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都察院附總督巡撫
The Censorate; with appended sections on Governors-General and Grand Coordinators
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都察院。 左、右都御史，正二品； 左、右副都御史，正三品； 左、右僉都御史，正四品。 其屬，經歷司，經歷一人，正六品； 都事一人，正七品； 司務廳，司務二人，從九品，初設四人，後革二人； 照磨所，照磨，正八品； 檢校，正九品； 司獄司，司獄，從九品，初設六人，後革五人； 各一人。 十三道監察御史一百十人，正七品。 浙江、江西、河南、山東各十人，福建、廣東、廣西、四川、貴州各七人，陝西、湖廣、山西各八人，雲南十一人。 其在外加都御史或副、僉都御史銜者，有總督，有提督，有巡撫，有總督兼巡撫，提督兼巡撫，及經略、總理、贊理、巡視、撫治等員。 巡撫之名，起於懿文太子巡撫陝西。 永樂十九年，遣尚書蹇義等二十六人巡行天下，安撫軍民。 以後不拘尚書、侍郎、都御史、少卿等官。 事畢復命，即或停遣。 初名巡撫，或名鎮守，後以鎮守侍郎與巡按御史不相統屬，文移窒礙，定為都御史。 巡撫兼軍務者加提督，有總兵地方加贊理或參贊，所轄多、事重者加總督。 他如整飭、撫治、巡治、總理等項，皆因事特設。 其以尚書、侍郎任總督軍務者，皆兼都御史，以便行事。
The Censorate. Left and Right Censors-in-Chief, rank 2a; Left and Right Vice Censors-in-Chief, rank 3a; Left and Right Assistant Censors-in-Chief, rank 4a. Subordinate offices included a Registry with one Registrar at rank 6a; one Secretariat Clerk at rank 7a; a Clerks Office with two Clerks at rank 9b (initially four, later reduced by two); a Copying Office with one Copying Clerk at rank 8a; one Reviser at rank 9a; a Prison Office with one Prison Superintendent at rank 9b (initially six, later reduced to one); one post in each case. One hundred and ten Investigating Censors across thirteen circuits, all at rank 7a. Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, and Shandong each had ten; Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Guizhou each had seven; Shaanxi, Huguang, and Shanxi each had eight; Yunnan had eleven. Officials posted outside with added ranks as Censor-in-Chief, Vice Censor-in-Chief, or Assistant Censor-in-Chief served as Governors-General, Military Supervisors, Grand Coordinators, or combined posts; other titles included Pacification Commissioner, Overall Supervisor, Assistant Supervisor, Inspector, and Pacification Administrator. The title Grand Coordinator dates to when the heir apparent Yiwen served as coordinator in Shaanxi. In Yongle year 19 (1421), twenty-six officials led by Minister Jian Yi were sent to tour the empire and reassure soldiers and civilians. Afterward the post was not limited to ministers, vice ministers, censors-in-chief, or junior chamberlains. When their mission ended they returned to report, and the appointment might then lapse. The post was first called Grand Coordinator or sometimes Garrison Commander; because the garrison vice minister and the touring investigating censor did not share a single chain of command and paperwork stalled, the title was fixed as Censor-in-Chief. Grand Coordinators who also handled military affairs took the added title Military Supervisor; regions with regional commanders added Assistant or Participating Supervisor; broad jurisdictions with heavy responsibilities added Governor-General. Other titles—Rectification, Pacification Administration, Touring Administration, Overall Supervision—were all created ad hoc as circumstances required. Ministers or vice ministers appointed to overall military command all concurrently held the rank of Censor-in-Chief so they could act effectively.
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都御史，職專糾劾百司，辯明冤枉，提督各道，為天子耳目風紀之司。 凡大臣奸邪、小人構黨、作威福亂政者，劾。 凡百官猥茸貪冒壞官紀者，劾。 凡學術不正、上書陳言變亂成憲、希進用者，劾。 遇朝覲、考察，同吏部司賢否陟黜。 大獄重囚會鞫於外朝，偕刑部、大理讞平之。 其奉敕內地，拊循外地，各專其敕行事。
The Censor-in-Chief impeached officials across the bureaucracy, cleared wrongful charges, supervised all censor circuits, and served as the emperor's eyes, ears, and guardian of discipline. He impeached great ministers who were treacherous, petty men who formed factions, and anyone who abused power to disrupt government. He impeached officials who were base, greedy, and corrupt and who undermined official discipline. He impeached those whose scholarship was unsound, who memorialized to overturn established law, or who sought advancement by such means. At court audiences and performance reviews he worked with the Ministry of Personnel to judge officials for promotion or dismissal. Major trials and serious prisoners were heard in the outer court; together with the Ministry of Justice and the Court of Judicial Review he settled verdicts. Commissioners for the interior pacified the heartland; those for the exterior each acted solely under their commission.
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十三道監察御史，主察糾內外百司之官邪，或露章面劾，或封章奏劾。 在內兩京刷卷，巡視京營，監臨鄉、會試及武舉，巡視光祿，巡視倉場，巡視內庫、皇城、五城，輪值登聞鼓。 後改科員。 在外巡按，北直隸二人，南直隸三人，宣大一人，遼東一人，甘肅一人，十三省各一人。 清軍，提督學校，兩京各一人，萬曆末，南京增設一人。 巡鹽，兩淮一人，兩浙一人，長蘆一人，河東一人。 茶馬，陝西。 巡漕，巡關，宣德四年設立鈔關御史，至正統十年始遣主事。 攢運，印馬，屯田。 師行則監軍紀功，各以其事專監察。 而巡按則代天子巡狩，所按籓服大臣、府州縣官諸考察，舉劾尤專，大事奏裁，小事立斷。 按臨所至，必先審錄罪囚，吊刷案卷，有故出入者理辯之。 諸祭祀壇場，省其牆宇祭器。 存恤孤老，巡視倉庫，查算錢糧，勉勵學校，表揚善類，翦除豪蠹，以正風俗，振綱紀。 凡朝會糾儀，祭祀監禮。 凡政事得失，軍民利病，皆得直言無避。 有大政，集闕廷預議焉。 蓋六部至重，然有專司，而都察院總憲綱，惟所見聞得糾察。 諸御史糾劾，務明著實跡，開寫年月，毋虛文泛詆，訐拾細瑣。 出按復命，都御史覆劾其稱職不稱職以聞。 凡御史犯罪，加三等，有贓從重論。
Investigating Censors of the thirteen circuits investigated misconduct among officials throughout the bureaucracy, impeaching either by open memorial in court or by sealed memorial to the throne. In the capitals they reviewed judicial files, inspected capital garrisons, supervised civil and military examinations, inspected the Court of Imperial Entertainments and granaries, inspected inner treasuries, the Imperial City, and the Five Wards, and took turns at the Petition Drum. Later these duties passed to the Six Offices of Scrutiny. Outside the capital for touring inspection: North Zhili had two, South Zhili three, Xuanhua-Datong one, Liaodong one, Gansu one, and each of the thirteen provinces one. Troop muster review and school supervision had one censor each in both capitals; at the end of Wanli Nanjing gained an additional post. Salt inspection: one each for Liang-Huai, Liang-Zhe, Changlu, and Hedong. Tea-and-horse trade: Shaanxi. Grain transport and customs inspection; in Xuande year 4 a censor for paper-tax customs was established, but not until Zhengtong year 10 were directors dispatched instead. Grain consolidation transport, horse branding, and garrison farming. When armies marched they supervised discipline and recorded merit; each censor oversaw his assigned specialty. The Touring Inspector represented the emperor on inspection tours; over enfeoffed princes and prefectural and county officials he conducted reviews and impeachments, reporting major cases to the throne and deciding minor ones on the spot. Wherever he toured he first reviewed prisoners and case files, and argued any who had been wrongly convicted or released. He inspected sacrificial altars and their walls, buildings, and ritual vessels. He succored orphans and the elderly, inspected storehouses, audited revenue, encouraged schools, commended the virtuous, and uprooted powerful parasites—to rectify local customs and restore discipline. At court assemblies he corrected ceremonial order; at sacrifices he supervised ritual. On policy successes and failures and the welfare of soldiers and civilians he could speak frankly without restraint. On major state affairs he assembled at the palace gate court for preliminary deliberation. The Six Ministries were weightiest, yet each had its specialty; the Censorate held overall disciplinary authority and could impeach whatever came to its attention. Censors' impeachments had to state verified facts with dates; empty rhetoric, broad slander, and petty grievances were forbidden. When touring censors returned and reported, the Censor-in-Chief reviewed their performance and reported whether they had discharged their duties. Censors who committed crimes faced penalties three degrees heavier; corruption drew still harsher punishment.
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十三道各協管兩京、直隸衙門； 而都察院衙門分屬河南道，獨專諸內外考察。 浙江道協管中軍都督府，在京府軍左、金吾左、金吾右、金吾前、留守中、神策、應天、和陽、廣洋、武功中、武功後、茂陵十二衛，牧馬千戶所，及直隸廬州府，廬州、六安二衛。 江西道協管前軍都督府，在京府軍前、燕山左、龍江左、龍江右、龍驤、豹韜、天策、寬河八衛，及直隸淮安府，淮安、大河、邳州、九江、武清、龍門各衛。 福建道協管戶部，寶鈔提舉司，鈔紙、印鈔二局，承運、廣惠、廣積、廣盈、贓罰、甲乙丙丁戊字、天財、軍儲、供用、行用各庫，在京金吾後、武成中、飛熊、武功左、武功右、武功前、獻陵、景陵、裕陵、泰陵十衛，及直隸常州、池州二府，定邊、開平中屯二衛，美峪千戶所。 四川道協管工部，營繕所，文思院，御用、司設、神宮、尚衣、都知等監，惜薪司，兵仗、銀作、巾帽、針工、器皿、盔甲、軍器、寶源、皮作、鞍轡、織染、柴炭、抽分竹木各局，僧、道錄司，在京府軍、濟州、大寧前、蔚州左、永清左五衛，蕃牧千戶所，及直隸松江府、廣德州，金山、懷安、懷來各衛，神木千戶所，播州宣慰司，石砫、西陽等宣撫司，天全六番招討司。 陝西道協管後軍都督府，大理寺，行人司，在京府軍後、鷹揚、興武、義勇右、橫海、江陰、康陵、昭陵八衛，敢勇、報效二營，韓、秦、慶、安化四府，及直隸和州，保定左、右、中、前四衛。 雲南道協管順天府，廣備庫，在京羽林前、通州二衛，及直隸永平、廣平二府，通州左、通州右、涿鹿、涿鹿左、涿鹿中、密雲中、密雲後、永平、山海、盧龍、撫寧、東勝左、東勝右、大同中屯、營州五屯、延慶、延慶左、延慶右、萬全左、萬全右各衛，居庸關、黃花鎮、寬河、武定各千戶所。 河南道協管禮部，都察院，翰林院，國子監，太常寺，光祿寺，鴻臚寺，尚寶司，中書舍人，欽天監，太醫院，司禮、尚膳、尚寶、直殿等監，酒醋面局，鐘鼓司，教坊司，在京羽林左、留守前、留守後、神武左、神武前、彭城六衛，伊、唐、周、鄭四府，及兩淮鹽運司，直隸揚州、大名二府，揚州、高郵、儀真、歸德、寧山、潼關、神武右各衛，泰州、通州、汝寧各千戶所。 廣西道協管通政司，六科，在京燕山右、燕山前、大興左、騰驤左、騰驤右、武驤左、鎮南、瀋陽左、會州、富峪、忠義前、忠義後十二衛，及直隸安慶、徽州、保定、真定四府，安慶、新安、鎮武、真定各衛，紫荊關、倒馬關、廣昌各千戶所。 廣東道協管刑部，應天府，在京虎賁左、濟陽、武驤右、瀋陽右、武功左、武功右、孝陵、長陵八衛，及直隸延慶州，開平中屯衛。 山西道協管左軍都督府，在京錦衣、府軍右、留守左、驍騎左、驍騎右、龍虎、龍虎左、大寧中、義勇前、義勇後、英武、水軍左十二衛，晉府長史司，及直隸鎮江、太平二府，鎮江、建陽、瀋陽中屯各衛，平定、蒲州二千戶所。 山東道協管宗人府，兵部，會同館，御馬監，典牧所，大通關，在京羽林右、永清右、濟川三衛，及中都留守司，遼東都司，直隸鳳陽府，徐、滁二州，中都留守左、留守中、鳳陽、鳳陽中、鳳陽右、皇陵、長淮、懷遠、徐州、滁州、泗州、壽州、宿州、武平、沂州、德州、德州左、保定後、瀋陽中各衛，洪塘千戶所。 湖廣道協管右軍都督府，五城兵馬司，在京留守右、武德、忠義右、虎賁右、廣武、水軍右、江淮、永陵八衛，遼、梁、岷、吉、華陽五府，荊、襄、楚三府長史司，及興都留守司，直隸甯國府，甯國、宣州、神武中、定州、茂山各衛。 貴州道協管吏部，太僕寺，上林苑監，內官、印綬二監，在京旗手衛，及長蘆鹽運司，大寧都司，萬全都司，直隸蘇州、河間、順德三府，保安州、蘇州、太倉、鎮海、薊州、遵化、鎮朔、興州五屯，忠義中、河間、天津、天津左、天津右、宣府前、宣府左、宣府右、開平、保安右、蔚州、永甯各衛，嘉興、吳淞江、梁城、滄州、興和、長安、龍門各千戶所。
Each of the thirteen circuits jointly supervised offices in both capitals and the directly administered prefectures; the Censorate yamen itself fell under the Henan Circuit, which alone handled all internal and external performance reviews. The Zhejiang Circuit supervised the Central Military Commission, twelve capital guards (including Fuyou Left, the four Jinyou guards, Rear Garrison Central, Shence, Yingtian, Heyang, Guangyang, Wugong Central and Rear, and Maoling), the Horse-Pasturing Battalion, and in the provinces Luzhou Prefecture with the Luzhou and Lu'an guards. The Jiangxi Circuit supervised the Forward Military Commission, eight capital guards (Fuyou Front, Yanshan Left, the two Longjiang guards, Longxiang, Baotao, Tiance, and Kuanhe), Huaian Prefecture, and the Huaian, Dahe, Pizhou, Jiujiang, Wuqing, and Longmen guards. The Fujian Circuit supervised the Ministry of Revenue, the Paper Currency Directorate and its bureaus, numerous treasuries, ten capital guards (Jinyou Rear through Tailing), Changzhou and Chizhou prefectures, the Dingbian and Kaiping Central Garrison guards, and the Meiyu Battalion. The Sichuan Circuit supervised the Ministry of Works and its workshops and directorates, numerous craft bureaus, the Buddhist and Daoist Registries, five capital guards, the Fanmu Battalion, Songjiang and Guangde prefectures, frontier guards and battalions, and the Bozhou, Shizhu, Xiyang, and Tianquan pacification offices. The Shaanxi Circuit supervised the Rear Military Commission, the Court of Judicial Review, the Foreign Envoys Office, eight capital guards, the Ganyong and Baoxiao camps, the Han, Qin, Qing, and Anhua princely establishments, He Prefecture, and the four Baoding guards. The Yunnan Circuit supervised Shuntian Prefecture, the Broad Reserve Treasury, the Yulin Front and Tongzhou guards in the capital, Yongping and Guangping prefectures, numerous northern garrison guards, and the Juyong Pass, Huanghua Town, Kuanhe, and Wuding battalions. The Henan Circuit supervised the Ministry of Rites, the Censorate, the Hanlin Academy, the Directorate of Education, ritual and ceremonial courts, palace offices, six capital guards, the Yi, Tang, Zhou, and Zheng princely establishments, the Liang-Huai Salt Transport Commission, Yangzhou and Daming prefectures, and associated guards and battalions. The Guangxi Circuit supervised the Office of Transmission, the Six Offices of Scrutiny, twelve capital guards, Anqing, Huizhou, Baoding, and Zhending prefectures, the Anqing, Xin'an, Zhenwu, and Zhending guards, and the Zijing, Daoma, and Guangchang pass battalions. The Guangdong Circuit supervised the Ministry of Justice, Yingtian Prefecture, eight capital guards (Huben Left through Changling), Yanqing Subprefecture, and the Kaiping Central Garrison guard. The Shanxi Circuit supervised the Left Military Commission, twelve capital guards, the Jin princely establishment, Zhenjiang and Taiping prefectures, the Zhenjiang, Jianyang, and Shenyang Central Garrison guards, and the Pingding and Puzhou battalions. The Shandong Circuit supervised the Court of the Imperial Clan, the Ministry of War, the tributary hostel, the Imperial Horse Directorate, three capital guards, the Zhongdu and Liaodong commands, Fengyang Prefecture, Xu and Chu prefectures, numerous guards across the ancestral homeland, and the Hongtang Battalion. The Huguang Circuit supervised the Right Military Commission, the Five-Wards Military Patrol Office, eight capital guards, the Liao, Liang, Min, Ji, and Huayang princely establishments, the Jing, Xiang, and Chu chief secretary's offices, the Xingdu Garrison Commission, Ningguo Prefecture, and the Ningguo, Xuanzhou, Shenwu Central, Dingzhou, and Maoshan guards. The Guizhou Circuit supervised the Ministry of Personnel, the Court of the Imperial Stud, the Imperial Park Directorate, the Inner Palace and Seals directorates, the Qishou guard, the Changlu Salt Transport Commission, the Daning and Wanquan commands, Suzhou, Hejian, and Shunde prefectures, numerous northern garrison guards, and associated battalions.
6
初，吳元年置御史臺，設左、右御史大夫，從一品御史中丞，正二品侍御史，從二品治書侍御史，正三品殿中侍御史，正五品察院監察御史，正七品經歷，從五品都事，正七品照磨、管勾。 正八品以鄧愈、湯和為御史大夫，劉基、章溢為御史中丞，諭之曰：「國家立三大府，中書總政事，都督掌軍旅，御史掌糾察。 朝廷紀綱盡系於此，而臺察之任尤清要。 卿等當正己以率下，忠勤以事上，毋委靡因循以縱奸，毋假公濟私以害物。」 洪武九年汰侍御史及治書、殿中侍御史。 十年七月，詔遣監察御史巡按州縣。 十三年，專設左，右中丞，正二品左、右侍御史。 正四品尋罷御史臺。 十五年更置都察院，設監察都御史八人，秩正七品。 分監察御史為浙江、河南、山東、北平、山西、陝西、湖廣、福建、江西、廣東、廣西、四川十二道，各道置御史或五人或三、四人，秩正九品。 每道鑄印二，一畀御史久次者掌之，一藏內府，有事受印以出，既事納之，文曰：「繩愆糾繆」。 以秀才李原名、詹徽等為都御史，吳荃等為試監察御史。 試御史，一年後實授。 又有理刑進士、理刑知縣，理都察院刑獄，半年實授。 正德中革。 十六年，升都察院為正三品，設左、右都御史各一人，正三品，左、右副都御史各一人，正四品，左、右僉都御史各二人，正五品，經歷一人，正七品，知事一人，正八品。 十七年，升都御史正二品，副都御史正三品，僉都御史正四品，十二道監察御史正七品。 二十三年，左副都御史袁泰言：「各道印篆相同，慮有詐偽。」 乃更鑄監察御史印曰：「某道監察御史印」，其巡按印曰：「巡按某處監察御史印」。 建文元年，改設都御史一人，革僉都御史。 二年，改為御史府，設御史大夫，改十二道為左、右兩院，止設御史二十八人。 成祖復舊制。 永樂元年，改北平道為北京道。 十八年，罷北京道，增設貴州、雲南、交阯三道。 洪熙元年，稱行在都察院，同六部，又定巡按以八月出巡。 宣德十年，罷交阯道，始定為十三道。 正統中，去「行在。」 字。 嘉靖中，以清屯，增副都御史三人，尋罷。 隆慶中，以提督京營，增右都御史三人，尋亦罷。
Originally, in the first year of the Wu regime the Censorate was established with Left and Right Censor Grandees (rank 1b), Vice Commissioners (2a), Attending Censors (2b), Secretariat and Palace Attending Censors (3a and 5a), Investigating Censors (7a), and supporting staff down to rank 8a. Deng Yu and Tang He were appointed Censor Grandees and Liu Ji and Zhang Yi Vice Commissioners; they were told: "The state has three great offices: the Secretariat oversees government, the Military Commission commands armies, and the Censorate handles impeachment. The court's discipline rested on all three, but the Censorate's charge was especially grave and honorable. Rectify yourselves to lead your subordinates, serve the throne loyally and diligently, do not grow lax and indulgent toward wrongdoing, and do not use public office for private gain." In Hongwu year 9 the Attending Censor and the Secretariat and Palace Attending Censor posts were abolished. In the seventh month of year 10 an edict dispatched Investigating Censors to tour prefectures and counties. In year 13 Left and Right Vice Commissioners were established, with Left and Right Attending Censors at rank 2a. At rank 4a; soon afterward the Censorate itself was abolished. In year 15 the Censorate was re-established with eight Investigating Censors-in-Chief at rank 7a. Investigating Censors were divided into twelve circuits (Zhejiang through Sichuan); each circuit had three to five censors at rank 9a. Each circuit had two seals: one held by the senior censor, one stored in the inner palace; censors received a seal for business and returned it when finished. The inscription read "Correct faults and rectify errors." Li Yuanming, Zhan Hui, and other scholars were appointed Censors-in-Chief; Wu Quan and others were appointed probationary Investigating Censors. Probationary censors received full appointment after one year. Judicial Administration jinshi and magistrates also handled the Censorate's criminal cases, receiving full appointment after six months. These posts were abolished in the Zhengde reign. In year 16 the Censorate was raised to rank 3a with one Left and one Right Censor-in-Chief (3a), one Vice Censor-in-Chief each side (4a), two Assistant Censors-in-Chief each side (5a), one Registrar (7a), and one Secretariat Clerk (8a). In year 17 the Censor-in-Chief rose to rank 2a, the Vice Censor-in-Chief to 3a, the Assistant Censor-in-Chief to 4a, and the twelve-circuit Investigating Censors to 7a. In year 23 the Left Vice Censor-in-Chief Yuan Tai said: "The seal inscriptions of the various circuits are identical, raising concerns about fraud." The Investigating Censor seals were recast as "Seal of the Investigating Censor of [circuit name]," and touring seals as "Seal of the Touring Investigating Censor of [place name]." In Jianwen 1 a single Censor-in-Chief was established and the Assistant Censor-in-Chief abolished. In year 2 it became the Censorate Bureau with a Censor Grandee; the twelve circuits became Left and Right Bureaus with only twenty-eight censors. The Chengzu Emperor restored the former system. In Yongle 1 the Beiping Circuit became the Beijing Circuit. In year 18 the Beijing Circuit was abolished and the Guizhou, Yunnan, and Jiaozhi circuits added. In Hongxi 1 it was styled the Traveling Censorate, equal to the Six Ministries; touring inspectors were fixed to depart in the eighth month. In Xuande year 10 the Jiaozhi Circuit was abolished and the thirteen circuits fixed. In the Zhengtong reign the word "Traveling" was dropped from the title. In the Jiajing reign three Vice Censors-in-Chief were added for garrison land review, then soon abolished. In the Longqing reign three Right Censors-in-Chief were added to supervise the capital garrisons, then soon abolished as well.
7
總督宣大、山西等處軍務兼理糧餉一員。 正統元年，始遣僉都御史巡撫宣大。 景泰二年，宣府、大同各設巡撫，遣尚書石璞總理軍務。 成化、弘治間，有警則遣。 正德八年設總制。 嘉靖初，兼轄偏、保。 二十九年，去偏、保，定設總督宣大、山西等處銜。 三十八年令防秋日駐宣府。 四十三年，移駐懷來。 隆慶四年，移駐陽和。
One Governor-General for military affairs in Xuanhua-Datong, Shanxi, and related regions, concurrently managing provisions and pay. In Zhengtong 1 an Assistant Censor-in-Chief was first dispatched as Grand Coordinator of Xuanhua-Datong. In Jingtai year 2 separate Grand Coordinators were established for Xuanfu and Datong, and Minister Shi Pu was dispatched to oversee military affairs overall. Between the Chenghua and Hongzhi reigns, one was dispatched when emergencies arose. In Zhengtong year 8 the post of Overall Commander was established. Early in the Jiajing reign it also had jurisdiction over Pianguan and Baoding. In year 29 Pianguan and Baoding were dropped from its jurisdiction, and the title Governor-General for Xuanhua-Datong, Shanxi, and related regions was permanently established. In year 38 it was ordered to station at Xuanfu during the autumn defense season. In year 43 the headquarters moved to Huailai. In Longqing year 4 it moved to Yanghe.
8
總督陝西三邊軍務一員。 弘治十年，火篩入寇，議遣重臣總督陝西、甘肅、延綏、寧夏軍務，乃起左都御史王越任之。 十五年以後，或設或罷。 至嘉靖四年，始定設，初稱提督軍務。 七年改為總制。 十九年避制字，改為總督，開府固原，防秋駐花馬池。
One Governor-General for military affairs on the Shaanxi Three Frontiers. In Hongzhi year 10 Huosha raided the frontier; the court proposed dispatching a senior minister as Governor-General for military affairs in Shaanxi, Gansu, Yan'an-Suiyuan, and Ningxia, and recalled Left Censor-in-Chief Wang Yue to take the post. After year 15 the post was established or abolished as circumstances required. A permanent post was not fixed until Jiajing year 4; it was initially titled Military Superintendent of Affairs. In year 7 the title was changed to Overall Commander. In year 19, to avoid the tabooed character in the title, it was renamed Governor-General; headquarters were opened at Guyuan, with autumn defense duty at Huamachi.
9
總督兩廣軍務兼理糧餉帶管鹽法兼巡撫廣東地方一員。 永樂二年，遣給事中雷填巡撫廣西。 十九年，遣郭瑄、艾廣巡撫廣東。 景泰三年，苗寇起，以兩廣宜協濟應援，乃設總督。 成化元年，兼巡撫事，駐梧州。 正德十四年，改總督為總制，尋改提督。 嘉靖四十五年，另設廣東巡撫，改提督為總督，止兼巡撫廣西，駐肇慶。 隆慶三年，又設廣西巡撫，除兼職。 四年，革廣東巡撫，改為提督兩廣軍務兼理糧餉，巡撫廣東。 萬曆三年，仍改總督，加帶管鹽法。
One Governor-General for Two Guang military affairs, concurrently managing provisions and pay, overseeing salt administration, and serving as Grand Coordinator of Guangdong. In Yongle year 2 Supervising Secretary Lei Tian was dispatched as Grand Coordinator of Guangxi. In year 19 Guo Xuan and Ai Guang were dispatched as Grand Coordinators of Guangdong. In Jingtai year 3 Miao bandits rose; because the Two Guang needed coordinated relief and mutual support, a Governor-General was established. In Chenghua 1 it also assumed Grand Coordinator duties and was stationed at Wuzhou. In Zhengtong year 14 the title was changed from Governor-General to Overall Commander, then soon to Military Superintendent. In Jiajing year 45 a separate Guangdong Grand Coordinator was created; the Military Superintendent became Governor-General again, concurrently coordinating only Guangxi, stationed at Zhaoqing. In Longqing year 3 a Guangxi Grand Coordinator was established again, ending the concurrent arrangement. In year 4 the Guangdong Grand Coordinator was abolished; the title became Military Superintendent of Two Guang military affairs with concurrent management of provisions and pay, serving as Grand Coordinator of Guangdong. In Wanli year 3 it reverted to Governor-General, with added oversight of salt administration.
10
總督四川、陝西、河南、湖廣等處軍務一員。 正德五年設，尋罷。 嘉靖二十七年，以苗患，又設總督四川、湖廣、貴州、雲南等處軍務。 四十二年罷。 天啟元年，以土官奢崇明反，又設四川、湖廣、雲南、貴州、廣西五省總督。 四年，兼巡撫貴州。
One Governor-General for military affairs in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan, Huguang, and related regions. Established in Zhengtong year 5, it was soon abolished. In Jiajing year 27, owing to Miao unrest, a Governor-General for military affairs in Sichuan, Huguang, Guizhou, Yunnan, and related regions was re-established. Abolished in year 42. In Tianqi 1, after the native official She Chongming rebelled, a Governor-General spanning Sichuan, Huguang, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi was established again. In year 4 it also served as Grand Coordinator of Guizhou.
11
總督浙江、福建、江南兼制江西軍務一員。 嘉靖三十三年，以倭犯杭州置。 四十一年革。
One Governor-General for Zhejiang, Fujian, and Jiangnan, concurrently directing Jiangxi military affairs. Established in Jiajing year 33 after Wokou attacked Hangzhou. Abolished in year 41.
12
總督陝西、山西、河南、湖廣、四川五省軍務一員。 崇禎七年置，或兼七省。 十二年後，俱以內閣督師。
One Governor-General for military affairs in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Huguang, and Sichuan. Established in Chongzhen year 7, sometimes with jurisdiction over seven provinces. After year 12 these duties were entrusted to Grand Secretaries serving as army supervisors.
13
總督鳳陽地方兼制河南、湖廣軍務一員。 崇禎十四年設。
One Governor-General for Fengyang territory, concurrently directing Henan and Huguang military affairs. Established in Chongzhen year 14.
14
總督保定地方軍務一員。 崇禎十一年設。
One Governor-General for military affairs in Baoding territory. Established in Chongzhen year 11.
15
總督河南、湖廣軍務兼巡撫河南一員。 崇禎十六年設。
One Governor-General for Henan and Huguang military affairs, concurrently serving as Grand Coordinator of Henan. Established in Chongzhen year 16.
16
總督九江地方兼制江西、湖廣軍務一員。 崇禎十六年設。
One Governor-General for Jiujiang territory, concurrently directing Jiangxi and Huguang military affairs. Established in Chongzhen year 16.
17
總理南直隸、河南、山東、湖廣、四川軍務一員。 崇禎八年設，以盧象昇為之，與總督或分或並。
One Chief Coordinator for military affairs in Nanzhili, Henan, Shandong, Huguang, and Sichuan. Established in Chongzhen year 8 with Lu Xiangsheng appointed; its relationship to the Governor-General was sometimes divided and sometimes combined.
18
總理河漕兼提督軍務一員。 永樂九年遣尚書治河，自後間遣侍郎、都御史。 成化後，始稱總督河道。 正德四年，定設都御史。 嘉靖二十年，以都御史加工部職銜，提督河南、山東、直隸河道。 隆慶四年，加提督軍務。 萬曆五年，改總理河漕兼提督軍務。 八年革。
One Chief Coordinator of the Grand Canal and grain transport, concurrently Military Superintendent of Affairs. In Yongle year 9 a Minister was sent to manage the Yellow River; thereafter Vice Ministers and Censors-in-Chief were dispatched from time to time. After the Chenghua reign it was first titled Governor-General of the river course. In Zhengtong year 4 the post was permanently assigned to a Censor-in-Chief. In Jiajing year 20 a Censor-in-Chief with added Ministry of Works rank supervised river works in Henan, Shandong, and Zhili. In Longqing year 4 the title Military Superintendent of Affairs was added. In Wanli year 5 it became Chief Coordinator of the Grand Canal and grain transport, concurrently Military Superintendent of Affairs. Abolished in year 8.
19
總理糧儲提督軍務兼巡撫應天等府一員。 宣德五年，初命侍郎總督糧儲兼巡撫。 景泰四年，定遣都御史。 嘉靖三十三年，以海警，加提督軍務，駐蘇州。 萬曆中，移駐句容，已復駐蘇州。
One Chief Coordinator of grain storage, concurrently Military Superintendent of Affairs and Grand Coordinator of Yingtian and other prefectures. In Xuande year 5 a Vice Minister was first appointed Governor-General of grain storage, concurrently serving as Grand Coordinator. In Jingtai year 4 a Censor-in-Chief was permanently assigned to the post. In Jiajing year 33, owing to maritime alarms, Military Superintendent of Affairs was added, with headquarters at Suzhou. During the Wanli reign headquarters moved to Jurong, then returned to Suzhou.
20
巡撫浙江等處地方兼提督軍務一員。 永樂初，遣尚書治兩浙農事。 以後或巡視或督鹺，有事則遣。 嘉靖二十六年，以海警，始命都御史巡撫浙江，兼管福建福、興、建寧、漳、泉海道地方，提督軍務。 二十七年，改巡撫為巡視。 二十八年罷。 三十一年復設。
One Grand Coordinator for Zhejiang and related regions, concurrently Military Superintendent of Affairs. Early in the Yongle reign a Minister was sent to oversee agricultural affairs in the Two Zhe. Thereafter appointees served as Inspector or salt supervisor as needed; officials were dispatched when affairs arose. In Jiajing year 26, owing to maritime alarms, a Censor-in-Chief was first appointed Grand Coordinator of Zhejiang, also overseeing Fujian's Fu, Xing, Jianning, Zhang, and Quan maritime circuits, with the added title Military Superintendent of Affairs. In year 27 the title Grand Coordinator was changed to Inspector. Abolished in year 28. Re-established in year 31.
21
巡撫福建地方兼提督軍務一員。 嘉靖二十六年，既設浙江巡撫兼轄福、興、漳、泉等處，三十五年，以閩、浙道遠，又設提督軍務兼巡福、興、漳、泉、福寧海道都御史。 後改巡撫福建，統轄全省。
One Grand Coordinator for Fujian, concurrently Military Superintendent of Affairs. In Jiajing year 26 a Zhejiang Grand Coordinator was set up also governing Fu, Xing, Zhang, Quan, and related districts; in year 35, because Fujian and Zhejiang were distant from each other, a Censor-in-Chief was added as Military Superintendent concurrently Grand Coordinator of the Fu, Xing, Zhang, Quan, and Funing maritime circuit. Later the title became Grand Coordinator of Fujian, governing the whole province.
22
巡撫順天等府地方兼整飭薊州等處邊備一員。 成化二年，始專設都御史贊理軍務，巡撫順天、永平二府，尋兼撫河間、真定、保定，凡五府。 七年，兼理八府。 八年，以畿輔地廣，從居庸關中分，設二巡撫，其東為巡撫順天、永平二府，駐遵化。 崇禎二年，又於永平分設巡撫兼提督山海軍務，其舊者止轄順天。
One Grand Coordinator for Shuntian and related prefectures, concurrently reorganizing border defense at Jizhou and other posts. In Chenghua year 2 a Censor-in-Chief was first dedicated to assisting in military affairs as Grand Coordinator of Shuntian and Yongping; soon Hejian, Zhending, and Baoding were added—five prefectures in all. In year 7 it also managed eight prefectures. In year 8, because the metropolitan region was vast, the jurisdiction was split at Juyong Pass; two Grand Coordinators were created—the eastern one for Shuntian and Yongping, stationed at Zunhua. In Chongzhen year 2 a separate Yongping Grand Coordinator was added, concurrently Military Superintendent of Shanhai military affairs; the original post retained only Shuntian.
23
巡撫保定等府提督紫荊等關兼管河道一員。 成化八年，分居庸關以西，另設巡撫保定、真定、河間、順德、大名、廣平六府，提督紫荊、倒馬、龍泉等關，駐真定。 萬曆七年，兼管河道。
One Grand Coordinator for Baoding and related prefectures, supervising Zijing and other passes, concurrently managing river works. In Chenghua year 8, west of Juyong Pass, a separate Grand Coordinator was set up for Baoding, Zhending, Hejian, Shunde, Daming, and Guangping, supervising Zijing, Daoma, Longquan, and other passes, stationed at Zhending. In Wanli year 7 it also took charge of river works.
24
巡撫河南等處地方兼管河道提督軍務一員。 宣德五年，遣兵部侍郎于謙巡撫山西、河南。 正統十四年，以左副都御史王來巡撫湖廣、河南。 景泰元年，始專設河南巡撫。 萬曆七年，兼管河道。 八年，加提督軍務。
One Grand Coordinator for Henan and related regions, concurrently managing river works and serving as Military Superintendent of Affairs. In Xuande year 5 Ministry of War Vice Minister Yu Qian was sent as Grand Coordinator of Shanxi and Henan. In Zhengtong year 14 Left Vice Censor-in-Chief Wang Lai served as Grand Coordinator of Huguang and Henan. In Jingtai 1 a dedicated Henan Grand Coordinator was first established. In Wanli year 7 it also took charge of river works. In year 8 the title Military Superintendent of Affairs was added.
25
巡撫山西地方兼提督雁門等關軍務一員。 宣德五年，以侍郎巡撫河南、山西。 正統十三年，始命都御史專撫山西，鎮守雁門。 天順、成化間暫革，尋復置。
One Grand Coordinator for Shanxi, concurrently Military Superintendent of affairs at Yanmen and other passes. In Xuande year 5 a Vice Minister served as Grand Coordinator of Henan and Shanxi. In Zhengtong year 13 a Censor-in-Chief was first assigned solely to coordinate Shanxi, garrisoning Yanmen. It was briefly abolished during the Tianshun and Chenghua reigns, then soon restored.
26
巡撫山東等處地方督理營田兼管河道提督軍務一員。 正統五年始設巡撫。 十三年，定遣都御史。 嘉靖四十二年，加督理營田。 萬曆七年，兼管河道。 八年，加提督軍務。
One Grand Coordinator for Shandong and related regions, supervising garrison fields, concurrently managing river works and serving as Military Superintendent of Affairs. A Grand Coordinator was first established in Zhengtong year 5. In year 13 a Censor-in-Chief was permanently assigned. In Jiajing year 42 oversight of garrison fields was added. In Wanli year 7 it also took charge of river works. In year 8 the title Military Superintendent of Affairs was added.
27
巡撫遼東地方贊理軍務一員。 正統元年設，舊駐遼陽，後地日蹙，移駐廣寧，駐山海關，後又駐寧遠。
One Grand Coordinator for Liaodong, assisting in military affairs. Established in Zhengtong 1, it was first stationed at Liaoyang; as territory steadily contracted, headquarters moved to Guangning, then Shanhai Pass, and finally Ningyuan.
28
巡撫宣府地方贊理軍務一員。 正統元年，命都御史出巡塞北，因奏設巡撫兼理大同。 景泰二年，另設大同巡撫，後復並為一。 成化十年，復分設。 十四年，加贊理軍務。
One Grand Coordinator for Xuanfu, assisting in military affairs. In Zhengtong 1 a Censor-in-Chief was sent to tour the northern frontier and, on memorializing, a Grand Coordinator was established also overseeing Datong. In Jingtai year 2 a separate Datong Grand Coordinator was created; later the two posts were merged again. In Chenghua year 10 they were split again. In year 14 the duty of assisting in military affairs was added.
29
巡撫大同地方贊理軍務一員。 初與宣府共一巡撫，後或分或並。 成化十年，復專設，加贊理軍務。
One Grand Coordinator for Datong, assisting in military affairs. Initially Xuanfu and Datong shared one Grand Coordinator; later the arrangement alternated between separation and merger. In Chenghua year 10 it was re-established as a dedicated post, with added responsibility for assisting in military affairs.
30
巡撫延綏等處贊理軍務一員。 宣德十年，遣都御史出鎮。 景泰元年，專設巡撫加參贊軍務。 成化九年，徙鎮榆林。 隆慶六年，改贊理軍務。
One Grand Coordinator for Yan-sui and related regions, assisting in military affairs. In Xuande year 10 a Censor-in-Chief was sent to take command in the field. In Jingtai 1 a dedicated Grand Coordinator was established, with the added title of Participating Supervisor of military affairs. In Chenghua year 9 the garrison was relocated to Yulin. In Longqing year 6 the post was retitled to assist in military affairs.
31
巡撫寧夏地方贊理軍務一員。 正統元年，以右僉都御史郭智鎮撫寧夏，參贊軍務。 天順元年罷。 二年復設，去參贊。 隆慶六年，加贊理軍務。
One Grand Coordinator for Ningxia, assisting in military affairs. In Zhengtong 1 the Right Assistant Censor-in-Chief Guo Zhi was appointed to pacify Ningxia as Participating Supervisor of military affairs. Abolished in Tianshun 1. Re-established in year 2, without the participating supervision title. In Longqing year 6 the duty of assisting in military affairs was added.
32
巡撫甘肅等處贊理軍務一員。 宣德十年，命侍郎鎮守。 正統元年，甘、涼用兵，命侍郎參贊軍務。 景泰元年，定設巡撫都御史。 隆慶六年，改贊理軍務。
One Grand Coordinator for Gansu and related regions, assisting in military affairs. In Xuande year 10 a Vice Minister was appointed to garrison the region. In Zhengtong 1, with fighting in Gansu and Liangzhou, a Vice Minister was sent as Participating Supervisor of military affairs. In Jingtai 1 the post of Grand Coordinator Censor-in-Chief was permanently established. In Longqing year 6 the post was retitled to assist in military affairs.
33
巡撫陝西地方贊理軍務一員。 宣德初，遣尚書、侍郎出鎮。 正統間，命右都御史陳鎰、王文等出入更代。 景泰初，耿九疇以刑部侍郎出鎮，文移不得徑下按察司，特改都御史巡撫。 成化二年，加提督軍務，後改贊理，駐西安，防秋駐固原。
One Grand Coordinator for Shaanxi, assisting in military affairs. Early in the Xuande reign Ministers and Vice Ministers were sent to take field command. During the Zhengtong period the Right Vice Censor-in-Chief Chen Yi, Wang Wen, and others served in rotating succession. Early in Jingtai Geng Jiu-chou took field command as Vice Minister of Justice; because paperwork could not be routed directly to the provincial surveillance commission, he was promoted to Censor-in-Chief with the title Grand Coordinator. In Chenghua year 2 the title Military Superintendent was added; later it became assisting in military affairs, with headquarters at Xi'an and autumn defense at Guyuan.
34
巡撫四川等處地方兼提督軍務一員。 宣德五年，命都御史鎮撫，後停遣。 正統十四年，始設巡撫。 萬曆十一年，加提督軍務。
One Grand Coordinator for Sichuan and related regions, concurrently serving as Military Superintendent. In Xuande year 5 a Censor-in-Chief was appointed to pacify the region; later appointments ceased. A Grand Coordinator was first established in Zhengtong year 14. In Wanli year 11 the title Military Superintendent was added.
35
巡撫湖廣等處地方兼贊理軍務一員。 正統三年，命都御史賈諒鎮守，以後或侍郎或大理卿出撫。 景泰元年定設巡撫都御史兼贊理軍務。 萬曆八年，改為提督軍務。 十二年，仍為贊理。
One Grand Coordinator for Huguang and related regions, concurrently assisting in military affairs. In Zhengtong year 3 Censor-in-Chief Jia Liang was sent to garrison the region; thereafter the post was filled alternately by a Vice Minister or the chief minister of the Court of Judicial Review. In Jingtai 1 the post of Grand Coordinator Censor-in-Chief assisting in military affairs was permanently established. In Wanli year 8 the post became Military Superintendent. In year 12 it reverted to assisting in military affairs.
36
巡撫江西地方兼理軍務一員。 永樂後，間設巡撫鎮守。 成化以後，定為巡撫，或有時罷遣。 嘉靖六年始定設。 四十年加兼理軍務。
One Grand Coordinator for Jiangxi, also responsible for military affairs. After the Yongle reign a Grand Coordinator was sometimes appointed to garrison Jiangxi. From the Chenghua reign onward the post was standardized as Grand Coordinator, though it was occasionally abolished. Permanently established in Jiajing year 6. In year 40 responsibility for military affairs was added.
37
巡撫南贛汀韶等處地方提督軍務一員。 弘治十年，始設巡撫。 正德十一年，改提督軍務。 嘉靖四十五年，定巡撫銜，所轄南安、贛州、南雄、韶州、汀州並郴州地方，駐贛州。
One Grand Coordinator for southern Ganzhou, Tingzhou, Shaozhou, and related regions, serving as Military Superintendent. A Grand Coordinator was first appointed in Hongzhi year 10. In Zhengde year 11 the post became Military Superintendent. In Jiajing year 45 the Grand Coordinator title was standardized over Nan'an, Ganzhou, Nanxiong, Shaozhou, Tingzhou, and Chenzhou, stationed at Ganzhou.
38
巡撫廣東地方兼贊理軍務一員。 永樂中，設巡撫，後以總督兼巡撫事，遂罷不設。 嘉靖四十五年，復另設巡撫，加贊理軍務。 隆慶四年又罷。
One Grand Coordinator for Guangdong, concurrently assisting in military affairs. During the Yongle reign a Grand Coordinator was appointed; later the Governor-General assumed those duties and the separate post was abolished. In Jiajing year 45 a separate Grand Coordinator was re-established, with added responsibility for assisting in military affairs. Abolished again in Longqing year 4.
39
巡撫廣西地方一員。 廣西舊有巡撫，沿革不常。 隆慶三年復專設。
One Grand Coordinator for Guangxi. Guangxi had long had a Grand Coordinator, but the post's history was irregular. Re-established as a dedicated post in Longqing year 3.
40
巡撫雲南兼建昌、畢節等處地方贊理軍務兼督川、貴糧餉一員。 正統九年，命侍郎參贊軍務。 十年，設鎮撫。 天順元年罷。 成化十二年復設。 嘉靖三十年，加兼理軍務。 四十三年，改贊理。 隆慶二年，兼撫建昌、畢節等處。
One Grand Coordinator for Yunnan, Jianchang, Bijie, and related regions, assisting in military affairs and supervising grain supplies for Sichuan and Guizhou. In Zhengtong year 9 a Vice Minister was appointed as Participating Supervisor of military affairs. A pacification command was established in year 10. Abolished in Tianshun 1. Re-established in Chenghua year 12. In Jiajing year 30 responsibility for military affairs was added. In year 43 the title became assisting in military affairs. In Longqing year 2 Jianchang, Bijie, and related regions were added to its jurisdiction.
41
巡撫貴州兼督理湖北、川東等處地方提督軍務一員。 正統十四年，以苗亂置總督，鎮守貴州、湖北、川東等處。 景泰元年，另設貴州巡撫。 成化八年罷。 十一年復設。 正德二年又罷。 五年又復設。 嘉靖四十二年，裁革總督，令巡撫兼理湖北、川東等處提督軍務。
One Grand Coordinator for Guizhou, concurrently supervising Hubei, eastern Sichuan, and related regions as Military Superintendent. In Zhengtong year 14 a Governor-General was appointed to garrison Guizhou, Hubei, eastern Sichuan, and related regions owing to Miao rebellion. In Jingtai 1 a separate Grand Coordinator for Guizhou was established. Abolished in Chenghua year 8. Re-established in year 11. Abolished again in Zhengde year 2. Re-established again in year 5. In Jiajing year 42 the Governor-General was abolished and the Grand Coordinator was charged with military affairs in Hubei, eastern Sichuan, and related regions as Military Superintendent.
42
巡撫天津地方贊理軍務一員。 萬曆二十五年，以倭陷朝鮮暫設，尋為定制。
One Grand Coordinator for Tianjin, assisting in military affairs. Established temporarily in Wanli year 25 after Wokou overran Korea; it soon became a permanent post.
43
巡撫登萊地方贊理軍務一員。 天啟元年設。 崇禎二年罷。 三年復設。
One Grand Coordinator for Dengzhou and Laizhou, assisting in military affairs. Established in Tianqi 1. Abolished in Chongzhen year 2. Re-established in year 3.
44
巡撫安廬地方贊理軍務一員。 崇禎十年設，以史可法為之。 十六年，又增設安、太、池、廬四府巡撫。
One Grand Coordinator for Anqing and Luzhou, assisting in military affairs. Established in Chongzhen year 10, with Shi Kefa as the first appointee. In year 16 separate Grand Coordinators were added for the prefectures of Anqing, Taiping, Chizhou, and Luzhou.
45
巡撫偏沅地方贊理軍務一員。 萬曆二十七年，以徵播暫設，尋罷。 天啟二年後，或置或罷。 崇禎二年定設。
One Grand Coordinator for Pian-Yuan, assisting in military affairs. Temporarily established in Wanli year 27 for the Bozhou campaign, it was soon abolished. After Tianqi year 2 the post was intermittently established and abolished. Permanently established in Chongzhen year 2.
46
巡撫密雲地方贊理軍務一員。 崇禎十一年設。
One Grand Coordinator for Miyun, assisting in military affairs. Established in Chongzhen year 11.
47
巡撫淮揚地方贊理軍務一員。 崇禎十一年設。
One Grand Coordinator for Huaiyang, assisting in military affairs. Established in Chongzhen year 11.
48
巡撫承天贊理軍務一員。 崇禎十六年設。
One Grand Coordinator for Chengtian, assisting in military affairs. Established in Chongzhen year 16.
49
撫治鄖陽等處地方兼提督軍務一員，成化十二年，以鄖、襄流民屢叛，遣都御史安撫，因奏設官撫治之。 萬曆二年以撫治事權不專，添提督軍務兼撫治職銜。 九年裁革，十一年復設。
One Pacification Administrator for Yunyang and related regions, concurrently Military Superintendent; in Chenghua year 12, after repeated rebellions by displaced people in the Yun and Xiang region, a Censor-in-Chief was sent to pacify them and, on memorializing, a dedicated pacification office was created. In Wanli year 2, because pacification authority was insufficiently concentrated, the combined title Military Superintendent and Pacification Administrator was added. Abolished in year 9 and re-established in year 11.
50
贊理松潘地方軍務一員。 正統四年，以王翱為之。
One official assisting in military affairs at Songpan. Wang Ao was appointed in Zhengtong year 4.
51
通政司
The Office of Transmission
52
通政使司。 通政使一人，正三品； 左、右通政各一人，謄黃右通政一人，正四品； 左、右參議各一人，正五品。 其屬，經歷司，經歷一人，正七品； 知事一人，正八品。
The Office of the Commissioner of Transmission. One Commissioner of Transmission, rank 3a; One Left and one Right Commissioner of Transmission, plus one Right Commissioner for imperial yellow transcripts, all rank 4a; One Left and one Right Secretariat Councillor, rank 5a. Under it was a registry with one registrar, rank 7a; and one secretariat clerk, rank 8a.
53
通政使，掌受內外章疏敷奏封駁之事。 凡四方陳情建言，申訴冤滯，或告不法等事，於底簿內謄寫訴告緣由，齎狀奏聞。 凡天下臣民實封入遞，即於公廳啟視，節寫副本，然後奏聞。 即五軍、六部、都察院等衙門，有事關機密重大者，其入奏仍用本司印信。 凡諸司公文、勘合辨驗允當，編號注寫，公文用「日照之記」、勘合用「驗正之記。」 關防之。 凡在外之題本、奏本，在京之奏本，並受之，於早朝匯而進之。 有逕自封進者則參駁。 午朝則引奏臣民之言事者，有機密則不時入奏。 有違誤則籍而匯請。 凡抄發、照駁諸司公移及勘合、訟牒、勾提件數、給繇人員，月終類奏，歲終通奏。 凡議大政、大獄及會推文武大臣，必參預。
The Commissioner of Transmission received all memorials and reports from inside and outside the court, presented them to the throne, forwarded sealed documents, and handled imperial rescripts. Petitions, proposals, appeals of injustice, and reports of wrongdoing from across the realm were copied into the office register with the grounds of complaint, then forwarded to the throne. Sealed memorials from subjects throughout the realm were opened in the public hall, copied in abridged form, and then presented to the throne. Even the Five Military Commissions, Six Ministries, Censorate, and other agencies used this office's seal when presenting matters of great confidentiality and importance. After verifying documents and travel credentials from all agencies, the office numbered and annotated them; documents received the stamp "Record of the Sun's Shining," and credentials "Record of Verification and Correction." Both were stamped with official seals. Routine and formal memorials from the provinces and formal memorials from the capital were all received and presented together at the morning audience. Anyone who forwarded sealed memorials without going through the office was reported for impeachment. At the noon audience the office presented petitioners from among officials and commoners; confidential matters were brought to the throne at any hour. Errors and irregularities were logged and submitted together for imperial review. Copies issued, documents returned for correction, travel credentials, lawsuits, summons counts, and leave permits were tallied monthly and reported in full at year's end. The commissioner had to take part in deliberations on major policy, major trials, and joint recommendations of high officials.
54
初，洪武三年置察言司，設司令二人，掌受四方章奏，尋罷。 十年置通政使司，以曾秉正為通政使，劉仁為左通政，諭之曰：「政猶水也，欲其常通，故以『通政』名官。 卿其審命令以正百司，達幽隱以通庶務。 當執奏者勿忌避，當駁正者勿阿隨，當敷陳者毋隱蔽，當引見者毋留難。」 十二年，撥承敕監給事中、殿廷儀禮司、九關通事使隸焉。 建文中，改司為寺，通政使為通政卿，通政參議為少卿，寺丞增置左、右補闕，左、右拾遺各一人。 成祖復舊制。 成化二年，置提督謄黃右通政，不理司事，錄武官黃衛所襲替之故，以徵贊事。 萬曆九年革。
In Hongwu year 3 the Office for Scrutinizing Petitions was established with two directors to receive memorials from across the realm, but it was soon abolished. In year 10 the Office of the Commissioner of Transmission was created, with Zeng Bingzheng as commissioner and Liu Ren as left commissioner. The emperor told them: "Government is like water—it must keep flowing; that is why your office is called Transmission of Government. Scrutinize imperial commands to keep every office in order, and bring hidden grievances to light so that all affairs may flow freely. Present what should be heard without fear; correct what should be reversed without flattery; set forth what should be known without concealment; introduce petitioners without obstruction. In year 12 supervising secretaries from the Seal-Receiving Directorate, the Hall Ceremonial Office, and the nine-gates transmission envoys were placed under its authority. Under Emperor Jianwen the office became a directorate: the commissioner became transmission director, the councillor vice director, and left and right remonstrance supplements and memorial pickers were added to the staff. The Yongle Emperor restored the original organization. In Chenghua year 2 a right commissioner was appointed solely to supervise imperial yellow transcripts for military succession registers, without handling routine transmission business. The post was abolished in Wanli year 9.
55
大理寺
The Court of Judicial Review
56
大理寺。 卿一人，正三品； 左、右少卿各一人，正四品； 左、右寺丞各一人，正五品。 其屬，司務廳，司務二人，從九品； 左、右二寺，各寺正一人，正六品； 寺副二人，從六品，後革右寺副一人； 評事四人，正七品，初設右評事八人，後革四人。
The Court of Judicial Review. One director, rank 3a; One left and one right vice director, rank 4a; One left and one right directorate assistant, rank 5a. Under it was an office of secretariat affairs with two secretariat clerks, rank 9b; left and right sections, each with one section director, rank 6a; two section vice directors, rank 6b, later reduced by one on the right; four reviewing officers, rank 7a; initially eight served on the right, later cut to four.
57
卿，掌審讞平反刑獄之政令。 少卿、寺丞贊之。 左、右寺分理京畿、十三布政司刑名之事。 凡刑部、都察院、五軍斷事官所推問獄訟，皆移案牘，引囚徒，詣寺詳讞。 左、右寺寺正，各隨其所轄而覆審之。 既按律例，必復問其款狀，情允罪服，始呈堂準擬具奏。 不則駁令改擬，曰照駁。 三擬不當，則糾問官，曰參駁。 有牾律失入者，調他司再訊，曰番異。 猶不愜，則請下九卿會訊，曰圓審。 已評允而招由未明，移再訊，曰追駁。 屢駁不合，則請旨發落，曰制決。 凡獄既具，未經本寺評允，諸司毋得發遣。 誤則糾之。
The director reviewed verdicts and oversaw the rectification of penal judgments. Vice directors and directorate assistants assisted him. The left and right sections divided criminal cases between the capital region and the thirteen provinces. Cases tried by the Ministry of Justice, Censorate, and Five Military Commissions were sent with dossiers and prisoners to the court for detailed review. Each section director re-examined cases within his jurisdiction. After applying the statutes they re-examined the indictment; only when facts and guilt aligned was the verdict drafted and memorialized. Otherwise the draft was returned for correction—called zhao-bo. If three drafts still failed, the responsible official was censured—called can-bo. Contradictions of statute or sentencing errors were sent to another office for re-trial—called fan-yi. If still unresolved, the case went to a joint inquest by the Nine Ministers—called yuan-shen. If approved but the confession remained unclear, the case was sent back for further inquiry—called zhui-bo. After repeated rejections without agreement, imperial disposition was sought—called zhi-jue. No office might dispatch a prisoner until the court had approved the completed case. Violations were impeached.
58
初，吳元年置大理司卿，秩正三品。 洪武元年革。 三年，置磨勘司，凡諸司刑名、錢糧，有冤濫隱匿者，稽其功過以聞。 尋亦革。 洪武三年置磨勘司，設司令、司丞。 七年增設司令一人，司丞五人，首領官五人，分為四科。 十年革。 十四年復置磨勘司，設司令一人，左、右司丞各一人，左、右司副各一人。 二十年復罷。 十四年，復置大理寺，改卿秩正五品，左、右少卿從五品，左、右寺丞正六品。 其屬，左、右寺正各一人，寺副各二人，左評事四人，右評事八人。 又置審刑司，共平庶獄。 凡大理寺所理之刑，審刑司復詳議之。 審刑司設左、右審刑各一人，正六品； 左、右詳議各三人，正七品。 十七年，改建刑部、都察院、大理寺、審刑司、五軍斷事官署於太平門外，名其所曰貫城。 十九年罷審刑司。 二十二年復，卿秩正三品。 少卿二人，正四品，丞三人，正五品。 其左、右寺官如故。 二十九年又罷，盡移案牘於後湖。 建文初復置，改左、右寺為司，寺正為都評事，寺副為副都評事，司務為都典簿。 司務，洪武二十六年置。 成祖初，仍置大理寺，其左、右寺設官，復如洪武時。 又因左、右二寺評事多寡不等，所治事亦繁簡不均，以二寺評事均分，左、右各六人，如刑部、都察院十二司道，各帶管直隸地方審錄。 初，太祖設左評事四員，分管在京諸司及直隸衛所、府州縣刑名。 右評事八員，分管在外十三布政司、都司、衛所、府州縣刑名。 永樂二年，仍復舊。 後定都北京，又改分寺屬。 兩京、五府、六部、京衛等衙門刑名，屬左寺。 順天、應天二府，南、北直隸衛所、府州縣並在外浙江等布政司、都司、衛所刑名，屬右寺。 弘治元年，裁減右評事四人。 時天下罪囚，類不解審，右寺事顧簡於左寺。 萬曆九年，更定左、右寺分理天下刑獄。 浙江、福建、山東、廣東、四川、貴州六司道，左寺理之。 江西、陝西、河南、山西、湖廣、廣西、雲南七司道，右寺理之。 以能按律出人罪者為稱職。 大理寺之設，為慎刑也。 三法司會審，初審，刑部、都察院為主，覆審，本寺為主。 明初，猶置刑具、牢獄。 弘治以後，止閱案卷，囚徒俱不到寺。 司務典出納文移。
In the Wu reign year a director of judicial review was appointed at rank 3a. It was abolished in Hongwu 1. In year 3 a verification office was set up to audit all offices' criminal and fiscal records for injustice or concealment and report officials' merits and faults. It was soon abolished as well. In Hongwu year 3 the verification office was re-established with a director and assistants. In year 7 one more director, five assistants, and five section chiefs were added, organized into four sections. It was abolished in year 10. In year 14 the verification office was restored with one director, one left and one right assistant, and one left and one right vice assistant. It was abolished again in year 20. In year 14 the court was restored: the director at rank 5a, vice directors at 5b, and directorate assistants at 6a. Its staff comprised one left and one right section director, two vice directors per section, four left reviewing officers, and eight on the right. An Office of Reviewing Punishments was also set up to settle ordinary cases jointly. Every sentence from the Court of Judicial Review was reviewed again in detail by the Office of Reviewing Punishments. The office had one left and one right reviewer of punishment, rank 6a; and three left and three right detailed deliberators, rank 7a. In year 17 the Ministry of Justice, Censorate, Court of Judicial Review, Office of Reviewing Punishments, and Five Military judging offices were moved outside Taiping Gate to a compound called Threaded City. The Office of Reviewing Punishments was abolished in year 19. It was restored in year 22, with the director again at rank 3a. There were two vice directors at rank 4a and three assistants at rank 5a. The left and right section staffs remained unchanged. It was abolished again in year 29 and all case files were moved to Rear Lake. Early in the Jianwen reign it was restored: sections became offices, section directors chief reviewing officers, vice directors vice chiefs, and secretariat clerks chief registry clerks. The secretariat clerk posts were created in Hongwu year 26. At the start of Yongle the court was re-established with left and right sections staffed as in the Hongwu era. Because caseloads were uneven, reviewing officers were split evenly—six per section—like the twelve circuits of the Ministry of Justice and Censorate, each also handling review in the directly administered region. Initially Taizu appointed four left reviewing officers for capital agencies and directly administered guards, prefectures, and counties. Eight right reviewing officers handled criminal cases in the thirteen provinces and their commands, guards, and local administrations. In Yongle year 2 the earlier arrangement was restored. After the capital was fixed at Beijing, section jurisdictions were redrawn. The left section took cases from both capitals, the five prefectures, six ministries, and capital guards. The right section took Shuntian and Yingtian, north and south directly administered territory, and provincial cases including Zhejiang and other outer provinces. In Hongzhi 1 four right reviewing officers were cut. Prisoners empire-wide often went without review, and the right section's workload was noticeably lighter than the left's. In Wanli year 9 the left and right sections' division of empire-wide criminal cases was redrawn. The left section handled Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, Sichuan, and Guizhou. The right section handled Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Shanxi, Huguang, Guangxi, and Yunnan. Competence meant sentencing strictly according to statute—convicting the guilty and freeing the innocent. The court existed to ensure punishment was applied with caution. In joint trials by the three judicial offices, the Ministry of Justice and Censorate led the initial review and the court led the re-review. Early in the dynasty the court still kept instruments of punishment and its own prisons. After Hongzhi the court reviewed dossiers only; prisoners no longer appeared there. Secretariat clerks handled incoming and outgoing paperwork.
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詹事府附左右春坊司經局
The Grand Secretariat of the Heir Apparent; with appended sections on the Left and Right Eastern Palaces and the Bureau for Classics of the Heir Apparent
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詹事府。 詹事一人，正三品； 少詹事二人，正四品； 府丞二人，正六品； 主簿廳，主簿一人，從七品； 錄事二人，正九品； 通事舍人二人。 左春坊，大學士，正五品； 左庶子，正五品； 左諭德，從五品； 各一人； 左中允，正六品； 左贊善，從六品； 左司直郎，從六品，後不常設； 各二人； 左清紀郎一人，從八品，不常設； 左司諫二人，從九品，不常設。 右春坊，亦如之。 司經局，洗馬一人，從五品； 校書，正九品； 正字，從九品； 各二人。
The Grand Secretariat of the Heir Apparent. One grand mentor, rank 3a; two deputy grand mentors, rank 4a; two chancellors of the household, rank 6a; a registry with one chief clerk, rank 7b; two recording clerks, rank 9a; and two transmission attendants. Left Eastern Palace: one chief instructor, rank 5a; left household vice prefect, rank 5a; left preceptor, rank 5b; one each; left palace rectifier, rank 6a; left palace supporter, rank 6b; left palace direct counselor, rank 6b, later not regularly filled; two each; one left records regulator, rank 8b, not regularly filled; two left memorial remonstrators, rank 9b, not regularly filled. The right eastern palace was organized the same way. Bureau for Classics of the Heir Apparent: one reader-in-waiting, rank 5b; collators, rank 9a; orthographers, rank 9b; two each.
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詹事，掌統府、坊、局之政事，以輔導太子。 少詹事佐之。 凡入侍太子，與坊、局翰林官番直進講《尚書》、《春秋》、《資治通鑒》、《大學衍義》、《貞觀政要》諸書。 前期纂輯成章進禦，然後赴文華殿講讀。 講讀畢，率其僚屬，以朝廷所處分軍國重事及撫諭諸蕃恩義，陳說於太子。 凡朝賀，必先奏朝廷，乃具啟本以進。 凡府僚暨坊、局官與翰林院職互相兼，試士、修書皆與焉。
The grand mentor oversaw the Secretariat, the eastern palaces, and the classics bureau, guiding and instructing the heir apparent. The deputy grand mentor assisted him. All who attended the heir apparent, together with officials of the eastern palaces, the classics bureau, and the Hanlin Academy, lectured in rotation on the Documents, the Spring and Autumn Annals, the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, the Extended Meaning of the Great Learning, the Essentials of Government from the Zhenguan Reign, and other such works. They first compiled selected passages and presented them to the emperor, then went to the Wenhua Hall to lecture. After the lecture, they led their staff to explain to the heir apparent the weighty military and civil decisions of the court and the principles by which the frontier peoples were reassured and governed. For all court congratulations, they first reported to the court, then prepared a formal memorial to the heir apparent. Secretariat staff, eastern-palace and classics-bureau officials, and Hanlin posts were often held concurrently, and all took part in examinations and book compilation.
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通事舍人，典東宮朝謁、辭見之禮，承令勞問之事，凡廷臣朝賀、進箋、進春、進曆於太子，則引入而舉案。 春坊大學士，掌太子上奏請、下啟箋及講讀之事，皆審慎而監省之。 庶子、諭德、中允、贊善各奉其職以從。 凡東宮監國、撫軍、出狩，及朝會出入，覆啟，畫諾，必審署以移詹事。 諸祥眚必啟告。 內外庶政可為規鑒者，隨事而贊諭。 伶人、僕禦有改變新聲、導逢非禮者，則陳古義，申典制，糾正而請斥遠之。 司直、清紀郎，掌彈劾宮僚，糾舉職事。 文華殿講讀畢，諸臣班退，有獨留奏事及私謁者，則共糾之。 司諫，掌箴誨鑒戒，以拾遺補過。 凡有啟事於東宮，與司直、清紀執筆紀令旨，規正其偽繆者。 洗馬，掌經史子集、制典、圖書刊輯之事。 立正本、副本、貯本以備進覽。 凡天下圖冊上東宮者，皆受而藏之。 校書、正字，掌繕寫裝潢，詮其訛謬而調其音切，以佐洗馬。
The transmission attendant managed eastern-palace rites of audience and farewell, carried out comforting inquiries on command, and whenever court ministers offered congratulations, memorials, the spring almanac, or the calendar to the heir apparent, introduced them and presented the documents. The eastern palace chief instructor supervised the heir apparent's memorials, reports, and lectures, examining each with care. The household vice prefects, preceptors, palace rectifiers, and palace supporters each performed their duties under him. Whenever the heir apparent acted as regent, inspected armies, went hunting, or attended court, and for all returned reports and written approvals, they had to be carefully signed and forwarded to the grand mentor. All auspicious signs and calamities had to be reported. They offered timely admonition and instruction on civil affairs at court and beyond that could serve the heir apparent as examples. If entertainers or attendants introduced improper music or led the heir apparent into impropriety, they cited ancient precedent and current regulations, corrected the offense, and asked that the offenders be dismissed. The palace direct counselor and records regulator impeached eastern-palace officials and investigated their conduct of office. After lectures at the Wenhua Hall, if any minister lingered alone to report affairs or paid a private visit, they jointly impeached him. The memorial remonstrator offered admonition and warning, remedying omissions and correcting faults. For all matters reported to the eastern palace, he joined the palace direct counselor and records regulator in recording orders and correcting errors. The reader-in-waiting oversaw the classics, histories, statutes, maps, and book compilation. He maintained master, duplicate, and archival copies for presentation to the heir apparent. All maps and registers sent to the eastern palace were received and stored. Collators and orthographers copied and bound texts, corrected errors, and adjusted pronunciation and tones to assist the reader-in-waiting.
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先是，洪武初，置大本堂，充古今圖籍其中，召四方名儒訓導太子、親王。 諸儒專經面授，分番夜直。 已而太子居文華堂，諸儒迭班侍從，又選才俊之士入充伴讀，時時賜宴、賦詩，商榷今古，評論文學。 是時東宮官屬，自太子少師、少傅、少保、賓客外，則有左、右詹事，同知詹事院事，副詹事，詹事丞，左、右率府使，同知左、右率府事，左、右率府副使，諭德，贊善大夫，皆以勳舊大臣兼領其職。 又有文學、中舍、正字、侍正、洗馬、庶子及贊讀等官。 十五年，更定左、右春坊官，各置庶子、諭德、中允、贊善、司直郎，又各設大學士。 尋定司經局官，設洗馬、校書、正字。 二十二年，以官聯無統，始置詹事院。 二十五年，改院為府，定詹事秩正三品，春坊大學士正五品，司經局洗馬從五品。 雖各有印，而事總於詹事府。 二十九年，增設左、右春坊清紀郎、司諫、通事舍人。 建文中，增少卿、寺丞各一人，賓客二人。 又置資德院資德一人，資善二人。 其屬，贊讀、贊書、著作郎各二人，掌典籍各一人。 成祖復舊制。 英宗初，命大學士提調講讀官。
Earlier, at the beginning of Hongwu, the Great Origin Hall was established and stocked with ancient and modern books and maps, and renowned scholars from across the realm were summoned to instruct the heir apparent and imperial princes. The scholars lectured on their specialties in person and took turns on night duty. Later the heir apparent moved to the Wenhua Hall; the scholars attended in rotation, and talented men were chosen as companion readers. They were often feasted and asked to compose verse, discussing past and present and debating literature. At that time, besides the heir apparent's junior tutors, mentors, guardian, and guest, the eastern palace had left and right grand mentors, deputy directors, assistants, guard commandants and their deputies, preceptors, and grand masters of palace support — all concurrently held by meritorious senior ministers. There were also literary officers, central secretaries, orthographers, attendance directors, readers-in-waiting, household vice prefects, and reading supporters. In the fifteenth year the left and right eastern palaces were reorganized, each given household vice prefects, preceptors, palace rectifiers, palace supporters, and palace direct counselors, and each also given a chief instructor. Soon afterward the classics bureau was organized with reader-in-waiting, collator, and orthographer. In the twenty-second year, because eastern-palace offices lacked unified leadership, the Grand Mentor Directorate was established. In the twenty-fifth year the directorate became a secretariat; the grand mentor was fixed at rank 3a, the eastern palace chief instructor at 5a, and the classics bureau reader-in-waiting at 5b. Although each office had its own seal, affairs were centralized in the Grand Secretariat of the Heir Apparent. In the twenty-ninth year records regulators, memorial remonstrators, and transmission attendants were added to the left and right eastern palaces. Under the Jianwen emperor one additional vice director and one directorate assistant were added, along with two guests. A Virtue Resource Directorate was also established, with one virtue resource and two virtue supporters. Its staff included two reading supporters, two writing supporters, two composition directors, and one archivist. The Chengzu emperor restored the old system. Early in the Yingzong reign, grand secretaries were ordered to supervise the lecture officials.
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按詹事府多由他官兼掌。 天順以前，或尚書、侍郎、都御史，成化以後，率以禮部尚書、侍郎由翰林出身者兼掌之。 其協理者無常員。 春坊大學士，景泰間，倪謙、劉定之而後，僅楊廷和一任之，後不復設。 其司直、司諫、清紀郎亦不常置。 惟嘉靖十八年以陸深為詹事，崔銑為少詹事，王教、羅洪先、華察等為諭德、贊善、洗馬，皇甫涍、唐順之等為司直、司諫，皆天下名儒。 自明初宋濂諸人後，宮僚莫盛於此。 嗣是，出閣講讀，每點別員，本府坊局僅為翰林官遷轉之階。
In practice the Grand Secretariat of the Heir Apparent was usually held concurrently by other officials. Before Tianshun it might be held by a ministry director, vice minister, or censor-in-chief; after Chenghua it was generally held by the minister or vice minister of rites, drawn from the Hanlin Academy. Its co-administrators had no fixed quota. The eastern palace chief instructor, after Ni Qian and Liu Dingzhi in the Jingtai period, was held only once by Yang Tinghe and was never reestablished. Its palace direct counselors, memorial remonstrators, and records regulators were also not regularly filled. Only in the eighteenth year of Jiajing were Lu Shen made grand mentor, Cui Rui deputy grand mentor, Wang Jiao, Luo Hongxian, Hua Cha, and others made preceptors, palace supporters, and readers-in-waiting, and Huangfu Qin, Tang Shunzhi, and others made palace direct counselors and memorial remonstrators — all renowned scholars of the realm. Since Song Lian and his colleagues at the beginning of the dynasty, no eastern-palace staff had ever been so distinguished. Thereafter, when the heir apparent left the palace for lectures, special appointees were named each time, and the secretariat and its eastern palaces and classics bureau became merely rungs on the Hanlin career ladder.
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翰林院
Hanlin Academy
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翰林院。 學士一人，正五品侍讀學士、侍講學士各二人，並從五品侍讀、侍講各二人，並正六品《五經》博士九人，正八品，並世襲，別見。 典籍二人，從八品侍書二人，正九品，後不常設。 待詔六人，從九品，不常設。 孔目一人，未入流史官修撰，從六品編修，正七品檢討，從七品庶起士，無定員。
The Hanlin Academy. One academician, rank 5a; two reader-in-chief lecturers and two expositor-in-chief lecturers, rank 5b; two readers and two expositors, rank 6a; nine doctors of the Five Classics, rank 8a, all hereditary — treated separately elsewhere. Two archivists, rank 8b; two attendant scribes, rank 9a — the latter were later not regularly filled. Six awaiting edict, rank 9b, not regularly filled. One registrar, unranked; historiographical compiler, rank 6b; editor, rank 7a; reviser, rank 7b; palace graduates, without fixed quota.
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學士，掌制誥、史冊、文翰之事，以考議制度，詳正文書，備天子顧問。 凡經筵日講，纂修實錄、玉牒、史志諸書，編纂六曹章奏，皆奉敕而統承之。 誥敕，以學士一人兼領。 正統中，王直、王英以禮部侍郎兼學士，專領誥敕，後罷。 弘治七年復設。 正德中，白鉞、費宏等由禮部尚書入東閣，專典誥敕。 嘉靖六年復罷，以講、讀、編、檢等官管之。 大政事、大典禮，集諸臣會議，則與諸司參決其可否。 車駕幸太學聽講，凡郊祀慶成諸宴，則學士侍坐於四品京卿上。
The academician drafted edicts, managed historical records and documents, reviewed institutions, polished official writing, and advised the emperor. Daily lectures at the classics mat, compilation of veritable records, jade registers, histories, and memorials from the six ministries all came under his direction by imperial order. Proclamations and commissions were concurrently directed by one academician. Under Zhengtong, Wang Zhi and Wang Ying, as vice ministers of rites concurrently holding academician rank, were put in sole charge of proclamations and commissions; the arrangement was later abolished. It was reestablished in the seventh year of Hongzhi. Under Zhengde, Bai Yue, Fei Hong, and others entered the Eastern Pavilion from the ministry of rites and were put in sole charge of proclamations and commissions. It was abolished again in the sixth year of Jiajing, and expositors, readers, editors, revisers, and other officials took charge. On great state affairs and great ceremonies, when ministers were gathered in conference, he joined the ministries in deciding what should be approved. When the emperor visited the Imperial Academy to hear lectures, and at banquets following suburban sacrifices and celebratory rites, the academician was seated above capital officials of the fourth rank.
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侍讀、侍講，掌講讀經史。 《五經》博士，初置五人，各掌專經講義，繼以優給聖賢先儒後裔世襲，不治院事。 史官，掌修國史。 凡天文、地理、宗潢、禮樂、兵刑諸大政，及詔敕、書檄，批答王言，皆籍而記之，以備實錄。 國家有纂修著作之書，則分掌考輯撰述之事。 經筵充展卷官，鄉試充考試官，會試充同考官，殿試充收卷官。 凡記注起居，編纂六曹章奏，謄黃冊封等咸充之。 庶起士，讀書翰林院，以學士一人教習之。 侍書，掌以六書供侍。 待詔，掌應對。 孔目掌文移。
Readers and expositors lectured on the classics and histories. The doctors of the Five Classics were first five in number, each lecturing on his specialty classic; later they were given preferential treatment as hereditary descendants of the sages and earlier Confucians and did not administer academy affairs. Historiographical officers compiled the national history. All major policies on astronomy, geography, the imperial clan, ritual, music, military affairs, and punishments, as well as edicts, letters, and written replies to imperial orders, were recorded for the veritable records. When the state undertook compilations, they divided responsibility for research, editing, and writing. At the classics mat they presented scrolls; at the provincial examination they served as examiners; at the metropolitan examination as associate examiners; and at the palace examination as receiving officers. They also recorded the emperor's movements, edited memorials from the six ministries, and copied documents for sealing. Palace graduates studied in the Hanlin Academy under the instruction of one academician. Attendant scribes attended with the six scripts. Awaiting edict officers responded to commands. The registrar managed documents and communications.
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吳元年，初置翰林院，秩正三品，設學士，正三品侍講學士，正四品直學士，正五品修撰、典簿，正七品編修，正八品洪武二年，置學士承旨，正三品，改學士，從三品。 侍講學士，正四品，侍讀學士，從四品，修撰，正六品。 增設待制，從五品應奉，正七品典籍從八品等官。 十三年，增設檢閱，從九品。 十四年，定學士為正五品，革承旨、直學士、待制、應奉、檢閱、典簿，設孔目、《五經》博士、侍書、待詔、檢討。 令編修、檢討、典籍同左春坊左司直郎、正字、贊讀考駁諸司奏啟，平允則署其銜曰：「翰林院兼平駁諸司文章事某官某」，列名書之。 十八年，更定品員，如前所列，獨未有庶起士。 以侍讀先侍講。 建文時，仍設承旨，改侍讀、侍講兩學士為文學博士，設文翰、文史二館，文翰以居侍讀、侍講、侍書、《五經》博士、典籍、待詔，文史以居修撰、編修、檢討。 改孔目為典簿，改中書舍人為侍書，以隸翰林。 又設文淵閣待詔及拾遺、補闕等官。 成祖初復舊。 其年九月，特簡講、讀、編、檢等官參預機務，簡用無定員。 謂之內閣。 然解縉、胡廣等既直文淵閣，猶相繼署院事。 至洪熙以後，楊士奇等加至師保，禮絕百僚，始不復署。 正統七年，翰林院落成，學士錢習禮不設楊士奇、楊溥公座，曰：「此非三公府也」，二楊以聞。 乃命工部具椅案，禮部定位次，以內閣固翰林職也。 嘉、隆以前，文移關白，猶稱翰林院，以後則竟稱內閣矣。 其在六部，自成化時，周洪謨以後，禮部尚書、侍郎必由翰林，吏部兩侍郎必有一由於翰林。 其由翰林者，尚書則兼學士，六部皆然。 侍郎則兼侍讀、侍講學士。 其在詹事府暨坊、局官，視其品級，必帶本院銜。 詹事、少詹事帶學士銜，春坊大學士不常設，庶子、諭德、中允、贊善、洗馬等則帶講、讀學士以下至編、檢銜。
In the first year of Wu the Hanlin Academy was established at rank 3a, with an academician at 3a, an expositor-in-chief lecturer at 4a, a direct academician at 5a, a compiler and registrar at 7a, and an editor at 8a. In the second year of Hongwu an academician proclaimer was added at 3a, and the academician was reduced to 3b. Expositor-in-chief lecturer, rank 4a; reader-in-chief lecturer, rank 4b; compiler, rank 6a. Awaiting composition, rank 5b; responding attendant, rank 7a; archivist, rank 8b, and other such offices were added. In the thirteenth year a reviewer was added at rank 9b. In the fourteenth year the academician was fixed at rank 5a; the proclaimer, direct academician, awaiting composition, responding attendant, reviewer, and registrar were abolished; and registrar, doctors of the Five Classics, attendant scribe, awaiting edict, and reviser were established. Editors, revisers, and archivists, together with the left palace direct counselor, orthographer, and reading supporter of the left eastern palace, were ordered to review memorials from the various offices; if approved, they signed as "Such-and-such official of the Hanlin Academy, concurrently reviewing documents of the various offices," and listed their names. In the eighteenth year ranks and quotas were redefined as listed above, but palace graduates had not yet been established. The reader was ranked above the expositor. Under the Jianwen emperor the proclaimer was restored; the reader-in-chief and expositor-in-chief lecturers were renamed literary doctors; and the Literary Composition and Literary History halls were established — the former housing readers, expositors, attendant scribes, doctors of the Five Classics, archivists, and awaiting edict officers, the latter housing compilers, editors, and revisers. The registrar was renamed directorate assistant, and secretariat drafters were renamed attendant scribes and placed under the Hanlin. Awaiting edict officers of the Wenyuan Pavilion were also established, along with omission-picker, gap-filler, and other such offices. At the beginning of Chengzu's reign the old system was restored. In the ninth month of that year expositors, readers, editors, revisers, and other officials were specially selected to take part in confidential state affairs, without fixed quota. This body was called the Inner Secretariat. Yet although Xie Jin, Hu Guang, and others served at the Wenyuan Pavilion, they still continued in turn to sign Hanlin Academy business. After Hongxi, when Yang Shiqi and others were advanced to tutor and guardian ranks and took ritual precedence over all officials, they ceased signing. In the seventh year of Zhengtong, when the Hanlin Academy building was completed, Academician Qian Xili did not set out seats of honor for Yang Shiqi and Yang Pu, saying, "This is not the office of the Three Dukes"; the two Yangs reported the matter. The Ministry of Works was then ordered to supply chairs and tables, and the Ministry of Rites to fix seating order, on the grounds that the Inner Secretariat was after all a Hanlin office. Before Jiajing and Longqing, official documents still referred to the Hanlin Academy; afterward they referred simply to the Inner Secretariat. In the six ministries, from Chenghua onward, after Zhou Hongmo the minister and vice ministers of rites had to come from the Hanlin, and one of the two vice ministers of personnel had to come from the Hanlin. Ministers drawn from the Hanlin concurrently held academician rank — this was true of all six ministries. Vice ministers concurrently held reader-in-chief or expositor-in-chief lecturer rank. For the Grand Secretariat of the Heir Apparent and its eastern-palace and classics-bureau offices, according to rank they had to carry Hanlin titles. The grand mentor and deputy grand mentor carried academician titles; the eastern palace chief instructor was not regularly filled; household vice prefects, preceptors, palace rectifiers, palace supporters, and readers-in-waiting carried expositor-in-chief and reader-in-chief lecturer titles down to editor and reviser titles.
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史官，自洪武十四年置修撰三人，編修、檢討各四人。 其後由一甲進士除授及庶起士留館授職，往往溢額，無定員。 嘉靖八年，復定講、讀、修撰各三人，編修、檢討各六人，皆從吏部推補，如諸司例。 然未幾即以侍從人少，詔採方正有學術者以充其選，因改御史胡經、員外郎陳束、主事唐順之等七人俱為編修。 以後仍循舊例，由庶起士除授，卒無定額。 崇禎七年，又考選推官、知縣為編修、檢討，蓋亦創舉，非常制也。
Historiographical officers: from the fourteenth year of Hongwu three compilers were established, with four editors and four revisers each. Thereafter, through appointment of top-ranked jinshi graduates and palace graduates retained in the academy, the quota was often exceeded and there was no fixed number. In the eighth year of Jiajing, quotas were again fixed at three expositors, three readers, three compilers, six editors, and six revisers, all nominated and filled by the Ministry of Personnel as with other ministries. Soon afterward, because court attendants were few, an edict ordered recruitment of upright and learned men to fill the ranks; Supervising Censor Hu Jing, Vice Director Chen Shu, Section Chief Tang Shunzhi, and four others were all appointed editors. Thereafter the old practice continued, with appointment through palace graduates, and in the end there was no fixed quota. In the seventh year of Chongzhen, pushing officials and county magistrates were again examined and selected as editors and revisers — an innovation, not the regular system.
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庶起士，自洪武初有六科庶起士。 十八年以進士在翰林院、承敕監等近侍者，俱稱庶起士。 永樂二年，始定為翰林院庶起士，選進士文學優等及善書者為之。 三年試之。 其留者，二甲授編修，三甲授檢討； 不得留者，則為給事中、御史，或出為州縣官。 宣德五年，始命學士教習。 萬曆以後，掌教習者，專以吏、禮二部侍郎二人。
Palace graduates: from the beginning of Hongwu there were palace graduates in the six offices. In the eighteenth year, jinshi serving as close attendants in the Hanlin Academy, the Document Issuance Directorate, and the like were all called palace graduates. In the second year of Yongle, Hanlin Academy palace graduates were first established, chosen from jinshi of superior literary attainment and those skilled in calligraphy. After three years they were examined. Those retained received editor rank in the second class and reviser rank in the third class; those not retained became supervising secretaries or censors, or were sent out as prefectural and county officials. In the fifth year of Xuande, academicians were first ordered to instruct them. After Wanli, instruction was entrusted exclusively to the two vice ministers of the Ministries of Personnel and Rites.
72
明初，嘗置弘文館學士，洪武三年置，以胡鉉為學士，又命劉基、危素、王本中、睢稼皆兼弘文館學士，未幾罷。 宣德間，復建弘文閣於思善門右，以翰林學士楊溥掌閣印，尋併入文淵閣。 祕書監，洪武三年置，秩正六品，除監丞一人，直長二人，尋定設令一人，丞、直長各二人，掌內府書籍。 十三年併入翰林院典籍。 起居注，甲辰年置。 吳元年定秩正五品。 洪武四年改正七品。 六年升從六品。 九年定起居注二人，後革。 十四年復置，秩從七品，尋罷。 至萬曆間，命翰林院官兼攝之。 已復罷。 尋皆罷。
In the early Ming, Hongwen Hall academicians were once established — in the third year of Hongwu Hu Qian was appointed academician, and Liu Ji, Wei Su, Wang Benzhong, and Song Lian were all ordered to serve concurrently as Hongwen Hall academicians; before long the office was abolished. In the Xuande period, Hongwen Pavilion was rebuilt to the right of the Sishan Gate, with Hanlin Academician Yang Pu in charge of the pavilion seal; soon it was merged into the Wenyuan Pavilion. The Secretariat Directorate was established in the third year of Hongwu at rank 6a, with one assistant director and two chief clerks; soon one director, two vice directors, and two chief clerks were fixed, in charge of the inner palace book collections. In the thirteenth year it was merged into the Hanlin Academy archivist. Diarist of Attendance, established in the jiachen year. In the first year of Wu the rank was fixed at 5a. In the fourth year of Hongwu it was changed to 7b. In the sixth year it was promoted to 6b. In the ninth year two diarists of attendance were fixed, later abolished. In the fourteenth year the office was restored at rank 7b, soon abolished. By the Wanli period, Hanlin Academy officials were ordered to hold the post concurrently. Soon it was abolished again. Soon all were abolished.
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國子監
Directorate of Education
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國子監。 祭酒一人。 從四品司業一人。 正六品其屬，繩愆廳，監丞一人，正八品博士廳，《五經》博士五人。 從八品率性、修道、誠心、正義、崇志、廣業六堂，助教十五人，從八品學正十人，正九品學錄七人。 從九品典簿廳，典簿一人。 從八品典籍廳，典籍一人。 從九品掌饌廳，掌饌二人。 未入流
The Directorate of Education. One Chancellor. One Vice Chancellor, rank 6b. Subordinates at rank 6a: the Admonishment Office with one supervisor at 8a; the Doctoral Office with five doctors of the Five Classics. At rank 8b: the six halls Following Nature, Cultivating the Way, Sincere Heart, Righteousness, Esteeming Aspiration, and Broad Endeavor — fifteen assistant instructors, ten directors of study at 9a, and seven registrars at 9b. The Records Office, one registrar at rank 9b. The Archivist Office, one archivist at rank 8b. The Commissariat Office, two food administrators at rank 9b. Outside the regular ranks
75
祭酒、司業，掌國學諸生訓導之政令。 凡舉人、貢生、官生、恩生、功生、例生、土官、外國生、幼勳臣及勳戚大臣子弟之入監者，奉監規而訓課之，造以明體達用之學，以孝弟、禮義、忠信、廉恥為之本，以六經、諸史為之業，務各期以敦倫善行，敬業樂羣，以修舉古樂正、成均之師道。 有不率者，撲以夏楚，不悛，徙謫之。 其率教者，有升堂積分超格敘用之法。 課業仿書，季呈翰林院考校，文冊歲終奏上。 每歲仲春秋上丁，遣大臣祀先師，則總其禮儀。 車駕幸學，則執經坐講。 新進士釋褐，則坐而受拜。 監丞掌繩愆廳之事，以參領監務，堅明其約束，諸師生有過及廩膳不潔，並糾懲之，而書之於集愆冊。 博士掌分經講授，而時其考課。 凡經，以《易》、《詩》、《書》、《春秋》、《禮記》，人專一經，《大學》、《中庸》、《論語》、《孟子》兼習之。 助教、學正、學錄掌六堂之訓誨，士子肄業本堂，則為講說經義文字，導約之以規矩。 典簿，典文移金錢出納支受。 典籍，典書籍。 掌饌，掌飲饌。
The Chancellor and Vice Chancellor directed instruction and guidance of students in the national academy. All presented scholars, tribute students, official students, grace students, merit students, purchased students, native officials, foreign students, young merit subjects, and sons of meritorious subjects and great ministers who entered the directorate were taught under its regulations, molded in learning that clarifies principles and applies them in practice, with filial piety, ritual, loyalty, and integrity as the foundation and the Six Classics and histories as their studies, each expected to cultivate moral conduct, devote themselves to learning, and uphold the teaching tradition of the ancient Director of Music and Grand Academy. Those who did not follow discipline were beaten with the summer rod; if unrepentant, they were transferred and demoted. Those who followed instruction could advance halls, accumulate points, exceed grades, and receive ordered appointment. Coursework and calligraphy models were submitted quarterly to the Hanlin Academy for examination; registers were presented at year's end. Each year on the first ding day of the second and eighth months, when grand ministers were sent to sacrifice to the sage teacher, they oversaw the ritual observances. When the emperor visited the academy, they held the classics and lectured seated. When new jinshi changed from mourning dress, they sat and received bows. The supervisor managed Admonishment Office affairs, assisted in overseeing directorate business, and enforced regulations; offences by teachers and students or impure grain rations were investigated and punished and recorded in the register of accumulated faults. Doctors lectured by classic division and scheduled examinations. The classics were the Changes, Odes, Documents, Spring and Autumn, and Record of Rites — each student specialized in one, while Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, Analects, and Mencius were studied jointly. Assistant instructors, directors of study, and registrars directed instruction in the six halls; when students studied in their hall, they expounded classics and literary form and guided them with rules. The registrar managed documents and money receipts and disbursements. The archivist managed books. Food administrators managed drink and food.
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明初，即置國子學。 乙巳九月置國子學，以故集慶路學為之。 洪武十四年，改建國子學於雞鳴山下。 設博士、助教、學正、學錄、典樂、典書、典膳等官。 吳元年，定國子學官制，增設祭酒、司業、典簿。 祭酒，正四品，司業，正五品，博士，正七品，典簿，正八品，助教，從八品，學正，正九品，學錄，從九品，典膳，省注。 洪武八年，又置中都國子學，秩正四品命國子學分官領之。 十三年，改典膳為掌饌。 十五年，改為國子監，秩從四品，設祭酒一人，司業一人，監丞、典簿各一人，博士三人，助教十六人，學正、學錄各三人，掌饌一人。 各官品秩，如前所列。 中都國子監制亦如之。 十六年，以宋訥為祭酒，敕諭之曰：「太學天下賢關，禮義所由出，人材所由興。 卿夙學耆德，故特命為祭酒。 尚體朕立教之意，俾諸生有成，士習丕變，國家其有賴焉。」 又命曹國公李文忠領監事，車駕時幸。 以故監官不得中廳而坐，中門而行。 二十四年，更定國子監品秩、員數。 俱如前所列。 中都國子監設祭酒、司業、監丞、典簿、博士、學正、學錄、掌饌各一人，助教二人，品秩與在京同。 二十六年，罷中都國子監。 建文中，升監丞為堂上官，革學正、學錄。 成祖復舊制。 永樂元年，置國子監於北京，設祭酒、司業、監丞、典簿、博士、學正、學錄、掌饌各一人，助教二人。 後增設不常，助教至十五人，學正至十一人，學錄至七人。 後革助教二人，學正四人，學錄二人。 萬曆九年，又革助教四人，學錄一人。 宣德九年，省司業。 弘治十五年復設。 明初，祭酒、司業，擇有學行者任之，後皆由翰林院官遷轉。
In the early Ming, the National Academy was established. In the ninth month of yisi, the National Academy was established, using the former Jiqing Road school. In the fourteenth year of Hongwu, the National Academy was rebuilt at the foot of Jiming Hill. Doctors, assistant instructors, directors of study, registrars, directors of music, directors of books, directors of provisions, and other offices were established. In the first year of Wu the national academy official system was fixed, adding Chancellor, Vice Chancellor, and Registrar. Chancellor at 4a, Vice Chancellor at 5a, Doctor at 7a, Registrar at 8a, Assistant instructor at 8b, Director of study at 9a, Registrar at 9b, Commissary — as noted in document. In the eighth year of Hongwu, the Zhongdu National Academy was also established at rank 4a, with officials of the capital academy assigned to head it. In the thirteenth year Commissary was changed to Food Administrator. In the fifteenth year it was changed to the Directorate of Education at rank 6b, with one Chancellor, one Vice Chancellor, one supervisor and registrar each, three doctors, sixteen assistant instructors, three directors of study and three registrars, and one food administrator. Each official's rank was as listed above. The Zhongdu Directorate of Education followed the same pattern. In the sixteenth year Song Ne was appointed Chancellor; an imperial instruction said: "The Grand Academy is the noble barrier of the empire, whence ritual and righteousness issue forth and talent is raised. You have long studied and are of venerable virtue, therefore you are especially appointed Chancellor. Uphold my intent in establishing teaching, so that the students may succeed, scholarly custom greatly change, and the state may rely upon it." The Duke of Cao Guo Li Wenzhong was also ordered to oversee directorate affairs, and the emperor visited from time to time. Therefore directorate officials could not sit in the central hall or pass through the central gate. In the twenty-fourth year ranks and numbers of the Directorate of Education were redefined. All as listed above. The Zhongdu Directorate had one each of Chancellor, Vice Chancellor, supervisor, registrar, doctor, director of study, registrar, and food administrator, and two assistant instructors, with ranks the same as in the capital. In the twenty-sixth year the Zhongdu Directorate of Education was abolished. Under Jianwen, the supervisor was promoted to hall official rank and directors of study and registrars were abolished. Chengzu restored the old system. In the first year of Yongle, the Directorate of Education was established at Beijing with one each of Chancellor, Vice Chancellor, supervisor, registrar, doctor, director of study, registrar, and food administrator, and two assistant instructors. Later additions were irregular; assistant instructors reached fifteen, directors of study eleven, and registrars seven. Later two assistant instructors, four directors of study, and two registrars were abolished. In the ninth year of Wanli, four assistant instructors and one registrar were again abolished. In the ninth year of Xuande the Vice Chancellor was eliminated. In the fifteenth year of Hongzhi it was restored. In early Ming, Chancellor and Vice Chancellor were chosen from men of learning and conduct; later all were transferred from Hanlin Academy posts.
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衍聖公附五經博士
Duke Yansheng; with appended section on Doctors of the Five Classics
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衍聖公，孔氏世襲，正二品。 袍帶、誥命、朝班一品。 洪武元年授孔子五十六代孫希學襲封。 其屬，掌書、典籍、司樂、知印、奏差、書寫各一人。 皆以流官充之。 曲阜知縣，孔氏世職。 洪武元年授孔子裔孫希大為曲阜世襲知縣。 翰林院世襲《五經》博士，正八品孔氏二人，正德元年授孔子五十九世孫彥繩主衢州廟祀。 宋孔端友從高宗南渡，家於衢州，此孔氏南宗也。 正德二年，授孔聞禮奉子思廟祀。 顏氏一人，景泰三年，授顏子五十九世孫希惠。 曾氏一人，嘉靖十八年，授曾子六十代孫質粹。 仲氏一人，萬曆十五年，授子路裔孫仲呂。 孟氏一人，景泰三年，授孟子裔孫希文。 周氏一人，景泰七年，授先儒周敦頤裔孫冕。 程氏二人，景泰六年，授先儒程頤裔孫克仁。 崇禎三年，授先儒程顥裔孫接道。 邵氏一人，崇禎三年，授先儒邵雍裔孫繼祖。 張氏一人，天啟二年，以先儒張載裔孫文運為博士。 硃氏二人，景泰六年，授先儒硃熹裔孫梴。 嘉靖二年又授墅為博士，主婺源廟祀。 劉氏一人，景泰七年，授誠意伯劉基七世孫祿，後革。 教授司，教授，從九品學錄、學司，並未入流孔、顏、曾、孟四氏，各一人。 又尼山、洙泗二書院，各學錄一人。
Duke Yansheng, hereditary in the Kong clan, rank 2a. Robes, belts, patents, and court precedence of the first rank. In the first year of Hongwu the fifty-sixth-generation descendant of Confucius, Xi Xue, was granted the hereditary title. Subordinates: one each of secretary, archivist, director of music, seal keeper, memorial bearer, and copyist. All were filled by regular-route officials. Magistrate of Qufu, a hereditary Kong clan office. In the first year of Hongwu Confucius's descendant Xi Da was granted hereditary magistrate of Qufu. Hereditary Hanlin doctors of the Five Classics at rank 8b: two in the Kong clan — in the first year of Zhengde the fifty-ninth-generation descendant Yan Sheng was appointed to preside over sacrifices at the Quzhou temple. Song Kong Duanyou followed Gaozong south; the family settled at Quzhou — the southern lineage of Kong. In the second year of Zhengde Kong Wenli was appointed to preside over sacrifices at the Zisi temple. One Yan clan — in the third year of Jingtai, the fifty-ninth-generation descendant of Yanzi, Xi Hui. One Zeng clan — in the eighteenth year of Jiajing, the sixtieth-generation descendant of Zengzi, Zhi Cui. One Zhong clan — in the fifteenth year of Wanli, descendant of Zi Lu, Zhong Lü. One Meng clan — in the third year of Jingtai, Mencius's descendant Xi Wen. One Zhou clan — in the seventh year of Jingtai, early Ru Zhou Dunyi's descendant Mian. Two Cheng clan — in the sixth year of Jingtai, early Ru Cheng Yi's descendant Ke Ren. In the third year of Chongzhen, early Ru Cheng Hao's descendant Jie Dao. One Shao clan — in the third year of Chongzhen, early Ru Shao Yong's descendant Ji Zu. One Zhang clan — in the second year of Tianqi, early Ru Zhang Zai's descendant Wen Yun as doctor. Two Zhu clan — in the sixth year of Jingtai, early Ru Zhu Xi's descendant Ting. In Jiajing year 2 Shu was again appointed Doctor to oversee temple sacrifices at Wuyuan. One post for the Liu clan: in Jingtai year 7 Lu, seventh-generation descendant of Earl of Cheng Yi Liu Ji, was appointed; the post was later abolished. The Instruction Office had one Instructor at rank 9b, a Registrar and Instruction Clerk outside the regular ranks, and one instructor each for the Kong, Yan, Zeng, and Meng clans. The Ni Mountain and Zhusi academies each had one Registrar.
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先是，元代封孔子後裔為衍聖公，賜三品印。 洪武元年，太祖既以孔希學襲封衍聖公，因謂禮臣曰：「孔子萬世帝王之師，待其後嗣，秩止三品，弗稱褒崇，其授希學秩二品，賜以銀印。」 又命復孔、顏、孟三家子孫徭役。 十八年，敕工部詢問，凡有聖賢子孫以罪輸作者，釋之。 永樂二十二年，賜衍聖公宅於京師，加一品金織衣。 正統元年，詔免凡聖賢子孫差役，選周、程、張、硃諸儒子孫聰明俊秀可教養者，不拘名數，送所在儒學讀書，仍給廩饌。 成化元年，給孔、顏、孟三氏學印，令三年貢有學行者一人，入國子監。 六年，命衍聖公始襲者在監讀書一年。
Under the Yuan, Confucius's descendant was enfeoffed as Duke Yansheng with a rank-3 seal. In Hongwu 1, after enfeoffing Kong Xixue as Duke Yansheng, the Taizu told ritual officials: "Confucius is teacher to emperors through the ages; rank 3 for his heir does not match such honor—grant Xixue rank 2 and a silver seal." He also restored corvée exemption for descendants of the Kong, Yan, and Meng clans. In year 18 an edict ordered the Ministry of Works to release any sage descendants sentenced to labor for crimes. In Yongle year 22 the Duke Yansheng received a capital residence and rank-1 gold-brocade robes. In Zhengtong 1 an edict exempted all sage descendants from labor service and selected bright descendants of Zhou, Cheng, Zhang, and Zhu for local Confucian schools without quota, with grain stipends. In Chenghua 1 the Kong, Yan, and Meng clan schools received seals; every three years one student of proven learning was presented to the Directorate of Education. In year 6 each new Duke Yansheng was required to study one year at the Directorate of Education.