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皇帝冕服后妃冠服皇太子親王以下冠服
Imperial sacrificial robes and crowns; crowns and dress for empresses and consorts; crowns and dress for the crown prince, princes, and those of lower rank
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皇帝冕服:洪武元年,學士陶安請制五冕。 太祖曰:「此禮太繁。 祭天地、宗廟,服袞冕。 社稷等祀,服通天冠,絳紗袍。 餘不用。」 三年,更定正旦、冬至、聖節並服袞冕,祭社稷、先農、冊拜,亦如之。 十六年,定袞冕之制。 冕,前圓後方,玄表纁裡。 前後各十二旒,旒五采,玉十二,珠五,採繅十有二就,就相去一寸。 紅絲組為纓,黈纊充耳,玉簪導。 袞,玄衣黃裳,十二章,日、月、星辰、山、龍、華蟲六章織於衣,宗彝、藻、火、粉米、黼、黻六章繡於裳。 白羅大帶,紅裡。 蔽膝隨裳色,繡龍、火、山文。 玉革帶,玉佩。 大綬六採,赤、黃、黑、白、縹、綠,小綬三,色同大綬。 間施三玉環。 白羅中單,黻領,青緣襈。 黃襪黃舄,金飾。 二十六年,更定袞冕十二章。 冕版廣一尺二寸,長二尺四寸。 冠上有復,玄表朱裡,餘如舊制。 圭長一尺二寸。 袞,玄衣纁裳,十二章如舊制。 中單以素紗為之。 紅羅蔽膝,上廣一尺,下廣二尺,長三尺,織火、龍、山三章。 革帶佩玉,長三尺三寸。 大帶素表朱裡,兩邊用緣,上以朱錦,下以綠錦。 大綬,六採 〈(黃、白、赤、玄、縹、綠)〉 織成,純玄質五百首。 〈(凡合單紡為一系,四系為一扶,五扶為一首。)〉 小綬三,色同大綬。 間織三玉環。 朱襪,赤舄。 永樂三年定,冕冠以皁紗為之,上復曰綖,桐板為質,衣之以綺,玄表朱裡,前圓後方。 以玉衡維冠,玉簪貫紐,紐與冠武 〈(足前體下曰武,綏在冠之下,亦曰武。)〉 並系纓處,皆飾以金。 綖以左右垂黈纊充耳, 〈(用黃玉。)〉 系以玄紞,承以白玉瑱朱紘。 餘如舊制。 玉圭長一尺二寸,剡其上,刻山四,以象四鎮之山,蓋周鎮圭之制,異於大圭不瑑者也。 以黃綺約其下,別以囊韜之,金龍文。 袞服十有二章。 玄衣八章,日、月、龍在肩,星辰、山在背,火、華蟲、宗彝在袖, 〈(每袖各三。)〉 皆織成本色領褾襈裾。 〈(褾者袖端。 襈者衣緣。)〉 纁裳四章,織藻、粉米、黼、黻各二,前三幅,後四幅,前後不相屬,共腰,有闢積,本色綼裼。 裳側有純謂之綼,裳下有純謂之裼,純者緣也。 中單以素紗為之。 青領褾襈裾,領織黻文十三。 蔽膝隨裳色,四章,織藻、粉米、黼黻各二。 本色緣,有紃,施於縫中。 玉鉤二。 玉佩二,各用玉珩一、瑀一、琚二、沖牙一、璜二; 瑀下垂玉花一、玉滴二; 瑑飾雲龍文描金。 自珩而下系組五,貫以玉珠。 行則沖牙、二滴與璜相觸有聲。 金鉤二。 有二小綬,六採 〈(黃、白、赤、玄、縹、綠)〉 纁質。 大綬,六採 〈(黃、白、赤、玄、縹、綠)〉 纁質,三小綬,色同大綬。 間施三玉環,龍文,皆織成。 襪舄皆赤色,舄用黑絇純,以黃飾舄首。
On the emperor's sacrificial dress: In Hongwu 1 (1368), Academician Tao An petitioned to institute the five ceremonial caps. The Taizu said, "This ceremony is overly elaborate. For sacrifices to Heaven and Earth and the ancestral temples, wear the full ceremonial crown and robe. For rites at the altars of soil and grain and comparable ceremonies, wear the Communication-with-Heaven Cap and a deep-red gauze robe. The remainder are not to be used." In the third year the rule was fixed: New Year's Day, the winter solstice, and the emperor's birthday all required the full ceremonial crown and robe, and sacrifices to the altars of soil and grain, the God of Agriculture, and formal investiture audiences followed the same rule. In the sixteenth year the system for the ceremonial crown and robe was established. The crown was round in front and square behind, with a dark outer surface and deep-red lining. There were twelve pendants before and behind; the pendants were in five colors, with twelve jade pieces, five beads, and twelve colored silk tassels spaced one inch apart. Red silk cords formed the chin strap, yellow silk plugs filled the ears, and a jade hairpin secured the crown. The sacrificial robe had a dark upper garment and yellow skirt with twelve emblems: sun, moon, stars, mountain, dragon, and flowering creature were woven on the robe; ritual vessels, waterweed, fire, millet grain, axe-and-gouge, and opposed triangles were embroidered on the skirt. The great belt was white gauze with a red lining. The knee cover matched the skirt in color and was embroidered with dragon, fire, and mountain motifs. There was a leather belt set with jade and jade pendants. The great ceremonial sash used six colors—red, yellow, black, white, pale crimson, and green—with three smaller sashes in matching colors. Three jade rings were spaced along them. The inner robe was white gauze with an opposed-triangle collar and green trim on the cuffs. Yellow stockings and yellow court shoes were ornamented with gold. In the twenty-sixth year the twelve-emblem ceremonial crown and robe were revised again. The crown board measured one foot two inches in width and two feet four in length. A covering was placed above the cap, dark on the outside and vermilion within; everything else followed the earlier regulations. The jade tablet was one foot two inches long. The sacrificial robe had a dark upper garment and deep-red skirt with twelve emblems, as in the earlier regulations. The inner robe was made of plain gauze. The knee cover was red gauze, one foot wide at the top, two at the bottom, and three feet long, woven with the fire, dragon, and mountain emblems. The leather belt bore jade pendants and was three feet three inches long. The great belt was plain on the outside and vermilion within, with edging on both sides; vermilion brocade above and green brocade below. The great ceremonial sash used six colors yellow, white, red, black, pale crimson, and green.)〉 woven to completion, of pure dark thread in five hundred tassels. that is, single-spun threads are combined into one strand, four strands form a tuft, and five tufts form one tassel.)〉 There were three smaller sashes in the same colors as the great sash. Three jade rings were woven in at intervals. Stockings were vermilion and court shoes red. In Yongle 3 (1405) the regulations were set: the ceremonial crown was black gauze; the upper covering was called the tassel-band, with a paulownia core wrapped in fine silk, dark outside and vermilion within, round in front and square behind. A jade crossbar held the crown in place, a jade hairpin threaded the fastening cord, and the cord and the crown's forepart the portion before the feet and below the body is called the forepart, and the tassel-band beneath the crown is likewise called the forepart.)〉 and every point where the chin strap was fastened was ornamented with gold. From the tassel-band yellow silk ear-plugs hung down on either side, made of yellow jade.)〉 secured with a dark cord and supported by a white-jade ear-plug on a vermilion strap. Everything else followed the earlier regulations. The jade tablet was one foot two inches long, its upper end tapered and carved with four mountains to represent the mountains of the four quarters—essentially the Zhou quarter-tablet, unlike the great tablet, which was left uncarved. Yellow brocade bound its lower end, and a separate pouch sheathed it, ornamented with golden dragons. The sacrificial robe bore twelve emblems. The dark upper garment bore eight emblems: sun, moon, and dragon on the shoulders; stars and mountain on the back; fire, flowering creature, and ritual vessels on the sleeves, three on each sleeve.)〉 all woven in their proper colors on the collar, cuffs, edging, and hem. (The cuff is the end of the sleeve; the edging is the border of the garment.)〉 The deep-red skirt bore four emblems—waterweed, millet grain, axe-and-gouge, and opposed triangles, two of each—woven in three panels before and four behind, not joined front to back but sharing the waist, with a pleated fold and edging in the proper colors along the sides and hem. A border along the skirt's sides was called side-edging; a border below the skirt was called hem-edging—the term border here means edging. The inner robe was made of plain gauze. It had a green collar, cuffs, edging, and hem, with thirteen opposed-triangle motifs woven on the collar. The knee cover matched the skirt in color and bore four emblems—waterweed, millet grain, axe-and-gouge, and opposed triangles, two of each. It had edging in the proper colors and cords worked into the seams. There were two jade hooks. There were two jade pendants, each comprising one top bar, one secondary piece, two square plaques, one impact tooth, and two arc pieces; from the secondary piece hung one jade blossom and two jade drops; They were carved with cloud-and-dragon motifs and traced in gold. Below the top bar five cords were fastened, strung with jade beads. When the wearer walked, the impact tooth, the two drops, and the arc pieces struck one another and chimed. There were two gold hooks. There were two small sashes in six colors yellow, white, red, black, pale crimson, and green.)〉 of deep-red thread. The great ceremonial sash used six colors yellow, white, red, black, pale crimson, and green.)〉 of deep-red thread, with three smaller sashes in the same colors as the great sash. Three jade rings were spaced along them, with dragon motifs, all woven to completion. Stockings and court shoes were red; the shoes had black knotted trim, with yellow ornament on the toe.
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嘉靖八年,諭閣臣張璁:「袞冕有革帶,今何不用?」 璁對曰:「按陳祥道《禮書》,古革帶、大帶,皆謂之鞶。 革帶以纛佩韍,然後加以大帶,而笏搢於二帶之間。 夫革帶前系韍,後系綬,左右系佩,自古冕弁恆用之。 今惟不用革帶,以至前後佩服皆無所繫,遂附屬裳要之間,失古制矣。」 帝曰:「冕服祀天地,享祖宗,若闕革帶,非齊明盛服之意。 及觀《會典》載蔽膝用羅,上織火、山、龍三章,並大帶緣用錦,皆與今所服不合。 卿可並革帶系蔽膝、佩、綬之式,詳考繪圖以進。」 又云:「衣裳分上下服,而今衣恆掩裳。 裳制如帷,而今兩幅。 朕意衣但當與裳要下齊,而露裳之六章,何如?」 已,又諭璁以變更祖制為疑。 璁對曰:「臣考禮制,衣不掩裳,與聖意允合。 夫衣六章,裳六章,義各有取,衣自不容掩裳。 《大明集禮》及《會典》與古制不異。 今衣八章,裳四章,故衣常掩裳,然於典籍無所準。 內閣所藏圖注,蓋因官司織造,循習訛謬。 今訂正之,乃復祖制,非有變更。」 帝意乃決。 因復諭璁曰:「衣有六章,古以繪,今當以織。 朕命織染局考國初冕服,日月各徑五寸,當從之。 裳六章,古用繡,亦當從之。 古色用玄黃,取象天地。 今裳用纁,於義無取,當從古。 革帶即束帶,後當用玉,以佩綬系之於下。 蔽膝隨裳色,其繡上龍下火,可不用山。 卿與內閣諸臣同考之。」 於是楊一清等詳議:「袞冕之服,自黃、虞以來,玄衣黃裳,為十二章。 日、月、星辰、山、龍、華蟲,其序自上而下,為衣之六章; 宗彝、藻、火、粉米、黼、黻,其序自下而上,為裳之六章。 自周以後浸,變其制,或八章,或九章,已戾於古矣。 我太祖皇帝復定為十二章之制,司造之官仍習舛訛,非製作之初意。 伏乞聖斷不疑。」 帝乃令擇吉更正其制。 冠以圓匡烏紗冒之,旒綴七採玉珠十二,青纊充耳,綴玉珠二,餘如舊制。 玄衣黃裳,衣裳各六章。 洪武間舊制,日月徑五寸,裳前後連屬如帷,六章用繡。 蔽膝隨裳色,羅為之,上繡龍一,下繡火三,系於革帶,大帶素表朱裡,上緣以朱,下以綠。 革帶前用玉,其後無玉,以佩綬系而掩之。 中單及圭,俱如永樂間制。 朱襪,赤舄,黃條緣玄纓結。 皇帝通天冠服:洪武元年定,郊廟、省牲,皇太子諸王冠婚、醮戒,則服通天冠、絳紗袍。 冠加金博山,附蟬十二,首施珠翠,黑介幘,組纓,玉簪導。 絳紗袍,深衣制。 白紗內單,皁領褾襈裾。 絳紗蔽膝,白假帶,方心曲領。 白襪,赤舄。 其革帶、佩綬,與袞服同。
In Jiajing 8 (1529) the emperor instructed Grand Secretary Zhang Cong, "The ceremonial crown and robe include a leather belt—why is it no longer used?" Cong replied, "According to Chen Xiangdao's Book of Rites, in antiquity the leather belt and the great belt were both called the sash-girdle. The leather belt carried pennants, pendants, and knee covers; only then was the great belt added, with the tablet tucked between the two belts. The leather belt fastened knee covers in front, the ceremonial sash behind, and pendants to either side; from antiquity it was always worn with the ceremonial crown and cap. Today, because the leather belt is omitted, the front and rear pendants and sash have nothing to which they can be fastened and are merely attached at the skirt's waist, which departs from the ancient regulations." The emperor said, "The ceremonial robes are worn to sacrifice to Heaven and Earth and to offer to the ancestors; to omit the leather belt is not in keeping with the intent of pure and splendid full dress. Moreover, the Collected Statutes record that the knee cover was gauze woven with the fire, mountain, and dragon emblems, and that the great belt's edging was brocade—all unlike what is worn today. You should also investigate in detail how the leather belt fastened the knee cover, pendants, and sash, draw illustrations, and submit them." He also said, "The upper garment and skirt are distinct upper and lower garments, yet today the robe constantly covers the skirt. The skirt should be shaped like a curtain, yet today it is made in two panels. My thought is that the robe should end only at the skirt's waist, leaving the skirt's six emblems visible—what do you think?" Shortly afterward he again expressed to Cong his concern about altering the ancestral regulations. Cong replied, "Your subject has examined the ritual regulations: the robe does not cover the skirt, which fully accords with Your Majesty's intent. The robe bears six emblems and the skirt six, each with its own significance; the robe by its nature cannot cover the skirt. The Collected Rites of the Great Ming and the Collected Statutes agree with the ancient regulations. Today the robe has eight emblems and the skirt four, so the robe constantly covers the skirt—yet this has no basis in the canonical texts. The illustrated commentaries kept in the Grand Secretariat probably reflect errors introduced when the official workshops wove the garments and followed corrupted practice. To correct this now is to restore the ancestral regulations, not to alter them." The emperor's mind was made up. He then again told Cong, "The robe has six emblems; in antiquity they were painted, but today they should be woven. I have ordered the Weaving and Dyeing Bureau to consult the founding-era court robes and crown: the sun and moon each measured five inches across, and that measure should be restored. The skirt bore six emblems, and in antiquity they were embroidered; that practice should be followed as well. In antiquity the colors were dark and yellow, taking Heaven and Earth as their model. Today the skirt is deep-red, which carries no proper symbolic meaning; we should return to the ancient practice. The leather belt is the waist belt; jade should be used on it, with pendants and the ceremonial sash fastened below. The knee cover should match the skirt in color, embroidered with a dragon above and fire below; the mountain emblem may be omitted. You and the other ministers of the Grand Secretariat should investigate this together." Thereupon Yang Yiqing and others submitted a detailed memorial: "The sacrificial crown and robe, from the age of Huang and Yu, consisted of a dark upper garment and yellow skirt bearing twelve emblems. The sun, moon, stars, mountain, dragon, and flowering creature, ordered from top to bottom, formed the robe's six emblems; ritual vessels, waterweed, fire, millet grain, axe-and-gouge, and opposed triangles, ordered from bottom to top, formed the skirt's six emblems. From the Zhou onward the regulations were gradually altered, sometimes to eight emblems and sometimes to nine, already straying from antiquity. Our Founding Emperor restored the twelve-emblem system, yet the workshops charged with production still followed corrupted practice, contrary to the original intent. We humbly beg Your Majesty to decide without hesitation." The emperor then ordered an auspicious day chosen for correcting the regulations. The crown had a round frame covered with black gauze; the tassels carried twelve beads in seven colors; blue stuffing filled the ears, with two jade beads attached; everything else followed the earlier regulations. There was a dark upper garment and a yellow skirt, the robe and skirt each bearing six emblems. Under the old Hongwu regulations, the sun and moon measured five inches across; the skirt was joined front and back like a curtain, and the six emblems were embroidered. The knee cover matched the skirt in color and was made of gauze, with one dragon embroidered above and three fires below, fastened to the leather belt; the great belt was plain outside and vermilion within, edged in vermilion above and green below. The leather belt bore jade in front but not behind, with pendants and sash attached to cover the rear. The inner robe and jade tablet both followed the Yongle regulations. There were vermilion stockings and red court shoes, with yellow stripe edging and dark knotted laces. The emperor's Communication-with-Heaven Cap dress was fixed in Hongwu 1 (1368). For suburban temples, inspection of sacrificial animals, the crown prince's and princes' capping and wedding rites, and fasting consecration, he wore the Communication-with-Heaven Cap and a deep-red gauze robe. The cap bore a gold Mount Bo ornament, twelve cicada pins, pearls and kingfisher feathers on the front, a black cap covering, cord tassels, and a jade hairpin guide. The deep-red gauze robe followed the deep-garment cut. There was a white gauze inner robe with a black collar, cuffs, edging, and hem. There was a deep-red gauze knee cover, a white false belt, and a square-hearted curved collar. White stockings and red court shoes completed the dress. The leather belt and pendant sash were the same as those worn with the sacrificial robe.
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皇帝皮弁服:朔望視朝、降詔、降香、進表、四夷朝貢、外官朝覲、策士傳臚皆服之。 嘉靖以後,祭太歲山川諸神亦服之。 其制自洪武二十六年定。 皮弁用烏紗冒之,前後各十二縫,每縫綴五采玉十二以為飾,玉簪導,紅組纓。 其服絳紗衣,蔽膝隨衣色。 白玉佩革帶。 玉鉤苾,緋白大帶。 白襪,黑舄。 永樂三年定,皮弁如舊制,惟縫及冠武並貫簪系纓處,皆飾以金玉。 圭長如冕服之圭,有脊,並雙植文。 絳紗袍,本色領褾襈裾。 紅裳,但不織章數。 中單,紅領褾襈裾。 餘俱如冕服內制。
The emperor's leather cap (ceremonial) dress was worn for new- and full-moon court audiences, the promulgation of edicts, incense offerings, the presentation of memorials, tribute missions from the four quarters, audiences for outer officials, and the announcement of successful examination candidates. After the Jiajing reign, it was also worn when sacrificing to the Year Star, mountains, rivers, and other deities. Its regulations were fixed in Hongwu 26 (1393). The leather cap was covered with black gauze and had twelve seams front and back; each seam carried twelve five-colored jade ornaments, with a jade hairpin guide and a red cord tassel. The robe was of deep-red gauze, and the knee cover matched it in color. There was a leather belt with white jade pendants. There were jade hook plaques and a great belt in crimson and white. White stockings and black court shoes completed the dress. In Yongle 3 (1405) the leather cap was fixed as before, except that the seams, the cap ridge, and the points where the hairpin passed and the tassel was tied were all ornamented with gold and jade. The jade tablet matched the court-robe tablet in length, had a central ridge, and bore paired inscriptions. The deep-red gauze robe had a collar, cuffs, edging, and hem in the proper colors. There was a red skirt, but without the woven emblem count. The inner robe had a red collar, cuffs, edging, and hem. Everything else followed the inner dress regulations of the court robes and crown.
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皇帝武弁服:明初親徵遣將服之。 嘉靖八年諭閣臣張璁云:「《會典》紀親徵、類禡之祭,皆具武弁服。 不可不備。」 璁對:《周禮》有韋弁,謂以韎韋為弁,又以為衣裳。 國朝視古損益,有皮弁之制。 今武弁當如皮弁,但皮弁以黑紗冒之,武弁當以絳紗冒之。」 隨具圖以進。 帝報曰:「覽圖有韠形,但無系處。 冠制古象上尖,今皮弁則圓。 朕惟上銳取其輕利,當如古制。 又衣裳韠舄皆赤色,何謂? 且佩綬俱無,於祭用之,可乎?」 璁對:「自古服冕弁俱用革帶,以前系韍,後系綬。 韋弁之韠,正系於革帶耳。 武事尚威烈,故色純用赤。」 帝復報璁:「冠服、衣裳、韠舄俱如古制,增革帶、佩綬及圭。」 乃定制,弁上銳,色用赤,上十二縫,中綴五采玉,落落如星狀。 韎衣、韎裳、韎韐,俱赤色。 佩、綬、革帶,如常制。 佩綬及韎韐,俱上系於革帶。 舄如裳色。 玉圭視鎮圭差小,剡上方下,有篆文曰:「討罪安民」。
The emperor's military cap dress was worn in early Ming when the emperor took the field in person or dispatched generals on campaign. In Jiajing 8 (1529) the emperor instructed Grand Secretary Zhang Cong, "The Collected Statutes record that personal campaigns and pre-battle prayer sacrifices all require the military cap dress. It must be fully provided." Cong replied: The Rites of Zhou describes the hide cap, by which crimson leather was used for the cap and also for the robe and skirt. Our dynasty, adapting ancient practice, already had regulations for the leather cap (ceremonial). The military cap should follow the leather cap (ceremonial), except that the leather cap is covered with black gauze while the military cap should be covered with deep-red gauze." He then submitted an illustrated plan. The emperor replied, "The plan shows a knee-flap, but no place to fasten it. In antiquity the cap was made with a pointed top; today's leather cap is round. I believe the pointed top was chosen for lightness and sharpness; the cap should follow the ancient form. And why are the robe, skirt, knee-flap, and shoes all red? Moreover, there are no pendants or sash at all — is that acceptable for sacrificial use?" Cong replied, "From antiquity, ceremonial crowns and caps were always worn with a leather belt, the knee cover fastened in front and the sash behind. The hide cap's knee-flap was attached directly to the leather belt. Military affairs emphasize awe and force, so the dress is entirely red." The emperor wrote back to Cong, "The cap, robe, skirt, knee-flap, and shoes should all follow the ancient regulations, with a leather belt, pendant sash, and jade tablet added." The regulations were then fixed: the cap was pointed and red, with twelve seams on the upper part and five-colored jade strung between them, scattered like stars. The crimson-leather robe, skirt, and leggings were all red. The pendants, sash, and leather belt followed the usual regulations. The pendants, sash, and crimson leggings were all fastened to the leather belt above. The shoes matched the skirt in color. The jade tablet was slightly smaller than the quarter-tablet, square at the top and tapered below, and bore seal-script characters reading, "Subdue crime and pacify the people."
6
皇帝常服:洪武三年定,烏紗折角向上巾,盤領窄袖袍,束帶間用金、琥珀、透犀。 永樂三年更定,冠以烏紗冒之,折角向上,其後名翼善冠。 袍黃,盤領,窄袖,前後及兩肩各織金盤龍一。 帶用玉,靴以皮為之。 先是,洪武二十四年,帝微行至神樂觀,見有結網巾者。 翼日,命取網巾,頒示十三布政使司,人無貴賤,皆裹網巾,於是天子亦常服網巾。 又《會典》載皇太孫冠禮有云:「掌冠跪加網巾」,而皇帝、皇太子冠服,俱闕而不載。
The emperor's daily dress was fixed in Hongwu 3 (1370): a black gauze cap with upturned corners, a round-collared narrow-sleeved robe, and a waist belt sometimes set with gold, amber, and transparent rhinoceros horn. It was revised in Yongle 3 (1405): the cap was covered with black gauze and folded upward at the corners, and afterward was named the Beneficent-Wing Cap. The robe was yellow, with a round collar and narrow sleeves; one gold coiled dragon was woven on the front, back, and each shoulder. The belt was of jade, and the boots were leather. Earlier, in Hongwu 24 (1391), the emperor went incognito to the Divine Music Observatory and saw a man wearing a net cap. The next day he ordered net caps collected and issued to the thirteen provincial commissions; thereafter men of every rank wore them, and the Son of Heaven adopted the net cap as part of his daily dress as well. The Collected Statutes also record, in the imperial great-grandson's capping rite, that "the cap officer kneels and sets the net cap in place," yet the capping dress of the emperor and crown prince is nowhere recorded.
7
嘉靖七年,更定燕弁服。 初,帝以燕居冠服,尚沿習俗,諭張璁考古帝王燕居法服之制。 璁乃採《禮書》「玄端深衣。」 之文,圖注以進。 帝為參定其制,諭璁詳議。 璁言:「古者冕服之外,玄端深衣,其用最廣。 玄端自天子達於士,國家之命服也。 深衣自天子達於庶人,聖賢之法服也。 今以玄端加文飾,不易舊制,深衣易黃色,不離中衣,誠得帝王損益時中之道。」 帝因諭禮部曰:「古玄端上下通用,今非古人比,雖燕居,宜辨等威。」 因酌古制,更名曰:「燕弁」,寓深宮獨處、以燕安為戒之意。 其制,冠匡如皮弁之制,冒以烏紗,分十有二瓣,各以金線壓之,前飾五采玉雲各一,後列四山,朱條為組纓,雙玉簪。 服如古玄端之制,色玄,邊緣以青,兩肩繡日月,前盤圓龍一,後盤方龍二,邊加龍文八十一,領與兩祛共龍文五九。 衽同前後齊,共龍文四九。 襯用深衣之制,色黃。 袂圓祛方,下齊負繩及踝十二幅。 素帶,朱裡青表,綠緣邊,腰圍飾以玉龍九。 玄履,朱緣紅纓黃結。 白襪。
In Jiajing 7 (1528) the casual court cap dress was revised. At first, finding that the emperor's dress for private residence still followed ordinary custom, he instructed Zhang Cong to investigate how ancient emperors dressed for ritual occasions at leisure. Cong then drew from the Book of Rites the passage, "Dark robe and deep garment." and submitted it with illustrated commentary. The emperor had him work out the regulations and instructed Cong to submit a detailed proposal. Cong said, "In antiquity, apart from the court robes and crown, the dark robe and deep garment were the most widely worn garments. The dark robe extended from the Son of Heaven down to the scholar; it was the dress mandated by the state. The deep garment extended from the Son of Heaven down to the commoner; it was the ritual dress of the sages. To adorn the dark robe without abandoning the old form, and to make the deep garment yellow while keeping the inner robe unchanged, truly captures the emperor's way of adapting ancient practice to the proper mean." The emperor therefore instructed the Ministry of Rites, "In antiquity the dark robe was worn alike by high and low, but we are not the ancients; even in private residence, rank and dignity should be preserved." Accordingly, drawing on ancient practice, the dress was renamed the "Casual Court Cap," expressing the idea of dwelling alone within the inner palace and taking repose and restraint as a warning. Its regulations were as follows: the cap frame followed the leather cap (ceremonial), covered with black gauze and divided into twelve petals, each traced with gold thread; the front bore one five-colored jade cloud on each side, the rear four mountain ornaments, vermilion cord tassels, and two jade hairpins. The robe followed the ancient dark robe: dark in color with green edging; the shoulders bore embroidered sun and moon; one coiled round dragon appeared in front and two coiled square dragons behind; the border carried eighty-one dragon motifs, and the collar and both sleeves together fifty-nine. The lapel was even front and back, with forty-nine dragon motifs in all. The lining followed the deep-garment cut and was yellow. The sleeves were round and the cuffs square; the lower hem had tie cords and twelve panels reaching the ankle. There was a plain belt, vermilion within and green without, with green edging, and the waist was ornamented with nine jade dragons. Dark shoes had vermilion edging, red tassels, and yellow knots. White stockings completed the dress.
8
皇后冠服:洪武三年定,受冊、謁廟、朝會,服禮服。 其冠圓匡,冒以翡翠,上飾九龍四鳳,大花十二樹,小花數如之。 兩博鬢十二鈿。 禕衣,深青繪翟,赤質,五色十二等。 素紗中單,黻領,朱羅縠逯襈裾。 蔽膝隨衣色,以緅為領緣,用翟為章三等。 大帶隨衣色,朱裡紕其外,上以朱錦,下以綠錦,紐約用青組。 玉革帶。 青襪、青舄,以金飾。 永樂三年定制,其冠飾翠龍九,金鳳四,中一龍銜大珠一,上有翠蓋,下垂珠結,餘皆口銜珠滴,珠翠雲四十片,大珠花、小珠花數如舊。 三博鬢,飾以金龍、翠雲,皆垂珠滴。 翠口圈一副,上飾珠寶鈿花十二,翠鈿如其數。 託裡金口圈一副。 珠翠面花五事。 珠排環一對。 皁羅額子一,描金龍文,用珠二十一。 翟衣,深青,織翟文十有二等,間以小輪花。 紅領褾襈裾,織金雲龍文。 中單,玉色紗為之,紅領褾襈裾,織黻文十三。 蔽膝隨衣色,織翟為章三等,間以小輪花四,以緅為領緣,織金雲龍文。 玉穀圭,長七寸,剡其上,瑑谷文,黃綺約其下,韜以黃囊,金龍文。 玉革帶,青綺鞓,描金雲龍文,玉事件十,金事件四。 大帶,表裡俱青紅相半,末純紅,下垂織金雲龍文,上朱緣,下綠緣,青綺副帶一。 綬五采,黃、赤、白、縹、綠,纁質,間施二玉環,皆織成。 小綬三,色同大綬。 玉佩二,各用玉珩一、瑀一、琚二、沖牙一、璜二,瑀下垂玉花一、玉滴二; 瑑飾雲龍文描金; 自珩而下,系組五,貫以玉珠,行則沖牙二滴與二璜相觸有聲; 上有金鉤,有小綬五采以副之,纁質,織成。 青襪舄,飾以描金雲龍,皁純,每舄首加珠五顆。
The empress's crown and dress were fixed in Hongwu 3 (1370). Upon receiving investiture, visiting the ancestral temple, and attending court assemblies, she wore full ceremonial dress. Her crown had a round frame covered with kingfisher feathers and ornamented with nine dragons and four phoenixes above, twelve large floral sprays, and the same number of smaller flowers. Both wide temple tresses bore twelve hairpin ornaments. The ceremonial robe was deep blue with painted pheasants on a red ground, in twelve grades of five colors. There was a plain gauze inner robe with an opposed-triangle collar and vermilion gauze with patterned weave on the edging and hem. The knee cover matched the robe in color, with dark-crimson collar edging and pheasant emblems in three grades. The great belt matched the robe in color, vermilion within and bordered without, with vermilion brocade above and green brocade below, and green cord fasteners. There was a jade-set leather belt. Green stockings and green court shoes, ornamented with gold. In Yongle 3 (1405) the regulations were revised: the crown bore nine kingfisher dragons and four gold phoenixes; the central dragon held a great pearl beneath a kingfisher canopy, with pearl knots hanging below; the rest all held pearl drops in their mouths; there were forty pearl-and-kingfisher cloud pieces, with great and small pearl flowers in the same numbers as before. Three wide temple tresses were ornamented with gold dragons and kingfisher clouds, each hung with pearl drops. There was one kingfisher mouth ring, set above with twelve pearl-and-gem floral hairpins and the same number of kingfisher hairpin ornaments. There was one gold mouth ring with a backing piece. Five pearl-and-kingfisher forehead ornaments completed the set. There was one pair of pearl strand rings. A black gauze forehead band bore gold-traced dragon motifs and was set with twenty-one pearls. The pheasant robe was deep blue, woven with pheasant motifs in twelve grades and interspersed with small wheel flowers. It had a red collar, cuffs, edging, and hem, woven with gold cloud-and-dragon motifs. The inner robe was jade-colored gauze with a red collar, cuffs, edging, and hem, and thirteen opposed-triangle motifs on the collar. The knee cover matched the robe in color and bore pheasant emblems in three grades, four interspersed small wheel flowers, dark-crimson collar edging, and woven gold cloud-and-dragon motifs. The jade tablet bore a grain pattern, measured seven inches, was tapered at the top and carved with grain motifs, bound below with yellow gauze, and sheathed in a yellow pouch embroidered with gold dragons. There was a jade-set leather belt with a green gauze strap traced in gold with cloud-and-dragon motifs, ten jade fittings, and four gold fittings. The great belt was green and red in equal halves inside and out, purely red at the tip, with the lower hanging portion woven in gold cloud-and-dragon motifs, vermilion edging above, green edging below, and one supplementary green gauze belt. The ceremonial sash used five colors—yellow, red, white, pale crimson, and green—on deep-red thread, with two jade rings spaced along it, all fully woven. Three smaller sashes matched the colors of the great sash. There were two jade pendants, each comprising one top bar, one secondary piece, two square plaques, one impact tooth, and two arc pieces; from the secondary piece hung one jade blossom and two jade drops; they were carved with cloud-and-dragon motifs and traced in gold; below the top bar five cords were fastened, strung with jade beads; when the wearer walked, the impact tooth, the two drops, and the two arc pieces chimed against one another; gold hooks were fitted above, supplemented by a small five-colored sash of deep-red thread, fully woven. Green stockings and court shoes bore gold-traced cloud-and-dragon ornament, black trim, and five pearls on each toe.
9
皇后常服:洪武三年定,雙鳳翊龍冠,首飾、釧鐲用金玉、珠寶、翡翠。 諸色團衫,金繡龍鳳文,帶用金玉。 四年更定,龍鳳珠翠冠,真紅大袖衣霞帔,紅羅長裙,紅褙子。 冠制如特髻,上加龍鳳飾,衣用織金龍鳳文,加繡飾。 永樂三年更定,冠用皁縠,附以翠博山,上飾金龍一,翊以珠。 翠鳳二,皆口銜珠滴。 前後珠牡丹二,花八蕊,翠葉三十六。 珠翠穰花鬢二,珠翠雲二十一,翠口圈一。 金寶鈿花九,飾以珠。 金鳳二,口銜珠結。 三博鬢,飾以鸞鳳。 金寶鈿二十四,邊垂珠滴。 金簪二。 珊瑚鳳冠觜一副。 大衫霞帔,衫黃,霞帔深青,織金雲霞龍文,或繡或鋪翠圈金,飾以珠玉墜子,瑑龍文。 四衤癸襖子, 〈(即褙子。)〉 深青,金繡團龍文。 鞠衣紅色,前後織金雲龍文,或繡或鋪翠圈金,飾以珠。 大帶紅線羅為之,有緣,餘或青或綠,各隨鞠衣色。 緣襈襖子,黃色,紅領褾襈裾,皆織金采色雲龍文。 緣襈裙,紅色,綠緣襈,織金采色雲龍文。 玉帶,如翟衣內制,第減金事件一。 玉花采結綬,以紅綠線羅為結,玉綬花一,瑑雲龍文。 綬帶玉墜珠六,金垂頭花瓣四,小金葉六。 紅線羅系帶一。 白玉雲樣玎榼二,如佩制,有金鉤,金如意雲蓋一,下懸紅組五貫,金方心雲板一,俱鈒雲龍文,襯以紅綺,下垂金長頭花四,中小金鐘一,末綴白玉雲朵五。 青襪舄,與翟衣內制同。
The empress's everyday dress was fixed in Hongwu 3 (1370): the Twin-Phoenix Flanking Dragon Crown, with head ornaments, bracelets, and bangles of gold, jade, pearls, gems, and kingfisher. She wore round-collared jackets in various colors embroidered in gold with dragon-and-phoenix motifs, with a belt of gold and jade. In the fourth year the dress was revised to the Dragon-and-Phoenix Pearl-and-Kingfisher Crown, a true-red large-sleeved robe with cloud collar, a red gauze long skirt, and a red over-jacket. The crown followed the special-topknot form topped with dragon-and-phoenix ornament, and the robe bore woven-gold dragon-and-phoenix motifs with added embroidery. In Yongle 3 (1405) it was revised again: the crown was black gauze with an attached kingfisher Mount Bo, bearing one gold dragon above flanked by pearls. Two kingfisher phoenixes, each holding a pearl drop in its mouth. Before and behind were two pearl peonies of eight stamens each and thirty-six kingfisher leaves. There were two pearl-and-kingfisher cluster-flower temple tresses, twenty-one pearl-and-kingfisher cloud pieces, and one kingfisher mouth ring. Nine gold-and-gem floral hairpins were set with pearls. Two gold phoenixes held pearl knots in their mouths. Three wide temple tresses were ornamented with luan-birds and phoenixes. Twenty-four gold-and-gem hairpin ornaments hung pearl drops from their edges. Two gold hairpins completed the set. There was one coral phoenix crown beak-piece. The great robe was yellow and the cloud collar deep blue, woven in gold with cloud, mist, and dragon motifs—or embroidered or appliquéd with kingfisher circled in gold—ornamented with pearl-and-jade pendants and carved with dragon designs. A four-panel over-jacket, that is, the over-jacket.)〉 deep blue and gold-embroidered with coiled dragon roundels. The ju robe was red, with gold cloud-and-dragon motifs woven front and back—or embroidered or appliquéd with kingfisher circled in gold—and set with pearls. The great belt was red-thread gauze with edging; the remaining portions were blue or green according to the color of the ju robe. The bordered jacket was yellow with a red collar, cuffs, edging, and hem, all woven in gold with multicolored cloud-and-dragon motifs. The bordered skirt was red with green edging and border, woven in gold with multicolored cloud-and-dragon motifs. The jade belt followed the inner regulations of the pheasant robe, but with one gold fitting omitted. The jade-flower colored-knot sash used a red-and-green thread gauze knot, with one jade sash flower carved in cloud-and-dragon motif. The sash belt bore six jade pendants and pearls, four gold hanging petal ornaments, and six small gold leaves. A red-thread gauze tie belt completed the set. Two white jade cloud-shaped tinklers followed pendant regulations and bore gold hooks; one gold ruyi cloud canopy hung below on five strands of red cord, with one gold square-hearted cloud plaque—all inlaid with cloud-and-dragon designs and lined with red gauze; below hung four gold long-headed flowers with a small gold bell among them, and five white jade cloud pieces at the end. Green stockings and court shoes matched the inner regulations of the pheasant robe.
10
皇妃、皇嬪及內命婦冠服:洪武三年定,皇妃受冊、助祭、朝會禮服。 冠飾九翬、四鳳花釵九樹,小花數如之。 兩博鬢九鈿。 翟衣,青質繡翟,編次於衣及裳,重為九等。 青紗中單,黻領,朱縠逯襈裾。 蔽膝隨裳色,加文繡重雉,為章二等,以緅為領緣。 大帶隨衣色。 玉革帶。 青襪舄、佩綬。 常服:鸞鳳冠,首飾、釧鐲用金玉、珠寶、翠。 諸色團衫,金繡鸞鳳,不用黃。 帶用金、玉、犀。 又定山鬆特髻,假鬢花鈿,或花釵鳳冠。 真紅大袖衣,霞帔,紅羅裙,褙子,衣用織金及繡鳳文。 永樂三年更定,禮服:九翟冠二,以皁縠為之,附以翠博山,飾大珠翟二,小珠翟三,翠翟四,皆口銜珠滴。 冠中寶珠一座,翠頂雲一座,其珠牡丹、翠穰花鬢之屬,俱如雙鳳翊龍冠制,第減翠雲十。 又翠牡丹花、穰花各二,面花四,梅花環四,珠環各二。 其大衫、霞帔、燕居佩服之飾,俱同中宮,第織金繡瑑,俱雲霞鳳文,不用雲龍文。
The crowns and dress of imperial consorts, imperial concubines, and inner-court titled ladies were fixed in Hongwu 3 (1370). For receiving investiture, assisting at sacrifices, and attending court assemblies, the imperial consort wore full ceremonial dress. The crown bore nine pheasant plumes and four phoenixes, nine floral hairpin sprays, and the same number of smaller flowers. Both wide temple tresses bore nine hairpin ornaments. The pheasant robe had a blue ground embroidered with pheasants arranged in sequence on robe and skirt in nine grades. There was a blue gauze inner robe with an opposed-triangle collar and vermilion gauze with patterned weave on the edging and hem. The knee cover matched the skirt in color, bore added embroidered double-pheasant emblems in two grades, and had dark-crimson collar edging. The great belt matched the robe in color. There was a jade-set leather belt. Green stockings and court shoes, with pendant sash, completed the dress. Everyday dress comprised the Luan-and-Phoenix Crown, with head ornaments, bracelets, and bangles of gold, jade, pearls, gems, and kingfisher. Round-collared jackets in various colors were gold-embroidered with luan-birds and phoenixes, but yellow was forbidden. The belt was of gold, jade, and rhinoceros horn. The pine-mountain special topknot was also prescribed, with false temple tresses and floral hairpin ornaments, or flower hairpins with a phoenix crown. Everyday dress included a true-red large-sleeved robe, cloud collar, red gauze skirt, and over-jacket, the robe bearing woven-gold and embroidered phoenix motifs. In Yongle 3 (1405) ceremonial dress was revised again: the Nine-Pheasant Crown was black gauze with an attached kingfisher Mount Bo, bearing two large pearl pheasants, three small pearl pheasants, and four kingfisher pheasants, all holding pearl drops in their mouths. The crown held one treasure pearl at its center and one kingfisher summit cloud; pearl peonies, kingfisher cluster-flower temple tresses, and the like all followed the Twin-Phoenix Flanking Dragon Crown, but with ten kingfisher clouds omitted. There were also two kingfisher peonies and two cluster flowers each, four forehead flowers, four plum-blossom rings, and two pearl rings apiece. The great robe, cloud collar, and private-residence sash and pendant ornaments all matched the empress's, but woven gold, embroidery, and carving bore cloud, mist, and phoenix motifs throughout—not cloud-and-dragon designs.
11
九嬪冠服:嘉靖十年始定,冠用九翟,次皇妃之鳳。 大衫、鞠衣,如皇妃制。 圭用次玉谷文。
The crowns and dress of the Nine Concubines were first fixed in Jiajing 10 (1531): the crown bore nine pheasants, ranking below the imperial consort's phoenix. The great robe and ju robe followed the imperial consort's regulations. The jade tablet was of secondary grade, carved with a grain pattern.
12
內命婦冠服,洪武五年定,三品以上花釵、翟衣,四品、五品山鬆特髻,大衫為禮服。 貴人視三品,以皇妃燕居冠及大衫、霞帔為禮服,以珠翠慶雲冠,鞠衣、褙子、緣襈襖裙為常服。
The crowns and dress of inner-court titled ladies were fixed in Hongwu 5 (1372): those of third rank and above wore flower hairpins and pheasant robes; fourth and fifth ranks wore the pine-mountain special topknot; the great robe served as ceremonial dress. Noble ladies were accorded third-rank status: for ceremonial dress they wore the imperial consort's private-residence crown with great robe and cloud collar; for everyday dress, the Pearl-and-Kingfisher Auspicious-Cloud Crown with ju robe, over-jacket, and bordered jacket and skirt.
13
宮人冠服,制與宋同。 紫色,團領,窄袖,遍刺折枝小葵花,以金圈之,珠絡縫金帶紅裙。 弓樣鞋,上刺小金花。 烏紗帽,飾以花,帽額綴團珠。 結珠鬢梳。 垂珠耳飾。
Palace attendants' crowns and dress followed Song-dynasty regulations. They wore purple round-collared jackets with narrow sleeves, embroidered throughout with broken-branch sunflowers circled in gold, a pearl net, a gold-sewn belt, and a red skirt. Bow-shaped shoes were embroidered with small gold flowers. A black gauze cap ornamented with flowers had round pearls set on the brow. Knotted-pearl temple tress combs completed the headdress. Hanging-pearl ear ornaments completed the set.
14
皇太子冠服:陪祀天地、社稷、宗廟及大朝會、受冊、納妃則服袞冕。 洪武二十六年定,袞冕九章,冕九旒,旒九玉,金簪導,紅組纓,兩玉瑱。 圭長九寸五分。 玄衣纁裳,衣五章,織山、龍、華蟲、宗彝、火; 裳四章,織藻、粉米、黼、黻。 白紗中單,黻領。 蔽膝隨裳色,織火、山二章。 革帶,金鉤苾,玉佩。 綬五采 〈(赤、白、玄、縹、綠)〉 織成,純赤質,三百三十首。 小綬三,色同。 間織三玉環。 大帶,白表朱裡,上緣以紅,下緣以綠。 白襪,赤舄。 永樂三年定,冕冠,玄表朱裡,前圓後方,前後各九旒。 每旒五采繅九就,貫五采玉九,赤、白、青、黃、黑相次。 玉衡金簪,玄紞垂青纊充耳, 〈(用青玉。)〉 承以白玉瑱,朱紘纓。 玉圭長九寸五分,以錦約其下,並韜。 袞服九章,玄衣五章,龍在肩,山在背,火、華蟲、宗彝在袖, 〈(每袖各三。)〉 皆織成。 本色領褾襈裾。 纁裳四章,織藻、粉米、黼、黻各二,前三幅,後四幅,不相屬,共腰,有襞積,本色綼裼。 中單以素紗為之,青領褾襈裾,領織黻文十一。 蔽膝隨裳色,四章,織藻、粉米、黼、黻。 本色緣,有紃,施於縫中。 上玉鉤二。 玉佩二,各用玉珩一、瑀一、琚一、沖牙一、璜二; 瑀下垂玉花一、玉滴二。 瑑雲龍文,描金。 自珩而下,系組五,貫以玉珠。 上有金鉤。 小綬四採 〈(赤、白、縹、綠)〉 以副之,纁質。 大帶,素表朱裡,在腰及垂,皆有綼,上綼以朱,下綼以綠。 紐約用青組。 大綬四採, 〈(赤、白、縹、綠。)〉 纁質。 小綬三採。 間施二玉環,龍文,皆織成。 襪舄皆赤色,舄用黑絇純,黑飾舄首。 朔望朝、降詔、降香、進表、外國朝貢、朝覲,則服皮弁。 永樂三年定,皮弁,冒以烏紗,前後各九縫,每縫綴五采玉九,縫及冠武並貫簪系纓處,皆飾以金。 金簪朱纓。 玉圭,如冕服內制。 絳紗袍,本色領褾襈裾。 紅裳,如冕服內裳制,但不織章數。 中單以素紗為之,如深衣制。 紅領褾襈裾,領織黻文十一。 蔽膝隨裳色,本色緣,有紃,施於縫中; 其上玉鉤二,玉佩如冕服內制,但無雲龍文; 有小綬四採以副之。 大帶、大綬、襪舄赤色,皆如冕服內制。 其常服,洪武元年定,烏紗折上巾。 永樂三年定,冠烏紗折角向上巾, 〈(亦名翼善冠,親王、郡王及世子俱同。)〉 袍赤,盤領窄袖,前後及兩肩各金織盤龍一。 玉帶、靴,以皮為之。 皇太子妃冠服:洪武三年定,禮服與皇妃同。 永樂三年更定,九翬四鳳冠,漆竹絲為匡,冒以翡翠,上飾翠翬九、金鳳四,皆口銜珠滴。 珠翠雲四十片,大珠花九樹,小珠花數如之。 雙博鬢,飾以鸞鳳,皆垂珠滴。 翠口圈一副,上飾珠寶鈿花九,翠鈿如其數。 託裡金口圈一副。 珠翠面花五事。 珠排環一對。 珠皁羅額子一,描金鳳文,用珠二十一。 翟衣,青質,織翟文九等,間以小輪花。 紅領褾襈裾,織金雲龍文。 中單玉色紗為之。 紅領褾襈裾,領織黻文十一。
The crown prince's crown and dress: when assisting at sacrifices to Heaven and Earth, the altars of soil and grain, and the ancestral temple, and at great court assemblies, investiture, and betrothal, he wore the full ceremonial crown and robe. Fixed in Hongwu 26 (1393): a nine-emblem ceremonial robe, a crown with nine pendants bearing nine jade pieces, a gold hairpin guide, a red cord chin strap, and two jade ear-plugs. The jade tablet measured nine and a half inches. The dark upper garment and deep-red skirt bore five emblems on the robe—mountain, dragon, flowering creature, ritual vessels, and fire—woven in place; the skirt four emblems—waterweed, millet grain, axe-and-gouge, and opposed triangles. The inner robe was white gauze with an opposed-triangle collar. The knee cover matched the skirt in color and bore fire and mountain emblems in two grades. There was a leather belt with gold hook and Bi ornament, and jade pendants. The ceremonial sash used five colors red, white, black, pale crimson, and green.)〉 fully woven, of pure red thread, with three hundred thirty tassels. Three smaller sashes matched the colors. Three jade rings were spaced along them. The great belt was white without and vermilion within, with red edging above and green below. White stockings and red court shoes completed the dress. In Yongle 3 (1405) the ceremonial crown was fixed: dark without and vermilion within, round in front and square behind, with nine pendants before and behind. Each pendant used five-colored silk with nine tassels, strung with nine five-colored jade pieces—red, white, green, yellow, and black in sequence. A jade crossbar and gold hairpin secured the crown; a dark cord hung green silk ear-plugs to fill the ears, made of green jade.)〉 supported by a white-jade ear-plug on a vermilion strap and chin tassel. The jade tablet was nine cun and five fen long; brocade bound its lower end, and a pouch sheathed it entirely. The sacrificial robe bore nine emblems: the dark upper garment had five—dragon on the shoulders, mountain on the back, and fire, flowering creature, and ritual vessels on the sleeves, three on each sleeve.)〉 all woven to completion. The collar, cuffs, edging, and hem were in the proper colors. The deep-red skirt bore four emblems—waterweed, millet grain, axe-and-gouge, and opposed triangles, two of each—in three panels before and four behind, not joined front to back but sharing the waist, with a pleated fold and edging in the proper colors along the sides and hem. The inner robe was plain gauze with a green collar, cuffs, edging, and hem, and eleven opposed-triangle motifs woven on the collar. The knee cover matched the skirt in color and bore four emblems—waterweed, millet grain, axe-and-gouge, and opposed triangles. It had edging in the proper colors and cords worked into the seams. There were two jade hooks above. There were two jade pendants, each comprising one top bar, one secondary piece, one square plaque, one impact tooth, and two arc pieces; from the secondary piece hung one jade blossom and two jade drops. They were carved with cloud-and-dragon motifs and traced in gold. Below the top bar five cords were fastened, strung with jade beads. There were gold hooks above. There were small sashes in four colors red, white, pale crimson, and green.)〉 to supplement them, of deep-red thread. The great belt was plain outside and vermilion within; at the waist and in the hanging portions it was edged throughout—vermilion above and green below. The knot fasteners were of green cord. The great ceremonial sash used four colors, red, white, pale crimson, and green.)〉 of deep-red thread. There were small sashes in three colors. Two jade rings were spaced along them, with dragon motifs, all woven to completion. Stockings and court shoes were red; the shoes had black knotted trim and black ornament on the toe. For new- and full-moon court audiences, the promulgation of edicts, incense offerings, the presentation of memorials, tribute missions from foreign states, and audiences, he wore the leather cap. In Yongle 3 (1405) the regulations were set: the leather cap was covered with black gauze and had nine seams front and back; each seam carried nine five-colored jade ornaments; the seams, the cap ridge, and the points where the hairpin passed and the tassel was tied were all ornamented with gold. There was a gold hairpin and a vermilion tassel. The jade tablet followed the court-robe regulations. The deep-red gauze robe had a collar, cuffs, edging, and hem in the proper colors. The red skirt followed the court robe's inner-skirt regulations, but without woven emblems. The inner robe was plain gauze, cut like the deep garment. It had a red collar, cuffs, edging, and hem, with eleven opposed-triangle motifs woven on the collar. The knee cover matched the skirt in color, with edging in the proper colors and cords worked into the seams; above it were two jade hooks; the jade pendants followed the court-robe regulations, but without cloud-and-dragon motifs; small sashes in four colors supplemented them. The great belt, great ceremonial sash, stockings, and court shoes were red, all as in the court-robe regulations. Daily dress was fixed in Hongwu 1 (1368): a black gauze folded-up cap. In Yongle 3 (1405) the cap was fixed as black gauze with the corners folded upward, also called the Wings-of-Goodness Crown; imperial princes, commandery princes, and heir apparents all wore the same.)〉 The robe was red, with a round collar and narrow sleeves, and one gold-woven coiled dragon each on the front, back, and both shoulders. There were a jade belt and leather boots. The crown princess's crown and dress were fixed in Hongwu 3 (1370); her ceremonial dress matched the imperial consort's. In Yongle 3 (1405) it was revised to the Nine-Kingfisher-Feathers-and-Four-Phoenixes crown: a lacquered bamboo-silk frame covered with kingfisher feathers, ornamented above with nine kingfisher crest-feathers and four gold phoenixes, all holding pearl drops in their mouths. There were forty pearl-and-kingfisher cloud pieces, nine great pearl-flower sprays, and the same number of small pearl flowers. Both wide temple tresses were ornamented with luan-phoenixes, each hanging pearl drops. There was one set of kingfisher mouth-rings, ornamented above with nine pearl-and-gem hairpin flowers and the same number of kingfisher hairpin ornaments. There was one set of gold mouth-rings with backing. There were five pearl-and-kingfisher face flowers. There was one pair of pearl row-rings. There was one pearl-black gauze forehead piece, gold-traced with phoenix motifs and set with twenty-one pearls. The pheasant robe was green, woven with pheasant motifs in nine grades and interspersed with small rosette flowers. It had a red collar, cuffs, edging, and hem woven with gold cloud-and-dragon motifs. The inner robe was of jade-colored gauze. It had a red collar, cuffs, edging, and hem, with eleven opposed-triangle motifs woven on the collar.
15
蔽膝隨衣色,織翟為章二等,間以小輪花三,以緅為領緣,織金雲鳳文。 其玉圭、帶綬、玉佩、襪舄之制,俱同皇妃。 洪武三年又定常服。 犀冠,刻以花鳳。 首飾、釧鐲、衫帶俱同皇妃。 四年定,冠亦與皇妃同。 永樂三年定燕居冠,以皁縠為之,附以翠博山,上飾寶珠一座,翊以二珠翠鳳,皆口銜珠滴。 前後珠牡丹二,花八蕊,翠葉三十六。 珠翠穰花鬢二。 珠翠雲十六片。 翠口圈一副。 金寶鈿花九,上飾珠九。 金鳳一對,口銜珠結。 雙博鬢,飾以鸞鳳。 金寶鈿十八,邊垂珠滴。 金簪一對。 珊瑚鳳冠觜一副。 其大衫、霞帔、燕居佩服之飾,俱同皇妃。 親王冠服:助祭、謁廟、朝賀、受冊、納妃服袞冕,朔望朝、降詔、降香、進表、四夷朝貢、朝覲服皮弁。 洪武二十六年定,冕服俱如東宮,第冕旒用五采,玉圭長九寸二分五釐,青衣纁裳。 永樂三年又定冕服、皮弁制,俱與東宮同,其常服亦與東宮同。
The knee cover matched the robe in color, with pheasant emblems in two grades interspersed with three small rosette flowers, dark-crimson collar edging, and gold cloud-and-phoenix motifs woven upon it. The jade tablet, belt, sash, jade pendants, stockings, and shoes all followed the imperial consort's regulations. Daily dress was also fixed in Hongwu 3 (1370). There was a rhino-horn crown carved with flower and phoenix motifs. Head ornaments, bracelets, robe, and belt all matched the imperial consort's. In the fourth year the crown was also fixed to match the imperial consort's. In Yongle 3 (1405) the at-leisure crown was fixed: black patterned gauze with a kingfisher ornamental mountain attached, one treasure pearl ornamented above, and two pearl-and-kingfisher phoenixes flanking it, all holding pearl drops in their mouths. Front and back there were two pearl peonies of eight stamens each and thirty-six kingfisher leaves. There were two pearl-and-kingfisher clustered-flower temple tresses. There were sixteen pearl-and-kingfisher cloud pieces. There was one set of kingfisher mouth-rings. There were nine gold-and-treasure hairpin flowers, each ornamented above with nine pearls. There was one pair of gold phoenixes, each holding a pearl knot in its mouth. Both wide temple tresses were ornamented with luan-phoenixes. There were eighteen gold-and-treasure hairpin ornaments, with pearl drops hanging from the edges. There was one pair of gold hairpins. There was one set of coral phoenix-cap beak-pieces. The great robe, cloud collar, and at-leisure crown, sash, and pendant ornaments all matched the imperial consort's. Imperial princes' crowns and dress: for assisting at sacrifices, visiting temples, congratulatory audiences, receiving investiture, and taking a consort they wore the sacrificial crown and robe; for new- and full-moon court audiences, the promulgation of edicts, incense offerings, the presentation of memorials, tribute from the four quarters, and audiences they wore the leather cap. In Hongwu 26 (1393) the court robe was fixed to match the Eastern Palace's in all respects, except that the crown tassels used five colors; the jade tablet was nine cun, two fen, and five li long; and the upper garment was green and the skirt deep red. In Yongle 3 (1405) the court robe and leather cap were again fixed, both matching the Eastern Palace's; daily dress likewise matched the Eastern Palace's.
16
嘉靖七年,諭禮部:「朕仿古玄端,自為燕弁冠服,更制忠靜冠服,錫於有位,而宗室諸王制猶未備。 今酌燕弁及忠靜冠之制,復為式具圖,命曰保和冠服。 自郡王長子以上,其式已明。 鎮國將軍以下至奉國中尉及長史、審理、紀善、教授、伴讀,俱用忠靜冠服,依其品服之。 儀賓及餘官不許概服。 夫忠靜冠服之異式,尊賢之等也。 保和冠服之異式,親親之殺也。 等殺既明,庶幾乎禮之所保,保斯和,和斯安,此錫名之義也。 其以圖說頒示諸王府,如敕遵行。」 保和冠制,以燕弁為準,用九衤取,去簪與五玉,後山一扇,分畫為四。 服,青質青緣,前後方龍補,身用素地,邊用云。 襯用深衣,玉色。 帶青表綠裡綠緣。 履用皁綠結,白襪。
In Jiajing 7 (1528) he instructed the Ministry of Rites, "Drawing on the ancient dark robe, I have myself devised the Casual Court Cap dress and further devised the Loyal Serenity crown and dress, bestowing them upon officeholders; yet regulations for the imperial clans and princes remain incomplete. Now, drawing on the regulations for the Casual Court Cap and the Loyal Serenity cap, I have again prepared models with illustrations and named them the Preservation-and-Harmony crown and dress. For eldest sons of commandery princes and above, the forms are already established. From State-pacifying Generals down to Supporters-of-the-State Second Captains, together with chief secretaries, judicial reviewers, recorders of goodness, instructors, and study companions, all wear the Loyal Serenity crown and dress according to rank. Protocol sons-in-law and other officials may not wear them without authorization. The distinct styles of the Loyal Serenity crown and dress mark the grades by which the worthy are honored. The distinct styles of the Preservation-and-Harmony crown and dress mark the degrees by which kinship is differentiated. Once grades and degrees are clear, ritual may be preserved; preservation yields harmony, and harmony yields tranquility—this is the meaning of the name bestowed. Issue the illustrated explanation to all princely establishments and have them obey it as by imperial command." The Preservation-and-Harmony cap followed the Casual Court Cap, with nine pleats; the hairpins and five jades were removed; the rear mountain was a single panel divided into four sections. The robe was green with green edging, square dragon patches front and back, a plain ground on the body, and cloud motifs on the border. The lining followed the deep-garment cut and was jade in color. The belt was green outside and within, with green edging. Shoes were black with green knots, and stockings were white.
17
親王妃冠服:受冊、助祭、朝會服禮服。 洪武三年定九翬四鳳冠。 永樂三年又定九翟冠,制同皇妃。 其大衫、霞帔、燕居佩服之飾,同東宮妃,第金事件減一,玉綬花,瑑寶相花文。
The imperial prince consort's crown and dress: for receiving investiture, assisting at sacrifices, and court assemblies she wore full ceremonial dress. In Hongwu 3 (1370) the Nine-Kingfisher-Feathers-and-Four-Phoenixes crown was fixed. In Yongle 3 (1405) the Nine-Pheasants crown was again fixed, following the imperial consort's regulations. Her great robe, cloud collar, and at-leisure crown, sash, and pendant ornaments matched the crown princess's, except for one fewer gold ornament; the jade sash flowers were carved with treasure-lotus motifs.
18
公主冠服,與親王妃同,惟不用圭。
Princesses' crowns and dress matched the imperial prince consort's, except that they did not use the jade tablet.
19
親王世子冠服:聖節、千秋節並正旦、冬至、進賀表箋及父王生日諸節慶賀,皆服袞冕。 洪武二十六年定,袞冕七章,冕三採玉珠,七旒。 圭長九寸。 青衣三章,織華蟲、火、宗彝。 纁裳四章,織藻、粉米、黼、黻。 素紗中單,青領襈,赤韍。 革帶,佩白玉,玄組綬。 綬紫質,用三採 〈(紫、黃、赤)〉 織成,間織三白玉環。 白襪,赤舄。 永樂三年更定,冕冠前後各八旒,每旒五采繅八就,貫三採玉珠八,赤、白、青色相次。 玉圭長九寸。 青衣三章,火在肩,華蟲、宗彝在兩袖,皆織成。 本色領褾襪裾。 其纁裳、玉佩、帶、綬之制,俱與親王同,第領織黻文減二。 皮弁用烏紗冒之,前後各八縫,每縫綴三採玉八,餘制如親王。 其圭佩、帶綬、襪舄如冕服內制。 常服亦與親王同。 嘉靖七年定保和冠服,以燕弁為準,用八衤取,去簪玉,後山以一扇分畫為四,服與親王同。
The heir to a prince wore the full ceremonial crown and robe for the Sacred Festival and Longevity Festival, as well as for New Year's Day, the Winter Solstice, when presenting congratulatory memorials, and for every other celebration of his father's birthday and comparable holidays. Established in Hongwu 26 (1393): the ceremonial robe bore seven emblems; the crown was set with tri-colored jade beads and carried seven pendant strings. The jade tablet was nine inches long. The green upper robe had three emblem sections, woven with the flowering creature, fire, and ritual vessels. The deep-red skirt had four sections, woven with waterweed, millet grain, axe-and-gouge, and opposed triangles. The inner robe was plain gauze, with a green collar and cuff edging and a red knee cover. There was a leather belt with a white jade pendant and a black silk cord sash. The great ceremonial sash was purple and used three colors purple, yellow, and red.)〉 Woven to completion, with three white jade rings spaced along it. Stockings were white and court shoes red. Revised in Yongle 3 (1405): the ceremonial crown had eight pendant strings front and back; each string was five-colored, with eight tufts of spun silk, strung with eight tri-colored jade beads in alternating red, white, and green. The jade tablet was nine inches long. The green upper robe had three emblem sections: fire at the shoulders, flowering creature and ritual vessels on both sleeves—all woven to completion. Collar, cuffs, cuff edging, and hem were in the garment's natural color. The deep-red skirt, jade pendants, belt, and sash all followed the prince's regulations, except that the opposed-triangle motifs woven on the collar were reduced by two. The leather cap was covered with black gauze and had eight seams front and back; each seam carried eight tri-colored jade ornaments; everything else followed the prince's regulations. The jade tablet, pendants, belt, sash, stockings, and court shoes followed the inner specifications of the ceremonial robe. Everyday dress was likewise the same as for a prince. In Jiajing 7 (1528) the Baohe court dress was established, modeled on the yan cap with eight panels, the hairpin jade removed, and the rear peak divided into four sections by a single fan-shaped partition; the dress itself matched that of a prince.
20
世子妃冠服:永樂三年定,與親王妃同,惟冠用七翟。
The crown and dress of a prince's heir consort: established in Yongle 3 (1405), they matched those of a prince's consort, except that the crown bore seven pheasant ornaments.
21
郡王冠服:永樂三年定,冕冠前後各七旒,每旒五采繅七就,貫三採玉珠七。 圭長九寸。 青衣三章,粉米在肩,藻、宗彝在兩袖,皆織成。 纁裳二章,織黼、黻各二。 中單,領織黻文七,餘與親王世子同。 皮弁,前後各七縫,每縫綴三採玉七,餘與親王世子同。 其圭佩、帶綬、襪舄如冕服內制。 常服亦與親王世子同。 嘉靖七年定保和冠服,冠用七衤取,服與親王世子同。
The crown and dress of a commandery prince: established in Yongle 3 (1405), the ceremonial crown had seven pendant strings front and back; each string was five-colored, with seven tufts of spun silk, strung with seven tri-colored jade beads. The jade tablet was nine inches long. The green upper robe had three emblem sections: millet grain at the shoulders, waterweed and ritual vessels on both sleeves—all woven to completion. The deep-red skirt had two emblem sections, with two axe-and-gouge and two opposed-triangle motifs woven on it. The inner robe bore seven opposed-triangle motifs woven on the collar; everything else matched the prince's heir. The leather cap had seven seams front and back; each seam carried seven tri-colored jade ornaments; everything else matched the prince's heir. The jade tablet, pendants, belt, sash, stockings, and court shoes followed the inner specifications of the ceremonial robe. Everyday dress was likewise the same as for the prince's heir. In Jiajing 7 (1528) the Baohe court dress was established; the crown had seven panels, and the dress matched that of the prince's heir.
22
郡王妃冠服:永樂三年定,冠用七翟,與親王世子妃同。 其大衫、霞帔、燕居佩服之飾,俱同親王妃,第繡雲霞翟文,不用盤鳳文。
The crown and dress of a commandery prince's consort: established in Yongle 3 (1405), the crown bore seven pheasant ornaments and otherwise matched those of a prince's heir consort. The great robe, cloud collar, and ornaments for informal dress and personal adornment all matched those of a prince's consort, except that cloud-and-pheasant motifs were embroidered in place of coiled phoenix motifs.
23
郡王長子朝服:七樑冠,大紅素羅衣,白素紗中單,大紅素羅裳及蔽膝,大紅素羅白素紗二色大帶,玉朝帶,丹礬紅花錦,錦雞綬,玉佩,象笏,白絹襪,皁皮雲頭履鞋。 公服:皁縐紗襆頭,大紅素紵絲衣,玉革帶。 常服:烏紗帽,大紅紵絲織金獅子開衤癸,圓領,玉束帶,皁皮銅線靴。 其保和冠,如忠靜之制,用五衤取; 服與郡王同,補子用織金方龍。
The court dress of a commandery prince's eldest son comprised a seven-ridge crown; a great crimson plain-gauze robe over a white plain-gauze inner robe; a crimson plain-gauze skirt and knee cover; a great belt in crimson plain gauze and white plain gauze; a jade court belt; a cinnabar-red floral brocade sash with golden-pheasant ornament; a jade pendant; an ivory tablet; white silk stockings; and black leather cloud-toe court shoes. For official dress he wore a black crepe-gauze wraparound cap, a great crimson plain silk-floss robe, and a jade leather belt. For everyday dress he wore a black gauze cap, a crimson silk-floss robe woven with gold lions and an open front, a round collar, a jade sash belt, and black leather boots with copper stitching. His Baohe cap followed the Zhongjing regulations, with five panels; the dress matched that of a commandery prince, with a square-dragon rank badge woven in gold.
24
郡主冠服:永樂三年定,與郡王妃同。 惟不用圭,減四珠環一對。
The crown and dress of a commandery princess: established in Yongle 3 (1405), they matched those of a commandery prince's consort. Only the jade tablet was omitted, and one pair of four-bead rings was removed.
25
郡王長子夫人冠服:珠翠五翟冠,大紅紵絲大衫,深青紵絲金繡翟褙子,青羅金繡翟霞帔,金墜頭。
The crown and dress of the commandery prince's eldest son's lady comprised a pearl-and-kingfisher five-pheasant crown, a great crimson silk-floss robe, a deep blue silk-floss beizi embroidered in gold with pheasants, a blue gauze cloud collar embroidered in gold with pheasants, and a gold pendant headpiece.
26
鎮國將軍冠服,與郡王長子同。 鎮國將軍夫人冠服,與郡王長子夫人同。 輔國將軍冠服,與鎮國將軍同,惟冠六樑,帶用犀。 輔國將軍夫人冠服,與鎮國將軍夫人同,惟冠用四翟,抹金銀墜頭。 奉國將軍冠服,與輔國將軍同,惟冠五樑,帶用金鈒花,常服大紅織金虎豹。 奉國將軍淑人冠服,與輔國將軍夫人同,惟褙子、霞帔,金繡孔雀文。 鎮國中尉冠服,與奉國將軍同,惟冠四樑,帶用素金,佩用藥玉。 鎮國中尉恭人冠服,與奉國將軍淑人同。 輔國中尉冠服,與鎮國中尉同,惟冠三樑,帶用銀鈒花,綬用盤雕,公服用深青素羅,常服紅織金熊羆。 輔國中尉宜人冠服,與鎮國中尉恭人同,惟冠用三翟,褙子、霞帔,金繡鴛鴦文,銀墜頭。 奉國中尉冠服,與輔國中尉同,惟冠二樑,帶用素銀,綬用練鵲,襆頭黑漆,常服紅織金彪。 奉國中尉安人冠服,與輔國中尉宜人同,惟大衫用丹礬紅,褙子、霞帔金繡練鵲文。
The crown and dress of a Defender-General of the State matched those of a commandery prince's eldest son. The crown and dress of a Defender-General's lady matched those of a commandery prince's eldest son's lady. The crown and dress of a Bulwark-General of the State matched those of a Defender-General, except that the crown had six ridges and the belt was of rhinoceros horn. The crown and dress of a Bulwark-General's lady matched those of a Defender-General's lady, except that the crown bore four pheasant ornaments and the pendant headpiece was gilded silver. The crown and dress of a Supporter-General of the State matched those of a Bulwark-General, except that the crown had five ridges, the belt was embossed gold, and everyday dress was crimson with woven gold tigers and leopards. The crown and dress of a Supporter-General's lady of virtue matched those of a Bulwark-General's lady, except that the beizi and cloud collar were embroidered in gold with peacock motifs. The crown and dress of a Defender-Commandant of the State matched those of a Supporter-General, except that the crown had four ridges, the belt was plain gold, and the pendant was of medicinal jade. The crown and dress of a Defender-Commandant's lady of honor matched those of a Supporter-General's lady of virtue. The crown and dress of a Bulwark-Commandant matched those of a Defender-Commandant, except that the crown had three ridges, the belt was embossed silver, the sash bore a soaring-eagle motif, official dress used deep blue plain gauze, and everyday dress was red with woven gold bears. The crown and dress of a Bulwark-Commandant's suitable lady matched those of a Defender-Commandant's lady of honor, except that the crown bore three pheasant ornaments, the beizi and cloud collar were embroidered in gold with mandarin ducks, and the pendant headpiece was silver. The crown and dress of a Supporter-Commandant matched those of a Bulwark-Commandant, except that the crown had two ridges, the belt was plain silver, the sash bore a white-magpie motif, the wraparound cap was black lacquer, and everyday dress was red with woven gold leopards. The crown and dress of a Supporter-Commandant's lady of peace matched those of a Bulwark-Commandant's suitable lady, except that the great robe was cinnabar-red and the beizi and cloud collar were embroidered in gold with white-magpie motifs.
27
縣主冠服:珠翠五翟冠,大紅紵絲大衫,深青紵絲金繡孔雀褙子,青羅金繡孔雀霞帔,抹金銀墜頭。 郡君冠服,與縣主同,惟冠用四翟,褙子、霞帔金繡鴛鴦文。 縣君冠服,與郡君同,惟冠用三翟。 鄉君冠服,與縣君同,惟大衫用丹礬紅,褙子、霞帔金繡練鵲文。
The crown and dress of a county princess comprised a pearl-and-kingfisher five-pheasant crown, a great crimson silk-floss robe, a deep blue silk-floss beizi embroidered in gold with peacocks, a blue gauze cloud collar embroidered in gold with peacocks, and a gilded silver pendant headpiece. The crown and dress of a commandery noblewoman matched those of a county princess, except that the crown bore four pheasant ornaments and the beizi and cloud collar were embroidered in gold with mandarin ducks. The crown and dress of a county noblewoman matched those of a commandery noblewoman, except that the crown bore three pheasant ornaments. The crown and dress of a township noblewoman matched those of a county noblewoman, except that the great robe was cinnabar-red and the beizi and cloud collar were embroidered in gold with white-magpie motifs.