidered five-colored cloud dragons between. At the four corners hung green damask net bands, each embroidered with a five-colored ascending dragon among clouds. The four corners of the round disk joined the carriage seat boards, with yellow cord roundels from the finial and gilt wooden fish fittings. Before the carriage pavilion were two corner balustrade panels left and right; behind was one single-bar corner balustrade panel—all lacquered red, inset with carved gilt dragons alternating with five-colored clouds. The three panels had twelve pillars altogether, their capitals carved with gilt crouching dragons and gold-thread five-colored lotus pillar wraps. Inside the balustrades floral carpets were laid on all four sides. Behind the pavilion stood two Grand Constant banners of yellow cord gauze, each with twelve tassels embroidered inside and out with an ascending dragon. The left banner's midsection was embroidered with the sun, moon, and Northern Dipper; its pole bore a gilt-bronze dragon head. The right banner's midsection was embroidered with the fu emblem; its pole bore a gilt-bronze halberd head. Each bore two gilt-bronze bells, twelve red tassels, gilt-bronze precious canopies above the tassels, and green cord streamers below. There was one mounting ladder, lacquered red and fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. There were two traveling-horse frames, lacquered red, each bearing a yellow plush name plaque fitted with gilt-bronze leaf plates. There were yellow silk curtain covers, that is, dust covers.)〉 Oiled-silk rain covers, blue felt covers, and one each of a red-oiled folding ladder and red-oiled support fork. The carriage was drawn by two elephants.
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玉輅，亦駕以二象，制如大輅，而無平盤下十二槅之飾。 輅亭前二柱，飾以搏換貼金升龍。 屏風後無上四槅雲龍及雲板之飾。 天輪內用青地雕木飾玉色雲龍文。 而太常旗及踏梯、行馬之類，悉與大輅同。
The jade carriage was also drawn by two elephants and followed the Great Carriage in design, but lacked the twelve panels beneath the platform. The front two pillars of the carriage pavilion were decorated with applique gilt ascending dragons. Behind the screen it lacked the upper four cloud-dragon panels and matching cloud panels. Inside the heaven-wheel, carved wood on blue ground bore jade-colored cloud dragons. The Grand Constant banners, mounting ladder, traveling horses, and the like were otherwise the same as on the Great Carriage.
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大馬輦，古者輦以人挽之。 《周禮·巾車》後五輅，其一「輦車，組挽」。 然《縣師》有「車輦之稽」，《黍苗》詩云「我任我輦」，則臣民所乘亦名輦。 至秦始去其輪，而制乃尊。 明諸輦有輪者駕以馬，以別於步輦焉。 其制，高一丈二尺五寸九分，廣八尺九寸五分，轅長二丈五寸有奇，輦座高三尺四寸有奇，餘同大輅。 輦亭高六尺四寸有奇，紅髹四柱，長五尺四寸有奇。 檻座高與輅同，四周紅髹條環板。 前左右有門，高五尺有奇，廣二尺四寸有奇。 門旁槅各二，後槅三及明栨，皆紅髹，抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 槅心編以黃線條。 亭內製與大輅同，第軟座上不用花毯，而用紅毯。 亭外用紅簾十二扇。 輦頂並圓盤高二尺六寸有奇，上下俱紅髹，以青飾輦蓋。 其銅龍、蓮座、寶蓋、黃屋及天輪、輦亭，制悉與大輅同。 太常旗、踏梯、行馬之屬，亦同大輅。 駕以八馬，備鞍韉、鞦轡、鈴纓之飾。
The large horse sedan: in antiquity such conveyances were pulled by men. The Rites of Zhou, Cap-Maker of Carriages, lists the rear five carriages; one is the "sedan carriage, drawn by harness." Yet the Director of the Districts records "auditing of carriages and sedans," and the "Millet Sprouts" ode says "I bear, I sedan"—so what officials and commoners ride was also called a sedan. Under the Qin the wheels were first removed, and the form thereby gained prestige. In Ming, wheeled sedans were horse-drawn to distinguish them from hand sedans. Its dimensions were twelve feet five and nine-tenths inches high, eight feet nine and five-tenths inches wide, with shafts a little over twenty-five feet long and a sedan body a little over three feet four inches high; the rest matched the Great Carriage. The sedan pavilion stood a little over six feet four inches high, with four red-lacquered pillars a little over five feet four inches long. The railing base matched the carriage in height, with red-lacquered strip ring boards on all four sides. Doors to the front left and right stood a little over five feet high and a little over two feet four inches wide. Beside each door were two panels; behind were three panels and open lattices, all lacquered red and fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. The panel centers were woven with yellow cord. Inside the pavilion it followed the Great Carriage, except the cushioned seat used a red carpet rather than a floral one. Outside the pavilion hung twelve red curtains. The sedan top and round disk together rose a little over two feet six inches, lacquered red above and below, with blue trim on the canopy. Its bronze dragons, lotus seats, precious canopy, Yellow Canopy, heaven-wheel, and sedan pavilion all matched the Great Carriage. The Grand Constant banners, mounting ladder, traveling horses, and the like were the same as on the Great Carriage. It was drawn by eight horses fitted with saddles, saddle cloths, swing bridles, and bell tassels.
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小馬輦，視大馬輦高廣皆減一尺，轅長一丈九尺有奇，餘同大馬輦。 輦亭高五尺五寸有奇，紅髹四柱，長五尺四寸有奇。 檻座紅髹，四周條環板，前左右有門，高五尺，廣二尺二寸有奇。 門旁槅各二及明栨，後屏風壁板，俱紅髹，用抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 亭底紅髹，上施紅花毯、紅錦褥席。 外用紅簾四扇，駕以四馬。 餘同大馬輦。
The small horse sedan was one foot shorter in height and width than the large horse sedan, with shafts a little over nineteen feet long; otherwise it matched the large horse sedan. The sedan pavilion stood a little over five feet five inches high, with four red-lacquered pillars a little over five feet four inches long. The railing base was red-lacquered with strip ring boards on all sides; doors to the front left and right were five feet high and a little over two feet two inches wide. Beside each door were two panels and open lattices; the rear screen panels were red-lacquered and fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. The pavilion floor was red-lacquered, covered with a red floral carpet and red brocade bedding. Outside hung four red curtains; it was drawn by four horses. Otherwise it matched the large horse sedan.
8
步輦者，古之步挽。 明制，高一丈三尺二寸有奇，廣八尺二寸有奇。 輦座高三尺二寸有奇，四周雕木五彩雲渾貼金龍板十二片，間以渾貼金仰覆蓮座，下雕木線金五彩雲板十二片。 轅四，紅髹。 中二轅長三丈五尺九寸，左右二轅長二丈九尺五寸有奇，俱以鍍金銅龍頭、龍尾裝釘。 輦亭高六尺三寸有奇，四柱長六尺二寸有奇。 檻座紅髹，四周雕木沉香色描金香草板十二片，抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 前左右有門，高五尺七寸有奇，廣二尺四寸有奇。 門旁紅髹十字槅各二扇，雕飾沉香色描金雲龍板八片，下雲板如其數。 後紅髹屏風，上雕沉香色描金雲龍五。 屏後雕沉香色描金雲龍板三片，又云板如其數，俱用抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 餘同馬輦，惟紅簾用十扇。 輦頂並圓盤高二尺六寸有奇，其蓮座、輦蓋、天輪、幰衣之屬，俱同馬輦。
The hand sedan was the ancient hand-drawn carriage. Under Ming regulations it stood a little over thirteen feet two inches high and a little over eight feet two inches wide. The sedan body rose a little over three feet two inches, surrounded by twelve carved wooden panels of five-colored clouds with fully applique gilt dragons, alternating with fully applique gilt lotus seats, and twelve carved wooden panels below traced in gold with five-colored clouds. It had four red-lacquered shafts. The center two shafts were thirty-five feet nine inches long; the outer two were a little over twenty-nine feet five inches long—all fitted with gilt-bronze dragon heads and tails. The sedan pavilion stood a little over six feet three inches high, with four pillars a little over six feet two inches long. The railing base was red-lacquered, fitted with twelve carved agarwood-colored panels traced in gold with herb motifs and gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. Doors to the front left and right stood a little over five feet seven inches high and a little over two feet four inches wide. Beside each door were two red-lacquered cross panels, eight agarwood-colored panels carved with gold-traced cloud dragons, and matching cloud panels below. At the rear stood a red-lacquered screen carved with five agarwood-colored gold-traced cloud dragons. Behind the screen were three agarwood-colored panels carved with gold-traced cloud dragons and matching cloud panels, all fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. Otherwise it matched the horse sedan, except that ten red curtains were used. The sedan top and round disk together rose a little over two feet six inches; the lotus seats, canopy, heaven-wheel, curtain covers, and the like all matched the horse sedan.
9
大涼步輦，高一丈二尺五寸有奇，廣一丈二尺五寸有奇。 四面紅髹匡，裝雕木五彩雲板二十片，間以貼金仰覆蓮座，下紅髹如意條環板，如其數。 紅髹轅六：中二轅長四丈三尺五寸有奇，左右二轅長四丈有奇，外二轅長三丈六尺五寸有奇，前後俱飾以雕木貼金龍頭、龍尾。 輦亭高六尺五寸有奇，廣八尺五寸有奇，四柱紅髹。 前左右有門，高五尺八寸有奇，廣二尺五寸有奇，四周描金香草板十二片。 門旁槅各二，後槅三及明栨皆紅髹，編以黃線條。 亭底上施墊氈，加紅錦褥並席。 紅髹坐椅一，四周雕木沉香色，描金寶相花，靠背、褥、裙、帷幔與馬輦同。 內設紅髹桌二； 紅髹闌干香桌一，闌干四，柱首俱雕木貼金蹲龍； 鍍金銅龍蓋香爐一，並香匙、箸、瓶； 紅錦墩二。 外紅簾三扇。 輦頂高二尺七寸有奇，又鍍金銅寶珠頂，帶仰覆蓮座，高一尺三寸有奇； 垂攀頂黃線圓條四。 頂用丹漆，上冒紅氈，四垂以黃氈爲如意雲，黃氈緣條； 四周施黃綺瀝水三層，每層百三十二摺，間繡五彩雲龍文。 或用大紅羅冒頂，以黃羅爲如意雲緣條，瀝水亦用黃羅。 頂下四周以紅氈爲帷，黃氈緣條，四角鍍金銅雲四。 亭內寶蓋繡五龍，頂以紅髹木匡，冒以黃綺爲黃屋，頂心四周繡雲龍各一。 輦亭四角至輦座，用攀頂黃線圓條四，並貼金木魚。 輦亭前左右轉角闌干二扇，後一字帶轉角闌干一扇，皆紅髹，雕木渾貼金龍，間以五彩雲板。 闌干內四周布席。 其闌干十二柱之飾及踏梯之屬，俱與馬輦同。
The large cool hand sedan stood a little over twelve feet five inches high and a little over twelve feet five inches wide. On all four sides was a red-lacquered frame fitted with twenty carved five-colored cloud panels, alternating with applique gilt lotus seats and matching red-lacquered ruyi strip ring boards below. It had six red-lacquered shafts: the center pair a little over forty-three feet five inches long, the next pair a little over forty feet, and the outer pair a little over thirty-six feet five inches—all fitted front and rear with carved applique gilt dragon heads and tails. The sedan pavilion stood a little over six feet five inches high and eight feet five inches wide, with four red-lacquered pillars. Doors to the front left and right stood a little over five feet eight inches high and two feet five inches wide, surrounded by twelve panels traced in gold with herb motifs. Beside each door were two panels; behind were three panels and open lattices, all red-lacquered and woven with yellow cord. The pavilion floor was padded with felt and covered with red brocade bedding and mats. There was one red-lacquered chair with agarwood-colored carved sides traced in gold with treasure flowers; its backrest, cushions, skirt, and curtains matched the horse sedan. Inside were two red-lacquered tables; one red-lacquered balustrade incense table with four balustrades, their capitals carved with applique gilt crouching dragons; one gilt-bronze incense burner with a dragon lid, together with spoon, chopsticks, and vase; and two red brocade seat cushions. Outside hung three red curtains. The sedan top rose a little over two feet seven inches, topped by a gilt-bronze jeweled finial with lotus seats a little over one foot three inches high; with four yellow cord roundels hanging from the finial. The top was cinnabar-lacquered and covered with red felt; yellow felt ruyi clouds hung on all four sides with yellow felt borders; and three layers of yellow damask drip panels on all four sides, each with one hundred thirty-two folds and embroidered five-colored cloud dragons between. Alternatively the top might be covered in great red gauze, with yellow gauze ruyi-cloud borders and yellow gauze drip panels. Below the top, red felt curtains on all four sides had yellow felt borders, with gilt-bronze clouds at the four corners. Inside the pavilion the precious canopy was embroidered with five dragons; a red-lacquered wooden frame was covered in yellow damask as the Yellow Canopy, with one cloud dragon embroidered at the center and on each of the four sides. From the four corners of the sedan pavilion to the sedan body ran four yellow cord roundels from the finial, with gilt wooden fish fittings. Before the sedan pavilion were two corner balustrade panels left and right and one single-bar corner panel behind—all red-lacquered, with fully applique gilt carved dragons alternating with five-colored cloud panels. Inside the balustrades mats were laid on all four sides. The twelve balustrade pillars, mounting ladder, and the like all matched the horse sedan.
10
轎者，肩行之車。 宋中興以後，皇后嘗乘龍肩輿。 又以征伐，道路險阻，詔百官乘轎，名曰：「竹轎子」，亦曰：「竹輿」。 元皇帝用象轎，駕以二象。 至用紅板轎，則自明始也。 其制，高六尺九寸有奇。 頂紅髹。 近頂裝圓匡蜊房窗，鍍金銅火焰寶，帶仰覆蓮座，四角鍍金銅雲朵。 轎槓二，前後以鍍金銅龍頭、龍尾裝釘，有黃絨墜角索。 四周紅髹板，左右門二，用鍍金銅釘鉸。 轎內紅髹匡坐椅一，福壽板一併褥。 椅內黃織金綺靠坐褥，四周椅裙，下鋪席並踏褥。 有黃絹轎衣、油絹雨衣各一，青氈衣，紅氈緣條雲子。 嘉靖十三年謁廟，帝及后妃俱乘肩輿出宮，至奉天門降輿升輅。 隆慶四年設郊祀慶成宴，帝乘板輿由歸極門出，入皇極門，至殿上降輿。
A palanquin is a shoulder-borne carriage. After the Song restoration, empresses sometimes rode a dragon shoulder palanquin. During campaigns over difficult terrain, an edict also required officials to ride palanquins called "bamboo palanquins" or "bamboo carriages." Yuan emperors used elephant palanquins drawn by two elephants. The red board palanquin, however, dates only from the Ming. It stood a little over six feet nine inches high. The top was red-lacquered. Near the top was a round frame with honeycomb windows, gilt-bronze flame jewels with lotus seats, and gilt-bronze clouds at the four corners. It had two carrying poles fitted front and rear with gilt-bronze dragon heads and tails, with yellow plush corner ropes. The sides were red-lacquered panels with two doors left and right on gilt-bronze hinges. Inside was one red-lacquered chair with a fortune-and-longevity panel and cushions. The chair held yellow gold-woven damask back and seat cushions with a skirt on all four sides, with mat and step cushion below. There were one yellow silk cover and one oiled-silk rain cover, a blue felt cover, and red felt borders with cloud motifs. In Jiajing 13, when visiting the temple, the emperor and consorts left the palace in shoulder palanquins, then at the Gate of Receiving Heaven dismounted and boarded the state carriage. In Longqing 4, at the suburban sacrifice completion banquet, the emperor rode a board palanquin out through the Gate of Returning to the Pole, entered through the Gate of Imperial Supremacy, and dismounted at the hall.
11
車駕之出，有具服幄殿。 按《周官》大小次，木架葦障，上下四旁周以幄壩，以象宮室。 明鹵簿載具服幄殿，儀仗有黃帳房，仍元制也。 帳並帷幕，以黃木棉布爲之。 上施獸吻，柱竿紅髹，竿首彩裝蹲獅，氈頂。
When the imperial procession went forth, there was a full-dress canopy pavilion. According to the Offices of Zhou, great and small stations used wooden frames and reed screens, surrounded on all sides with canopy barriers to represent palace chambers. The Ming guard of honor included a full-dress canopy pavilion and a yellow tent chamber among the regalia, still following Yuan practice. Both the tent and its curtains were of yellow cotton cloth. Beast finials crowned the top; the poles were red-lacquered, their heads fitted with painted crouching lions, and the roof was felt.
12
耕根車，世宗朝始造。 漢有耕車，晉曰耕根車，俱天子親耕所用。 嘉靖十年，帝將耕耤田，詔造耕根車。 禮官上言：「考《大明集禮》，耕耤用宋制，乘玉輅，以耕根車載耒耜同行。 今考儀注，順天府官奉耒耜及穜稑種置彩輿，先於祭前二日而出。 今用耕根車以載耒耜，宜令造車，於祭祀日早進呈，置耒耜，先玉輅以行。 第稽諸禮書，只有圖式，而無高廣尺寸。 宜依今置車式差小，通用青質。」 從之。
The Plough-Root Carriage was first built in the Shizong reign. The Han had a ploughing carriage; the Jin called it the Plough-Root Carriage—both were used when the Son of Heaven ploughed in person. In Jiajing 10, as the emperor was about to plough the sacred field, an edict ordered the Plough-Root Carriage built. Ritual officials reported: "According to the Collected Rites of the Great Ming, the sacred-field ploughing follows Song practice: the emperor rides the jade carriage while the Plough-Root Carriage carries the plough and hoe alongside. Under current ritual protocols, Shuntian officials present the plough and hoe and place the early and late grain seeds in a colored carriage sent out two days before the sacrifice. The Plough-Root Carriage should now carry the plough and hoe: order the carriage built, present it early on the sacrifice day with the tools aboard, and send it out ahead of the jade carriage. But the ritual books give only diagrams, with no height or width measurements. It should follow the present service-carriage form, made somewhat smaller and finished entirely in blue." The proposal was approved.
13
皇后輅：一，高一丈一尺三寸有奇，平盤。 前後車櫺並雁翅，四垂如意滴珠板。 轅長一丈九尺六寸，皆紅髹。 轅用抹金銅鳳頭、鳳尾、鳳翎葉片裝釘。 平盤左右垂護泥板及輪二，貫軸一。 每輪輻十有八，皆紅髹，輞以抹金鈒花銅葉片裝釘。 輪內車轂，用抹金銅鈒蓮花瓣輪盤裝釘，軸中纏黃絨駕轅諸索。 輅亭高五尺八寸有奇，紅髹四柱。 檻座上沉香色描金香草板十二片。 前左右有門，高四尺五寸有奇，廣二尺四寸有奇。 門旁沉香色線金菱花槅各二，下條環板，有明栨，抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 後紅髹五山屏風，戧金鸞鳳雲文，屏上紅髹板，戧金雲文，中裝雕木渾貼金鳳一。 屏後紅髹板，俱用抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 亭底紅髹，上施紅花毯、紅錦褥席、紅髹坐椅一。 靠背雕木線金五彩裝鳳一，上下香草雲板各一，紅福壽板一併褥。 椅中黃織金綺靠坐褥，四周有椅裙，施黃綺帷幔。 〈（或黃線羅。）〉 外用紅簾十二扇。 前二柱，戧金，上寶相花，中鸞鳳雲文，下龜文錦。 輅頂並圓盤，高二尺有奇，抹金銅立鳳頂，帶仰覆蓮座，垂攀頂黃線圓條四。 盤上紅髹，下四周沉香色描金雲文，內青地五彩雲文，以青飾輅蓋。 內寶蓋，紅髹匡，鬥以八頂，冒以黃綺； 頂心及四周繡鳳九，並五彩雲文。 天輪三層，紅髹，上雕木貼金邊耀葉板七十二片，內飾青地雕木五彩雲鸞鳳文三層，間繪五彩雲襯板七十二片。 下四周黃銅裝釘，上施黃綺瀝水三層，間繡鸞鳳文。 四垂青綺絡帶，繡鸞鳳各一。 圓盤四角連輅座板，用攀頂黃線圓條四。 輅亭前後有左右轉角闌干各二扇，內嵌條環板，皆紅髹； 計十二柱，柱首雕木紅蓮花，線金青綠裝蓮花抱柱。 其踏梯、行馬之屬，與大馬輦同。
The empress's carriage: one, standing a little over eleven feet three inches high, with a level platform. It had front and rear side rails and goose-wing panels, with four hanging ruyi panels bearing pearl drops. The shafts were nineteen feet six inches long and lacquered red. The shafts were fitted with gilt-bronze phoenix heads, tails, and feather-shaped leaf plates. From the platform, mud guards hung on either side with two wheels on a single axle. Each wheel had eighteen red-lacquered spokes, the rims fitted with gilt inlaid floral copper leaf plates. At the hub, gilt-bronze lotus-petal disks were inlaid as fittings, with yellow plush wound around the axle for the shafts and harness ropes. The carriage pavilion stood a little over five feet eight inches high, with four red-lacquered pillars. The railing base bore twelve agarwood-colored panels traced in gold with herb motifs. Doors to the front left and right stood a little over four feet five inches high and a little over two feet four inches wide. Beside each door stood two agarwood-colored panels traced in gold with water-caltrop motifs, with strip ring panels and open lattices below, all fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. At the rear stood a red-lacquered five-peak screen with gold-backed phoenix and cloud motifs; red panels above bore gold cloud patterns, and at the center stood one carved phoenix in fully applique gilt. Behind the screen, red-lacquered panels were all fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. The pavilion floor was red-lacquered, furnished with a red floral carpet, red brocade mats, and one red-lacquered chair. The chair back bore one carved phoenix traced in gold with five-colored ornament, with herb-pattern cloud panels above and below, a red fortune-and-longevity panel, and cushions. The chair held yellow gold-woven damask back and seat cushions, a skirt on all four sides, and yellow damask curtains. or yellow cord gauze)〉 Twelve red curtain panels hung outside. The front two pillars had gold backing, with treasure flowers above, phoenix and cloud motifs in the middle, and tortoise-pattern brocade below. The carriage top and round disk together rose a little over two feet, capped by a gilt-bronze standing phoenix with upturned and downturned lotus seats and four yellow cord roundels hanging from the finial. The disk was red-lacquered above; below on all four sides ran agarwood-colored panels traced in gold with clouds, while inside bore five-colored clouds on blue to trim the carriage canopy. Inside stood a precious canopy with a red-lacquered frame joined in eight peaks and covered in yellow damask; its apex and four sides were embroidered with nine phoenixes and five-colored cloud motifs. The heaven-wheel had three red-lacquered layers, fitted above with seventy-two carved wooden gilt-edged radiant leaf plates; inside were three layers of carved phoenix and cloud motifs in five colors on blue ground, alternating with seventy-two painted cloud backing plates. Below on all four sides were yellow-bronze nail fittings and three layers of yellow damask drip panels embroidered with phoenix motifs. Four green damask net bands hung down, each embroidered with a phoenix. The four corners of the round disk joined the carriage seat boards, with four yellow cord roundels from the finial. Before and behind the carriage pavilion were two corner balustrade panels left and right each, with inset strip ring panels, all lacquered red; There were twelve pillars in all, their capitals carved as red lotus flowers with gold-thread blue-green lotus pillar-embracers. Its mounting ladder, traveling-horse frames, and the like matched the large horse sedan.
14
安車，本《周禮》後五輅之一。 應劭《漢官鹵簿圖》有五色安車。 晉皇后乘雲母安車。 唐皇后安車，制如金輅。 明皇后安車獨簡素。 其制，高九尺七寸有奇，平盤，前後車櫺並雁翅板。 轅二，長一丈六尺七寸有奇，皆紅髹，用抹金銅鳳頭、鳳尾、鳳翎葉片裝釘。 平盤左右垂護泥板及輪二，貫軸一。 每輪輻十有八，皆紅髹，軸中纏黃絨駕轅諸索。 車亭高四尺四寸，紅髹方柱四，上裝五彩花板十二片。 前左右有門，高三尺七寸有奇，廣二尺二寸有奇。 門旁紅髹十字槅各二。 後三山屏鳳，屏後壁板俱紅髹，用抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 亭底紅髹板，上施紅花毯、紅錦褥，四周施黃綺帷幔，外用紅簾四扇。 車蓋用紅髹抹金銅寶珠頂，帶蓮座，高六寸，四角抹金銅鳳頭，用攀條四，並紅髹木魚。 蓋施黃綺瀝水三層，銷金鸞鳳文，鳳頭下垂紅帉錔。 其踏梯、行馬、幰衣與輅同。
The Comfort Carriage was originally one of the rear five carriages in the Rites of Zhou. Ying Shao's Illustrated Guard of Honor of Han Offices describes comfort carriages in five colors. Jin empresses rode in mica-paneled comfort carriages. Tang empress comfort carriages followed the specifications of the gold carriage. Ming empress comfort carriages alone were notably plain. It stood a little over nine feet seven inches high, with a level platform, front and rear side rails, and goose-wing panels. Two shafts, a little over sixteen feet seven inches long, were lacquered red and fitted with gilt-bronze phoenix heads, tails, and feather-shaped leaf plates. Mud guards hung to left and right of the platform, with two wheels on a single axle. Each wheel had eighteen red-lacquered spokes, with yellow plush wound around the axle for the shafts and harness ropes. The carriage pavilion stood four feet four inches high, with four red-lacquered square pillars and twelve five-colored floral panels above. Doors to the front left and right stood a little over three feet seven inches high and a little over two feet two inches wide. Beside each door stood two red-lacquered cross panels. At the rear stood a three-peak screen; the wall panels behind were red-lacquered and fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. The pavilion floor was red-lacquered, furnished with a red floral carpet and red brocade cushions, yellow damask curtains on all four sides, and four red curtain panels outside. The carriage canopy bore a red-lacquered gilt-bronze jeweled finial with lotus seat, six inches high; gilt-bronze phoenix heads stood at the four corners, with four climbing strips and red-lacquered wooden fish fittings. The canopy had three layers of yellow damask drip panels with gold-couched phoenix motifs, and red streamers hung from the phoenix heads. Its mounting ladder, traveling-horse frames, and curtain covers matched the carriage.
15
行障：坐障，自唐、宋有之。 皇后重翟車後，皆有行障六，坐障三，左右夾車宮人執之。 而《唐書》、《宋史》不載其制。 《金史》：行障長八尺，高六尺； 坐障長七尺，高五尺。 明皇后用行障、坐障，皆以紅綾爲之，繪升降鸞鳳雲文； 行障繪瑞草於瀝水，坐障繪雲文於頂。
Traveling screens and seated screens date back to Tang and Song times. Behind the empress's heavy pheasant carriage stood six traveling screens and three seated screens, held by palace women on either side. Neither the History of Tang nor the History of Song records their specifications. The History of Jin gives traveling screens as eight feet long and six feet high; seated screens were seven feet long and five feet high. Ming empresses used traveling and seated screens of red gauze painted with ascending and descending phoenixes and clouds; traveling screens bore auspicious herbs on the drip panels, while seated screens bore cloud motifs at the top.
16
太皇太后、皇太后輅及安車、行障、坐障，制與皇后同。
The carriages, comfort carriages, traveling screens, and seated screens of the grand empress dowager and empress dowager matched the empress's specifications.
17
皇妃車曰鳳轎，與歷代異名。 其制，青頂，上抹金銅珠頂，四角抹金銅飛鳳各一，垂銀香圓寶蓋並彩結。 轎身紅髹木匡，三面篾織紋簟，繪以翟文，抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 紅髹掆，飾以抹金銅鳳頭、鳳尾。 青銷金羅緣邊紅簾並看帶，內紅交牀並坐踏褥。 紅銷金羅轎衣一頂，用銷金寶珠文； 瀝水，香草文； 看帶並幃，皆鳳文。 紅油絹雨轎衣一。
The imperial consort's carriage was called the phoenix palanquin, a name unlike those of earlier dynasties. It had a green top capped by a gilt-bronze jeweled finial, with a gilt-bronze flying phoenix at each corner, and silver incense-round precious canopies and colored knots hanging below. The palanquin body was a red-lacquered wooden frame with bamboo-woven patterned mats on three sides painted with pheasant motifs, fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. Its red-lacquered carrying poles were ornamented with gilt-bronze phoenix heads and tails. Red curtains with green gold-couched gauze borders and viewing ties enfolded a red folding couch with seat and step cushions within. One red gold-couched gauze palanquin cover bore gold-couched jeweled motifs; its drip panels bore herb motifs; the viewing ties and curtains were all patterned with phoenixes. There was one red oiled-silk rain cover for the palanquin.
18
自皇后以下，皆用行障二，坐障一，第別以彩繪。 皇妃行障、坐障，俱紅綾爲之，繪雲鳳，而行障瀝水繪香草。
From the empress downward, all used two traveling screens and one seated screen, differing only in their painted ornament. Imperial consorts used traveling and seated screens of red gauze painted with cloud phoenixes, with auspicious herbs on the drip panels of the traveling screens.
19
皇太子金輅，高一丈二尺二寸有奇，廣八尺九寸。 轅長一丈九尺五寸。 輅座高三尺二寸有奇。 平盤、滴珠板、輪輻、輪輞悉同玉輅。 輅亭高六尺四寸有奇，紅髹四柱，長五尺四寸。 檻座上四周線金五彩香草板。 前左右有門，高五尺有奇，廣二尺四寸有奇。 門旁槅各二，編紅線條及明栨，皆紅髹。 後五山屏鳳，青地上雕木貼金龍五，間以五彩雲文。 屏後紅髹板，皆抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 紅髹匡軟座，紅絨墜座，大索四，下垂蓮花墜石，上施紅毯紅錦褥席。 紅髹椅一，納板一併褥。 椅中紅織金綺靠坐褥，四周有椅裙，施紅羅帷幔，外用青綺緣邊。 紅簾十二扇。 椅雕貼金龍彩雲，下線金彩雲板一。 亭內編紅線條。 輅頂並圓盤，高二尺五寸有奇，又鍍金銅寶珠頂，帶仰覆蓮座，高九寸，垂攀頂紅線圓條四。 盤上丹漆，下內外皆青地繪雲文，以青飾輅蓋。 亭內周圍青斗拱，承以丹漆匡，寶蓋鬥以八頂，冒以紅綺，頂心繡雲龍，餘繡五彩雲文。 天輪三層皆紅髹，上雕木貼金邊耀葉板七十二片，內飾青地雕木貼金雲龍文三層，間繪五彩雲襯板七十二片，四周黃銅裝釘。 上施紅綺瀝水三層，每層七十二摺，間繡五彩雲龍文。 四角之飾與大輅同，第圓條用紅線。 輅亭前一字闌干一扇，後一字帶轉角闌干一扇，左右闌干二扇，內嵌五彩雲板，皆丹漆。 計十四柱，柱首制與大輅同。 亭後建紅旗二，以紅羅爲之。 九斿，每斿內外繡升龍一。 左旗腰繡日月北斗，竿用抹金銅龍首。 右旗腰繡黻字，竿用抹金銅戟。 綴抹金銅鈴二，垂紅纓。 其踏梯、行馬之屬，與玉輅同。 帳房用青木棉布，竿首青綠蹲猊，餘同乘輿帳房。
The crown prince's gold carriage stood a little over twelve feet two inches high and measured eight feet nine inches wide. Its shafts measured nineteen feet five inches. The carriage body rose a little over three feet two inches. The platform, pearl-drop boards, spokes, and rims all matched the jade carriage. The carriage pavilion stood a little over six feet four inches high, with four red-lacquered pillars five feet four inches long. The railing base bore gold-thread five-colored herb panels on all four sides. Doors to the front left and right stood a little over five feet high and a little over two feet four inches wide. Beside each door stood two panels woven with red cord and open lattices, all lacquered red. At the rear stood a five-peak screen with five carved gilt dragons on blue ground, alternating with five-colored cloud motifs. Behind the screen, red-lacquered panels were all fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. It had a red-lacquered soft seat with red plush pendants, four great ropes with lotus pendant stones hanging below, and red carpet and brocade mats above. There was one red-lacquered chair with a receiving panel and cushions. The chair held red gold-woven damask back and seat cushions with a skirt on all four sides, red gauze curtains within, and green damask edging outside. Twelve red curtain panels hung in place. The chair bore a carved gilt dragon among colored clouds, with one gold-thread cloud panel below. Red cord strips were woven within the pavilion. The carriage top and round disk together rose a little over two feet five inches, capped by a gilt-bronze jeweled finial with upturned and downturned lotus seats nine inches high and four red cord roundels hanging from the finial. The disk was cinnabar-lacquered above; inside and below, blue-ground cloud paintings trimmed the carriage canopy in blue. Green bracket sets lined the pavilion interior, borne on a cinnabar-lacquered frame; the precious canopy joined in eight peaks and covered in red damask, with cloud dragons at the apex and five-colored clouds elsewhere. The three red-lacquered heaven-wheel layers bore seventy-two carved gilt-edged radiant leaf plates above, three layers of carved gilt cloud dragons on blue within, seventy-two painted cloud backing plates between, and yellow-bronze nail fittings on all four sides. Three layers of red damask drip panels hung above, each with seventy-two folds and embroidered five-colored cloud dragons between. The corner ornaments matched the Great Carriage, though the round strips were red cord. Before the carriage pavilion stood one single-bar balustrade panel and one single-bar corner panel behind; two balustrade panels left and right, all cinnabar-lacquered with inset five-colored cloud panels. There were fourteen pillars in all, their capitals matching the Great Carriage. Two red gauze flags were erected behind the pavilion. Each of the nine streamers was embroidered inside and out with an ascending dragon. The left flag's midsection bore embroidered sun, moon, and Northern Dipper motifs on a pole capped with a gilt-bronze dragon head. The right flag's midsection bore the fu character on a pole topped with a gilt-bronze halberd. Two gilt-bronze bells were attached, with red tassels hanging below. Its mounting ladder, traveling-horse frames, and the like matched the jade carriage. The tent chamber used blue cotton on wooden frames, with a blue-green crouching lion at the pole top; otherwise it matched the imperial carriage tent chamber.
20
東宮妃車，亦曰鳳轎、小轎，制同皇妃。 行障、坐障之制亦同。
The Eastern Palace consort's carriage, also called the phoenix or small palanquin, followed the imperial consort's specifications. Its traveling and seated screens followed the same specifications.
21
親王象輅，其高視金輅減六寸，其廣減一尺。 轅長視大輅減一尺。 輅座高三尺有奇，餘飾同金輅。 輅亭高五尺二寸有奇，紅髹四柱。 檻座上四周紅髹條環板。 前左右有門，高四尺五寸有奇，廣二尺二寸有奇。 門旁槅各二及明栨、後五山屏風，皆紅髹，用抹金銅鈒花葉片裝釘。 亭底紅髹，施紅花毯、紅錦褥席。 其椅靠、坐褥、帷幔、紅簾之制，俱同金輅。 輅頂並圓盤，高二尺四寸有奇，用抹金銅寶珠頂，餘同金輅。 天輪三層，皆紅髹，上雕木貼金邊耀葉板六十三片，內飾青地雕木五彩雲文三層，間繪五彩雲襯板六十三片，四周黃銅裝釘。 上施紅綺瀝水三層，每層八十一摺，繡瑞草文。 前垂青綺絡帶二，俱繡升龍五彩雲文。 圓盤四角連輅座板，用攀頂紅線圓條四，並紅髹木魚。 亭前後闌干同金輅，左右闌干各一扇，內嵌條環板，皆紅髹。 計十四柱，柱首雕木紅蓮花，線金青綠裝蓮花抱柱，前闌干內布花毯。 紅旗二，與金輅所樹同，竿上只垂紅纓五。 其踏梯、行馬之屬，亦同金輅。 帳房用綠色螭頭，餘與東宮同。
The imperial prince's ivory carriage stood six inches lower and one foot narrower than the crown prince's gold carriage. Its shafts were one foot shorter than those of the Great Carriage. The carriage body rose a little over three feet; otherwise its ornament matched the gold carriage. The carriage pavilion stood a little over five feet two inches high, with four red-lacquered pillars. The railing base bore red-lacquered strip ring panels on all four sides. Doors to the front left and right stood a little over four feet five inches high and a little over two feet two inches wide. Beside each door stood two panels and open lattices; the rear five-peak screen was red-lacquered and fitted with gilt-bronze inlaid floral leaf plates. The pavilion floor was red-lacquered, furnished with a red floral carpet and red brocade mats. Its chair back, seat cushions, curtains, and red curtains all matched the gold carriage. The carriage top and round disk together rose a little over two feet four inches, with a gilt-bronze jeweled finial; the rest matched the gold carriage. The three red-lacquered heaven-wheel layers bore sixty-three carved gilt-edged radiant leaf plates above, three layers of carved five-colored clouds on blue within, sixty-three painted cloud backing plates between, and yellow-bronze nail fittings on all four sides. Three layers of red damask drip panels hung above, each with eighty-one folds and embroidered with auspicious herb motifs. Two green damask net bands hung at the front, both embroidered with ascending dragons among five-colored clouds. The four corners of the round disk joined the carriage seat boards, with four red cord roundels from the finial and red-lacquered wooden fish fittings. The pavilion's front and rear balustrades matched the gold carriage; one balustrade panel stood to each side, all red-lacquered with inset strip ring panels. There were fourteen pillars capped with carved red lotuses, with gold-thread blue-green lotus embrace-pillars; a floral carpet was spread within the front balustrade. Two red flags matched those raised on the gold carriage, with only five red tassels hanging from each pole. Its mounting ladder, traveling-horse frames, and the like also matched the gold carriage. The tent chamber bore green chih-dragon finials; otherwise it matched the Eastern Palace specifications.
22
親王妃車，亦曰鳳轎、小轎，制俱同東宮妃。 惟鳳轎衣用木紅平羅。 小轎衣二：一用礬紅素紵絲，一用木紅平羅。 行障、坐障，制同東宮妃。
The imperial prince's consort's carriage, also called the phoenix or small palanquin, followed the Eastern Palace consort's specifications entirely. Only the phoenix palanquin cover was made of tree-red plain gauze. There were two small palanquin covers: one of plain alum-red pongee silk and one of tree-red plain gauze. Its traveling and seated screens matched the Eastern Palace consort's specifications.
23
公主車，宋用厭翟車，明初因之。 其後定制，鳳轎、行障、坐障，如親王妃。 皇孫車，永樂中，定皇太孫婚禮儀仗如親王，降皇太子一等，而用象輅。 郡王無輅，只有帳房，制同親王。
Imperial princesses' carriages: the Song used the yan-di carriage, and early Ming followed suit. Later regulations specified phoenix palanquins, traveling screens, and seated screens like those of an imperial prince's consort. During Yongle, the imperial heir's son was granted wedding ceremonial guard like a prince, one rank below the crown prince, with an ivory carriage. Commandery princes were granted no state carriage, only tent chambers matching those of imperial princes.
24
郡王妃及郡主俱用翟轎，制與皇妃鳳轎同，第易鳳爲翟。 行障、坐障同親王妃，而繪雲翟文。
Commandery princesses and their daughters used di palanquins built like imperial consorts' phoenix palanquins, but with pheasants in place of phoenixes. Their traveling and seated screens matched an imperial prince's consort's, but were painted with cloud and pheasant motifs.
25
百官乘車之制：洪武元年令，凡車不得雕飾龍鳳文。 職官一品至三品，用間金飾銀螭繡帶，青縵。 四品五品，素獅頭繡帶，青縵。 六品至九品，用素雲頭青帶，青縵。 轎同車制。 庶民車及轎，並用黑油，齊頭平頂，皁縵，禁用雲頭。 六年令，凡車轎禁丹漆，五品以上車止用青縵。 婦女許坐轎，官民老疾者亦得乘之。 景泰四年令，在京三品以上得乘轎。 弘治七年令，文武官例應乘轎者，以四人舁之。 其五府管事，內外鎮守、守備及公、侯、伯、都督等，不問老少，皆不得乘轎，違例乘轎及擅用八人者，奏聞。 蓋自太祖不欲勳臣廢騎射，雖上公，出必乘馬。 永樂元年，駙馬都尉胡觀越制乘晉王濟熹朱<車尞>棕轎，爲給事中周景所劾。 有詔宥觀而賜濟熹書，切責之。 惟文職大臣乘轎，庶官亦乘馬。 又文臣皆許乘車，大臣得乘安車。 後久廢不用。 正德四年，禮部侍郎劉機言，《大明集禮》，公卿大臣得乘安車，因請定轎扇傘蓋品級等差。 帝以京城內安車傘蓋久不行，卻其請，而命轎扇俱如例行。 嘉靖十五年，禮部尚書霍韜言：「禮儀定式，京官三品以上乘轎，邇者文官皆用肩輿，或乘女轎。 乞申明禮制，俾臣下有所遵守。」 乃定四品下不許乘轎，亦毋得用肩輿。 隆慶二年，給事中徐尚劾應城伯孫文棟等乘轎出入，驕僣無狀。 帝命奪文棟等俸。 乃諭兩京武職非奉特恩不許乘轎，文官四品以下用帷轎者，禁如例。 萬曆三年奏定勳戚及武臣不許用帷轎、肩輿並交牀上馬。 至若破格殊典，則宣德中少保黃淮陪遊西苑，嘗乘肩輿入禁中。 嘉靖間，嚴嵩奉詔苑直，年及八旬，出入得乘肩輿。 武臣則郭勳、朱希忠特命乘肩輿扈南巡蹕，後遂賜常乘焉。 皆非制也。
Regulations for officials' carriages: a Hongwu first-year order forbade dragon or phoenix ornament on any carriage. Ranks one through three used awnings with gold-spaced silver chih-dragon embroidered bands and blue covers. Ranks four and five used plain lion-head embroidered bands and blue awnings. Ranks six through nine used plain cloud-head blue bands and blue awnings. Palanquins followed the same regulations as carriages. Commoners' carriages and palanquins were black-lacquered with flat tops and black awnings; cloud-head ornament was forbidden. A sixth-year order banned cinnabar lacquer on all carriages and palanquins; carriages of the fifth rank and above were limited to blue awnings. Women were allowed palanquins, and aged or infirm officials and commoners could ride them as well. A Jingtai fourth-year order allowed officials of the third rank and above in the capital to ride palanquins. A Hongzhi seventh-year order required civil and military officials entitled to palanquins to be carried by four bearers. Stewards of the Five Chief Offices, garrison and defense commanders, dukes, marquises, earls, and regional commanders were barred from palanquins regardless of age; violations and unauthorized use of eight bearers were reported to the throne. The founding emperor had wished to keep meritorious officials skilled in mounted archery; even the highest nobles were expected to ride when abroad. In Yongle's first year, Imperial Son-in-law Commandant Hu Guan exceeded his rank by riding Prince Ji Xi of Jin's red-framed brown palanquin and was impeached by Supervising Secretary Zhou Jing. An edict pardoned Guan but sent Ji Xi a letter of sharp rebuke. Only senior civil officials rode palanquins; lesser officials rode horses as well. Civil officials were also permitted carriages, and senior ministers might ride the secure carriage. This practice was later abandoned for a long time. In Zhengde's fourth year, Vice Minister of Rites Liu Ji cited the Collected Rites of Great Ming, which granted secure carriages to dukes and ministers, and asked that rank gradations for palanquins, fans, parasols, and canopies be fixed. The emperor rejected the request because secure carriages, parasols, and canopies had long fallen out of use in the capital, and ordered palanquins and fans to follow ordinary practice. In Jiajing's fifteenth year, Minister of Rites Huo Tao said: "The Prescribed Rites allow capital officials of the third rank and above palanquins, yet lately civil officials all use shoulder litters or women's palanquins. I ask that the ritual regulations be clearly restated so officials may know what to follow. The court then barred officials below the fourth rank from palanquins and from shoulder litters as well. In Longqing's second year, Supervising Secretary Xu Shang impeached Yingcheng Earl Sun Wendong and others for riding palanquins in public with outrageous presumption. The emperor ordered Wendong and the others stripped of salary. Edicts to both capitals then barred military officers from palanquins unless specially favored, and forbade civil officials below the fourth rank curtained palanquins as before. In Wanli's third year it was decreed that meritorious kin and military officers might not use curtained palanquins, shoulder litters, or mounting stools to mount their horses. Extraordinary exceptions did occur: during Xuande Junior Guardian Huang Huai once rode a shoulder litter into the forbidden precinct while touring the Western Park. During Jiajing, Yan Song, ordered to serve at the imperial park at age eighty, was permitted a shoulder litter when coming and going. Military officers Guo Xun and Zhu Xizhong were specially permitted shoulder litters on the southern tour, and later granted them for regular use. None of these conformed to regulation.
26
傘蓋之制：洪武元年，令庶民不得用羅絹涼傘，但許用油紙雨傘。 三年，令京城內一品二品用傘蓋，其餘用雨傘。 十六年，令尚書、侍郎、左右都御史、通政使、太常卿、應天府尹、國子祭酒、翰林學士許張傘蓋。 二十六年定一品、二品傘用銀浮屠頂，三品、四品用紅浮屠頂，俱用黑色茶褐羅表，紅絹裹，三檐； 雨傘用紅油絹。 五品紅浮屠頂，青羅表，紅絹裹，兩檐； 雨傘同。 四品、六品至九品，用紅浮屠頂，青絹表，紅絹裹，兩檐； 雨傘俱用油紙。 三十五年，官員傘蓋不許用金繡，朱丹裝飾。 公、侯、駙馬、伯與一品、二品同。 成化九年，令兩京官遇雨任用油傘，其涼傘不許張於京城。
Parasol and canopy regulations: a Hongwu first-year order barred commoners from silk cool parasols and allowed only oiled-paper rain umbrellas. A third-year order allowed only ranks one and two parasol-canopies within the capital; all others used rain umbrellas. A sixteenth-year order permitted ministers, vice ministers, censors-in-chief, transmission commissioners, grand court ceremonialists, the Yingtian prefect, the imperial academy chancellor, and Hanlin academicians to use parasols and canopies. In the twenty-sixth year ranks one and two were assigned silver pagoda-finial parasols and ranks three and four red pagoda-finial parasols, all with black tea-brown gauze exteriors, red silk linings, and three tiers; Their rain umbrellas were of red oiled silk. Rank five used red pagoda-finial parasols with blue gauze exteriors, red silk linings, and two tiers; Rain umbrellas followed the same rule. Ranks four and six through nine used red pagoda-finial parasols with blue silk exteriors, red silk linings, and two tiers; Their rain umbrellas were all oiled paper. In the thirty-fifth year officials were forbidden gold embroidery or cinnabar ornament on parasols and canopies. Dukes, marquises, imperial sons-in-law, and earls followed the rank-one and rank-two specifications. A Chenghua ninth-year order allowed officials in both capitals to use oiled umbrellas in rain, but forbade opening cool parasols within the capital.
27
鞍轡之制：洪武六年，令庶民不得描金，惟銅鐵裝飾。 二十六年，定公、侯、一品、二品用銀，鐵事件，<革佔>用描銀。 三品至五品，用銀，鐵事件，<革佔>用油畫。 六品至九品，用擺錫，鐵事件，<革佔>用油畫。 三十五年，官民人等馬頷下纓並鞦轡俱用黑色，不許紅纓及描金、嵌金、天青、硃紅裝飾。 軍民用鐵事件，黑綠油<革佔>。
Saddle and bridle regulations: a Hongwu sixth-year order barred commoners from gold tracery and allowed only copper and iron ornament. In the twenty-sixth year dukes, marquises, and ranks one and two were assigned silver fittings and leather flaps with silver tracery. Ranks three through five used silver fittings and oil-painted leather flaps. Ranks six through nine used pewter plating, iron fittings, and oil-painted leather flaps. In the thirty-fifth year chin tassels and crupper bridles for all were restricted to black, barring red tassels and gold tracery, inlaid gold, sky-blue, or cinnabar ornament. Soldiers and commoners used iron fittings and black-green oiled leather flaps.